Journal articles on the topic 'Taxonomic stady'
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1
Petrović, Andjeljko. "Sizing the Knowledge Gap in Taxonomy: The Last Dozen Years of Aphidiinae Research." Insects 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020170.
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Taxonomic impediment is one of the main roadblocks to managing the current biodiversity crisis. Insect taxonomy is the biggest contributor to the taxonomic impediment, both in terms of the knowledge gap and the lack of experts. With this study, we tried to size the knowledge gap by analyzing taxonomical studies on the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) conducted from 2010 to 2021. All available taxonomic knowledge gathered in this period is critically summarized: newly described species, detection of alien species, published identification keys, etc. All findings are discussed relative to the current state of general taxonomy. Future prospects for taxonomy are also discussed.
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Mol, Solange Maria, and Daniel Abud Seabra Matos. "Uma análise sobre a Taxonomia SOLO: aplicações na avaliação educacional." Estudos em Avaliação Educacional 30, no. 75 (January 31, 2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.18222/eae.v30i75.6593.
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<p>Os objetivos desta pesquisa são apresentar a Taxonomia SOLO como instrumento metodológico na avaliação educacional e realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre o uso dessa na avaliação educacional no Brasil. A SOLO é uma taxonomia cognitiva composta por cinco níveis que crescem em complexidade: 1) pré-estrutural; 2) uniestrutural; 3) multiestrutural; 4) relacional; e 5) abstrato estendido. Esses níveis são subdivididos em duas categorias de aprendizagem: superficial e profunda. A SOLO apresenta muitas aplicações: avaliação de sala de aula, avaliação externa, formação de professores, elaboração de questões, entre outras. O número reduzido de pesquisas encontradas confirma o pouco uso dessa taxonomia no cenário brasileiro. Assim a contribuição do nosso trabalho é apresentar a SOLO e seus usos.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Taxonomia SOLO, Desenvolvimento Cognitivo, Avaliação da Educação</p><p> </p><p><strong>Un análisis sobre la Taxonomía SOLO: aplicaciones en la evaluación educacional</strong></p><p>Los objetivos de este estudio son presentar la Taxonomía SOLO como un instrumento metodológico en la evaluación educacional y realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre su utilización en la evaluación educativa en Brasil. SOLO es una taxonomía cognitiva compuesta de cinco niveles cuya complejidad aumenta: 1) preestructural; 2) uniestructural; 3) multiestructural; 4) relacional; y 5) abstracto extendido. Tales niveles se subdividen en dos categorías de aprendizaje: superficial y profunda. SOLO presenta muchas aplicaciones: evaluación del aula, evaluación externa, formación de profesores, elaboración de preguntas, entre otras. El reducido número de investigaciones encontradas confirma el poco uso de dicha taxonomía en el escenario brasileño. Por ello, la contribución de nuestro trabajo es presentar SOLO y sus usos.</p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> Taxonomía Solo, Desarrollo Cognitivo, Evaluación de la Educación</p><p> </p><p><strong>An analysis of SOLO Taxonomy: applications in educational evaluation</strong></p><p>This study aimed to present the SOLO Taxonomy as a methodological tool in educational assessment and to conduct a review of the literature about its use in educational assessment in Brazil. SOLO is a taxonomy comprised of five hierarchical levels of cognitive complexity:1) prestructural; 2) unistructural; 3) multistructural; 4) relational; and 5) extended abstract. These levels are divided into two categories of learning: surface and deep. The SOLO presents many applications: classroom assessment, large scale assessment, teacher training, item formulation, among others. The reduced number of studies confirms the little use of this taxonomy in Brazil. Thus, our study contribution is to present SOLO and its uses.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Solo Taxonomy, Cognitive Development, Evaluation of the Education</p>
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Kazachenko, Oleksandr V., Olesia K. Vasyliaka, Larysa V. Chornozub, and Olha M. Musychenko. "Taxonomy of compulsory and incentive legal consequences (legal measures) of committing illegal acts." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.11.
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The article is prepared for the purpose of publishing the results of scientific research obtained in the process of applying the taxonomic methodology for systematization of measures of legal influence. The methodology used the approaches of philosophical and legal theorization, a dog and systemic functional. One way of conclusion is proposed for the first time to use the taxonomies of legal measures. The study highlighted three aspects of legal measures: relational, predicate and functional. The relational manifestation of taxonomy allowed to identify the substrate of the external form of legal influence, which is the measure. It has been established that the form and method of legal influence is the dominant element of each legal measure. The predicative dimension of taxonomy allowed to form a taxonomic system of information in which the following taxonomic categories and taxa are distinguished: type - social events; subtype - legal measures; class - public and private legal measures; gender - separation of legal measures according to their sectoral affiliation; subgenre: the allocation of incentives and coercive measures; supervision - legal measures in their various forms and other measures that have no signs of legal liability.
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Sancho-Chavarria, Lilliana, Fabian Beck, and Erick Mata-Montero. "An expert study on hierarchy comparison methods applied to biological taxonomies curation." PeerJ Computer Science 6 (June 29, 2020): e277. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.277.
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Comparison of hierarchies aims at identifying differences and similarities between two or more hierarchical structures. In the biological taxonomy domain, comparison is indispensable for the reconciliation of alternative versions of a taxonomic classification. Biological taxonomies are knowledge structures that may include large amounts of nodes (taxa), which are typically maintained manually. We present the results of a user study with taxonomy experts that evaluates four well-known methods for the comparison of two hierarchies, namely, edge drawing, matrix representation, animation and agglomeration. Each of these methods is evaluated with respect to seven typical biological taxonomy curation tasks. To this end, we designed an interactive software environment through which expert taxonomists performed exercises representative of the considered tasks. We evaluated participants’ effectiveness and level of satisfaction from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Overall quantitative results evidence that participants were less effective with agglomeration whereas they were more satisfied with edge drawing. Qualitative findings reveal a greater preference among participants for the edge drawing method. In addition, from the qualitative analysis, we obtained insights that contribute to explain the differences between the methods and provide directions for future research.
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Santos, Daniella Soares dos, Simone Roque Mazoni, and Emília Campos de Carvalho. "Emprego da taxonomia da nanda no Brasil: revisão integrativa." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2008): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.286-1620-2-rv.0301200922.
