Journal articles on the topic 'Taxonomic instability'
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1
DISNEY, R. H. L. "Antidote to taxonomic instability." Nature 342, no. 6249 (November 1989): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342488a0.
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CRISP, D. J., and G. E. FOGG. "Taxonomic instability continues to irritate." Nature 335, no. 6186 (September 1988): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335120b0.
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Entiauspe-Neto, Omar Machado, Arthur de Sena, Arthur Tiutenko, and Daniel Loebmann. "Taxonomic status of Apostolepis barrioi Lema, 1978, with comments on the taxonomic instability of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Serpentes, Dipsadidae)." ZooKeys 841 (April 23, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.841.33404.
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Apostolepis is a diverse neotropical snake genus, which has been historically subjected to poor taxonomic descriptions, largely based on either a small type series or subjective diagnoses. We evaluate the case of Apostolepisbarrioi Lema, 1978 and its intricate taxonomic history, suggesting its synonymization with Apostolepisdimidiata (Jan, 1862), and providing brief commentary on the taxonomic instability that has been plaguing the genus.
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Teta, Pablo. "The usage of subgenera in mammalian taxonomy." Mammalia 83, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0059.
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AbstractIn this note, I discuss the advantages of the usage of subgenera as a practical taxonomic rank in mammalian taxonomy. Use of this category preserves traditional usage, reduces nomenclatural instability and avoids unnecessary change of names. Subgenera are useful to label diagnosable clades of closely related species, especially in morphologically and ecologically diverse monophyletic genera, without alteration of traditional binomial usage. Contrary to informal names such as “divisions” or “groups”, subgenera are governed by the rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), having usage constrained (and stability promoted) by typification and priority.
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Beninger, Peter G., and Thierry Backeljau. "Understanding taxonomic and nomenclatural instability – a case study of the Manila clam." Aquaculture 504 (April 2019): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.02.016.
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Rouse, Robert J., Paul R. Fantz, and Ted E. Bilderback. "Problems Identifying Japanese Cedar Cultivated in the United States." HortTechnology 7, no. 2 (April 1997): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.2.129.
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Japanese cedar [Cryptomeria japonica (Thun. ex L.f.) D. Don. (Taxodiaceae)] cultivars have become quite popular in the U.S. landscape and nursery industries. Their popularity is expected to increase as more attractive and adaptable horticultural selections gain recognition. Taxonomic problems include an inadequate inventory of selected variants cultivated in the United States, instability of names at the infraspecific taxonomic level, poor descriptions of the cultivars, and a lack of representative specimens and identification aids to help horticulturists identify unknown specimens. A study of Cryptomeria japonica cultivated in the United States is needed to address these problems.
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Khare, Praveen, Vindhya Mohindra, Anindya Sundar Barman, Rajeev Kumar Singh, and Kuldeep Kumar Lal. "Molecular evidence to reconcile taxonomic instability in mahseer species (Pisces: Cyprinidae) of India." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 14, no. 3 (May 19, 2014): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-014-0172-8.
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KANDAWATTE WEDARALALAGE, THILINI CHETHANA, RUVISHIKA S. JAYAWARDENA, and KEVIN D. HYDE. "Hurdles in fungal taxonomy: Effectiveness of recent methods in discriminating taxa." Megataxa 1, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/megataxa.1.2.2.
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The fungal kingdom is estimated to comprise between 2.2 to 3.8 million species with only about 7% named and classified. Novel biochemical, physiological and molecular techniques have been utilized to improve the systematics of fungal taxa and estimates of their diversity. Multidisciplinary approaches should be used for resolving species and higher taxa of the fungi. However, even with all the benefits of the new techniques, they are also providing unclear results and taxonomic instability. Taxonomists should be aware of these issues and should follow pragmatic approaches. In order to overcome these taxonomic challenges, cooperation and communication among mycologists worldwide are crucial for the study of fungal diversity.
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SHERWOOD, DANNIELLA. "Aphonopelma braunshausenii Tesmoingt, 1996 is a nomen dubium, with review of some historic morphological characters ineffective at species delineation (Araneae: Theraphosidae)." Zootaxa 4657, no. 3 (August 20, 2019): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4657.3.9.
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Aphonopelma braunshausenii Tesmoingt, 1996 is regarded as a nomen dubium due to the lack of a deposited holotype, an inadequate description which gives no stable taxonomic features to differentiate it from any other species and the absence of an exact type locality. The instability of some morphological characters which were given weight for species delineation in many earlier works is discussed and illustrated.
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Freitas, Elyse S., Aniruddha Datta-Roy, Praveen Karanth, L. Lee Grismer, and Cameron D. Siler. "Multilocus phylogeny and a new classification for African, Asian and Indian supple and writhing skinks (Scincidae: Lygosominae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 1067–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz001.
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AbstractThe genera Lepidothyris, Lygosoma and Mochlus comprise the writhing or supple skinks, a group of semi-fossorial, elongate-bodied skinks distributed across the Old World Tropics. Due to their generalized morphology and lack of diagnostic characters, species- and clade-level relationships have long been debated. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies of the group have provided some clarification of species-level relationships, but a number of issues regarding higher level relationships among genera still remain. Here we present a phylogenetic estimate of relationships among species in Lygosoma, Mochlus and Lepidothyris generated by concatenated and species tree analyses of multilocus data using the most extensive taxonomic sampling of the group to date. We also use multivariate statistics to examine species and clade distributions in morpho space. Our results reject the monophyly of Lygosoma s.l., Lygosoma s.s. and Mochlus, which highlights the instability of the current taxonomic classification of the group. We, therefore, revise the taxonomy of the writhing skinks to better reflect the evolutionary history of Lygosoma s.l. by restricting Lygosoma for Southeast Asia, resurrecting the genus Riopa for a clade of Indian and Southeast Asian species, expanding the genus Mochlus to include all African species of writhing skinks and describing a new genus in Southeast Asia.
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HEDGES, S. BLAIR. "On the use of high-level taxonomic names." Zootaxa 2867, no. 1 (May 5, 2011): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2867.1.5.
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Asher & Helgen (2010) recently proposed some rules for naming animal taxa above the family level—names that are currently unregulated. They suggested that strict priority be used as a criterion for high-level names and that such priority be based on group content rather than the procedure used for low-level taxa, anchored to constituent taxa. Authorship of a high-level name thus may vary in a complex way depending on content. While it is true that taxonomic codes are always in need of improvement, the lack of regulation of high-level names has not caused major problems. Originality, priority, stability, and other common sense considerations usually come to play in a process that can be described as community consensus. Their proposed system would lead to less stability because names would lack both permanent anchors (e.g., types) and permanent authors, and would be based on something (group content) susceptible to change with time. Furthermore, name selection may frequently conflict with common usage, leading to confusion and instability. An example of the problems with these rules is their preferred name for the order containing tenrecs and golden moles, Tenrecoidea, which has a long history of different meanings (content). Instead, the most commonly used name, Afrosoricida, is also preferred because it does not have that confusing history and has a more typical suffix (-a) for a mammalian order.
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Millán Arias, Pablo, Fatemeh Alipour, Kathleen A. Hill, and Lila Kari. "DeLUCS: Deep learning for unsupervised clustering of DNA sequences." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): e0261531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261531.
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We present a novel Deep Learning method for the Unsupervised Clustering of DNA Sequences (DeLUCS) that does not require sequence alignment, sequence homology, or (taxonomic) identifiers. DeLUCS uses Frequency Chaos Game Representations (FCGR) of primary DNA sequences, and generates “mimic” sequence FCGRs to self-learn data patterns (genomic signatures) through the optimization of multiple neural networks. A majority voting scheme is then used to determine the final cluster assignment for each sequence. The clusters learned by DeLUCS match true taxonomic groups for large and diverse datasets, with accuracies ranging from 77% to 100%: 2,500 complete vertebrate mitochondrial genomes, at taxonomic levels from sub-phylum to genera; 3,200 randomly selected 400 kbp-long bacterial genome segments, into clusters corresponding to bacterial families; three viral genome and gene datasets, averaging 1,300 sequences each, into clusters corresponding to virus subtypes. DeLUCS significantly outperforms two classic clustering methods (K-means++ and Gaussian Mixture Models) for unlabelled data, by as much as 47%. DeLUCS is highly effective, it is able to cluster datasets of unlabelled primary DNA sequences totalling over 1 billion bp of data, and it bypasses common limitations to classification resulting from the lack of sequence homology, variation in sequence length, and the absence or instability of sequence annotations and taxonomic identifiers. Thus, DeLUCS offers fast and accurate DNA sequence clustering for previously intractable datasets.
