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1
Freeman, Julie, Geraint Wiggins, Gavin Starks, and Mark Sandler. "A Concise Taxonomy for Describing Data as an Art Material." Leonardo 51, no. 1 (February 2018): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01414.
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How can we describe data when used as an art material? As the number of artists using data in their work increases, so too must our ability to describe the material in a way that is understood by both specialist and general audiences alike. Based on a review of existing vocabularies, glossaries and taxonomies of data, we propose our own concise taxonomy. To conclude, we propose the adoption of this concise taxonomy by artists, critics and curators, and suggest that ongoing refinement of the taxonomy takes place through crowdsourced knowledge sharing on the Web.
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Leeder, Chris, Karen Markey, and Elizabeth Yakel. "A Faceted Taxonomy for Rating Student Bibliographies in an Online Information Literacy Game." College & Research Libraries 73, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl-223.
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This study measured the quality of student bibliographies through creation of a faceted taxonomy flexible and fine-grained enough to encompass the variety of online sources cited by today’s students. The taxonomy was developed via interviews with faculty, iterative refinement of categories and scoring, and testing on example student bibliographies. It was then applied to evaluate the final bibliographies created in BiblioBouts, an online social game created to teach undergraduates information literacy skills. The scores of players and nonplayers were compared and showed a positive impact from the game. Findings of the evaluations of these student bibliographies are discussed.
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Ding, Yepeng, and Hiroyuki Sato. "Formalism-Driven Development: Concepts, Taxonomy, and Practice." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073415.
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Formal methods are crucial in program specification and verification. Instead of building cases to test functionalities, formal methods specify functionalities as properties and mathematically prove them. Nevertheless, the applicability of formal methods is limited in most development processes due to the requirement of mathematical knowledge for developers. To promote the application of formal methods, we formulate formalism-driven development (FDD), which is an iterative and incremental development process that guides developers to adopt proper formal methods throughout the whole development lifespan. In FDD, system graphs, a variant of transition systems optimized for usability, are designed to model system structures and behaviors with representative properties. System graphs are built iteratively and incrementally via refinement. Properties of system graphs are specified in propositional and temporal logics and verified by model-checking techniques with interpretation over transition system. In addition, skeleton programs are generated based on system graphs and expose implementable interfaces for executing external algorithms and emitting observable effects. Furthermore, we present Seniz, a framework that practicalizes and automates FDD. In this paper, we explicate the concepts and taxonomy of FDD and discuss its practice.
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Williams, Monnica T., Matthew D. Skinta, and Renée Martin-Willett. "After Pierce and Sue: A Revised Racial Microaggressions Taxonomy." Perspectives on Psychological Science 16, no. 5 (September 2021): 991–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691621994247.
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Harvard psychiatrist Chester Pierce’s conception of “subtle and stunning” daily racial offenses, or microaggressions, remains salient even 50 years after it was introduced. Microaggressions were defined further by Sue and colleagues in 2007, and this construct has found growing utility as the deleterious effects of microaggressions on the health of people of color continues to mount. Many studies seek to frame microaggressions in terms of a taxonomic analysis of offender behavior to inform the assessment of and interventions for the reduction of racial microaggressions. This article proposes an expansion and refinement of Sue et al.’s taxonomy to better inform such efforts. We conducted a review of published articles that focused on qualitative and quantitative findings of microaggressions taxonomies ( N = 32). Sixteen categories of racial microaggressions were identified, largely consistent with the original taxonomy of Sue et al. but expanded in several notable ways. Building on our prior research, other researchers supported such new categories as tokenism, connecting via stereotypes, exoticization and eroticization, and avoidance and distancing. The least studied categories included the denial of individual racism from Sue et al., and newer categories included reverse-racism hostility, connecting via stereotypes, and environmental attacks. A unified language of microaggressions may improve understanding and measurement of this important construct.
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Öpik, Maarja, John Davison, Mari Moora, and Martin Zobel. "DNA-based detection and identification of Glomeromycota: the virtual taxonomy of environmental sequences." Botany 92, no. 2 (February 2014): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0110.
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An increasing number of case studies are reporting Glomeromycota molecular diversity from ecosystems worldwide. Typically, phylogroups that can be related to morphospecies and those that remain unidentified (“environmental”) are recorded. To compare such data and generalise observed patterns, the principles underlying sequence identification should be unified. Data from case studies are collected and systematized in a public database MaarjAM ( http://www.maarjam.botany.ut.ee ), which applies a unique molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU) nomenclature: virtual taxa (VT) are phylogenetically defined sequence groups roughly corresponding to species-level taxa. VT are based on type sequences, making them consistent in time, but they also evolve: they can be split or merged, when necessary. This system allows standardisation of original MOTU designations and, much like binomial taxonomic nomenclature, comparison and consistency between studies. Refinement of VT delimitation principles and comparability with traditional Glomeromycota taxonomy will benefit from more information about intra- vs. inter-specific nucleotide variation in Glomeromycota, sequencing of morphospecies, and resolution of issues in Glomeromycota taxonomy. As the recorded number of VT already exceeds the number of Glomeromycota morphospecies, designation of species based on DNA alone appears a necessity in the near future. Application of VT is becoming widespread, and MaarjAM database is increasingly used as a reference for environmental sequence identification. The current status and future prospects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) DNA-based identification and community description are presented.
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Love, Kristina. "Towards a further analysis of teacher talk." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1991): 30–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.14.2.02lov.
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Abstract Current systems for analyzing classroom talk require some refinement in order that they may be applied for professional development purposes. Sinclair and Coulthard’s (1975) system is particularly useful as a potential tool for diagnostic purposes, but requires further development at the level of ‘act’ both in order to clarify theoretical frameworks and to provide manageability in terms of its application. This study will present a first approximation towards the development of a more refined system of classifying classroom discourse. In its focus on teacher talk, it will provide a preliminary taxonomy of types of teacher acts. This taxonomy, it is hoped, will both inform existing theory and provide a diagnostic tool in the training of teachers.
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da Silva, David V., João M. Duarte, Maria G. Miguel, and José M. Leitão. "AFLP assessment of the genetic relationships among 12 Thymus taxa occurring in Portugal." Plant Genetic Resources 15, no. 1 (July 27, 2015): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262115000337.
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Thymus is a widely distributed genus in the Mediterranean region with several species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. The genetic relationships among the 12 major Thymus taxa, T. albicans, T. caespititius, T. camphoratus, T. capitellatus, T. carnosus, T.lotocephalus, T. mastichina L. ssp. mastichina, T. pulegioides, T. villosus ssp. lusitanicus, T. villosus ssp. villosus, T. zygis ssp. sylvestris and T. zygis ssp. zygis, which occur in Portugal were assessed by AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) markers. A general agreement was found between the genetic relationships estimated by the AFLP markers and the accepted Thymus taxonomy based on morphological traits and essential oil content. The AFLP markers also supported suggestions for refinement of the taxonomy of this genus.
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Kadmin, A. F., R. A. Hamzah, M. N. Abd Manap, M. S. Hamid, and S. F. Abd Gani. "mproved Stereo Matching Algorithm based on Census Transform and Dynamic Histogram Cost Computation." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0821_07.
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Stereo matching is a significant subject in the stereo vision algorithm. Traditional taxonomy composition consists of several issues in the stereo correspondences process such as radiometric distortion, discontinuity, and low accuracy at the low texture regions. This new taxonomy improves the local method of stereo matching algorithm based on the dynamic cost computation for disparity map measurement. This method utilised modified dynamic cost computation in the matching cost stage. A modified Census Transform with dynamic histogram is used to provide the cost volume. An adaptive bilateral filtering is applied to retain the image depth and edge information in the cost aggregation stage. A Winner Takes All (WTA) optimisation is applied in the disparity selection and a left-right check with an adaptive bilateral median filtering are employed for final refinement. Based on the dataset of standard Middlebury, the taxonomy has better accuracy and outperformed several other state-ofthe-art algorithms. Keywords—Stereo matching, disparity map, dynamic cost, census transform, local method
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Cimino, J. J. "Formal Descriptions and Adaptive Mechanisms for Changes in Controlled Medical Vocabularies." Methods of Information in Medicine 35, no. 03 (May 1996): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634662.