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ABSTRACTObjectives: to identify and to classify the studies developed in Brazil that had used in the practical assistential the Taxonomy of the NANDA. Method: integrative review of the literature, carried through in the databases LILACS and MEDLINE, using itself the word-key Taxonomy and NANDA, being selected studies with summary, published in Brazil and that presented the practical application of the taxonomy. Results: of the 46 selected studies, 80.4% had been developed in the clinical area and excessively in the surgical area. It had predominance of prospectives studies in the hospital scene; the used theoretical referencial more had been of Horta and Orem. The studies had presented the descriptive delineations and study of case, having been classified as evidence level 4. Conclusion: the evidences point with respect to the use of the Taxonomy of the NANDA as bases for the development of the nursing assistance considering the universality of the language used in the practical area, the individuality of the necessities presented for the customers in the diverse scenes, the aiding of the education of the customer/family, to the results reached with specific interventions. Describers: taxonomy; nursing; diagnosis.RESUMOObjetivos: identificar e classificar os estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil que empregaram na prática assistencial a Taxonomia da NANDA. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, utilizando-se as palavras-chave Taxonomia e NANDA, sendo selecionados estudos com resumo, publicados no Brasil e que apresentassem a aplicação prática da taxonomia. Resultados: dos 46 estudos selecionados, 80,4% foram desenvolvidos na área clínica e os demais na área cirúrgica. Houve predomínio de estudos prospectivos no cenário hospitalar; os referenciais teóricos mais empregados foram os de Horta e Orem. Os estudos apresentaram os delineamentos descritivos e estudo de caso, sendo classificados como nível 4 de evidência. Conclusão: as evidências apontam para a utilização da Taxonomia da NANDA como sustentáculo para o desenvolvimento da assistência de enfermagem considerando a universalidade da linguagem utilizada na prática, a individualidade das necessidades apresentadas pelos clientes nos diversos cenários, o favorecimento da educação do cliente/família, a resultados atingidos com intervenções específicas. Descritores: taxonomia; enfermagem; diagnóstico.RESUMENObjetivos: identificar y clasificar los estudios se convirtieron en el Brasil que había utilizado en el assistencial práctico la taxonomía del NANDA. Método: revisión de Integrativa de la literatura, llevada a través en las LILAS de las bases de datos y el MEDLINE, usándose la taxonomía y el NANDA de la palabra-llave, siendo estudios seleccionados con el resumen, publicado en el Brasil y ése presentaron el uso práctico de la taxonomía. Resultados: de los 46 seleccionó los estudios, 80.4% tenidos convertido en el área clínica y excesivamente en el área quirúrgica. Tenía predominio de los estudios de los prospectivos en la escena del hospital; los referenciais teóricos usados habían estado más de Horta y de Oren. Los estudios habían presentado las delineaciones y el estudio descriptivos del caso, siendo clasificado como nivel 4 de la evidencia. Resultados: las evidencias señalan con respecto al uso de la taxonomía del NANDA como sustentáculo para el desarrollo de la ayuda del oficio de enfermera que considera la universalidad de la lengua usada en la práctica, la individualidad de las necesidades presentadas para los clientes en las escenas diversas, el ayudar de la educación del cliente/de la familia, los resultados alcanzados con intervenciones específicas. Describers: taxonomia; enfermería; diagnosis.
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Luc, Michel, Marcelo E. Doucet, Renaud Fortuner, Pablo Castillo, Wilfrieda Decraemer, and Paola Lax. "Usefulness of morphological data for the study of nematode biodiversity." Nematology 12, no. 4 (2010): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855410x508697.
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Abstract Public interest in biodiversity has never been so high, but the necessary inventory of existing species is hindered by the scarcity of taxonomists able to characterise and describe new species (α-taxonomy). This situation is particularly worrisome in nematology where only a small fraction of the estimated 105 to 108 existing species has been described and where experienced taxonomists are fast disappearing while the few that are still active find it increasingly difficult to publish morphological descriptions and to get financial support for biodiversity studies. The present disregard for α-taxonomy is said to originate from the excessive reliance by funding agencies and academic authorities on the Impact Factors attributed to scientific journals by ISI (Institute for Scientific Information). Molecular studies gave back some support and prestige to taxonomy, but that approach suffers from some limitations and it cannot be used alone for reaching taxonomic conclusions. In addition, any described DNA sequence should always be linked to a named species whose morphology has been correctly described by a trained taxonomist. The authors call for a renewed interest in α-taxonomy. Electronic publication according to the Code of Zoological Nomenclature would be one solution, but journals and authors seem reluctant to accept it. A variant would be to publish on paper only the diagnosis of the new species. The complete descriptions could be deposited in an Internet database but the setting-up of such a database would be a costly enterprise that would require several years of work by a team composed of morphological and molecular taxonomists and computer scientists.
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Sánchez-Hernández, Javier. "Taxonomy-based differences in feeding guilds of fish." Current Zoology 66, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz015.
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Abstract It has been taken for granted that feeding guilds and behavior in animals are linked to the taxonomic relatedness of species, but empirical evidence supporting such relationship is virtually missing. To examine the importance of taxonomy on trophic ecology, I here present the first well-resolved dietary taxonomy analysis based on feeding guilds (predation, herbivory, and filtering) among families and genera within the fish order Perciformes. Taxonomic relatedness in feeding did not vary with ecosystem dimension (marine vs. freshwater). Although predation dominates among Perciformes fishes, this study shows that in most cases taxonomic units (family or genus) are composed by species with several feeding guilds. Related species are more similar in feeding compared with species that are taxonomically more distant, demonstrating that there is a greater variation of feeding guilds within families than genera. Thus, there is no consistency in feeding guilds between family- and genus-level taxonomy. This study provides empirical support for the notion that genera are more informative than families, underlining that family-level taxonomy should be avoided to infer feeding habits of fish species at finer taxonomic resolution. Thus, the choice of taxonomic resolution (family or genus level) in ecological studies is key to avoid information loss and misleading results. I conclude that high-rank taxonomic units (i.e., above the generic level) are not appropriate to test research hypotheses about the feeding of fish.
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JIAO, BO-HAN, LI-LI LU, CHEN CHEN, MENG WEI, JIA-HAO SHEN, YUAN YUAN, YU-FEI WANG, and TIAN-GANG GAO. "Evaluating the taxonomy of macrofossils used in macroevolution: a case study of Artemisia (Asteraceae)." Phytotaxa 572, no. 1 (November 8, 2022): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.572.1.8.
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Fossils recorded information of the past phenotype and geographic distribution directly. Incorporating fossils information into phylogenies of living taxa would deepen our understanding of their macroevolution. Accurate taxonomy of these fossils is the first step before employing them. However, the taxonomy of some fossils has not been evaluated carefully. Here we take Artemisia as an example. We investigated the morphology of all the available Artemisia macrofossils based on the latest phylogeny and evaluated their taxonomic identities by comparing them with extant representative species. Our result showed that the taxonomic identities of these macrofossils are doubted. They would better not be treated as members of Artemisia for subsequent phylogenetic or biogeographic studies. This study improves our knowledge of the morphology of Artemisia, highlights the importance of careful morphological comparisons between fossils and living taxa, and reveals that attention should be given to the uncertainty of the fossil taxonomy.
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De Raad, Boele, Dick P. H. Barelds, Marieke E. Timmerman, Kim De Roover, Boris Mlačić, and A. Timothy Church. "Towards A Pan–Cultural Personality Structure: Input from 11 Psycholexical Studies." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 5 (September 2014): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1953.
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The purpose of the present study is to find the common kernel of different trait taxonomic studies and find out how the individual structures relate to this common kernel. Trait terms from 11 psycholexically based taxonomies were all translated into English. On the basis of the commonalities in English, the 11 matrices were merged into a joint matrix with 7104 subjects and 1993 trait terms. Untranslatable terms produced large areas with missing data. To arrive at the kernel structure of the joint matrix, a simultaneous component analysis was applied. In addition, the kernel structures were compared with the individual taxonomy trait structures, obtained via principal component analysis. The findings provide evidence of a structure consisting of three components to stand out as the core of the taxonomies included in this study; those components were named dynamism, affiliation, and order. Moreover, the relations between these three kernel components and those of a six–component solution (completing the six–factor model) are provided. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Hoffman, Joel Christopher, Christy Meredith, Erik Pilgrim, Anett Trebitz, Chelsea Hatzenbuhler, John Russell Kelly, Gregory Peterson, Julie Lietz, Sara Okum, and John Martinson. "Comparison of larval fish detections using morphology-based taxonomy versus high-throughput sequencing for invasive species early detection." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 78, no. 6 (June 2021): 752–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0224.