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Carretero, Miguel Angel, Rastko Ajtíc, Ljiljana Tomović, and Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovíc. "Evidence for post-natal instability of head scalation in the meadow viper (Vipera ursinii) – patterns and taxonomic implications." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 1 (2008): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808783431424.
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Abstract In Squamates, head meristic characters are commonly used in analyses of intraspecific variability, systematics and phylogeny. Taxonomic significance of head scales is based on the assumption that discrete values of particular scales are set at birth and stable during individual ontogeny. In this paper, we analysed ontogenic changes of head scalation in a population of meadow viper (Vipera ursinii), based on multiple recaptures of marked individuals. Our results show that changes of cephalic scales occur both in immatures and in adults; the frequency of occurrence of change in the sample of re-photographed individuals was 52.2%. Oligomerisation was the most frequent change, found in 39.1% of re-photographed individuals. Changes in shape of cephalic plates as well as polymerisation were recorded in 30.4% of re-photographed individuals. Results of the log-linear analyses indicated no relation either between scale change and sex or between scale change and growth. Although we do not suggest that meristic characters of head scales are completely inadequate for taxonomic use, we point out the need for taking into account the ontogenic trajectories of these characters when analysing intra- and interpopulation variability, in systematics and phylogeny.
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VAN DAMME, KAY, ALEXEY A. KOTOV, and HENRI J. DUMONT. "A checklist of names in Alona Baird 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae) and their current status: an analysis of the taxonomy of a lump genus." Zootaxa 2330, no. 1 (January 7, 2010): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2330.1.1.
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We discuss current progress with the revision of Alona Baird, 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae), the largest cladoceran lump genus. We present the first inventory of these Aloninae since the 1970’s and include an updated checklist of names, with comments on the current status and position of each taxon. We discuss validity, affinities and synonymy of ca. 240 names, including subspecies and varieties. Recent taxonomic shifts have lead to a better delineation of natural groups in the Aloninae but the Alona puzzle remains incomplete. The majority of taxa are grouped into species-complexes or separate genera. We count 14 Aloninae genera, now considered valid, that were split from Alona. The status of a significant portion remains unclear, due to poor original descriptions and/or loss of type material. Even with detailed morphological descriptions, the phylogenetic position of many Aloninae remains unsettled. Analysis of Alona taxonomy based on the checklist shows historical trends and long periods of instability in the systematics of these micro-crustaceans.
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Jaafar, Faizul, Uthairat Na-Nakorn, Prapansak Srisapoome, Thumronk Amornsakun, Thuy-Yen Duong, Maria Mojena Gonzales-Plasus, Duc-Huy Hoang, and Ishwar S. Parhar. "A Current Update on the Distribution, Morphological Features, and Genetic Identity of the Southeast Asian Mahseers, Tor Species." Biology 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10040286.
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The king of rivers or mahseer comprises three genera: Tor, Neolissochilus, and Naziritor, under the Cyprinidae family. The Tor genus has been classified as the true mahseer due to the presence of a median lobe among the three genera. The Tor species are widely distributed across Southeast (SE) Asia, and 13 Tor species have been reported previously: Tor ater, Tor dongnaiensis, Tor douronensis, Tor laterivittatus, Tor mosal, Tor mekongensis, Tor putitora, Tor sinensis, Tor soro, Tor tambra, Tor tambroides, Tor tor and Tor yingjiangensis. However, the exact number of valid Tor species remains debatable. Different and unstandardized approaches of applying genetic markers in taxonomic identification and morphology variation within the same species have further widened the gap and ameliorated the instability of Tor species taxonomy. Therefore, synchronized and strategized research among Tor species researchers is urgently required to improve and fill the knowledge gap. This review is a current update of SE Asia’s Tor species, outlining their distribution, morphology, and genetic identification. In addition, the present review proposes that there are ten valid Tor species in the SE Asian region. This list will serve as a template and standard to improve the taxonomy of the SE Asian Tor species, which could serve as a basis to open new directions in Tor research.
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Jumawan, Jess H., and Inocencio E. Buot. "Numerical taxonomic analysis in leaf architectural traits of some Hoya R. Br. species (Apocynaceae) from Philippines." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 23, no. 2 (December 28, 2016): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v23i2.30851.
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The present study examines the leaf variations in leaf traits of four Hoya R. Br. species from Philippines namely: (1) H. buotii Kloppenburg, (2) H. halconensis Kloppenburg, (3) H. mindorensis Schlechter red bearing flowers; and (4) H. mindorensis Schlechter yellow bearing flowers. Leaf samples (n= 30 leaves) were collected from each plant group and measured with nine architectural traits. The results showed variability in the leaves using univariate and multivariate analysis. Data ordination depicted variations in leaf morphology. The two plant groups H. mindorensis red bearing flowers and H. mindorensis yellow bearing flowers were consistently variable as supported by principal coordinate analysis, cluster analysis and two way Anova (P<0.001). The variability of the two plant groups could be due to developmental instability, plasticity or taxonomic identity, one being the subspecies of the other. Hence, a closer study to investigate the significant variability of the two plant groups was recommended. Distinct separation of H. buotii and H. halconensis was detected being regularly mistaken as one species. The study demonstrated the applicability of multivariate analysis as effective tool in numerical taxonomy. Multivariate analysis can be employed to demonstrate likelihood of relationship among various Hoya species.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 23(2): 199-207, 2016 (December)
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RASMUSSEN, CLAUS, GILLES MAHÉ, and ISMAEL ALEJANDRO HINOJOSA-DÍAZ. "Taxonomic status of the bees from French Guiana described by Jules Dominique (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Megachilidae, Halictidae)." Zootaxa 1423, no. 1 (March 12, 2007): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1423.1.5.
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In March 1898 Abbé Jules Dominique (1838–1902; Bureau, 1903; Fig. 1) published an account of the bees collected by Constant Bar (1817–1884; Oberthür, 1888) and his family in French Guiana (Dominique, 1898). Jean M. Pérez (1833– 1914) had identified both the new and known species reported by Dominique and provided Dominique with manuscript names for the new species. While Pérez never published any of the proposed new species (Anonymous, 1917), Dominique in his account of the collection included both the manuscript names and a brief description in his own words for several of these species. Michener (1987) pointed out the taxonomic implications of this publication, in particular the potential instability to nomenclature when rediscovering names which have not been used for more than a century. While Michener considered several of Dominique’s new names valid, Moure (1967) had incorrectly regarded all of Dominique’s species of Euglossa and Eulaema as nomina nuda.
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Powell, Lauren E., Karin Isler, and Robert A. Barton. "Re-evaluating the link between brain size and behavioural ecology in primates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1865 (October 18, 2017): 20171765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1765.
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Comparative studies have identified a wide range of behavioural and ecological correlates of relative brain size, with results differing between taxonomic groups, and even within them. In primates for example, recent studies contradict one another over whether social or ecological factors are critical. A basic assumption of such studies is that with sufficiently large samples and appropriate analysis, robust correlations indicative of selection pressures on cognition will emerge. We carried out a comprehensive re-examination of correlates of primate brain size using two large comparative datasets and phylogenetic comparative methods. We found evidence in both datasets for associations between brain size and ecological variables (home range size, diet and activity period), but little evidence for an effect of social group size, a correlation which has previously formed the empirical basis of the Social Brain Hypothesis. However, reflecting divergent results in the literature, our results exhibited instability across datasets, even when they were matched for species composition and predictor variables. We identify several potential empirical and theoretical difficulties underlying this instability and suggest that these issues raise doubts about inferring cognitive selection pressures from behavioural correlates of brain size.