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Abstract:Standard controlled medical vocabularies are typically based on a coding scheme, while medical informatics applications tend to have a more formal conceptual foundation. When such applications attempt to use data coded with standard vocabularies, problems can arise when the standard vocabulary changes over time. A formal taxonomy is presented for describing the semantic changes which can occur in a vocabulary, such as simple addition, refinement, precoordination, disambiguation, redundancy, obsolescence, discovered redundancy, major name changes, minor name changes, code reuse, and changed codes. The taxonomy is described that used to effect change in one concept-based vocabulary (the Medical Entities Dictionary), and the utility of the approach is demonstrated by applying it to the changes appearing in the 1994 release of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, with Clinical Modifications (ICD-9-CM).
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MARTIN, JENNIFER M., and ERIC J. HILTON. "A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean." Zootaxa 5039, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 301–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5039.3.1.
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The family Trachipteridae—the Ribbonfishes, Dealfishes, and their relatives—has a circumglobal distribution, with at least 10 species in three genera (Zu Walters & Fitch 1960, Desmodema Walters & Fitch 1960, and Trachipterus Goüan 1770) that are characterized by elongate, extremely laterally compressed bodies, large eyes, absence of ribs, spines on lateral-line scales, greatly protrusible mouths, and a lack of pelvic fins in adults. They are also known for the drastic morphological changes that occur during ontogeny. Trachipterids are poorly represented in collections due to the fragile nature of their bodies. Most studies of the Trachipteridae have been limited by the numbers, developmental stages, and the completeness of the specimens that were examined. Along with the lack of available material, incomplete and conflicting character information compounds the taxonomic confusion of Trachipteridae. Despite the body of regional revisions that have examined trachipterid taxonomy, none have synthesized a suite of morphological characters across ontogeny. The goals of this paper are to (1) revise the family Trachipteridae, (2) revise the genera Trachipterus, Zu, and Desmodema, including information regarding ontogeny and biogeography, and 3) address the alpha taxonomy of Zu, Desmodema, and Trachipterus from the western Pacific Ocean. We recognize possibly five species of Trachipterus as being present in the western Pacific, as well as two species of both Zu and Desmodema. Despite additions to the specimen base that allows refinement of taxonomy and diagnoses, there are still large knowledge gaps associated with the taxonomic review of Trachipteridae. These reflect incomplete understanding of geographic distribution of taxa which may mask unrecognized taxonomic variability. The genus Trachipterus specifically remains problematic and will require greater detailed global study. Early life history stages remain unknown for several taxa which hinders full interpretation of ontogenetic transitions. Protracted transitions, some of which are clarified here, further confuse stage-based diagnoses and must be considered in future analyses of this family.
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Petrakis, Konstantinos, Abigail Hird, and Andrew Wodehouse. "The Concept of Purposeful Prototyping: Towards a New Kind of Taxonomic Classification." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.170.
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AbstractA prototype can be generally defined as a preliminary version of a final product and it can represent both aesthetic and functional features. Prototyping, the process of building a prototype, constitutes an indispensable part of product development processes. Many classifications of prototypes which use a different range of criteria have already been developed and are known as Prototype Taxonomies. This paper proposes an agenda towards the development of a new taxonomic classification which will be based on a prototype's attributes and its intended purpose. This work is justified from the results of an analysis of 8 existing prototype taxonomies which indicate that there is not a taxonomy that explicitly uses the prototypes’ purposes as its basic taxonomic dimension. A definition of the term ‘Prototype Purpose’ is proposed through discussing the differences and relations to the term ‘Prototype Role’. This work results in a list of 23 explicit prototype purposes which arise from 7 roles of prototyping found in relevant literature: Learning, Communication, Demonstration, Integration, Refinement, Exploration and Requirement Elicitation.
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Björk, Curtis R. "Overlooked diversity in exotic Taraxacum in British Columbia, Canada." Botany 97, no. 6 (June 2019): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0094.
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In almost all North American literature, including in British Columbia, weedy Taraxacum species have been named as Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg and Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex Besser (or Taraxacum laevigatum DC.). This coarse taxonomic approach ignores great diversity in morphology, ecology, and geographical distributions among the exotic established species. Taxonomic refinement would facilitate floristics and ecological studies when exotic Taraxacum species are involved, and the taxonomy of native Taraxacum must first determine which are and which are not native species, which in turn requires knowledge of sectional identity of any specimen. Exotic Taraxacum specimens were identified to species and taxonomic sections using refined species and sectional concepts that align with taxonomic standards used in the native ranges of the species in Europe. Seven exotic sections and one informally named group are found to be present in British Columbia (Borea, Boreigena, Celtica, Erythrosperma, Hamata, Naevosa, Taraxacum, and the Taraxacum fulvicarpum group). The number of exotic Taraxacum species known to occur in British Columbia to date exceeds 100. A key to the exotic sections of British Columbia Taraxacum is presented and the sections are characterized. Species known to date are listed by their sectional placement. Notes are also presented on distinguishing native from exotic Taraxacum in British Columbia.
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Stayart, C. Abigail, Patrick D. Brandt, Abigail M. Brown, Tamara Dahl, Rebekah L. Layton, Kimberly A. Petrie, Emma N. Flores-Kim, Christopher G. Peña, Cynthia N. Fuhrmann, and Gabriela C. Monsalve. "Applying inter-rater reliability to improve consistency in classifying PhD career outcomes." F1000Research 9 (January 9, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21046.1.
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Background: There has been a groundswell of national support for transparent tracking and dissemination of PhD career outcomes. In 2017, individuals from multiple institutions and professional organizations met to create the Unified Career Outcomes Taxonomy (UCOT 2017), a three-tiered taxonomy to help institutions uniformly classify career outcomes of PhD graduates. Early adopters of UCOT 2017, noted ambiguity in some categories of the career taxonomy, raising questions about its consistent application within and across institutions. Methods: To test and evaluate the consistency of UCOT 2017, we calculated inter-rater reliability across two rounds of iterative refinement of the career taxonomy, classifying over 800 PhD alumni records via nine coders. Results: We identified areas of discordance in the taxonomy, and progressively refined UCOT 2017 and an accompanying Guidance Document to improve inter-rater reliability across all three tiers of the career taxonomy. However, differing interpretations of the classifications, especially for faculty classifications in the third tier, resulted in continued discordance among the coders. We addressed this discordance with clarifying language in the Guidance Document, and proposed the addition of a flag system for identification of the title, rank, and prefix of faculty members. This labeling system provides the additional benefit of highlighting the granularity and the intersectionality of faculty job functions, while maintaining the ability to sort by - and report data on - faculty and postdoctoral trainee roles, as is required by some national and federal reporting guidelines. We provide specific crosswalk guidance for how a user may choose to incorporate our suggestions while maintaining the ability to report in accordance with UCOT 2017. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of detailed guidance documents, coder training, and periodic collaborative review of career outcomes taxonomies as PhD careers evolve in the global workforce. Implications for coder-training and use of novice coders are also discussed.
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Stayart, C. Abigail, Patrick D. Brandt, Abigail M. Brown, Tamara Dahl, Rebekah L. Layton, Kimberly A. Petrie, Emma N. Flores-Kim, Christopher G. Peña, Cynthia N. Fuhrmann, and Gabriela C. Monsalve. "Applying inter-rater reliability to improve consistency in classifying PhD career outcomes." F1000Research 9 (April 28, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21046.2.
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Background: There has been a groundswell of national support for transparent tracking and dissemination of PhD career outcomes. In 2017, individuals from multiple institutions and professional organizations met to create the Unified Career Outcomes Taxonomy (UCOT 2017), a three-tiered taxonomy to help institutions uniformly classify career outcomes of PhD graduates. Early adopters of UCOT 2017, noted ambiguity in some categories of the career taxonomy, raising questions about its consistent application within and across institutions. Methods: To test and evaluate the consistency of UCOT 2017, we calculated inter-rater reliability across two rounds of iterative refinement of the career taxonomy, classifying over 800 PhD alumni records via nine coders. Results: We identified areas of discordance in the taxonomy, and progressively refined UCOT 2017 and an accompanying Guidance Document to improve inter-rater reliability across all three tiers of the career taxonomy. However, differing interpretations of the classifications, especially for faculty classifications in the third tier, resulted in continued discordance among the coders. We addressed this discordance with clarifying language in the Guidance Document, and proposed the addition of a flag system for identification of the title, rank, and prefix of faculty members. This labeling system provides the additional benefit of highlighting the granularity and the intersectionality of faculty job functions, while maintaining the ability to sort by - and report data on - faculty and postdoctoral trainee roles, as is required by some national and federal reporting guidelines. We provide specific crosswalk guidance for how a user may choose to incorporate our suggestions while maintaining the ability to report in accordance with UCOT 2017. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of detailed guidance documents, coder training, and periodic collaborative review of career outcomes taxonomies as PhD careers evolve in the global workforce. Implications for coder-training and use of novice coders are also discussed.