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When first introduced, invasive species typically evade detection; DNA barcoding coupled with high-throughput sequencing (HTS) may be more sensitive and accurate than morphology-based taxonomy and thereby improve invasive (or rare) species detection. We quantified the relative error of species detection between morphology-based and HTS-based taxonomic identification of ichthyoplankton collections from the Port of Duluth, Minnesota, an aquatic non-native species introduction “hot-spot” in the Laurentian Great Lakes. We found HTS-based taxonomy identified 28 species and morphology-based taxonomy identified 30 species, of which 27 were common to both. Among samples, 76% of family-level taxonomic assignments agreed; however, only 42% of species assignments agreed. Most errors were attributed to morphology-based taxonomy, whereas HTS-based taxonomy error was low. For this study system, for most non-native fishes, the detection probability by randomized survey for larvae was similar to that by a survey that is optimized for non-native species early detection of juveniles and adults. We conclude that classifying taxonomic errors by comparing HTS results against morphology-based taxonomy is an important step toward incorporating HTS-based taxonomy into biodiversity surveys.
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Lagomarsino, Laura P., and Laura A. Frost. "The Central Role of Taxonomy in the Study of Neotropical Biodiversity." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 105, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2020601.
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The Neotropics are the most species-rich area of the planet. Understanding the origin and maintenance of this diversity is an important goal of ecology and evolutionary biology. Success in this endeavor relies heavily on the past work of taxonomists who have collected specimens and produced the floras and monographs that constitute the foundation for the study of plant diversity. To illustrate this, we visualize collecting efforts through time and identify the importance of past taxonomic and collection efforts in generating the bulk of specimen data that broad-scale analyses rely on today. To demonstrate the importance of taxonomy for the study of Neotropical biodiversity, we showcase selected plant groups in which in-depth taxonomic understanding has facilitated exciting evolutionary and ecological research and highlight the teams of scientists who have built on the legacy of Alwyn Gentry, one of the most prolific taxonomists of the late 20th century. We also discuss challenges faced by taxonomists, including perceived subjectivity, difficulty in measuring impact, and the need to become more interdisciplinary. We end with potential solutions going forward, including integration of taxonomists in interdisciplinary research, advocacy for continued collection efforts, increased funding for alpha taxonomic research that is performed with increasingly replicable methodology, and explicit decolonization efforts to increase inclusivity and equity in the field of taxonomy. Acknowledging the central role of taxonomy and taxonomists is essential to accurately and completely describe Neotropical biodiversity patterns in an age of unprecedented extinction risk and conservation need.
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Czechowski, Paul, Laurence Clarke, Alan Cooper, and Mark Stevens. "Ground-truthing Phylotype Assignments for Antarctic Invertebrates." DNA Barcodes 5, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dna-2017-0001.
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AbstractBiodiversity information from Antarctic terrestrial habitats helps conservation efforts, but the distribution and diversity particularly of microinvertebrates remains poorly understood. Springtails, mites, tardigrades, nematodes and rotifers are difficult to identify using morphological features, hence DNA-based metabarcoding methods are well suited for their study. We compared taxonomy assignments of a high throughput sequencing metabarcoding approach using one ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) and one mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I - COI) marker with morphological reference data. Specifically, we compared metabarcoding or morphological taxonomic assignments on multiple taxonomic levels in an artificial DNA blend containing Australian invertebrates, and in seven extracts of Antarctic soils containing known micro-faunal taxa. Avoiding arbitrary application of metabarcoding analysis parameters, we calibrated those parameters with metabarcoding data from non-Antarctic soils. Metabarcoding approaches employing 18S rDNA and COI markers enabled detection of small and cryptic Antarctic invertebrates, and on low taxonomic ranks 18S data outperformed COI data in this respect. Morphological taxonomy determination did not outperform metabarcoding approaches. Our study demonstrates how barcoding markers can be tested prior to their application to specific taxonomic groups, and that taxonomy fidelity of markers needs to be validated in relation to environment, taxa, and available reference information.
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Dykan, Natalia. "Some theoretical aspects of the systematic study of fossil ostracods (Arthropoda, Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the context of species problems in palaeontology." Novitates Theriologicae, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/nt1223.
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Theoretical contributions into the systematics and taxonomy of fossil ostracods conducted according to unified methodological stands have resolved some key problems of paleontology. For example, this is a problem of species and its derivatives, namely the identification of species, the estimation of the taxonomic weight of morphological characters, the determination of diagnostic characters of different taxonomic ranks, and taxa diagnoses. The unification of the terminology and the formalization of morphological description of fossil shells made it possible to estimate the taxonomic weight of morphological elements. A scheme to identify the rank of taxonomic characters (pyramid principle) has been developed. A unified terminological dictionary has been prepared to describe the morphological elements of ostracod shells in detail.
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Angleitner, Alois, Fritz Ostendorf, and Oliver P. John. "Towards a taxonomy of personality descriptors in German: A psycho‐lexical study." European Journal of Personality 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410040204.
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We present two studies aimed at developing a comprehensive taxonomy of German personality‐descriptive terms. In the first study, all personality‐descriptive adjectives (e.g. cynical), type nouns (e.g. cynic), and attribute nouns (e.g. cynicism) were extracted from a German dictionary. We found that almost half of all German adjectives were potentially personality‐relevant, as contrasted with only 8% of the nouns. Moreover, there were more attribute nouns than type nouns, the latter appearing more slangy, metaphorical, concrete, and rich in imagery (e.g. Big‐mouth, Wooden‐head). In the second study, we discuss basic conceptual distinctions among units ofpersonality description, develop a category system basedon a prototype conception, and present a classification of 5092 adjectives into 13 categories. The classifications were generalizable across both judges and a two‐year time interval, and agreed with a priori expert classifications. An analysis of the prototypical category cores suggested that Evaluations, Temperament and character traits, and Experiential states were represented most extensively in German, whereas Social effects, Roles and relationships, and Appearance were rather infrequent. These findings, though generally similar, differ from Norman's (1967) American taxonomy in the number of Evaluative terms and of Activity descriptors. Our studies provide comprehensive and representative lists of German words for personality traits, moods and emotions, social roles, effects, evaluations, and physical appearance, and may serve as the basis for taxonomies, dimensional analyses, and assessment instruments. We emphasize the need to standardize procedures in taxonomic research and outline suggestions for future studies of other languages.
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ÍRIS, SAMPAIO, FREIWALD ANDRE, PORTEIRO FILIPE MORA, MENEZES GUI, and CARREIRO-SILVA MARINA. "Census of Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of the Azores (NE Atlantic) with a nomenclature update." Zootaxa 4550, no. 4 (January 29, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4550.4.1.
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Zoological nomenclature revisions are essential for biodiversity studies and indispensable to avoid naming and description of already described species and should be valued in all subsequent studies considering biology, molecular biology, ecology or habitat mapping of deep-sea species. Herein, a thorough revision of the taxonomic literature on Octocorallia since the beginning of deep-sea exploration in the Azores is provided. Since 1870, when the first octocoral, Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776), was recorded in the Azores a cyclic pattern on the taxonomical study of octocorals reveals the deep-sea investigation efforts made on the region at different periods: Prince Albert I of Monaco, Biaçores and recent expeditions. The first decade of this millennium was the peak on taxonomic research of cold-water octocorals in the Azores with 11 publications targeting gorgonians and soft corals (Alcyonacea) and specific sub-orders within it. Ninety-eight names of Octocorallia were found to be given in the economic exclusive zone of the Azores. While 25 names were changed or added to the known Azorean octocoral diversity, 3 species identified in the region and unreported in the reviewed literature, increase the number to 101 species. Twenty-five names were synonymized while three species names were unmasked as errors in need of taxonomical clarification. This is the highest species richness of Octocorallia found in Europe and in any Northern Atlantic archipelago so far, representing ~60% of the most diverse center of endemism of South Africa, with a part in the Eastern Atlantic. Further research on taxonomy may reveal new species to science.