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Kociolek, J. P. "COMMENT: TAXONOMIC INSTABILITY AND THE CREATION OFNAVICULADICTALANGE-BERTALOT IN LANGE-BERTALOT & MOSER, A NEW CATCH-ALL GENUS OF DIATOMS." Diatom Research 11, no. 1 (May 1996): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269249x.1996.9705373.
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Lavoie, Camille, Kyle Wellband, Alysse Perreault, Louis Bernatchez, and Nicolas Derome. "Artificial Rearing of Atlantic Salmon Juveniles for Supportive Breeding Programs Induces Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota after Stocking." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091932.
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In supportive breeding programs for wild salmon populations, stocked parr experience higher mortality rates than wild ones. Among other aspects of phenotype, the gut microbiota of artificially raised parr differs from that of wild parr before stocking. Early steps of microbiota ontogeny are tightly dependent upon environmental conditions, both of which exert long-term effects on host physiology. Therefore, our objective was to assess to what extent the resilience capacity of the microbiota of stocked salmon may prevent taxonomic convergence with that of their wild congeners after two months in the same natural environment. Using the 16S SSU rRNA marker gene, we tested the general hypothesis that environmental conditions during the very first steps of microbiota ontogeny imprint a permanent effect on later stages of microbiota recruitment. Our results first showed that gut microbiota composition of stocked and wild parr from the same genetic population, and sharing the same environment, was dependent on the early rearing environment. In contrast, skin microbiota in stocked individuals converged to that of wild individuals. Taxonomic composition and co-occurrence network analyses suggest an impairment of wild bacteria recruitment and a higher instability for the gut microbiota of stocked parr. This study is the first to demonstrate the long-term effect of early microbiota ontogeny in artificial rearing for natural population conservation programs, raising the need to implement microbial ecology.
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Ament-Velásquez, S. Lorena, Hanna Johannesson, Tatiana Giraud, Robert Debuchy, Sven J. Saupe, Alfons J. M. Debets, Eric Bastiaans, et al. "The taxonomy of the model filamentous fungus Podospora anserina." MycoKeys 75 (November 25, 2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.75.55968.
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The filamentous fungus Podospora anserina has been used as a model organism for more than 100 years and has proved to be an invaluable resource in numerous areas of research. Throughout this period, P. anserina has been embroiled in a number of taxonomic controversies regarding the proper name under which it should be called. The most recent taxonomic treatment proposed to change the name of this important species to Triangularia anserina. The results of past name changes of this species indicate that the broader research community is unlikely to accept this change, which will lead to nomenclatural instability and confusion in literature. Here, we review the phylogeny of the species closely related to P. anserina and provide evidence that currently available marker information is insufficient to resolve the relationships amongst many of the lineages. We argue that it is not only premature to propose a new name for P. anserina based on current data, but also that every effort should be made to retain P. anserina as the current name to ensure stability and to minimise confusion in scientific literature. Therefore, we synonymise Triangularia with Podospora and suggest that either the type species of Podospora be moved to P. anserina from P. fimiseda or that all species within the Podosporaceae be placed in the genus Podospora.
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JACKSON, STEPHEN M., COLIN P. GROVES, PETER J. S. FLEMING, KEN P. APLIN, MARK D. B. ELDRIDGE, ANTONIO GONZALEZ, and KRISTOFER M. HELGEN. "The Wayward Dog: Is the Australian native dog or Dingo a distinct species?" Zootaxa 4317, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4317.2.1.
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The taxonomic identity and status of the Australian Dingo has been unsettled and controversial since its initial description in 1792. Since that time it has been referred to by various names including Canis dingo, Canis lupus dingo, Canis familiaris and Canis familiaris dingo. Of these names C. l. dingo and C. f. dingo have been most often used, but it has recently been proposed that the Australian Dingo should be once again recognized as a full species—Canis dingo. There is an urgent need to address the instability of the names referring to the Dingo because of the consequences for management and policy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the morphological, genetic, ecological and biological data to determine the taxonomic relationships of the Dingo with the aim of confirming the correct scientific name. The recent proposal for Canis dingo as the most appropriate name is not sustainable under zoological nomenclature protocols nor based on the genetic and morphological evidence. Instead we proffer the name C. familiaris for all free-ranging dogs, regardless of breed and location throughout the world, including the Australian Dingo. The suggested nomenclature also provides a framework for managing free-ranging dogs including Dingoes, under Australian legislation and policy. The broad principles of nomenclature we discuss here apply to all free-roaming dogs that coexist with their hybrids, including the New Guinea Singing Dog.
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JACKSON, STEPHEN M., PETER J. S. FLEMING, MARK D. B. ELDRIDGE, SANDY INGLEBY, TIM FLANNERY, REBECCA N. JOHNSON, STEVEN J. B. COOPER, et al. "The Dogma of Dingoes—Taxonomic status of the dingo: A reply to Smith et al." Zootaxa 4564, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4564.1.7.
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Adopting the name Canis dingo for the Dingo to explicitly denote a species-level taxon separate from other canids was suggested by Crowther et al. (2014) as a means to eliminate taxonomic instability and contention. However, Jackson et al. (2017), using standard taxonomic and nomenclatural approaches and principles, called instead for continued use of the nomen C. familiaris for all domestic dogs and their derivatives, including the Dingo. (This name, C. familiaris, is applied to all dogs that derive from the domesticated version of the Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, based on nomenclatural convention.) The primary reasons for this call by Jackson et al. (2017) were: (1) a lack of evidence to show that recognizing multiple species amongst the dog, including the Dingo and New Guinea Singing Dog, was necessary taxonomically, and (2) the principle of nomenclatural priority (the name familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, antedates dingo Meyer, 1793). Overwhelming current evidence from archaeology and genomics indicates that the Dingo is of recent origin in Australia and shares immediate ancestry with other domestic dogs as evidenced by patterns of genetic and morphological variation. Accordingly, for Smith et al. (2019) to recognise Canis dingo as a distinct species, the onus was on them to overturn current interpretations of available archaeological, genomic, and morphological datasets and instead show that Dingoes have a deeply divergent evolutionary history that distinguishes them from other named forms of Canis (including C. lupus and its domesticated version, C. familiaris). A recent paper by Koepfli et al. (2015) demonstrates exactly how this can be done in a compelling way within the genus Canis—by demonstrating deep evolutionary divergence between taxa, on the order of hundreds of thousands of years, using data from multiple genetic systems. Smith et al. (2019) have not done this; instead they have misrepresented the content and conclusions of Jackson et al. (2017), and contributed extraneous arguments that are not relevant to taxonomic decisions. Here we dissect Smith et al. (2019), identifying misrepresentations, to show that ecological, behavioural and morphological evidence is insufficient to recognise Dingoes as a separate species from other domestic dogs. We reiterate: the correct binomial name for the taxon derived from Gray Wolves (C. lupus) by passive and active domestication, including Dingoes and other domestic dogs, is Canis familiaris. We are strongly sympathetic to arguments about the historical, ecological, cultural, or other significance of the Dingo, but these are issues that will have to be considered outside of the more narrow scope of taxonomy and nomenclature.
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Jaleski, Bojan. "Taxonomic and ecological analysis of ruderal flora of the town of Kičevo (North Macedonia)." Acta herbologica 31, no. 2 (2022): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/actaherb2202113j.