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Bennett-Levy, James. "Therapist Skills: A Cognitive Model of their Acquisition and Refinement." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 34, no. 1 (October 20, 2005): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465805002420.
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A new model of therapist skill development is presented. Grounded in information processing theory, it provides a comprehensive framework that accounts for a range of phenomena encountered by trainers and trainees – for example, why different training methods are needed for different elements of therapist skill. The model features three principal systems: declarative, procedural and reflective (DPR). Reflection is identified as central to therapist skill development and, accordingly, a pivotal role is given to a reflective system, which enables therapists to reflect and build on their conceptual (declarative) knowledge and procedural skills. The DPR model incorporates a taxonomy of therapist skills, and explains why different skills develop in different ways at different rates. It highlights the centrality of therapists' perceptual skills, and of when-then rules, plans, procedures and skills (rules that determine when to implement what interventions with which patient under what conditions) in the development of therapist expertise. It makes a distinction between personal and professional selves (the self-schema vs. the self-as-therapist schema); and it identifies the role of the personal self in therapist skill development. While there are still many questions to be investigated, it is hoped that the model will stimulate researchers and provide guidance for trainers.
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Miller, James, Abhimanyu Panwar, and Iosif Viorel Onut. "Towards Building a New Age Commercial Contextual Advertising System." International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 7, no. 3 (July 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssoe.2017070101.
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Advertising via the Internet is a significant industry; however, in many ways, the industry is still in its infancy and still requires significant refinement to achieve its full potential. In contextual advertising (CA), the ad-network places ads related to the content of the publishers' webpages. In this article, the authors introduce an approach to implement a CA system for an ad-network. Their contributions are threefold: First, they propose schemes to prepare feature vectors of a webpage for the purpose of classification by its subject. To do so, the authors extract information from its peer webpages as well. Secondly, they prepare a suitable taxonomy from ODP. This taxonomy fulfils the requirements of a CA system such as broad coverage of semantically relevant topics etc. Thirdly, they conduct experiments on the proposed CA system architecture. The results establish the competence of the proposed approach. The authors empirically establish that the scheme which extracts information from the intersection of cues from web accessibility and search engine optimisation, of the target webpage provides the best accuracy among all the CA systems.
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Pawar, Duhita, and Vina M. Lomte. "A Survey on Automatically Mining Facets for Web Queries." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3700-3704.
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In this paper, a detailed survey on different facet mining techniques, their advantages and disadvantages is carried out. Facets are any word or phrase which summarize an important aspect about the web query. Researchers proposed different efficient techniques which improves the user’s web query search experiences magnificently. Users are happy when they find the relevant information to their query in the top results. The objectives of their research are: (1) To present automated solution to derive the query facets by analyzing the text query; (2) To create taxonomy of query refinement strategies for efficient results; and (3) To personalize search according to user interest.
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Farrington, Lachlan, Phyllis MacGillivray, Renate Faast, and Andrew Austin. "Investigating DNA barcoding options for the identification of Caladenia (Orchidaceae) species." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08138.
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The application of molecular techniques for defining evolutionary units in Caladenia has largely focussed on addressing relationships at the subgeneric and deeper levels. However, in light of the morphological complexity present in this diverse genus, molecular markers offer additional characters for the refinement of taxonomy at the species level. In the present study, we explored the utility of marker systems with demonstrated application for defining fine-scale units, both in terms of phylogenetic information and in the context of DNA barcoding. We also provide a working example of the use of molecular techniques for identifying the source plants of pollinia collected from passively sampled pollinators and for identifying sterile plants.
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Workman, Jerry. "A Review of Process near Infrared Spectroscopy: 1980–1994." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 1, no. 4 (October 1993): 221–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.25.
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For this review, papers on NIR process analysis were categorised according to their overall configuration and measurement scheme. This analyser taxonomy was chosen to demonstrate the state of the current use of process analyser terms and to allow the reader to access a broad range of applications by referring to the specific measuring characteristics of the analyser. The basis for this review was a literature search covering the period from January 1980 to January 1994 on the subject of Process NIR and FT-NIR analysis. Each section is in chronological order to allow the reader to observe the development (and refinement) of process NIR from 1980 to the present.
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Merlin, F., T. Hromakina, D. Perna, M. J. Hong, and A. Alvarez-Candal. "Taxonomy of trans-Neptunian objects and Centaurs as seen from spectroscopy." Astronomy & Astrophysics 604 (August 2017): A86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730933.
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Context. Taxonomy of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Centaurs has been made in previous works using broadband filters in the visible and near infrared ranges. This initial investigation led to the establishment of four groups with the aim to provide the mean colors of the different classes with possible links with any physical or chemical properties. However, this taxonomy was only made with the Johnson-Cousins filter system and the ESO J, H, Ks filters combination, and any association with other filter system is not yet available. Aims. We aim to edit complete visible to near infrared taxonomy and extend this work to any possible filters system. To do this, we generate mean spectra for each individual group, from a data set of 43 spectra. This work also presents new spectra of the TNO (38628) Huya, on which aqueous alteration has been suspected, and the Centaur 2007 VH305. Methods. To generate the mean spectra for each taxonomical group, we first averaged the data for each of the four taxonomical groups and checked that spectroscopic and photometric data were consistent according to their relative errors. Results. We obtained four complete spectra corresponding to the different classes from 0.45 to 2.40 microns. Our results based on spectroscopy are in good agreements with those obtained in photometry for the bluest (BB) and reddest (RR) objects. At the contrary, no clear patterns appear for the two intermediate groups (BR and IR). Both BR and IR mean-spectra are almost intermixed, probably due to the fact that part of these objects have not always clear affiliation to one particular taxonomical group. Conclusions. We provide mean spectra that could be used to edit colors in different filters system working in this wavelength range. This work clearly establish the mean spectra of the BB and RR group while the two other groups need probably further refinement.
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George, Alex S. "Proteus in Australia. An overview of the current state of taxonomy of the Australian Proteaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98024.
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With the Proteaceae completed for the ‘Flora of Australia’, we now have a reasonably accurate picture of its alpha systematics. Currently the family world-wide contains some 1769 species in 80 genera. In Australia there are 1093 species (c. 61.7 % of the world total) in 46 genera (57.5 %); about 99% of the species are endemic. Where do we go now? For many small genera (e.g. Franklandia, Austromuellera) the alpha taxonomy is settled, but in some small and all larger genera further research at specific and infrageneric level is needed, especially into highly variable ‘species’ (e.g. Banksia marginata) and species-complexes (e.g. the Grevillea biternata group). Much field work is required for some groups, not only to explore under-collected areas (where new taxa will undoubtedly be found) but also to study variation and such aspects as root systems, response to fire, seedlings, flower and fruit development, predation, seed dispersal and dormancy. There will be some further refinement of generic delimitation. Phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classifications require further elucidation; even well studied genera (e.g. Banksia) contain problematic taxa. This will involve new data from such fields as anatomy (including developmental anatomy), molecular studies, DNA analysis and gene sequencing. As data improve, so will understanding world-wide relationships. Despite the use of computer technology, intuition and interpretation will continue to generate different classifications and evolutionary models.
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Segedinac, Milan, Mirjana Segedinac, Zora Konjovic, and Goran Savic. "A formal approach to organization of educational objectives." Psihologija 44, no. 4 (2011): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1104307s.