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Das, Partha, and Bhupendra Kholia. "A selective study of online resources of information on Plant Taxonomy & Systematics: a new path of data flow to the users in the digital age." Indian Journal of Forestry 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2014-r5msa0.
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The paper describes the importance of plant taxonomy and classifies the various plant taxonomic databases. It tries to focus on some selective important online public domain databases of plant taxonomy and systematics which are becoming a new path of data flow to the plant taxonomists, botanists and researchers on biodiversity all over the world.
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ZHANG, ZHI-QIANG. "The making of a mega-journal in taxonomy." Zootaxa 1385, no. 1 (December 21, 2006): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1385.1.5.
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We live in an era of elevated rates of extinction, yet about 90% of the Earth’s species of animals, plants and micro-organisms remain undescribed (Wilson, 2004). Although there are many journals that may publish taxonomic papers, it is increasingly difficult to publish papers on descriptive taxonomy in a timely and cost-effective manner. It is common for a taxonomist to wait for eight to ten months and sometimes years to get a paper published. And unless there is access to an institutional monograph series, it is even more difficult to publish a large taxonomic revision or monograph, not only because of costs, but the fact that most journals are of a fixed size and have limits on the length of papers. This impediment in publishing has a huge negative impact on taxonomy—the delay and difficulty in getting works published can discourage taxonomists who worked for years and unpublished works are a huge waste of talent and resources (often publicly funded). Large monographs are particularly important to the study of complex species-rich taxa, as taxonomy is about comparison, and closely related species must be compared together. Much needed is a rapid and efficient journal for descriptive papers and monographs in taxonomy. Published concurrently in print and online, Zootaxa was established as a rapid journal at the start of this century to remove these impediments in taxonomy. It has received overwhelming support from zoological taxonomists around the world, despite the fact that this diverse group of specialists are often perceived as too individualistic and fragmented into diverse subdisciplines to come together as a community. Zootaxa rapidly transformed itself from a small journal publishing 20 papers totalling 302 pages on 15 occasions in 2001 to a mega-journal publishing 1,020 papers in 22,052 pages as frequently as twice each week in 2006 (Fig. 1)—a pattern of rapid growth that is unprecedented for any scholarly journal, in both the sciences and humanities. This is indeed a very promising sign for the rejuvenation of zoological branch of one of world’s oldest science (that of naming and describing nature) in a new era when its services are most needed.
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Pires, Amanda Ciprandi, and Luciane Marinoni. "DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy unified through Integrative Taxonomy: a view that challenges the debate questioning both methodologies." Biota Neotropica 10, no. 2 (June 2010): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032010000200035.
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The taxonomic crisis, emphasized in recent years, is marked by the lack of popularity (lack of interest in taxonomy) and financial incentives to study biodiversity. This situation, coupled with the issues involved with the necessity of knowing many yet undiscovered species, has meant that new technologies, including the use of DNA, have emerged to revitalize taxonomy. Part of the scientific community, however, has rejected the use of these innovative ideas. DNA barcoding has especially been the target of numerous criticisms regarding its application, as opposed to the use of morphology. This paper aims to highlight the inconsistency of the debate involving DNA versus morphology, since there is a proposal for the integration of traditional taxonomy and DNA barcoding - the integrative taxonomy. The positive and negative points of this proposal will be discussed, as well as its validity and application. From it, the importance of morphology is recognized and the revitalization of traditional taxonomy is achieved by the addition of technologies to overcome the taxonomic impediment.
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Aneva, Ina, Petar Zhelev, Georgi Bonchev, Irina Boycheva, Stiliana Simeonova, and Denitsa Kancheva. "DNA Barcoding Study of Representative Thymus Species in Bulgaria." Plants 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030270.
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We present a study on the taxonomy of eleven Thymus species, belonging to two sections and occurring naturally in Bulgaria. Four DNA barcoding markers—matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA and ITS—were applied to discriminate the species and to reveal their phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that rbcL has the lowest discriminating power regarding the studied species, while the other markers yielded results fitting better to the existing taxonomic schemes based on morphological traits. However, even in the case of better performing markers, the results were not straightforward—morphologically distinct species belonging to different sections were grouped together, and closely related species appeared genetically distinct. The results are typical for taxonomically complex groups, such as the genus Thymus, characterized in Bulgaria with great diversity, high percentage of endemism and still requiring a full and comprehensive taxonomic study. The results are discussed in the light of unresolved taxonomic problems and application of DNA barcoding methods.
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Khoder, May, Marwan Osman, Issmat I. Kassem, Rayane Rafei, Ahmad Shahin, Pierre Edouard Fournier, Jean-Marc Rolain, and Monzer Hamze. "Whole Genome Analyses Accurately Identify Neisseria spp. and Limit Taxonomic Ambiguity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 13456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113456.
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Genome sequencing facilitates the study of bacterial taxonomy and allows the re-evaluation of the taxonomic relationships between species. Here, we aimed to analyze the draft genomes of four commensal Neisseria clinical isolates from the semen of infertile Lebanese men. To determine the phylogenetic relationships among these strains and other Neisseria spp. and to confirm their identity at the genomic level, we compared the genomes of these four isolates with the complete genome sequences of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis and the draft genomes of Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria perflava, Neisseria mucosa, and Neisseria macacae that are available in the NCBI Genbank database. Our findings revealed that the WGS analysis accurately identified and corroborated the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) species identities of the Neisseria isolates. The combination of three well-established genome-based taxonomic tools (in silico DNA-DNA Hybridization, Ortho Average Nucleotide identity, and pangenomic studies) proved to be relatively the best identification approach. Notably, we also discovered that some Neisseria strains that are deposited in databases contain many taxonomical errors. The latter is very important and must be addressed to prevent misdiagnosis and missing emerging etiologies. We also highlight the need for robust cut-offs to delineate the species using genomic tools.
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Wilmotte, Annick, Wytze Stam, and Vincent Demoulin. "Taxonomic study of marine oscillatoriacean strains (Cyanophyceae, Cyanobacteria) with narrow trichomes. III. DNA-DNA hybridization studies and taxonomic conclusions." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 87 (December 2, 1997): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/87/1997/11.
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Engene, Niclas, Sarath P. Gunasekera, William H. Gerwick, and Valerie J. Paul. "Phylogenetic Inferences Reveal a Large Extent of Novel Biodiversity in Chemically Rich Tropical Marine Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 6 (January 11, 2013): 1882–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03793-12.
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ABSTRACTBenthic marine cyanobacteria are known for their prolific biosynthetic capacities to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites with biomedical application and their ability to form cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms. In an effort to provide taxonomic clarity to better guide future natural product drug discovery investigations and harmful algal bloom monitoring, this study investigated the taxonomy of tropical and subtropical natural product-producing marine cyanobacteria on the basis of their evolutionary relatedness. Our phylogenetic inferences of marine cyanobacterial strains responsible for over 100 bioactive secondary metabolites revealed an uneven taxonomic distribution, with a few groups being responsible for the vast majority of these molecules. Our data also suggest a high degree of novel biodiversity among natural product-producing strains that was previously overlooked by traditional morphology-based taxonomic approaches. This unrecognized biodiversity is primarily due to a lack of proper classification systems since the taxonomy of tropical and subtropical, benthic marine cyanobacteria has only recently been analyzed by phylogenetic methods. This evolutionary study provides a framework for a more robust classification system to better understand the taxonomy of tropical and subtropical marine cyanobacteria and the distribution of natural products in marine cyanobacteria.