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Ruderal flora and vegetation is one of the youngest and most dynamic floristic-vegetation complexes. The anthropogenic conditionality, pronounced dynamism, microfragmentation in its distribution and great morpho-anatomical variability of its cenobionts are its important characteristics. The floristic composition and development stage of the ruderal flora and vegetation are important data in observing the consequences of increasingly intensifying processes of urbanization. Floristic studies of the ruderal flora in the territory of the town Kičevo, have established the presence of 290 taxa of vascular plants, classfied into 207 genera, 58 families and 3 classes.The most represented taxa in the ruderal flora of Kičevo are from the most numerous families in the flora of North Macedonia: Asteraceae (41), Poaceae (26), and Fabaceae (25). A total of eighteen genera with three or more taxa were recorded, and the genera with the largest number of taxa are: Vicia (6), Trifolium (5), Geranium, Veronica, Euphorbia, Rumex, Linaria and Ranunculus (4). Majority of the species which belong to these genera are characteristic indicators of tertiary ruderal vegetation. Analysis of the representation of certain life forms has determined the hemicryptophyto-therophite character of the ruderal flora (H= 43.10%, T= 36.55%). The subdominant presence of therophytes is directly correlated with the instability of the ruderal habitats caused by the anthropogenic activities.The analysis of ecological indices for five main ecological factors (light, temperature, humidity, soil reaction and nutritiens) has shown dominance of plants preferring semi-open to open habitats, mesothermal and thermophylic habitats (regarding their termal regime), submesophyte to subxerophyte habitats (regarding their water regime), mostly neutral to low alkaline soil reaction and oligo-mesotrophic habitats, regarding their nutritien status. Comparing the ruderal flora of Kičevo with other similar sized cities in the region (Žabljak, Loznica, Smederevska Palanka and Kosovska Mitrovica), we found the highest index of similarity (0.81) between the cities of Kičevo and Kosovska Mitrovica.
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Zou, Hong, Ivan Jakovlić, Dong Zhang, Cong-Jie Hua, Rong Chen, Wen-Xiang Li, Ming Li, and Gui-Tang Wang. "Architectural instability, inverted skews and mitochondrial phylogenomics of Isopoda: outgroup choice affects the long-branch attraction artefacts." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 2 (February 2020): 191887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191887.
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The majority strand of mitochondrial genomes of crustaceans usually exhibits negative GC skews. Most isopods exhibit an inversed strand asymmetry, believed to be a consequence of an inversion of the replication origin (ROI). Recently, we proposed that an additional ROI event in the common ancestor of Cymothoidae and Corallanidae families resulted in a double-inverted skew (negative GC), and that taxa with homoplastic skews cluster together in phylogenetic analyses (long-branch attraction, LBA). Herein, we further explore these hypotheses, for which we sequenced the mitogenome of Asotana magnifica (Cymothoidae), and tested whether our conclusions were biased by poor taxon sampling and inclusion of outgroups. (1) The new mitogenome also exhibits a double-inverted skew, which supports the hypothesis of an additional ROI event in the common ancestor of Cymothoidae and Corallanidae families. (2) It exhibits a unique gene order, which corroborates that isopods possess exceptionally destabilized mitogenomic architecture. (3) Improved taxonomic sampling failed to resolve skew-driven phylogenetic artefacts. (4) The use of a single outgroup exacerbated the LBA, whereas both the use of a large number of outgroups and complete exclusion of outgroups ameliorated it.
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CERÍACO, LUIS M. P., ISHAN AGARWAL, MARIANA P. MARQUES, and AARON M. BAUER. "A correction to a recent review of the genus Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Angola, with the description of two additional species." Zootaxa 4861, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.6.
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A correction to the recent revision of the genus Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 from Angola is presented. The previous revision assigned some historical specimens to H. bayonii and H. nzingae, with one specimen even being considered a paratype of the latter taxon. A review of the morphological data of all of the specimens used in the previous study found that two other undescribed taxa, morphologically similar to H. bayonii and H. nzingae, respectively, were overlooked. We here present a re-description of these specimens and provide the diagnostic characters that allow their recognition as two new species, both endemic to Angola. In order to provide an accurate picture of the diversity of Hemidactylus in the country and to correct our previous misidentifications that could lead to some taxonomic instability, we herein describe H. hannasabinae sp. nov. and H. vernayi sp. nov.
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MAHONY, STEPHEN, RACHUNLIU G. KAMEI, EMMA C. TEELING, and S. D. BIJU. "Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species." Zootaxa 4523, no. 1 (November 18, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4523.1.1.
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The Megophrys major species group (MMSG) is composed of typically medium to large sized frogs. Within the genus, it is the most geographically widespread clade ranging from the western Himalayas to southern Indochina. In this study, we examined in detail the extent of cryptic diversity within the MMSG-Indian populations based on molecular data (up to ten genes) using multigene concatenation and coalescent-based phylogenetic techniques, species delimitation analyses and extensive morphological data.Molecular evidence suggests a high level of hidden cryptic diversity within the MMSG, particularly within the M. major species complex (MMC), highlighting overlapping distributions, a case of potential mitochondrial transfer between two species, and tree topology discordance between phylogenetic methods and mitochondrial and nuclear data sets. Most analyses indicated distinct eastern and western clades in the MMC, and that the western clade may further divide into a northern and a southern subclade.A detailed taxonomic review of Indian members of the Megophrys major species group is provided. Previously undocumented complex nomenclatural issues involving known species are highlighted and resolved. Megophrys monticola is taxonomically redefined for the first time as a valid species since its synonymy with M. parva in 1893. The taxonomic status of two recently described species, Xenophrys katabhako and X. sanu are discussed in light of increased molecular and morphological sampling, and are synonymised with M. monticola. Megophrys monticola and M. robusta are redescribed based on their original type specimens and recently collected material. Megophrys major is neotypified and M. robusta lectotypified to remove prevailing nomenclatural instability. Four new large sized Indian MMC species are formally described from the Northeast Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland, and Myanmar. All South Asian MMSG species are morphologically diagnosed from known congeners in the group. The geographic distributions of all taxa discussed are significantly redefined based on the revised taxonomy and extensive literature review. Morphological and molecular evidence suggests that Megophrys major sensu stricto might be endemic to Northeast India; M. glandulosa is formally removed from the Indian and Bhutan species checklists. Numerous misidentifications in literature are highlighted and corrected. In order to reduce future misidentifications of species reported from surrounding regions, high definition images of the holotypes of three Chinese species, M. glandulosa, M. medogensis and M. zhangi are provided for the first time, and a detailed description of Myanmar specimens of M. glandulosa is also given. This study provides the principle foundation for further research into the taxonomic status of the remaining, currently undescribed MMC taxa from Southeast Asia.
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Ferreira, Luciane Augusto de Azevedo, and Marcos Tavares. "Pisidia longimana (Risso, 1816), a junior synonym of P. bluteli (Risso, 1816) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Porcellanidae) and a species distinct from P. longicornis (Linnaeus, 1767)." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 60 (July 16, 2020): e20206036. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.36.
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Pisidia longimana (Risso, 1816) and P. bluteli (Risso, 1816), both described from Nice, France, have been considered each other’s synonyms or have been validated depending on successive taxonomic opinions. The validity of both in respect to P. longicornis (Linnaeus, 1767) has also been contradicted a number of times. The current lack of clarity in the use of the names P. longicornis, P. longimana and P. bluteli has resulted in nomenclatural instability, but also in unreliability and miscommunication as regards the available ecological and distributional information. The validity of P. bluteli and P. longimana is revisited herein based on a large number of specimens (241 males, 190 females and 33 juveniles) from many different localities. The latter species is confirmed as a junior synonym of the former, whereas P. bluteli and P. longicornis are herein considered separate species. Diagnostic characters and morphological variations are discussed and illustrated.
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AHYONG, SHANE T. "Stomatopod Crustacea of the Austral and Gambier Islands, French Polynesia." Zootaxa 4286, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4286.4.8.
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The stomatopods from the Austral and Gambier Islands, southern French Polynesia, collected primarily by the BENTHAUS Expedition (2002) are reported herein. Prior to the present study, only one species of stomatopod, Bathysquilla microps (Manning, 1961), was known from the Austral Islands and two from the Gambier Islands, Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabricius, 1781) and Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabricius, 1787). Seven of nine species in the present collection are reported for the first time from the area, of which Gonodactylellus rubriguttatus (Erdmann & Manning, 1998) and Odontodactylus hawaiiensis Manning, 1967, are reported for the first time from French Polynesia. The series of specimens of G. rubriguttatus includes the largest known of the species, which also shows significantly longer accessory median carinae of the telson than previously reported. Owing to previous taxonomic instability in Chorisquilla excavata (Miers, 1880), the type species of its genus, it is redescribed based on type and other material.