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The organization of educational objectives plays an important role in curriculum development process, since it enables the sequencing of educational experiences. The main goal of this paper is to propose a framework for the formal representation of educational objectives, which enables the evaluation of organization of educational objectives. The model is based on domain ontology, Bloom?s taxonomy and objectives organization in the competence-based knowledge space. The model is verified on the case study that evaluates the students? achievements in Chemistry field Solutions by conducting an informal knowledge test on the group of 199 14-year-old students of primary schools in the Republic of Serbia. The results obtained from the case study clearly indicate the necessity for including assessment of students? achievements in the organization of educational objectives. The proposed model enables evaluation of organization of educational objectives which could be further used for an iterative refinement of the organization of educational objectives.
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Babic, Teo, Harald Reiterer, and Michael Haller. "Understanding and Creating Spatial Interactions with Distant Displays Enabled by Unmodified Off-The-Shelf Smartphones." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 6, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti6100094.
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Over decades, many researchers developed complex in-lab systems with the overall goal to track multiple body parts of the user for a richer and more powerful 2D/3D interaction with a distant display. In this work, we introduce a novel smartphone-based tracking approach that eliminates the need for complex tracking systems. Relying on simultaneous usage of the front and rear smartphone cameras, our solution enables rich spatial interactions with distant displays by combining touch input with hand-gesture input, body and head motion, as well as eye-gaze input. In this paper, we firstly present a taxonomy for classifying distant display interactions, providing an overview of enabling technologies, input modalities, and interaction techniques, spanning from 2D to 3D interactions. Further, we provide more details about our implementation—using off-the-shelf smartphones. Finally, we validate our system in a user study by a variety of 2D and 3D multimodal interaction techniques, including input refinement.
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Boulifi, Chaima, and Mouna Jouini. "Towards a New Quantitative Availability Model for Computer Systems Based on Classifications of Security Requirements." International Journal of Systems and Software Security and Protection 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsssp.314626.
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Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm that replaces computing as a personal asset with computing as a public service. As such, it offers all the advantages of a public utility system, in terms of economy of scale, flexibility, and convenience, but it poses major problems including the loss of availability. In this article, the authors define and refine a taxonomy of basic security requirements suitable for all contexts and systems; then the resulted hierarchical model is used to create a new approach to quantifying the availability of it systems. This new measure is inspired from the mean failure cost (MFC). Measure and called availability mean failure cost (MFCa) is the average monetary value of loss per unit of time of use of each participant. This metric gives us a more accurate estimate, clear refinement, and useful interpretation for availability-related decision making using MFCa. How this metric can be used to analyze cloud computing as a business model is something to be explored.
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Fitriani, Fitriani, Ibrahim Ibrahim, and Endik Deni Nugroho. "ANALISIS SOAL UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA BERDASARKAN DIMENSI PROSES KOGNITIF TAKSONOMI ANDERSON DANKEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITISDI SMP NEGERI 1 NUNUKAN SELATAN." Biopedagogia 2, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35334/biopedagogia.v2i1.1716.
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The final exam is a summative evaluation applied by schools to measure student’s cognitive learning outcomes which are usually given in the form of tests. The analysis of each test item is expected to be useful to make improvements and refinement of the items that have been tested on students. The type of research is a qualitative descriptive study. The sample in this study were all manuscripts of final exam questions for natural science subjects of VII, VIII, and IX grades Negeri 1 Nunukan Selatan on 2018 Academic Year. Data collection is done by means of documentation and interviews. Data were analyzed according to operational verbs in the dimensions of Anderson's Taxonomy cognitive process and aspects of critical thinking skills. The results showed that (1) the distribution of the cognitive process dimensions of Anderson's Taxonomy in the questions was not evenly distributed, the questions were dominated by the dimensions of cognitive processes at levels C1, C2 and C3. The percentage of cognitive dimensions in VII grade namely C1 gained 44%, C2 gained 44% and C3 gained 12%. The VIII grade namely C1 gained 20%, C2 gained 46.7%, C3 gained 26.7% and C4 gained 6.7%. The IX grade namely C1 gained 2.8%, C2 gained 25.7%, C3 gained 42.8%, and C4 gained 28.5%; (2) the distribution of critical thinking skills aspects in the questions is also not evenly distributed, the questions are dominated in aspects 1 and aspect 2. The percentage of critical thinking skills aspects in VII grade is A1 gained 44% and A2 gained 56%. The VIII grade is A1 gained 46.7%, A2 gained 43.3% and A3 gained 10%. The IX grade is A1 gained 5.7%, A2 gained 48.5%, A3 gained 40% and A5 gained 5.7%. Keywords: Question, Cognitive, Anderson’s Taxonomy, Critical thinkingANALISIS SOAL UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA BERDASARKAN DIMENSI PROSES KOGNITIF TAKSONOMI ANDERSON DANKEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITISDI SMP NEGERI 1 NUNUKAN SELATAN
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Misechko, О., and T. Lytniova. "FROM CRITICAL THINKING – TO CREATIVITY: STEPS TO UNDERSTANDING." Zhytomyr Ivan Franko state university journal. Рedagogical sciences, no. 2(109) (October 19, 2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/pedagogy.2(109).2022.5-15.
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The paper contributes to the study of correlation between critical and creative thinking as the twenty-first century skills vital to succeed and stay competitive in the modern Information Age. The aim of the research is to ground a possibility of facilitating creativity with the help of critical thinking. The concepts of creative thinking and critical thinking are analysed. A synergetic correlation of creativity and critical thinking, with mutual reinforcement of both, is argued. Critical thinking is getting more innovative character, while creativity is raising to a higher level with more realistic results. To investigate the mechanism of reaching a creative result through critical thinking, original Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives and learning behaviours was compared with its revised version of 2001. It was highlighted that both versions of the taxonomy presuppose that critical thinking skills complement and reliably enable the creation of innovative ideas and new realities. The revised version recognizes and emphasises the creativeness of the critical thinking and, vice versa, the necessity of critical judgments in creating new products. The relevance of critical thinking skills for the development of creativity was considered with the help of an integrative model of critical and creative thinking proposed by L. Combs, K. Cennamo, and P. Newbill. It illustrates that critical and creative thinking overlap when it goes about the generation and refinement of ideas – at the level of high-order thinking processes, according to B. Bloom’s taxonomy. The article argues that collaboration of critical and creative thinking starts even earlier – namely, at the stage of setting a target for innovation, collecting information, interpreting and applying it – and continues throughout the entire path of constructing an innovative idea, its reflective evaluation and practical implementation. That is, critical thinking ensures self-regulation of creative thinking at all stages of creative activity and serves as a methodological tool of the creative process. It is concluded that application of critical thinking to creativity leads to better-grounded decisions, unbiased attitudes, more innovative solutions and higher quality deliverables.
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Kamandhari, Helen Hendaria, Silvia Lavandera Ponce, Ursula Fabiola Rodríguez-Zúñiga, and Patricia Araujo Pantoja. "A Matrix-Based Guideline to Chemical Engineering Curricular Revision." International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) 12, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 110–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v12i3.27323.
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The objective of the study is to describe our matrix-based guidelines in revising our competence-based curriculum. A curriculum restructure relies on pragmatic and iterative refinement of the situations integrating various stakeholders’ perspectives as well as field-based research by considering currently critical and emerging trends, such as the inclusion of the 21st century skills. The revision project took a 150-day duration and implemented the subsequent stages: 0). Build a common language 1). Identify aspects that are working well at the moment and those that may need revision in the current curriculum, 2). Align the performance indicators using the evaluation matrix, 3). Select types of learning activities that correlate with Bloom's taxonomy verbs, 4). Incorporate student learning autonomy into the curriculum. The matrix was used to facilitate equal, organized, and clearer distribution, thus, bringing the coherence of indicators for the 5-year progressive learning courses. The contribution of the study is to achieve comprehensive, systematic, and continuous improvement of the competence-based educational model for Latin American universities within engineering study programs.
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Kenny, Eanna, John W. McEvoy, Jenny McSharry, Linda M. Collins, Rod S. Taylor, and Molly Byrne. "Are behaviour change techniques and intervention features associated with effectiveness of digital cardiac rehabilitation programmes? A systematic review protocol." HRB Open Research 4 (August 11, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13355.1.