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Pardo-Diaz, Carolina, Alejandro Lopera Toro, Sergio Andrés Peña Tovar, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Garcés, Melissa Sanchez Herrera, and Camilo Salazar. "Taxonomic reassessment of the genus Dichotomius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) through integrative taxonomy." PeerJ 7 (August 5, 2019): e7332. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7332.
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Dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are widely recognised as important providers of multiple ecosystem services and are currently experiencing revisions that have improved our understanding of higher-level relationships in the subfamily. However, the study of phylogenetic relationships at the level of genus or species is still lagging behind. In this study we investigated the New World beetle genus Dichotomius, one of the richest within the New World Scarabaeinae, using the most comprehensive molecular and morphological dataset for the genus to date (in terms of number of species and individuals). Besides evaluating phylogenetic relationships, we also assessed species delimitation through a novel Bayesian approach (iBPP) that enables morphological and molecular data to be combined. Our findings support the monophyly of the genus Dichotomius but not that of the subgenera Selenocopris and Dichotomius sensu stricto (s.s). Also, our results do not support the recent synonymy of Selenocopris with Luederwaldtinia. Some species-groups within the genus were recovered, and seem associated with elevational distribution. Our species delimitation analyses were largely congruent irrespective of the set of parameters applied, but the most robust results were obtained when molecular and morphological data were combined. Although our current sampling and analyses were not powerful enough to make definite interpretations on the validity of all species evaluated, we can confidently recognise D. nisus, D. belus and D. mamillatus as valid and well differentiated species. Overall, our study provides new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and classification of dung beetles and has broad implications for their systematics and evolutionary analyses.
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Cai, Feng, and Irina S. Druzhinina. "In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma." Fungal Diversity 107, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00464-4.
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AbstractModern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standardized principles of species recognition, at least in a given taxonomic group. However, in fungi, species delimitation is frequently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist. Contrary to it, identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology. The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales) offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification. A few decades ago, Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species. The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy, with up to 50 new species recognized per year. Here, we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases (the inventory is available at the website of the International Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichodermawww.trichoderma.info). Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020, 361 (96%) have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded. Thus, we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes (ITS, tef1, and rpb2), and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trichokey.info. We then used all the whole-genome sequenced (WGS) Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification, reveal shortcomings, and discuss possible ambiguities. Based on the Trichoderma example, this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology, molecular biological skills, training in molecular evolutionary analysis, and knowledge of taxonomic literature. We provide an in-depth discussion of species concepts that are applied in Trichoderma taxonomy, and conclude that these fungi are particularly suitable for the implementation of a polyphasic approach that was first introduced in Trichoderma taxonomy by John Bissett (1948–2020), whose work inspired the current study. We also propose a regulatory and unifying role of international commissions on the taxonomy of particular fungal groups. An important outcome of this work is the demonstration of an urgent need for cooperation between Trichoderma researchers to get prepared to the efficient use of the upcoming wave of Trichoderma genomic data.
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Durkin, Louisa, Tobias Jansson, Marisol Sanchez, Maryia Khomich, Martin Ryberg, Erik Kristiansson, and R. Henrik Nilsson. "When mycologists describe new species, not all relevant information is provided (clearly enough)." MycoKeys 72 (September 10, 2020): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.56691.
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Taxonomic mycology struggles with what seems to be a perpetual shortage of resources. Logically, fungal taxonomists should therefore leverage every opportunity to highlight and visualize the importance of taxonomic work, the usefulness of taxonomic data far beyond taxonomy, and the integrative and collaborative nature of modern taxonomy at large. Is mycology really doing that, though? In this study, we went through ten years’ worth (2009–2018) of species descriptions of extant fungal taxa – 1,097 studies describing at most ten new species – in five major mycological journals plus one plant journal. We estimated the frequency at which a range of key words, illustrations, and concepts related to ecology, geography, taxonomy, molecular data, and data availability were provided with the descriptions. We also considered a range of science-demographical aspects such as gender bias and the rejuvenation of taxonomy and taxonomists as well as public availability of the results. Our results show that the target audience of fungal species descriptions appears to be other fungal taxonomists, because many aspects of the new species were presented only implicitly, if at all. Although many of the parameters we estimated show a gradual, and in some cases marked, change for the better over time, they still paint a somewhat bleak picture of mycological taxonomy as a male-dominated field where the wants and needs of an extended target audience are often not understood or even considered. This study hopes to leave a mark on the way fungal species are described by putting the focus on ways in which fungal taxonomy can better anticipate the end users of species descriptions – be they mycologists, other researchers, the public at large, or even algorithms. In the end, fungal taxonomy, too, is likely to benefit from such measures.
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Liou, Guey-Yuh, Chien-Cho Chen, Gwo-Fang Yuan, and Chiu-Yuan Chien. "A taxonomic study of the genus Rhizopus by isozyme patterns." Nova Hedwigia 72, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2001): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/72/2001/231.
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Tolivia, Analía A., Marcela Nuñez Avellaneda, Santiago R. Duque, and Visitación Conforti. "A taxonomic and ultrastructural study of naked Euglenophyta from Colombia." Algological Studies 140 (August 2, 2012): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2012/0046.
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Taylor, Jonathan E., and Steven B. Frye. "Disillusioned by Experience." International Journal of Adult Education and Technology 11, no. 2 (April 2020): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaet.2020040103.
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This qualitative study examined the role that a priori conceptual frameworks play in fostering learning resistance by adult learners in a mandatory training context. In this qualitative study p/k-12 school teachers were interviewed about the views they held regarding in-service teacher training. Methods consisted of a taxonomic analysis with an imported concept, both from other sources. A taxonomic analysis is associated with grounded theory, and codes data using a taxonomy. The imported concept was a taxonomic framework taken from another source and was based on conceptual change research. The general purpose of the study was to populate the imported concept with participant data.
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Chroni, A., M. Djan, D. Obreht Vidaković, T. Petanidou, and A. Vujić. "Molecular species delimitation in the genusEumerus(Diptera: Syrphidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000729.
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AbstractEumerusis one of the most diverse genera of hoverfly worldwide. Species delimitation within genus is considered to be difficult due to: (a) lack of an efficient key; (b) non-defined taxonomical status of a large number of species; and (c) blurred nomenclature. Here, we present the first molecular study to delimit species of the genus by using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) gene. We assessed 75 specimens assigned to 28 taxa originating from two biogeographic zones: 22 from the western Palaearctic and six from the Afrotropical region. Two datasets were generated based on different sequence lengths to explore the significance of availability of more polymorphic sites for species delimitation; dataset A with a total length of 647 bp and dataset B with 746 bp. Various tree inference approaches and Poisson tree processes models were applied to evaluate the putative ‘taxonomical’ vs. ‘molecular’ taxa clusters. All analyses resulted in high taxonomic resolution and clear species delimitation for both the dataset lengths. Furthermore, we revealed a high number of mitochondrial haplotypes and high intraspecific variability. We report two major monophyletic clades, and seven ‘molecular’ groups of taxa formed, which are congruent with morphology-based taxonomy. Our results support the use of the mitochondrial COI gene in species diagnosis ofEumerus.
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De Crop, E., L. Delgat, J. Nuytinck, R. E. Halling, and A. Verbeken. "A short story of nearly everything in Lactifluus (Russulaceae)." Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 133–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2021.07.07.