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Roscini, Luca, Angela Conti, Debora Casagrande Pierantoni, Vincent Robert, Laura Corte, and Gianluigi Cardinali. "Do Metabolomics and Taxonomic Barcode Markers Tell the Same Story about the Evolution of Saccharomyces sensu stricto Complex in Fermentative Environments?" Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081242.
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Yeast taxonomy was introduced based on the idea that physiological properties would help discriminate species, thus assuming a strong link between physiology and taxonomy. However, the instability of physiological characteristics within species configured them as not ideal markers for species delimitation, shading the importance of physiology and paving the way to the DNA-based taxonomy. The hypothesis of reconnecting taxonomy with specific traits from phylogenies has been successfully explored for Bacteria and Archaea, suggesting that a similar route can be traveled for yeasts. In this framework, thirteen single copy loci were used to investigate the predictability of complex Fourier Transform InfaRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and High-performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) profiles of the four historical species of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto group, both on resting cells and under short-term ethanol stress. Our data show a significant connection between the taxonomy and physiology of these strains. Eight markers out of the thirteen tested displayed high correlation values with LC-MS profiles of cells in resting condition, confirming the low efficacy of FTIR in the identification of strains of closely related species. Conversely, most genetic markers displayed increasing trends of correlation with FTIR profiles as the ethanol concentration increased, according to their role in the cellular response to different type of stress.
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Ning, X., X. Peng, F. Le, Q. Hao, J. Sun, C. Liu, and Y. Cai. "Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in anticyclonic eddies of the northern South China Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 6 (December 2, 2008): 4591–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-4591-2008.
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Abstract. Baroclinic instability modulated by topography leads to the formation of two anticyclonic eddies in the northern South China Sea: the Hong Kong Southeast Anticyclonic Eddy (HKSEACE) and the Hainan Island East Anticyclonic Eddy (HIEACE). In these eddies, downwelling caused by a depressed pycnocline leads to high temperature, low salinity, impoverished nutrients, reduced Chl-a concentrations, and picoplankton dominance of phytoplankton assemblages in the euphotic zone. We tested the hypothesis that experimental nutrient enrichment would relieve biomass limitation of phytoplankton by opportunistic response of taxa with low nutrient affinity. Our results confirm that phytoplankton samples incubated in vitro under nutrient enriched conditions attained higher biomass, change in taxonomic dominance from dinoflagellates to diatoms, and shift in size class dominance from picoplankton to nanoplankton and netplankton. These responses were evident only when limitation to more than one nutrient was relieved. Phytoplankton in HKSEACE appeared to be co-limited by nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas at HIEACE it was co-limited by nitrogen, phosphorus and also silicon.
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Kienesberger, Sabine, Amar Cosic, Maksym Kitsera, Sandra Raffl, Marlene Hiesinger, Eva Leitner, Bettina Halwachs, et al. "Enterotoxin tilimycin from gut-resident Klebsiella promotes mutational evolution and antibiotic resistance in mice." Nature Microbiology 7, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1834–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01260-3.
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AbstractKlebsiella spp. that secrete the DNA-alkylating enterotoxin tilimycin colonize the human intestinal tract. Numbers of toxigenic bacteria increase during antibiotic use, and the resulting accumulation of tilimycin in the intestinal lumen damages the epithelium via genetic instability and apoptosis. Here we examine the impact of this genotoxin on the gut ecosystem. 16S rRNA sequencing of faecal samples from mice colonized with Klebsiella oxytoca strains and mechanistic analyses show that tilimycin is a pro-mutagenic antibiotic affecting multiple phyla. Transient synthesis of tilimycin in the murine gut antagonized niche competitors, reduced microbial richness and altered taxonomic composition of the microbiota both during and following exposure. Moreover, tilimycin secretion increased rates of mutagenesis in co-resident opportunistic pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, as shown by de novo acquisition of antibiotic resistance. We conclude that tilimycin is a bacterial mutagen, and flares of genotoxic Klebsiella have the potential to drive the emergence of resistance, destabilize the gut microbiota and shape its evolutionary trajectory.
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Cermeño, Pedro. "Marine planktonic microbes survived climatic instabilities in the past." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1728 (July 20, 2011): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1151.
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In the geological past, changes in climate and tectonic activity are thought to have spurred the tempo of evolutionary change among major taxonomic groups of plants and animals. However, the extent to which these historical contingencies increased the risk of extinction of microbial plankton species remains largely unknown. Here, I analyse fossil records of marine planktonic diatoms and calcareous nannoplankton over the past 65 million years from the world oceans and show that the probability of species' extinction is not correlated with secular changes in climatic instability. Further supporting these results, analyses of genera survivorship curves based on fossil data concurred with the predictions of a birth–death model that simulates the extinction of genera through time assuming stochastically constant rates of speciation and extinction. However, my results also show that these marine microbes responded to exceptional climatic contingencies in a manner that appears to have promoted net diversification. These results highlight the ability of marine planktonic microbes to survive climatic instabilities in the geological past, and point to different mechanisms underlying the processes of speciation and extinction in these micro-organisms.
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Larina, Tetiana, and Olena Potyshnyak. "Forming investment strategy of international economic actor." Actual problems of innovative economy, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2524-0455-2019-3-1.
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As a starting hypothesis is the fact of non-universality of the existing mechanisms of investment strategy formation is accepted, which necessitates their improvement and adaptation taking into account the variability of the environment and current tendencies of development of international economic relations. The purpose of the work was to analyze theoretical provisions and develop practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of the enterprise investment strategy formation as a international economic actors. The most important objective factors are the effective formation and use of financial resources in ensuring the development of an enterprise at the present stage of international business operation, which is primarily related to the use of new systems and methods of managing these processes. Considerable influence on the market situation of instability factors is taken into account. It is proved that under these conditions the role of investment strategy, which provides priority directions of enterprise development in international business, is significantly increasing. One of the important steps in the process of developing an investment strategy is to analyze the financial position of the company. The potential of tools and methods of economic and mathematical financial analysis is revealed for forming an effective investment strategy of enterprises - subjects of international business. It is concluded that the investment strategy of the enterprise - international economic actors is described by a balanced system of integral and integrated indicators of investing capital expediency in the investing object, which reflects the pro-spects of development, efficiency of resources using and assets, their liquidity, solvency status and financial stability as well as some informal aspects of the enterprise. Cluster analysis, matrix analysis, taxonomic analysis have been presented as the most promising and effective ones. The methods of their use for practical application in investment management are present-ed. Keywords: investment strategy, international economic relations, cluster analysis, matrix analysis, taxonomic analysis.
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Jensen, Kathe R. "Sea slugs - divers' favorites, taxonomists' problems." AQUATIC SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jasm.1.2.2013.7271.
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Sea slugs, or opisthobranch molluscs, are small, colorful, slow-moving, non-aggressive marine animals. This makes them highly photogenic and therefore favorites among divers. The highest diversity is found in tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific region. Many illustrated guidebooks have been published, but a large proportion of species remain unidentified and possibly new to science. Lack of funding as well as expertise is characteristic for taxonomic research. Most taxonomists work in western countries whereas most biodiversity occurs in developing countries. Cladistic analysis and molecular studies have caused fundamental changes in opisthobranch classification as well as “instability” of scientific names. Collaboration between local and foreign scientists, amateurs and professionals, divers and academics can help discovering new species, but the success may be hampered by lack of funding as well as rigid regulations on collecting and exporting specimens for taxonomic research. Solutions to overcome these obstacles are presented. Siput laut, atau moluska golongan opistobrancia, adalah hewan laut berukuran kecil, berwarna, bergerak lambat, dan tidak bersifat agresif. Alasan inilah yang membuat hewan ini sangat fotogenik dan menjadi favorit bagi para penyelam. Keanekaragaman tertinggi hewan ini ditemukan di perairan tropis Indo-Pasifik bagian Barat. Banyak buku petunjuk tentang hewan ini telah diterbitkan, tetapi sebagian besar spesimen belum teridentifikasi dan bisa menjadi hal baru bagi ilmu pengetahuan. Kekurangan dana dan keahlian merupakan cirikhas dari penelitian taksonomi. Umumnya para taksonom bekerja di negara-negara Barat sedangkan keanekaragaman tertinggi hewan ini berada di negara-negara berkembang. Analisis cladistik dan kajian molekuler menyebabkan perubahan mendasar dalam klasifikasi opistobrancia, demikian juga sering berubahnya nama ilmiah hewan ini. Kerjasama antara ilmuan lokal dan asing, amatir dan profesional, penyelam dan akademisi dapat membantu dalam menemukan jenis-jenis baru, tetapi keberhasilannya dapat dihambat oleh kurangnya biaya dan peraturan yang kaku dalam mengumpul dan mengirim spesimen untuk penelitian taksonomi. Solusi dalam menyelesaikan masalah tersebut disampaikan dalam tulisan ini.