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Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a complex intervention that aims to stabilise, slow, or reverse the progression of CVD and improve patients’ functional status and quality of life. Digitally delivered CR has been shown to be effective and can overcome many of the access barriers associated with traditional centre-based delivered CR programmes. However, there is a limited understanding of the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and intervention features that maximise the effectiveness of digital programmes. Therefore, this systematic review will aim to identify the BCTs that have been used in digital CR programmes and to determine which BCTs and intervention features are associated with programme effectiveness. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, CINHAL, PsycINFO and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched from inception to June 2021 for randomised controlled trials of digital CR with CVD patients. Screening, data extraction, intervention coding and risk of bias will be performed by one reviewer with a second reviewer independently verifying a random 20% of the articles. Intervention content will be coded using the behaviour change technique taxonomy v1 and the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and intervention features will be identified. A meta-analysis will be conducted to calculate the pooled effect size of each outcome, and meta-regression analyses will investigate whether intervention features and the presence and absence of individual BCTs in interventions are associated with intervention effectiveness. Discussion: The review will identify BCTs and intervention features that are associated with digital CR programmes and adopt a systematic approach to describe the content of these programmes using the BCT taxonomy (v1) and TIDieR checklist. The results will provide key insights into the content and design of successful digital CR programmes, providing a foundation for further development, testing and refinement.
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Gómez González, María de los Ángeles. "Lexical cohesion revisited. A combined corpus and systemic-functional analysis." Quaderns de Filologia - Estudis Lingüístics 23, no. 23 (December 24, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/qf.23.13523.
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In this article I argue for a refinement of the classic SFL approach to lexical cohesion. First, a literature overview is provided in which key principles and related categories are examined. In addition, the connection of cohesion and discourse coherence is addressed and an overview is provided of the wide range of applications that the former has in such fields as genre studies, language teaching and learning, psycholinguistics and computational linguistics, among others. The core SFL models of cohesion are then revisited in order to propose a modified taxonomy of lexical cohesion, involving five distinct types (repetition, synonymy, opposition, inclusion and association) that are cross-classified by four kinds of distance-based ties (immediate, immediate-mediated, remote and remote-mediated). After this, the model is attested in the telephone conversation and broadcast discussion components of the International Corpus of English-Great Britain. The analysis of 10,042 cohesive ties reveals that repetition and association are the most frequently used lexical cohesion strategies across the two genres. They are overwhelmingly produced over speakers’ turns and remote-mediated ties. The results further indicate that lexical patterns collaborate in topic management, staging and turn-taking strategies.
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Mekawi, Yara, and Nathan R. Todd. "Focusing the Lens to See More Clearly: Overcoming Definitional Challenges and Identifying New Directions in Racial Microaggressions Research." Perspectives on Psychological Science 16, no. 5 (September 2021): 972–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691621995181.
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Despite significant advances in research on racial microaggressions, key challenges remain regarding how to define and classify them. Resolving these challenges is necessary to reduce misunderstanding and the subsequent minimization of racial microaggression research. Our goals in this article are to discuss the definitional challenges, to discuss implications for the creation of taxonomies, and to offer directions for how a revised definition and corresponding taxonomies can be used to further racial microaggression research. Regarding our first aim, we assert that racial microaggressions are observable events that occur independently of intention (i.e., regardless of whether they are intentional or unintentional) or impact (i.e., regardless of how they are perceived by recipients). Moreover, we assert that racial microaggressions are most validly defined by people of color and can have different meanings on the basis of situational context. The second aim is to propose a refinement and expansion of racial microaggression taxonomies. Sue and colleagues’ taxonomy has been invaluable, yet other ways of classifying microaggressions and moving toward dimensional taxonomies are needed to advance scholarship. We highlight key dimensions related to the experience, perpetration, characteristics, and sociopolitical function of racial microaggressions that may be useful for future taxonomies. Overall, overcoming definitional challenges and expanding taxonomies holds potential to advance the literature on racial microaggression.
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Cao, Dong Xing, Xiao Jun Zhang, Q. L. Jia, and L. X. Nan. "A Port-Based Approach to Configuration Design of Mechanical Products." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.471.
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Configuration design lies in the later stage of the conceptual design. It affects the downstream of design process and decides product structure. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue an approach to support such design stage activities. Port, as the location of intended interaction, plays an important role in the configuration design, which abstractly represents the intended exchange of signals, energy or material in a convenient way. Ontology is an unambiguous and flexible semantic specification corresponding entities, and it can effectively describe the function of port. In this paper, we firstly give port concept and port functional description, and their semantic synthesis is used to describe port ontology. Second, we build an ontology repository which contains the assorted primitive concepts and primitive knowledge to map the component connections and interactions. Meanwhile we provide a model of port-based multi-views which contains functional view, behavior view and configuration view, and gives the attributes and taxonomy of ports. Next, a port-based ontology language (PBOL) is described to represent the process of port ontology refinement, and a port-based FBS modeling framework is presented to describe system configuration. Finally, a revised tape case is given to show the application of the port-based ontology.
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Bachelet, Bruno, Antoine Mahul, and Loïc Yon. "Template Metaprogramming Techniques for Concept-Based Specialization." Scientific Programming 21, no. 1-2 (2013): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/581397.
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In generic programming, software components are parameterized on types. When available, a static specialization mechanism allows selecting, for a given set of parameters, a more suitable version of a generic component than its primary version. The normal C++ template specialization mechanism is based on the type pattern of the parameters, which is not always the best way to guide the specialization process: type patterns are missing some information on types that could be relevant to define specializations. The notion of a concept, which represents a set of requirements (including syntactic and semantic aspects) for a type, is known to be an interesting approach to control template specialization. For many reasons, concepts were dropped from C++11 standard, this article therefore describes template metaprogramming techniques for declaring concepts, modeling relationships (meaning that a type fulfills the requirements of a concept), and refinement relationships (meaning that a concept refines the requirements of another concept). From a taxonomy of concepts and template specializations based on concepts, an automatic mechanism selects the most appropriate version of a generic component for a given instantiation. Our purely library-based solution is also open for retroactive extension: new concepts, relationships, and template specializations can be defined at any time; such additions will then be picked up by the specialization mechanism.
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Sergeev, V. N., Mukund Sharma, and Yogmaya Shukla. "Proterozoic Fossil Cyanobacteria." Journal of Palaeosciences 61, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2012): 189–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2012.359.
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A monographic account is presented on the fossil Proterozoic cyanobacteria. It chronicles the 60 years of history of investigations on the Precambrian microfossils. The researches on Precambrian microfossils have revealed a new, earlier unknown, world of oldest microorganisms and divulged the steps in life’s evolution on the earth. Documented records show that cyanobacteria occupied all available ecological niches of the Precambrian biosphere and filamentous and coccoidal cyanobacteria were the dominant microbial community. Extinct fossilized cyanobacteria in diagenetic cherts of the Precambrian are comparable in morphology and behavior with extant forms. These oxygenic phototrophic microorganisms were masters for at least first 3.0-3.5 billion years of the Earth history and almost did not change for billion years. The unprecedented evolutionary conservatism of the cyanobacteria is established so much so that modern systematics of cyanobacteria can be applied on Proterozoic forms at least, up to the family level. More than half a century of research on Precambrian microfossils demands refinement in taxonomy and allows differentiation between products of taphonomy and primarily biological features of fossilized cyanobacteria as well as those features formed as a result of postmortem degradation and subsequent diagenetic alternations. The paper embodies all cyanobacterial taxa broadly accepted by most of the researchers and provides complete revision of all Precambrian fossil cyanobacterial remains. It presents a comprehensive information on the taxonomy of cyanobacterial and related microorganisms along with emendations with due considerations of possible processes of post-mortem alterations. Detailed analysis of fossil cyanobacteria populations has revealed 50 genera and 92 species as truly acceptable forms. Of this, more than 10 genera and 18 species are recognized as problematic cyanobacterial taxa that could be alternatively interpreted as Protista. The present review contains diagnosis and descriptions of genera as well as type and some other very important species. The information on other species (size, type specimen, distribution) is given in the table format along with the described genera. All valid taxa described from the Proterozoic microbiotas are incorporated in this work. Problematic remains of Archaean (?) cyanobacteria are not included because of their uncertain and disputable biogenic origin. The relevant data of molecular biology and other methods applied in systematics of modern cyanobacteria are discussed in the paper. Besides, main taxonomic part and relevant discussion on the morphology of microfossils the palaeobiology, palaeoecology and geological history of cyanobacteria are also provided. The present paper contains following taxa: Family- CHROOCOCCACEAE: Brachypleganon, Coniunctiophycus, Corymbococcus, Eoaphanocapsa, Eogloeocapsa, Eosynechococcus, Gloeodiniopsis, Gloeotheceopsis, Gyalosphaera, Sphaerophycus, Tetraphycus; Family- ENTOPHYSALIDACEAE: Coccostratus, Eoentophysalis; Family- DERMOCARPACEAE: Polybessurus; Family- HYELLACEAE: Eohyella; Family- PLEUROCAPSACEAE: Palaeopleurocapsa, Scissilisphaera; Family- XENOCOCCACEAE: Synodophycus; Family- OSCILLATORIACEAE: Calyptothrix, Cephalophytarion, Cyanonema, Eomicrocoleus, Eoschizothrix, Filiconstrictosus, Heliconema, Obruchevella, Oscillatoriopsis, Palaeolyngbya, Partitiofilum, Siphonophycus, Uluksanella; Family- NOSTOCACEAE: Eosphaeronostoc, Veteronostocale; Family- SCYTONEMATACEAE: Circumvaginalis, Ramivaginalis; Order- NOSTOCALES OR STIGONEMATALES: Archaeoellipsoides, Orculiphycus, INSERTAE SEDIS: Animikiea, Chlorogloeaopsis, Chuaria, Clonophycus, Glenobotrydion, Gunflintia, Huroniospora, Leiosphaeridia, Leptoteichos, Myxococcoides, Phanerosphaerops, Polysphaeroides, Polytrichoides.