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Fungi are a large and hyper-diverse group with major taxa present in every ecosystem on earth. However, compared to other eukaryotic organisms, their diversity is largely understudied. Since the rise of molecular techniques, new lineages are being discovered at an increasing rate, but many are not accurately characterised. Access to comprehensive and reliable taxonomic information of organisms is fundamental for research in different disciplines exploring a variety of questions. A globally dominant ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal family in terrestrial ecosystems is the Russulaceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) family. Amongst the mainly agaricoid Russulaceae genera, the ectomycorrhizal genus Lactifluus was historically least studied due to its largely tropical distribution in many underexplored areas and the apparent occurrence of several species complexes. Due to increased studies in the tropics, with a focus on this genus, knowledge on Lactifluus grew. We demonstrate here that Lactifluus is now one of the best-known ECM genera. This paper aims to provide a thorough overview of the current knowledge of Lactifluus, with information on diversity, distribution, ecology, phylogeny, taxonomy, morphology, and ethnomycological uses of species in this genus. This is a result of our larger study, aimed at building a comprehensive and complete dataset or taxonomic framework for Lactifluus, based on molecular, morphological, biogeographical, and taxonomical data as a tool and reference for other researchers.
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Mehra, Deepika, Jagbir Singh Kirti, and Avtar Kaur Sidhu. "A taxonomic study of six species of the genus Junonia Hübner, [1819] (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the northwestern Himalayan region in India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2018): 11934. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3731.10.7.11934-11947.
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Characters of external genitalia are considered as one of the important criteria to understand the taxonomy of insects. In the present study, various taxonomic characters of the male and female external genitalia and wing venation of six species under the genus Junonia Hübner viz., orythia (Linnaeus, 1758), iphita (Cramer, [1779]), almana (Linnaeus, 1758), lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758), hierta (Fabricius, 1798), atlites (Linnaeus, 1763), have been described and illustrated in detail. Besides, brief diagnoses and identification keys based on external genitalia, morphological variations and taxonomic remarks have been given for all taxa.
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Hjarding, Angelique, Krystal A. Tolley, and Neil D. Burgess. "Red List assessments of East African chameleons: a case study of why we need experts." Oryx 49, no. 4 (July 10, 2014): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001427.
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AbstractThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species uses geographical distribution as a key criterion in assessing the conservation status of species. Accurate knowledge of a species’ distribution is therefore essential to ensure the correct categorization is applied. Here we compare the geographical distribution of 35 species of chameleons endemic to East Africa, using data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and data compiled by a taxonomic expert. Data screening showed 99.9% of GBIF records used outdated taxonomy and 20% had no locality coordinates. Conversely the expert dataset used 100% up-to-date taxonomy and only seven records (3%) had no coordinates. Both datasets were used to generate range maps for each species, which were then used in preliminary Red List categorization. There was disparity in the categories of 10 species, with eight being assigned a lower threat category based on GBIF data compared with expert data, and the other two assigned a higher category. Our results suggest that before conducting desktop assessments of the threatened status of species, aggregated museum locality data should be vetted against current taxonomy and localities should be verified. We conclude that available online databases are not an adequate substitute for taxonomic experts in assessing the threatened status of species and that Red List assessments may be compromised unless this extra step of verification is carried out.
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ELLIS, C. J., and B. J. COPPINS. "Taxonomic survey compared to ecological sampling: are the results consistent for woodland epiphytes?" Lichenologist 49, no. 2 (March 2017): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282917000056.
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AbstractField survey by a taxonomist or specialist biologist (‘taxonomic survey’) provides a comprehensive inventory of species in a habitat. Common and conspicuous species are rapidly recorded and search effort can be targeted to inconspicuous or rare species. However, the subjective nature of taxonomic survey limits its usefulness in ecological monitoring and analysis. In contrast, ‘ecological sampling’, focused on the standardized use of repeated sub-units such as quadrats, is designed to quantify the observational error of results, allowing for more robust statistical treatment. Nevertheless, the spatial extent of recording will be lower during ecological sampling, and rarities might be missed. Despite their differences, these two approaches are often assumed to be congruent for decision making. Taxonomic survey is commonly used to identify priority sites for conservation (including species-rich sites, or those with many rare/threatened species) while ecological sampling is used to design conservation strategy by relating species richness or composition to habitat dynamics. If these contrasting approaches are indeed congruent, then trends in species richness and community composition, detected by ecological sampling, will mirror the results of taxonomic survey so that management confidently protects the attributes for which a site was prioritized. This study performed both taxonomic survey and ecological sampling for lichen epiphytes in 13 woodland study sites in Scotland. To understand the procedure of taxonomic survey, fieldwork by a professional taxonomist was structured by effort into 15-minute time intervals. As expected, taxonomic survey discovered more species per site, while ecological sampling (allowing a measure of species frequency) resolved greater variation in community composition. However, the patterns of richness and species composition obtained from the different methods were correlated, suggesting an overall high degree of congruence in identifying and then managing priority sites. Furthermore, when exploring the taxonomic survey in detail, we found that a minimum effort of 45 minutes was required to accurately determine species richness differences among contrasting woodland sites.
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LIU, YUGUANG, WEIJIAN LI, MING TANG, GUANGYAO YANG, and WENGEN ZHANG. "Taxonomic re-evaluation of some Gelidocalamus (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) taxa from Southeast China." Phytotaxa 299, no. 1 (March 17, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.299.1.9.
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In the present study, we employed a classical taxonomic analysis of micromorphological characters of the leaf epidermis to reassess the taxonomy of four Gelidocalamus taxa, a genus of woody bamboos endemic to China. We propose that G. subsolidus is distinct from G. tessellatus, and G. albopubescens should be placed in synonymy under G. subsolidus. A formal taxonomic treatment is presented, including description, comments, illustrations, a distribution map, and SEM images of the abaxial leaf epidermis.
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Patel, Jaivin, Rupesh Maurya, Hitesh Solanki, and Bharat Maitreya. "NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SELECTED PLANTS OF ASTERACEAE FAMILY FROM AHMEDABAD DISTRICT, GUJARAT." International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest 1, no. 2 (October 5, 2022): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.56588/iabcd.v1i2.83.
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The article is about the systematic study of 30 species that belongs to 26 genera of Asteraceae family in Ahmedabad District. A total of 52 characters were measured, comprising qualitative and quantitative characters. Characters and character states were determined through examination of both living and herbarium specimens. Numerical taxonomy, also termed as morphometric deals with grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units into taxa on the basis of their character state. On the basis of UPGMA (Unpaired Group Method off Averaging) clustering, Neighbour joining cluster analysis and a dendrogram was constructed as two clades and other sub clade are recognized. Results obtained from the present study are found congruent with morphological studies showing the significance of numerical analysis for taxonomic relationship in the Asteraceae family
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Martínez-Arce, Arely, Alberto De Jesús-Navarrete, and Francesca Leasi. "DNA Barcoding for Delimitation of Putative Mexican Marine Nematodes Species." Diversity 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030107.