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Scheirlinck, Ilse, Roel Van der Meulen, Ann Van Schoor, Marc Vancanneyt, Luc De Vuyst, Peter Vandamme, and Geert Huys. "Taxonomic Structure and Stability of the Bacterial Community in Belgian Sourdough Ecosystems as Assessed by Culture and Population Fingerprinting." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 8 (February 29, 2008): 2414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02771-07.
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ABSTRACT A total of 39 traditional sourdoughs were sampled at 11 bakeries located throughout Belgium which were visited twice with a 1-year interval. The taxonomic structure and stability of the bacterial communities occurring in these traditional sourdoughs were assessed using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. A total of 1,194 potential lactic acid bacterium (LAB) isolates were tentatively grouped and identified by repetitive element sequence-based PCR, followed by sequence-based identification using 16S rRNA and pheS genes from a selection of genotypically unique LAB isolates. In parallel, all samples were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of V3-16S rRNA gene amplicons. In addition, extensive metabolite target analysis of more than 100 different compounds was performed. Both culturing and DGGE analysis showed that the species Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Lactobacillus paralimentarius, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus pontis dominated the LAB population of Belgian type I sourdoughs. In addition, DGGE band sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of Acetobacter sp. and a member of the Erwinia/Enterobacter/Pantoea group in some samples. Overall, the culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches each exhibited intrinsic limitations in assessing bacterial LAB diversity in Belgian sourdoughs. Irrespective of the LAB biodiversity, a large majority of the sugar and amino acid metabolites were detected in all sourdough samples. Principal component-based analysis of biodiversity and metabolic data revealed only little variation among the two samples of the sourdoughs produced at the same bakery. The rare cases of instability observed could generally be linked with variations in technological parameters or differences in detection capacity between culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Within a sampling interval of 1 year, this study reinforces previous observations that the bakery environment rather than the type or batch of flour largely determines the development of a stable LAB population in sourdoughs.
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Ogato, Tadesse, Demeke Kifle, and Brook Lemma. "Algal composition and biomass in the tropical soda lake Chitu with focus on seasonal variability of Arthrospira fusiformis (Cyanophyta)." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 4 (2016): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14426.
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The vital ecological functions of the East African soda lakes are much dependent on Arthrospira, which forms a natural nearly monoalgal populations and serves as the main diet for the huge flocks of flamingos in the present study lake Chitu (Ethiopia). This study investigated algal taxonomic composition and biomass, and the seasonal variability in the abundance of Arthrospira fusiformis in response to some environmental drivers (e.g. rainfall, salinity and nutrients) using samples collected over an annual cycle. The algal community was composed of a few taxa (15 species), with exclusive dominance of A. fusiformis. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and dry weight, and abundance of A. fusiformis were notably high and exhibited seasonal variations, with significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of Chl-a and dry weight during the rainy season. The observed strong correlations of algal abundance and biomass with rainfall (positively) and alkalinity-salinity (negatively), probably suggest that hydrological control of the salinity is the major driving force for the seasonal variability of A. fusiformis in the lake. Further hydrological modifications that enhance salinisation may greatly affect A. fusiformis thereby causing instability of the flamingos with eventual impairment of the ecosystem values of the lake.
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Gaskell, Ivan. "The Museum of Big Ideas." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 79 (October 2016): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246116000072.
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AbstractAlthough museums of all kinds continue to proliferate, they have lost the capacity to generate big ideas that characterize epistemic shifts, such as evolution, the labour theory of value, or relativity. They have become mere echo chambers for ideas proposed elsewhere. How might museums regain their capacity to generate big ideas? The development of a Tangible Turn in scholarly thinking is leading to a reinvigoration of knowledge claims derived from material things. Museums are well placed to participate in such a reinvigoration, and in some instances – notably in the natural sciences – already are. Yet to do so they must overcome the taxonomic and systematic divisions that in the nineteenth century stimulated but now inhibit creative thinking. How can disciplinary ossification associated with collection definition be overcome? Two possible models are artists' interventions and arrangement according to philosophical principles, yet neither is sufficient. Curatorial scholars should acknowledge the physical and cultural instability of tangible things, and work with these properties to combine things in revelatory ways, eschewing stable categories. This can be accomplished most effectively in museums associated with universities through collaboration among the scholarly staffs of university collections and with university faculty.
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Pakulska, Teresa. "Green Energy in Central and Eastern European (CEE) Countries: New Challenges on the Path to Sustainable Development." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040884.
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In the conditions of climate change and the scarcity of natural resources, the future of energy is increasingly associated with the development of the so-called green energy. Its development is reflected in the European Commission strategic vision to transition to a climate-neutral economy. This is a challenge that the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, members of the EU, are also trying to meet. In recent years, these countries have seen an increase in the share of renewable energy and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (GGE). On the other hand, basing the energy sector on unstable energy sources (photovoltaics and wind technologies) may imply new challenges on the way to sustainable development. These are old problems in a new version (ecology, diversification of supplies) and new ones related to the features of renewable energy sources (RES; instability, dispersion). The aim of the article was to classify, on the basis of taxonomic methods, the CEE countries from the point of view of green energy transformation (original indicator) and to predict new threats to Romania, Poland, and Bulgaria, the countries representing different groups according to the applied classification. The issues presented are part of a holistic view of RES and can be useful in energy policy.
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Barinova, Sophia, Moti Tavassi, and Eviatar Nevo. "Algal communities of the Hadera River (Israel) under dramatic niche changes." Open Life Sciences 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-010-0033-1.
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AbstractThe Hadera River is the most polluted among the Mediterranean coastal rivers of Israel due to abundant E. coli, high concentrations of heavy metals and nutrients, and high temperatures. In 2003–2008 we found 191 species of algae and cyanobacteria belonging to seven taxonomic divisions. The upper reaches were dominated by cyanobacteria and exhibited levels of toxic pollution. Downstream, the ecological niches of algal communities dramatically changed: upper stream diversity first increased and then decreased due to the influx of rainwater in the tidal zone during winter. On one hand, seasonal dynamics show that in winter, inorganic contamination was reduced because of dilution by the influx of rainwater, but, on the other hand, organic pollution increased from agriculture. Down the river, diversity increases and the community composition undergoes considerable change. In summer, algal blooms indicate a reduction of stress and aid in the river’s self-purification. The WESI indices and RPI show steady year-round stressful conditions for algal photosynthesis with increasing instability in the river. Perpetuation of the current situation would disturb the self-purification capacity of the river ecosystem through destruction of biotic components. Statistical analysis (CCA) reveals the impact of wastewater as the most important stress factor for the Hadera River ecosystem, which is an exceptionally strong example of self-purification.
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BRANCO, TRISTmO. "Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Portugal: genus-group names and their type species." Zootaxa 1453, no. 1 (April 23, 2007): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1453.1.1.