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Gurgel-Gonçalves, Rodrigo, Fernando Abad-Franch, Maxwell Ramos de Almeida, Marcos Takashi Obara, Rita de Cássia Moreira de Souza, Jainaine Abrantes de Sena Batista, and Douglas de Almeida Rocha. "TriatoDex, an electronic identification key to the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease: Development, description, and performance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0248628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248628.
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Correct identification of triatomine bugs is crucial for Chagas disease surveillance, yet available taxonomic keys are outdated, incomplete, or both. Here we present TriatoDex, an Android app-based pictorial, annotated, polytomous key to the Triatominae. TriatoDex was developed using Android Studio and tested by 27 Brazilian users. Each user received a box with pinned, number-labeled, adult triatomines (33 species in total) and was asked to identify each bug to the species level. We used generalized linear mixed models (with user- and species-ID random effects) and information-theoretic model evaluation/averaging to investigate TriatoDex performance. TriatoDex encompasses 79 questions and 554 images of the 150 triatomine-bug species described worldwide up to 2017. TriatoDex-based identification was correct in 78.9% of 824 tasks. TriatoDex performed better in the hands of trained taxonomists (93.3% vs. 72.7% correct identifications; model-averaged, adjusted odds ratio 5.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.09–11.48). In contrast, user age, gender, primary job (including academic research/teaching or disease surveillance), workplace (including universities, a reference laboratory for triatomine-bug taxonomy, or disease-surveillance units), and basic training (from high school to biology) all had negligible effects on TriatoDex performance. Our analyses also suggest that, as TriatoDex results accrue to cover more taxa, they may help pinpoint triatomine-bug species that are consistently harder (than average) to identify. In a pilot comparison with a standard, printed key (370 tasks by seven users), TriatoDex performed similarly (84.5% correct assignments, CI 68.9–94.0%), but identification was 32.8% (CI 24.7–40.1%) faster on average–for a mean absolute saving of ~2.3 minutes per bug-identification task. TriatoDex holds much promise as a handy, flexible, and reliable tool for triatomine-bug identification; an updated iOS/Android version is under development. We expect that, with continuous refinement derived from evolving knowledge and user feedback, TriatoDex will substantially help strengthen both entomological surveillance and research on Chagas disease vectors.
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Galderisi, S. "Precision medicine in psychosis: Translating findings from research into clinical practice." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.218.
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Abstract Body Precision medicine is “an emerging approach for treatment and prevention that takes into account each person’s variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle” [1]. The terminology is increasingly used in psychiatry, and especially in research relevant to the prediction of psychosis onset, response to treatment and functional outcome. While this is an important step-forward for the discipline, at this stage it is very important to promote the translation of research findings into clinical practice, as much as possible. Nowadays the availability of machine learning and artificial intelligence tools, together with advances in data storage and data security, enable the integration of neuroimaging, biological, clinical and cognitive data. By overcoming current limitations in multiple domain data analysis these tools may lead to the identification of reliable diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic markers in routine clinical care, as well as to the prediction of clinically meaningful outcomes (e.g., psychosis onset, symptomatic and functional outcome, and treatment response). Precision medicine in psychiatry is a developing science, deserving further large-scale research, translational approaches and refinement that, hopefully, will soon be an integral part of every-day clinical practice. However, challenges in pursuing this strategy should not be underestimated, and efforts should be made to constantly advocate for more investments in human and financial resources in psychiatry, and to concentrate on the use of widely available and not too expensive and time-consuming methods.1 Toward Precision Medicine. Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Kontos, Nicholas. "Ethics of Incongruity: moral tension generators in clinical medicine." Journal of Medical Ethics 45, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-105161.
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Affectively uncomfortable concern, anxiety, indecisionand disputation over ‘right’ action are among the expressions of moral tension associated with ethical dilemmas. Moral tension is generated and experienced by people. While ethical principles, rules and situations must be worked through in any dilemma, each occurs against a backdrop of people who enact them and stand much to gain or lose depending on how they are applied and resolved. This paper attempts to develop a taxonomy of moral tension based on its intrapersonal and interpersonal sources and expressions. The proposed ‘ethics of incongruity’ (EoI) outlines ways in which values, actions and needs can find themselves mismatched in morally relevant ways between patients and their clinicians, their own psychologies and their societies. Patient–clinician incongruities may manifest as discord, value misalignment and deception. Patient–patient (ie, intrapersonal) incongruities may manifest as incapacity, akrasia and self-deception. Patient–society incongruities may manifest as disenfranchisement, disaffiliation and disregard. Brief explanations of the incongruities in this scheme are provided, as are suggestions on working within them. Using concepts from moral philosophy when applicable, these suggestions may either ease direct resolution of problems arising from the incongruities, or make sense of the moral tension that arises from the human context of the ethical dilemma at hand. This presentation of content and resolution methods for the EOI is no doubt incomplete. Hopefully, refinement of this preliminary proposal will follow, particularly from clinicians, as the ones who, along with their patients, experience medical ethics in directly tension-inducing ways.
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Lager, Thomas, Peter Samuelsson, and Per Storm. "Modelling company generic production capabilities in process industries." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 37, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 126–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-11-2014-0544.
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Purpose In the process industries, it is essential to have a well-articulated manufacturing strategy within companies. However, to facilitate manufacturing strategy development, it is important to start with a good characterisation of the material transformation system and company production capabilities. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A grounded theory approach, with inspiration from configuration modelling, attempted to characterize the material transformation system as a set of variables. The variable development was based on a literature review and the knowledge base of five industry experts. Two exploratory mini-case studies were carried out, primarily to illustrate the use of the model, but additionally to test its industrial usability. Findings A set of 31 variables was developed, and related measures and scales were tentatively defined. Two mini-cases supported the usability of the model. The model, focussing on company generic process capabilities, is a conceptual taxonomy and the study’s theoretical contribution. Research limitations/implications The lucidity of the definitions and scales for the variables are open to further refinement, and the limited discussions of variable relationships in this study are addressed in an agenda for further research. Practical implications The model can be deployed as a facilitative instrument in the analysis of company material transformation systems and may serve as a platform in further discussions on companies’ strategy development. Originality/value The model is a new instrument for analysing company generic process capabilities and an effort to build new theory rather than to test an existing one.
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Spatz, Erica S., Lisa G. Suter, Elizabeth George, Mallory Perez, Leslie Curry, Vrunda Desai, Haikun Bao, et al. "An instrument for assessing the quality of informed consent documents for elective procedures: development and testing." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e033297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033297.