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Nematode biodiversity is mostly unknown; while about 20,000 nematode species have been described, estimates for species diversity range from 0.1 to 100 million. The study of nematode diversity, like that of meiofaunal organisms in general, has been mostly based on morphology-based taxonomy, a time-consuming and costly task that requires well-trained specialists. This work represents the first study on the taxonomy of Mexican nematodes that integrates morphological and molecular data. We added eleven new records to the Mexican Caribbean nematode species list: Anticomidae sp.1, Catanema sp.1, Enoploides gryphus, Eurystomina sp.1, Haliplectus bickneri, Metachromadora sp.1, Odontophora bermudensis, Oncholaimus sp.1, Onyx litorale, Proplatycoma fleurdelis, and Pontonema cf. simile. We improved the COI database with 57 new sequences from 20 morphotypes. All COI sequences obtained in this work are new entries for the international genetic databases GenBank and BOLD. Among the studied sites, we report the most extensive species record (12 species) at Cozumel. DNA barcoding and species delineation methods supported the occurrence of 20 evolutionary independent entities and confirmed the high taxonomic resolution of the COI gene. Different approaches provided consistent results: ABGD and mPTP methods disentangled 20 entities, whereas Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) recovered 22 genetic species. Results support DNA barcoding being an efficient, fast, and low-cost method to integrate into morphological observations in order to address taxonomical shortfalls in meiofaunal organisms.
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Hyland, Michael F., and Hani S. Mahmassani. "Taxonomy of Shared Autonomous Vehicle Fleet Management Problems to Inform Future Transportation Mobility." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2653, no. 1 (January 2017): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2653-04.
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This paper presents a taxonomy for classifying vehicle fleet management problems, across several dimensions, to inform future research on autonomous vehicle (AV) fleets. Modeling the AV fleet management problem will bring about new classes of vehicle routing, scheduling, and fleet management problems; nevertheless, the existing literature related to vehicle routing, scheduling, and fleet management is a valuable foundation for future research on the AV fleet management problem. This paper classifies the broadly defined AV fleet management problem by using existing taxonomic categories in the literature; adds additional, or more nuanced, dimensions to existing taxonomic categories; and presents new taxonomic categories to classify specific AV fleet management problems. The broadly defined AV fleet management problem can be classified as a dynamic multivehicle pickup and delivery problem with explicit or implicit time window constraints. Existing studies that fit into this class of fleet management problems are reviewed. New taxonomy categories presented in this paper include fleet size elasticity, reservation structure, accept–reject decision maker, reservation time frame, ridesharing, vehicle repositioning, underlying network structure, and network congestion. Two goals of the taxonomy presented in this study are to provide researchers with a valuable reference as they begin to model AV fleet management problems and to present novel AV fleet management problems to spur interest from researchers.
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Elkan, G. H. "Taxonomy of the rhizobia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-075.
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Extensive cross testing on a relatively few legume hosts led initially to a taxonomic characterization of rhizobia based on bacteria–plant cross–inoculation groups. This has gradually become less acceptable, and has been replaced by taxonomic groupings derived from numerical taxonomy, carbohydrate metabolism, antibiotic susceptiblities, serology, and various molecular techniques. It has long been recognized that there are two distinct groups of rhizobia based on growth rate. The fast-growing genus Rhizobium includes R. leguminosarum, R. meliloti, R. loti, R. galegae, R. tropici, and R. huakuii. The slow-growing genus Bradyrhizobium contains only one recognized species, B. japonicum. Two new genera have been recognized: Azorhizobium, with one recognized species (A. caulinadans), and Sinorhizobium, with two species (S. fredii and S. xinjiangensis). Genetic studies of both the fast- and slow-growing groups show unacceptably wide intrageneric and intergeneric diversity. Although there have been some elegant studies of some of the genetic relationships among rhizobia, overall there has (have) not been the comprehensive study(ies) needed to allow a conclusive taxonomic scheme. Because proposals for revision are accelerating, minimum standards have been proposed by the International Subcommittee for the Taxonomy of Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Key words: Rhizobium taxonomy, classification of rhizobia, interrelationships of rhizobia.
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Sia, Chin Lan, and Suliman Al-Hawamdeh. "Taxonomy-Building Tools: An Investigative Study." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 02, no. 01 (March 2003): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649203000267.
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Creating topic hierarchies that can be mapped to the source documents provide effective access to the required information. However, the exponential growth in the volume of information may be too overwhelming for manual approach to taxonomy building. Taxonomy software, with automated approach, but minimal human intervention, easy integration with other products, and effective taxonomy maintenance utility provide a practical and efficient solution. Many vendors serving this market segment offer a wide range of approaches and solutions, such as Semio, Autonomy, Verity, Quiver, Inxight, and SmartLogik. The aim of this study is to identify different types of taxonomy-building tools available in the market and study their features and characteristics. The selection criteria was based on the availability of an evaluation copy from the vendor along with detailed information about the products such as product manuals, white papers, and product data sheets. The findings showed that most taxonomy- building tools share common features such as hierarchical structures of the taxonomy (depth of the taxonomy), taxonomy maintenance, multiple taxonomy views (cross-referencing support), import/export utilities, taxonomy presentation and access (access points to the information), and being language independent (multilingual support). The results also revealed that visualization tools, personalization, product integration and industry-specific taxonomies were the value-added features to the taxonomy software.
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Ong, Song-Quan, and Suhaila Ab Hamid. "Next generation insect taxonomic classification by comparing different deep learning algorithms." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 30, 2022): e0279094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279094.
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Insect taxonomy lies at the heart of many aspects of ecology, and identification tasks are challenging due to the enormous inter- and intraspecies variation of insects. Conventional methods used to study insect taxonomy are often tedious, time-consuming, labor intensive, and expensive, and recently, computer vision with deep learning algorithms has offered an alternative way to identify and classify insect images into their taxonomic levels. We designed the classification task according to the taxonomic ranks of insects—order, family, and genus—and compared the generalization of four state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) architectures. The results show that different taxonomic ranks require different deep learning (DL) algorithms to generate high-performance models, which indicates that the design of an automated systematic classification pipeline requires the integration of different algorithms. The InceptionV3 model has advantages over other models due to its high performance in distinguishing insect order and family, which is having F1-score of 0.75 and 0.79, respectively. Referring to the performance per class, Hemiptera (order), Rhiniidae (family), and Lucilia (genus) had the lowest performance, and we discuss the possible rationale and suggest future works to improve the generalization of a DL model for taxonomic rank classification.
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Köhler, Frank, and Vince Kessner. "Mitochondrial and morphological differentiation in a previously unrecognized radiation of the land snail genus Parachloritis Ehrmann, 1912 on Timor (Pulmonata: Camaenidae)." Contributions to Zoology 83, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08301001.
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The present work revises the taxonomy of one group of camaenid gastropods from Timor-Leste based on the study of a large number of recently collected ethanol preserved samples as well as historic museum material, including types. By employing comparative analyses of the variation in morphological features (shell, penial anatomy) and the differentiation in mitochondrial DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) and the 16S rDNA (16S), altogether nineteen species are recognized from Timor-Leste and adjacent areas in the Lesser Sunda and Moluccas, such as West-Timor, Adonara, Leti and Sermata Islands (Indonesia). Four of these species were described previously and have mostly been placed within the genus Chloritis Beck, 1837 in the few historic treatments available. Fifteen species found to be new are formally described. In contrast to the previous taxonomic treatment, placement in the genus Parachloritis Ehrmann, 1912 is proposed on grounds of comparative shell morphology. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that all examined species form a monophyletic group, which encompasses diverse shell forms. While most species have shells of the general chloritid type, which are of little taxonomic utility, highly distinct shell morphs (trochoid shells, dwarf forms) have originated within this radiation in independent lineages. Morphological change has occurred in some taxonomic lineages while the bulk of Parachloritis species has maintained an ancestral shell phenotype. This phenotypic stasis is attributed to stabilizing selection in species, which have maintained associations with ancestral habitats, while distinct shell forms have evolved as result of habitat shifts. Consequently, purely shellbased taxonomies are prone to errors due to misjudging the significance of shell characters. While some Parachloritis species uncovered here were found to be narrowly endemic, others had wide distributions that include more than one island. Narrow range endemism was predominantly found in dwarf species and in species that live in high altitudes.