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The type species and nomenclature are discussed in detail of the genus-group names that have been used, correctly or incorrectly, in combination with species recorded from Portugal. This work strictly adheres to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, in order to promote nomenclatural stability. The contents are strictly nomenclatural as no view is taken on the taxonomic validity or rank of the genus-group names. A total of 171 available names are examined. Evidence is provided in each case for the reasons why the stated nominal species is believed to be the validly designated type species. Many instances were found in the modern literature of type species statements not in compliance with the requirements of the Code. In most cases it is a senior synonym that is stated as type species, instead of the nominal species originally included when the genus was established. That, fortunately, does not cause nomenclatural instability but should be corrected. In three cases where nomenclatural stability is threatened, Anisoplia Schönherr, 1817, Phyllopertha Stephens, 1830, and Scarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758, it is suggested that prevailing usage should be maintained until a case is made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and a ruling is published.
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Santibáñez-López, Carlos E., Andrés A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, and Prashant P. Sharma. "Another one bites the dust: taxonomic sampling of a key genus in phylogenomic datasets reveals more non-monophyletic groups in traditional scorpion classification." Invertebrate Systematics 34, no. 2 (2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is19033.
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Historically, morphological characters have been used to support the monophyly, composition, and phylogenetic relationships of scorpion families. Although recent phylogenomic analyses have recovered most of these traditional higher-level relationships as non-monophyletic, certain key taxa have yet to be sampled using a phylogenomic approach. Salient among these is the monotypic genus Caraboctonus Pocock,1893, the type species of the family Caraboctonidae Kraepelin, 1905. Here, we examined the putative monophyly and phylogenetic placement of this family, sampling the library of C. keyserlingi Pocock, 1893 using high throughput transcriptomic sequencing. Our phylogenomic analyses recovered Caraboctonidae as polyphyletic due to the distant placement of the genera Caraboctonus and Hadrurus Thorell, 1876. Caraboctonus was stably recovered as the sister-group of the monotypic family Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940, whereas Hadrurus formed an unstable relationship with Uroctonus Thorell, 1876and Belisarius Simon, 1879. Four-cluster likelihood mapping revealed that the instability inherent to the placement of Hadrurus, Uroctonus and Belisarius was attributable to significant gene tree conflict in the internodes corresponding to their divergences. To redress the polyphyly of Caraboctonidae, the following systematic actions have been taken: (1) the family Caraboctonidae has been delimited to consist of 23 species in the genera Caraboctonus and Hadruroides Pocock, 1893; (2) Caraboctonidae, previously included in the superfamily Iuroidea Thorell, 1876 or as incertae sedis, is transferred to the superfamily Caraboctonoidea (new rank); (3) the superfamily Hadruroidea (new rank) is established and the status of Hadrurinae Stahnke, 1973 is elevated to family (Hadruridae new status) including 9 species in the genera Hadrurus and Hoffmannihadrurus Fet & Soleglad, 2004 and (4) we treat Uroctonus and Belisarius as insertae sedis with respect to superfamilial placement. Our systematic actions engender the monophyly of both Iuroidea and Caraboctonidae. Future phylogenomic investigations should target similar taxon-poor and understudied lineages of potential phylogenetic significance, which are anticipated to reveal additional non-monophyletic groups.
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De la Riva, Ignacio, Juan C. Chaparro, Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher, and José M. Padial. "Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182, no. 1 (July 28, 2017): 129–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx020.
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AbstractDespite recent efforts to accelerate exploration and species description, the diversity of high Andean frogs remains highly underestimated. We report high levels of species diversity in direct-developing frogs or terraranas inhabiting the wet puna and adjacent cloud forests of the Amazonian versant of the Andes in Bolivia and Peru. Descriptive evidence of external morphology, distribution patterns and molecular phylogenetic analyses support the existence of nine unnamed species in two clades, which represents a 30% increase in species diversity for those clades. The relationships of these species and their relatives in Holoadeninae are tested using nuclear and mitochondrial genes for 159 terminals representing the 11 genera in this subfamily and 25 species of previously unknown relationships. Our results corroborate species monophyly in all but three cases and support the monophyly of all Holoadeninae genera, albeit the position of some differs between analyses. We propose a new genus (Microkayla gen. nov.) for the clade containing all Bolivian species formerly in Psychrophrynella plus five species from southern Peru. The new genus is monophyletic and supported by anatomical synapomorphies. Psychrophrynella is re-diagnosed and redefined to include three species from the Andes of southern Peru. We discuss the taxonomic instability associated with Noblella and Psychrophrynella due to the fact that the type species of both genera share a number of traits that support a close relationship. We also name and describe three new species of Bryophryne and two of Microkayla from Peru, provide baseline data for the future description of four Bolivian species of Microkayla, and describe the unknown mating calls of two species. Our results support that the grasslands of the Amazonian versant of the Andes harbour a large diversity of species with small altitudinal and horizontal distributions that replace each other along a latitudinal axis. These species belong to different lineages whose closest relatives are forest species, often from distant parts of the continent. These patterns suggest that high Andean environments were colonized several times independently by species with forest ancestors and which radiated into a multitude of species with remarkably similar ecomorphologies. The extent of these radiations remains obscured by a still rudimentary knowledge of species diversity due to insufficient fieldwork and taxonomic research.
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Arriaga-Jiménez, Alfonsina, Matthias Rös, and Gonzalo Halffter. "High variability of dung beetle diversity patterns at four mountains of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt." PeerJ 6 (February 27, 2018): e4468. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4468.
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Insect diversity patterns of high mountain ecosystems remain poorly studied in the tropics. Sampling dung beetles of the subfamilies Aphodiinae, Scarabaeinae, and Geotrupinae was carried out at four volcanoes in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) in the Mexican transition zone at 2,700 and 3,400 MASL, and on the windward and leeward sides. Sampling units represented a forest–shrubland–pasture (FSP) mosaic typical of this mountain region. A total of 3,430 individuals of 29 dung beetle species were collected. Diversity, abundance and compositional similarity (CS) displayed a high variability at all scales; elevation, cardinal direction, or FSP mosaics did not show any patterns of higher or lower values of those measures. The four mountains were different regarding dispersion patterns and taxonomic groups, both for species and individuals. Onthophagus chevrolati dominated all four mountains with an overall relative abundance of 63%. CS was not related to distance among mountains, but when O. chevrolati was excluded from the analysis, CS values based on species abundance decreased with increasing distance. Speciation, dispersion, and environmental instability are suggested as the main drivers of high mountain diversity patterns, acting together at different spatial and temporal scales. Three species new to science were collected (>10% of all species sampled). These discoveries may indicate that speciation rate is high among these volcanoes—a hypothesis that is also supported by the elevated number of collected species with a restricted montane distribution. Dispersion is an important factor in driving species composition, although naturally limited between high mountains; horizontal colonization events at different time scales may best explain the observed species composition in the TMVB, complemented by vertical colonization events to a lesser extent. Environmental instability may be the main factor causing the high variability of diversity and abundance patterns found during sampling. Together, we interpret these results as indicating that species richness and composition in the high mountains of the TMVB may be driven by biogeographical history while variability in diversity is determined by ecological factors. We argue that current conservation strategies do not focus sufficiently on protecting high mountain fauna, and that there is a need for developing and applying new conservation concepts that take into account the high spatial and temporal variability of this system.
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RAYFIELD, E. J., P. M. BARRETT, R. A. McDONNELL, and K. J. WILLIS. "A Geographical Information System (GIS) study of Triassic vertebrate biochronology." Geological Magazine 142, no. 4 (July 2005): 327–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680500083x.