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ObjectiveTo develop a nationally applicable tool for assessing the quality of informed consent documents for elective procedures.DesignMixed qualitative-quantitative approach.SettingConvened seven meetings with stakeholders to obtain input and feedback on the tool.ParticipantsTeam of physician investigators, measure development experts, and a working group of nine patients and patient advocates (caregivers, advocates for vulnerable populations and patient safety experts) from different regions of the country.InterventionsWith stakeholder input, we identified elements of high-quality informed consent documents, aggregated into three domains: content, presentation and timing. Based on this comprehensive taxonomy of key elements, we convened the working group to offer input on the development of an abstraction tool to assess the quality of informed consent documents in three phases: (1) selecting the highest-priority elements to be operationalised as items in the tool; (2) iteratively refining and testing the tool using a sample of qualifying informed consent documents from eight hospitals; and (3) developing a scoring approach for the tool. Finally, we tested the reliability of the tool in a subsample of 250 informed consent documents from 25 additional hospitals.OutcomesAbstraction tool to evaluate the quality of informed consent documents.ResultsWe identified 53 elements of informed consent quality; of these, 15 were selected as highest priority for inclusion in the abstraction tool and 8 were feasible to measure. After seven cycles of iterative development and testing of survey items, and development and refinement of a training manual, two trained raters achieved high item-level agreement, ranging from 92% to 100%.ConclusionsWe identified key quality elements of an informed consent document and operationalised the highest-priority elements to define a minimum standard for informed consent documents. This tool is a starting point that can enable hospitals and other providers to evaluate and improve the quality of informed consent.
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Wesseling, Pieter. "INSP-02. WHO 2021 classification of CNS tumors." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2022): i186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac079.698.
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Abstract In line with recommendations of the cIMPACT-NOW consortium, the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5 classification) is substantially different from the previous (revised 4th) edition. Salient changes include the separation of pediatric-type low- and high-grade diffuse gliomas from adult-type diffuse gliomas, refinement of the classification of ependymal tumors, and the addition of a newly recognized embryonal CNS tumors. Furthermore, for some tumors the name was changed. For example, diffuse midline glioma (DMG), H3K27M-mutant is now DMG, H3K27-altered (because there are H3-wildtype DMGs that do show loss of nuclear H3K27me3 staining and with a similar prognosis as DMGs, H3K27M-mutant), and supratentorial ependymoma, RELA fusion-positive was changed into ZFTA fusion-positive (as ZFTA (‘zinc finger translocation associated’, the new name for c11orf95) is the more frequent fusion partner in these tumors). The WHO CNS5 tumor classification certainly is an improvement, but it brings several (new) challenges as well. For example, for more CNS tumors it is now impossible to reach a state-of-the-art ‘histomolecular’ diagnosis in case molecular tools for assessment of essential diagnostic characteristics are not available. In those situations, adding NOS (not otherwise specified) to the histology-based diagnosis is the way to go. Furthermore, designing the optimal therapeutic management for newly defined tumor types is challenging. And while a more precise classification facilitates enrollment of more homogeneous populations of patients in clinical studies, the higher granularity of CNS tumor taxonomy makes it more difficult to perform studies on a large number of patients for particular tumor types. Still, one would like to think that patients suffering from a CNS tumor are better served by a more precise diagnosis because this allows for a better estimation of prognosis and, hopefully sooner than later, for a more tailored and effective therapeutic approach.
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Zhang, Dejun, Yiqi Wu, Mingyue Guo, and Yilin Chen. "Deep Learning Methods for 3D Human Pose Estimation under Different Supervision Paradigms: A Survey." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182267.
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The rise of deep learning technology has broadly promoted the practical application of artificial intelligence in production and daily life. In computer vision, many human-centered applications, such as video surveillance, human-computer interaction, digital entertainment, etc., rely heavily on accurate and efficient human pose estimation techniques. Inspired by the remarkable achievements in learning-based 2D human pose estimation, numerous research studies are devoted to the topic of 3D human pose estimation via deep learning methods. Against this backdrop, this paper provides an extensive literature survey of recent literature about deep learning methods for 3D human pose estimation to display the development process of these research studies, track the latest research trends, and analyze the characteristics of devised types of methods. The literature is reviewed, along with the general pipeline of 3D human pose estimation, which consists of human body modeling, learning-based pose estimation, and regularization for refinement. Different from existing reviews of the same topic, this paper focus on deep learning-based methods. The learning-based pose estimation is discussed from two categories: single-person and multi-person. Each one is further categorized by data type to the image-based methods and the video-based methods. Moreover, due to the significance of data for learning-based methods, this paper surveys the 3D human pose estimation methods according to the taxonomy of supervision form. At last, this paper also enlists the current and widely used datasets and compares performances of reviewed methods. Based on this literature survey, it can be concluded that each branch of 3D human pose estimation starts with fully-supervised methods, and there is still much room for multi-person pose estimation based on other supervision methods from both image and video. Besides the significant development of 3D human pose estimation via deep learning, the inherent ambiguity and occlusion problems remain challenging issues that need to be better addressed.
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Fraser, Kimberly, Garland Baird Lisa, Daley Laing, Jonathan Lai, and Neelam Saleem Punjani. "Case Manager Resource Allocation Decision-Making for Adult Home Care Clients: With Comparisons to a High Needs Pediatric Home Care Clients." Home Health Care Management & Practice 30, no. 4 (June 4, 2018): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822318779371.
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Home care programs have become integral parts of the overall health service system in Canada and in many other developed nations. Resource allocation decision-making by home care case managers (CM) is a complex task where CMs are challenged to meet the dual responsibilities for clients, in order that they achieve high quality care, and to the system to contain costs. The purpose of this study was to extend what is known about resource allocation decision-making factors identified in a previous systematic literature review and ethnographic study within a high needs pediatric context conducted by the principal investigator in Western Canada. Spradley’s ethnoscience method was used in this research. The study sample consisted of 17 home care CMs, professional practice leads, and their managers from two separate home care offices. All participating CMs had assigned caseloads and were involved in the assessment and implementation of care planning for clients. Purposive sampling methods were employed. In keeping with Spradley’s ethnoscience approach, data collection occurred in three distinct phases or rounds. The first round of data collection began with a series of one-on-one interviews with card sorts, the second round of data collection was another series of one-on-one interviews with CMs who were not interviewed in the prior round, and the third and final round of data collection was a focus group to accomplish further refinement and verification of our established categories. Participants identified five categories of factors that effected their resource allocation decision-making. The categories were related to one of five main areas: the client, the CM, the home care program, community resources, or the health care system. The findings of this study reinforced the complexity of CM resource allocation decision-making in home care. This study provides new insights into CM resource allocation decision-making based on multidisciplinary, integrated home care teams caring for adults, the majority of whom are 65 years and older. This study also provides the comparison of taxonomy that differs between pediatric and adult home care populations that influence resource allocation decision-making.
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Dikolli, Shane S., and Karen L. Sedatole. "Improvements in the Information Content of Nonfinancial Forward-Looking Performance Measures: A Taxonomy and Empirical Application." Journal of Management Accounting Research 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2007.19.1.71.
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In this paper, we study empirical refinements that increase the information content of nonfinancial performance measures (NFPMs) regarding future financial performance. We synthesize these refinements into a taxonomy that includes: (1) measurement, (2) timing, (3) interaction, (4) functional form, and (5) mediation. We classify recent work that uses these refinements to examine variations in NFPM information content. We also present an empirical application of the refinements taxonomy—using a NFPM previously shown to be valued by the market for Internet retailers, i.e., website stickiness—to further illustrate how theoretically driven choices of specific refinements can improve NFPM information content. The chosen refinements in this setting increase the adjusted R2 of our empirical specification, predicting one-quarter-ahead Return on Assets from 52 percent to a maximum of 78 percent. More important, these refinements reveal important new insights about website stickiness. In particular, website stickiness is a positive signal of future financial performance for firms with good websites, but a negative signal for firms with poor websites. Additionally, we find the magnitude of the positive and negative signals is asymmetric: the magnitude of the negative signal is significantly higher than that of the positive relation.