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Lee, Joonbum, Jessica R. Lee, Madeline L. Koenig, John R. Douglas, Joshua E. Domeyer, John D. Lee, and Heishiro Toyoda. "Incorporating driver expectations into a taxonomy of transfers of control for automated vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661241.
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This study expands existing taxonomies for transfer of control (TOC) with driving automation. A TOC taxonomy is necessary to categorize types of TOC, interpret drivers’ behavior during a transition, and assess the safety implications of each TOC type. However, existing taxonomies do not capture important aspects of the driver’s reaction to the transfer because they often only focus on the initiator and receiver. Thus, we synthesized relevant literature and suggested factors for expanding a TOC taxonomy. The literature synthesis revealed that temporal attributes (e.g., urgency) and predictability of TOC are dimensions that can extend existing taxonomies. Based on the findings, we developed a new TOC taxonomy using four factors (initiator, receiver, system predictability, and driver expectation) with relevant use cases. The new taxonomy distinguishes 16 different types of TOCs and enhances our understanding of TOC types and their implications for safety.
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Baklaeva, Natal'ya M. "APPLICATION OF THE TAXONOMIC METHOD IN THE FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 8/1, no. 128 (2022): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.08.01.011.
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The article discusses the essence of taxonomy, the possibility of using the taxonomic method when conducting a financial analysis of the activities of commercial organizations, gives an algorithm for calculating the integral taxonomic indicator, and also identifies the advantages of the method. The results of the study showed that the taxonomic method allows you to streamline multidimensional objects or processes and, on this basis, calculate a single integral indicator, which allows analysts to make an unambiguous conclusion about the current financial situation in the organization and more accurately predict financial performance. Also, using the method, you can compare the activities of several competing organizations, because it is based on the use of public financial reporting data of organizations.
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Hoste, Ivan, and Filip Verloove. "Taxonomy of the weed species of the genus Echinochloa (Poaceae, Paniceae) in Southwestern Europe: Exploring the confused current state of affairs." PhytoKeys 197 (May 23, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.197.79499.
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The taxonomy of Echinochloa, a predominantly tropical to warm-temperate genus of 40–50 species, including some of the world’s worst weeds, is still poorly understood. This is because some species, including the extremely widespread E. crus-galli, show a wide range of morphological, physiological and ecological variation, in part the result of a complex recent evolutionary history. Furthermore, there is often a dearth of clear distinguishing features among species. The same applies to the species established in Southwestern Europe, where unintentionally introduced populations have now established themselves as important weeds of crops, especially maize and rice. Taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion hampers progress in weed science. In this study, we give an identification key that covers the weedy taxa encountered in Southwestern Europe, followed by notes on taxonomy and nomenclature. Moreover, a lectotype is designated for Echinochloa frumentacea. It is argued that current confusion cannot be overcome without including populations of Eastern Asian origin in taxonomic studies and without the joint efforts of experts in the fields of weed science, morphology-based taxonomy, genomics and phylogenetics.
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Xu, Ke-Wang, Lu-Lu Wang, and Li-Bing Zhang. "Taxonomic revision of the Asplenium wrightii complex (Aspleniaceae) with reinstatement of A. alatulum and A. subcrenatum." PhytoKeys 172 (February 12, 2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.172.62511.
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The Asplenium wrightii complex is morphologically variable and difficult in species delimitation. Owing to lack of comprehensive sampling in phylogenetic studies, the taxonomy of this complex remains unresolved. Based on extensive field observations, specimen examination and our recent molecular data, the present study aims to clarify the identities of three species of Asplenium in this complex from Asia. Our study revealed that A. alatulum and A. subcrenatum, previously treated as synonyms of A. wrightii, should be reinstated. A taxonomic revision of the three species, including their type information, detailed descriptions, voucher specimens, distribution, ecology, as well as taxonomic notes, is carried out.
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NIE, TANG-JIE, WEI-JIAN LI, XUE-NAN JI, YU-GUANG LIU, ZU-YAO LI, GUANG-YAO YANG, and WEN-GEN ZHANG. "Re-evaluation of the taxonomy of Gelidocalamus stellatus (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and its infraspecific taxa from southern China." Phytotaxa 356, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.356.3.3.
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In the present study, a classical taxonomic analysis of micromorphological characters of the leaf epidermis was employed to reassess the taxonomy of Gelidocalamus stellatus and its infraspecific taxa from southern China. We propose that G. monophyllus is distinct from G. stellatus, and G. wugongshanensis should be treated as a variety under G. stellatus. The variety, i.e. G. stellatus var. mangshanensis, collected from the Mangshan of Hunan Province in China, is re-described and illustrated. A formal taxonomic treatment is presented, including descriptions, comments, illustrations, distribution maps, and SEM images of the abaxial leaf epidermis.
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Komárek, Jiři, Sandra M. F. O. Azevedo, Patricia Domingos, Jaroslava Komárková, and Martin Tichý. "Background of the Caruaru tragedy; a case taxonomic study of toxic cyanobacteria." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 103 (December 3, 2001): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/103/2001/9.
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Pool, Johannes Hendrik, and Hein Venter. "A Harmonized Information Security Taxonomy for Cyber Physical Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 8080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168080.
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Cyber physical systems (CPSs) are found in many aspects of daily life, and they control and protect energy production, manufacturing and even healthcare. Due to long lifecycles and the use of legacy technologies, its associated security comes with many challenges. Security taxonomies are useful to classify and communicate security-related information and elements. Despite the existence of numerous taxonomies, they are fragmentary, limited to only specific lifecycle phases or cover only specific aspects. A harmonized taxonomy must be applicable to all lifecycle phases of the CPS. This paper presents well-established taxonomies that are combined into a single comprehensive and harmonized taxonomy and allows application throughout the different lifecycle phases. Application of the taxonomy to real-world scenarios requires a consistent implementation methodology. The use of the harmonized taxonomy methodology is demonstrated by applying it to an actual incident case study. The taxonomy is used to identify information security gaps through its implementation in the industrial facility in question. The identified gaps are then addressed as part of the security lifecycle of the CPS. The harmonized taxonomy can be expanded to apply it to industries with specific requirements.
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Giabelli, Anna, Lorenzo Malandri, Fabio Mercorio, Mario Mezzanzanica, and Andrea Seveso. "NEO: A System for Identifying New Emerging Occupation from Job Ads." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 18 (May 18, 2021): 16035–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i18.18004.
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We demonstrate NEO, a tool for automatically enriching the European Occupation and Skill Taxonomy (ESCO) with terms that represents new occupations extracted from million Online Job Advertisements (OJAs). NEO proposes (i) a novel metric that allows one to measure the semantic similarity between words in a taxonomy, and (ii) a set of measures that estimate the adherence of new terms to the most suited taxonomic concept, enabling the user to evaluate the suggestions. To test its effectiveness, NEO has been evaluated over 2M+ 2018 UK job ads, along with a user-study to confirm the usefulness of NEO in the taxonomy enrichment task.
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Seok, Soon-Ja, Yang-Sup Kim, Hang-Yeon Weon, Kang-Hyo Lee, Ki-Moon Park, Kyong-Hee Min, and Kwan-Hee Yoo. "Taxonomic Study onVolvariellain Korea." Mycobiology 30, no. 4 (2002): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.4489/myco.2002.30.4.183.
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