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Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been applied extensively to analyse spatial data relating to varied environmental issues, but have not so far been used to address biostratigraphical or macroevolutionary questions over extended spatial and temporal scales. Here, we use GIS techniques to test the stability, validity and utility of proposed Middle and Late Triassic ‘Land Vertebrate Faunachrons’ (LVFs), a global biostratigraphical framework based upon terrestrial/freshwater tetrapod occurrences. A database of tetrapod and megafloral localities was constructed for North America and Western Europe that also incorporated information on relevant palaeoenvironmental variables. This database was subjected to various spatial analysis techniques. Our GIS analysis found support at a global level for Eocyclotosaurus as an Anisian index taxon and probably Aetosaurus as a Norian indicator. Other tetrapod taxa are useful biostratigraphical/biochronological markers on a regional basis, such as Longosuchus and Doswellia for Late Carnian time. Other potential index fossils are hampered, however, by taxonomic instability (Mastodonsaurus, Metoposaurus, Typothorax, Paleorhinus, Pseudopalatus, Redondasaurus, Redondasuchus) and/or are not clearly restricted in temporal distribution (Paleorhinus, Angistorhinus, Stagonolepis, Metoposaurus and Rutiodon). This leads to instability in LVF diagnosis. We found only in the western Northern Hemisphere is there some evidence for an Anisian–Ladinian biochronological unit amalgamating the Perovkan and Berdyankian LVFs, and a possible late Carnian unit integrating the Otischalkian and Adamanian.Megaplants are generally not useful for biostratigraphical correlation in the Middle and Upper Triassic of the study area, but there is some evidence for a Carnian-age floral assemblage that corresponds to the combined Otischalkian and Adamanian LVFs. Environmental biases do not appear to strongly affect the spatial distribution of either the tetrapods or megaplants that have been proposed as index taxa in biostratigraphical schemes, though several examples of apparent environmental bias were detected by the analysis. Consequently, we argue that further revision and refinement of Middle and Late Triassic LVFs is needed before they can be used to support global or multi-regional biostratigraphical correlations. Caution should therefore be exercised when using the current scheme as a platform for macroevolutionary or palaeoecological hypotheses. Finally, this study demonstrates the potential of GIS as a powerful tool for tackling palaeontological questions over extended timescales.
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Dworkin, Ian. "Developmental Instability: Causes and Consequences.Edited by Michal Polak. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. $95.00. xxiii + 459 p; ill.; taxonomic and subject indexes. ISBN: 0–19–514345–0. 2003." Quarterly Review of Biology 78, no. 4 (December 2003): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/382402.
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Matveev, V. F., and L. K. Matveeva. "Seasonal succession and long-term stability of pelagic community in a productive reservoir." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 8 (2005): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04289.
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In Lake Hume, a reservoir located in an active agricultural zone of the Murray River catchment, Australia, time series for the abundances of phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa, monitored from 1991 through to 1996, were stationary (without trends), and plankton taxonomic composition did not change. This indicated ecosystem resilience to strong fluctuations in reservoir water level, and to other potential agricultural impacts, for example eutrophication and pollution. Although biological stressors such as introduced fish and invertebrate predators are known to affect planktonic communities and reduce biodiversity in lakes, high densities of planktivorous stages of alien European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the presence of carp (Cyprinus carpio) did not translate into non-stationary time series or declining trends for plankton in Lake Hume. However, the seasonal successions observed in the reservoir in different years did not conform well to the Plankton Ecology Group (PEG) model. Significant deviations of the Lake Hume successional pattern from the PEG model included maxima for phytoplankton abundance being in winter and the presence of a clear water phase without large zooplankton grazers. The instability of the water level in Lake Hume probably causes the dynamics of most planktonic populations to be less predictable, but did not initiate the declining trends that have been observed in some other Australian reservoirs. Both the PEG model and the present study suggest that hydrology is one of the major drivers of seasonal succession.
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Guccione, Caitlin, Rena Yadlapati, Shailja Shah, Rob Knight, and Kit Curtius. "Challenges in Determining the Role of Microbiome Evolution in Barrett’s Esophagus and Progression to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma." Microorganisms 9, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102003.
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Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) claims the lives of half of patients within the first year of diagnosis, and its incidence has rapidly increased since the 1970s despite extensive research into etiological factors. The changes in the microbiome within the distal esophagus in modern populations may help explain the growth in cases that other common EAC risk factors together cannot fully explain. The precursor to EAC is Barrett’s esophagus (BE), a metaplasia adapted to a reflux-mediated microenvironment that can be challenging to diagnose in patients who do not undergo endoscopic screening. Non-invasive procedures to detect microbial communities in saliva, oral swabs and brushings from the distal esophagus allow us to characterize taxonomic differences in bacterial population abundances within patients with BE versus controls, and may provide an alternative means of BE detection. Unique microbial communities have been identified across healthy esophagus, BE, and various stages of progression to EAC, but studies determining dynamic changes in these communities, including migration from proximal stomach and oral cavity niches, and their potential causal role in cancer formation are lacking. Helicobacter pylori is negatively associated with EAC, and the absence of this species has been implicated in the evolution of chromosomal instability, a main driver of EAC, but joint analyses of microbiome and host genomes are needed. Acknowledging technical challenges, future studies on the prediction of microbial dynamics and evolution within BE and the progression to EAC will require larger esophageal microbiome datasets, improved bioinformatics pipelines, and specialized mathematical models for analysis.
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Tyukhtenko, Nataliya, Serhii Makarenko, Nataliia Oliinyk, and Edwin Portugal. "Innovative approaches to enterprise competitiveness assessment." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 1 (2021): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2021.1-21.
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An important condition for the effective functioning of business entities of all forms of ownership in modern conditions of uncertainty and environment instability is the correct assessment of market conditions and opportunities in short- and long-term perspectives. The article aims to analyse modern methodological approaches to assess the competitiveness of enterprises to identify and justify possible aspects of their improvement considering the specifics of the functioning of domestic research objects. The research’s methodology based on domestic and foreign scientific works, leading experts’ opinions, statistical data, and public authorities’ analytical materials. The results were obtained by using expert methods – to investigate the impact of market factors and resource potential on light industry enterprises competitiveness; economic and mathematical methods – to calculate the integral indicator of the enterprise competitiveness; abstract-logic method – to theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions. In determining the integral indicator of enterprise competitiveness, the method of taxonomic analysis was used with additional consideration of the specific weight of each factor influence on an integral indicator of enterprise competitiveness. In determining the specific impact of the indicators on the integrated indicator of the industrial enterprises’ competitiveness, the external experts’ views involved in the industry, their qualification competencies, and the level of fluctuations in the middle of the study group were considered. It was revealed that the existence of an enterprise could be considered objectively justified if it produces goods needed from the public point of view and uses resources within the qualitatively and quantitatively defined by society. Therefore, it was proposed to allocate eight levels of competitiveness, considering the technological and resource armament to grade the light industry enterprises'' competitiveness.
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Matoso Silva, Raquel, Filomena Adega, Helena J. Kjöllerström, Kim Labuschagne, Antoinette Kotze, Carlos Fernandes, Raquel Chaves, and Maria do Mar Oom. "Classical and Molecular Cytogenetics of the Panther Genet Genetta maculata (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 149, no. 4 (2016): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000450627.
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Genets (Genetta) are a genus of African mammalian carnivorans with 14 currently recognized species, although taxonomic uncertainties remain, particularly regarding the number of species within the large-spotted genet complex. This study presents the first banded karyotype and molecular cytogenetic analysis of a genetically identified panther genet, Genetta maculata, the most common and widespread taxon of the large-spotted genet complex, with a wide distribution in sub-Saharan Africa. Sampled in Gauteng Province, South Africa, it could be assigned to the subspecies G. m. letabae on geographic grounds and had a similar karyotype (2n = 52, FNa = 96) to those published for a panther genet from Ethiopia and for the West African large-spotted genet G. pardina. Notably, the specimen had a different autosomal morphology (2 acrocentric chromosomes) from that previously attributed to letabae (a single acrocentric chromosome), but the latter assignment was uncertain because the studied individuals were captive born and assigned based solely on a presumed origin in the former Transvaal Province of South Africa. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a telomere repeat probe revealed the presence of telomeric sequences in the centromeres of most chromosomes, the so-called interstitial telomeric sites (ITSs). Since genets seem to have a unique, highly rearranged karyotype among feliforms and relatively low interspecific karyotypic variation, and considering the known instability of ITSs, we suggest that the large amount of ITSs found here might be due to evolutionarily recent extensive genomic rearrangements. This study provides cytogenetic information that contributes to our understanding of chromosomal variation and genomic rearrangements in genets, and valuable baseline data for future studies of karyotype evolution in carnivores in general and viverrids in particular.