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Ward, Philip S., and Brendon E. Boudinot. "Grappling with homoplasy: taxonomic refinements and reassignments in the ant genera Camponotus and Colobopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 79 (April 19, 2021): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e66978.
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Camponotus and Colobopsis are widely distributed and species-rich genera in the ant tribe Camponotini. Molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrate that they are not sister taxa, but several lineages within each genus have converged to a remarkable degree, confounding the taxonomy of these ants. Based on multiple lines of evidence, including worker and male morphology, we demonstrate that: (1) three species of “Camponotus” belonging to the subgenus Myrmotemnus, including its type species, are in fact members of the genus Colobopsis; (2) four species previously assigned to Colobopsis belong to the subgenus Myrmamblys of Camponotus; and (3) three Nearctic taxa recently placed in Colobopsis are members of the genus Camponotus and closely related to Camponotus clarithorax. These taxonomic findings yield the following new or revived combinations: Colobopsis moeschi (comb. nov.), Colobopsis moeschi lygaea (comb. nov.), Colobopsis nutans (comb. nov.), Colobopsis nutans cleliae (comb. nov.), and Colobopsis reichenspergeri (comb. nov.); Camponotus apostemata (comb. nov.), Camponotus aurelianus (comb. rev.), Camponotus cavibregma (comb. nov.), Camponotus horrens (comb. rev.), Camponotus politae (comb. rev.), Camponotus trajanus (comb. rev.), and Camponotus yogi (comb. rev.). A further consequence is the following generic synonymy (senior synonym listed first): Colobopsis = Myrmotemnussyn. nov., and Camponotus = Dolophrasyn. rev. At the species level, we argue that Camponotus apostemata and Camponotus cavibregma are junior synonyms (syn. nov.) of Camponotus yogi, and Camponotus quercicola is a junior synonym (syn. nov.) of Ca. laevigatus. Taxonomic comments are also provided on some members of the Camponotus reticulatus group, with Camponotus adustus (stat. nov.) and Ca. leucodiscus (stat. rev.) being recognized as distinct species rather than subspecies of Ca. bellus. A male-based diagnosis of the Camponotini is provided, and differences between the males of Colobopsis and Camponotus are documented and illustrated for the first time. This study reveals new character systems of potential value to the systematics of these ants, including features of the male genitalia, and emphasizes the value of reciprocal illumination between phylogenomics and critical morphological analysis.
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de S. Rezende, R., A. O. Medeiros, J. A. dos Santos Dahora, A. M. Tonin, J. F. Gonçalves, and Y. Moretto. "Taxonomic resolution refinement does not improve understanding of invertebrate's role on leaf litter breakdown." Community Ecology 20, no. 1 (April 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/168.2019.20.1.1.
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Sládková, J. "Conversion of some soil types, subtypes, and varieties between the Taxonomic Classification System of Soils of the Czech Republic and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources." Soil and Water Research 5, No. 4 (December 1, 2010): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2009-swr.
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The article illustrates the compatibility of the Czech Republic Taxonomic Soil Classification System validated in the CR with the international World Reference Base for Soil Resources. It utilises the archive data on the soil types, subtypes, and varieties from the General survey of agricultural soils in the Czech Republic and soil profiles from new soil survey on the pilot area of Litoměřice district. It indicates the possibilities of the future refinement of both systems.
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Williams, PH, CJ Humphries, and RI Vane-Wright. "Measuring biodiversity: Taxonomic relatedness for conservation priorities." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 4 (1991): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910665.
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A definition of biodiversity is adopted that takes account not only of numbers of species, but also of the degrees of difference among them. The most appropriate measure of species differences is likely to be made in terms of genealogical relationships, as embodied in taxonomic classifications. Five new measures of taxonomic diversity are compared with existing measures of species richness and taxonomic root weighting for prioritising areas for the conservation of biodiversity, using as an example some data for 43 bumble bee species of the sibiricus-group. Although certain of the new measures can be shown to perform better than any existing methods, more extensive trials are needed, and further refinements can be anticipated. We conclude that combining species richness with taxonomic diversity to give a single measure inevitably involves compromise, as either component could be maximised in its own right. Nonetheless, the new prioritisation methods are already capable of giving practical results.
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Carew, Melissa E., Rhys A. Coleman, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Can non-destructive DNA extraction of bulk invertebrate samples be used for metabarcoding?" PeerJ 6 (June 13, 2018): e4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4980.
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Background High throughput DNA sequencing of bulk invertebrate samples or metabarcoding is becoming increasingly used to provide profiles of biological communities for environmental monitoring. As metabarcoding becomes more widely applied, new reference DNA barcodes linked to individual specimens identified by taxonomists are needed. This can be achieved through using DNA extraction methods that are not only suitable for metabarcoding but also for building reference DNA barcode libraries. Methods In this study, we test the suitability of a rapid non-destructive DNA extraction method for metabarcoding of freshwater invertebrate samples. Results This method resulted in detection of taxa from many taxonomic groups, comparable to results obtained with two other tissue-based extraction methods. Most taxa could also be successfully used for subsequent individual-based DNA barcoding and taxonomic identification. The method was successfully applied to field-collected invertebrate samples stored for taxonomic studies in 70% ethanol at room temperature, a commonly used storage method for freshwater samples. Discussion With further refinement and testing, non-destructive extraction has the potential to rapidly characterise species biodiversity in invertebrate samples, while preserving specimens for taxonomic investigation.
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Evseev, P. V., A. S. Gorshkova, N. N. Sykilinda, V. V. Drucker, and K. A. Miroshnikov. "Pseudomonas bacteriophage AN14 a Baikal-borne representative of Yuavirus." Limnology and Freshwater Biology, no. 5 (2020): 1055–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31951/2658-3518-2020-a-5-1055.
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Siphoviruses with a prolate capsid infecting Pseudomonas sp. were isolated from environmental sources through the world, and were recently defined as a separate taxonomic genus Yuavirus. Besides a distinguishable morphology, the hallmarks of the genus are heavily modified genomic DNA and a lytic infection cycle while putative lysogeny genes are proposed in the genomes. Bacteriophage AN14 was isolated from Lake Baikal ecosystem and was assigned as a member of Yuavirus. We report the biological and morphological features if this phage, as well as the comprehensive reannotation of its genome. Modern bioinformatics and phylogenomic analysis resulted in the refinement of the taxonomic attribution of the YuA-like phages and highlighting the specific genomic and proteomic features typical for Yuavirus phages including AN14.
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Benner, John, and J. J. McArthur. "Data-Driven Design as a Vehicle for BIM and Sustainability Education." Buildings 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9050103.
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The development of BIM pedagogical strategies within the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction disciplines is a topic of significant research. Several approaches and theoretical lenses, such as Project-Based Learning, constructivist pedagogy, experiential learning, and Bloom’s Taxonomy have been applied to guide pedagogical education. This paper presents the development and evaluation of an approach integrating these four perspectives that was developed within an Architectural Science undergraduate program. A data-driven design project was incorporated into the curriculum to give students opportunities to engage with BIM-based simulation (cost and energy) to guide their design studio project development. The pedagogical approach is discussed, along with refinements to this project based on early implementation. Four years of data are analyzed, consisting of 1325 design iterations and student feedback on the project. A critical evaluation of the project determined that it was highly effective to engage students at an advanced level - level 4 (Analyze) of Bloom’s Taxonomy was consistently achieved (over 96% of students) and two thirds of students also engaged meaningfully at Level 5 (Evaluate; 67%) and/or 6 (Create; 8%) — while developing a high degree of competence in the use of BIM.
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Norris, KR. "Three new species of Australian 'golden blowflies' (Diptera : Calliphoridae : Calliphora), with a key to described species." Invertebrate Systematics 8, no. 6 (1994): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9941343.
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Calliphora maritima, C. forresri and C. gilesi from southern Australia are described as new. They belong to a group of blowflies that have the abdominal dorsum mottled gold, or checkering from gold to olive or brown, according to the angle of viewing, and have legs chiefly yellow to brown, but never entirely black. These 'golden blowflies' are readily recognised as such, even in the field, but, pending refinement of taxonomic subdivision, are here assigned only to the broad genus Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy. A key is given for the identification of described species of 'golden blowflies'.