Relevant bibliographies by topics / Taxi operations

Academic literature on the topic 'Taxi operations'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Taxi operations"

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Mo, Moe Myint, Kyaing, Ko Ko Lwin, and Yoshihide Sekimoto. "Measuring Traffic Congestion Based on the Taxi Operations of Traditional and On-Demand Taxis in Yangon." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0451.

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The current urbanization and motorization have caused a gradual negative impact on the existing transport infrastructure in Yangon City. Currently, the road network throughout Yangon operates at or above its desired capacity during the peak periods. At present, there are over 62,886 registered taxis operating in Yangon City. These taxis provide two different services to passengers: non-metered taxi (traditionally hailed on the street) service and metered taxi (on demand) service. Private cars and taxis constitute 70% of the modes of transport in Yangon City; this may lead to traffic congestion. However, there is lack of relevant data and taxi trip pattern information on how taxi service is related to traffic congestion. Therefore, studies on taxi surveying using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) need to be conducted, and investigations on the effect of taxi services on traffic congestion from these GPS data need to be performed. This study explores the comparison between hourly and daily trips’ frequencies as well as spatial and temporal variations of taxi trips between the two services. Field survey data collected through the GPS and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to estimate the different taxi travel times that can be applied in predicting the occupied and vacant times in the study area. The specific objective of this research is to examine vacant taxi movement and stationary time (parking time and congestion time) of the two services to quantify the impact of taxi travel time on traffic congestion in Yangon. Moreover, by knowing how the two services vary in terms of operation, the main solution for reducing the congestion in Yangon City can be established. Further, the taxi stationary duration information is useful for knowing the taxi trip hotspot points in each township in Yangon. This may lead to support in defining proposed taxi stands in Yangon City.
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Battiste, Vernol, Michael Downs, and Robert S. McCann. "Advanced Taxi Map Display Design for Low-Visibility Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 19 (October 1996): 997–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001909.

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Conducting gate to gate operations during reduced visibility conditions is a major impediment to scheduled and unscheduled flight operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). Takeoff and landing minima are predicated on aircraft equipage and airport visibility (e.g., at some major airports, operations are terminated when visibility is below 700 ft runway visual range (RVR). Although some aircraft can land with zero-zero visibility, there are no ground or flight deck systems that allow them to taxi under low visibility conditions. A map display system designed to support low visibility taxi was evaluated by 12 B-747 flight crews in NASA's Crew Vehicle System Research Facility (CVSRF). Three taxi-map conditions were compared: paper map only, basic moving map, and advanced moving map. Crews landed and taxied along 24 different taxi routes under three visibility conditions: unlimited visibility, 700 ft RVR, and 300 ft RVR. Taxi time, errors and workload were collected for each taxi operation. Video tape recordings captured crew interactions and head-up and head-down times. Taxi times and errors were significantly better for crews with electronic maps than for crews with a paper map. Although crews with the advanced map experienced significantly more head-down time, the head down interval was significantly less than with the paper map and crew workload was significantly less. During the post-flight design review, pilots identified improvements in procedures and formatting that might enhance performance. They developed a procedure for safely switching from the NAV display to the map; and in general their comments were very favorable.
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Moroz, D. G., N. O. Bludyan, S. S. Aleksyuk, and R. S. Ayriev. "Problem of Location of Taxi Ranks and Taxi Dispatch Service Operations in Moscow." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-3-152-169.

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The article considers the technological aspects of organization of passenger and baggage transportation by taxi cabs in megacities, referring particularly to the practices of a number of countries.The authors analyze l e g a l regulation and technological development of taxi services in Moscow metropolitan area, including the current system for organizing the work of passenger taxi dispatch services taking into account centralization of information flows in a single city system.An analysis of methods for planning placement of taxi ranks shows that outdated approaches are used to solve that problem without using modern information and communication technologies. In this regard, the methodological foundations of planning the organization of taxi ranks based on geoinformation data in the city of Moscow are proposed.The studies and analysis made it possible to determine relevance and feasibility of existing and justification for planning of new taxi ranks, taking into account the requirements for rationality of location of taxi ranks from the point of view of ensuring a small walking distance for passengers, as well as reducing time of car delivery. The proposed method using accurate coordinates transmitted by the largest taxi dispatch service companies into the Unified Regional Navigation and Information System of the city of Moscow allows to implement these requirements.
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Da Costa, David Carvalho Teixeira, and Richard De Neufville. "Designing Efficient Taxi Pickup Operations at Airports." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2300, no. 1 (January 2012): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2300-11.

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Wells, Michael, Michael Kretser, Ben Hazen, and Jeffery Weir. "Modified C-17 taxi procedures: a fuel cost savings exploration." Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics 4, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdal-05-2019-0009.

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Purpose This study aims to explore the viability of using C-17 reduced-engine taxi procedures from a cost savings and capability perspective. Design/methodology/approach This study model expected engine fuel flow based on the number of operational engines, aircraft gross weight (GW) and average aircraft groundspeed. Using this model, the research executes a cost savings simulation estimating the expected annual savings produced by the proposed taxi methodology. Operational and safety risks are also considered. Findings The results indicate that significant fuel and costs savings are available via the employment of reduced-engine taxi procedures. On an annual basis, the mobility air force has the capacity to save approximately 1.18 million gallons of jet fuel per year ($2.66m in annual fuel costs at current rates) without significant risk to operations. The two-engine taxi methodology has the ability to generate capable taxi thrust for a maximum GW C-17 with nearly zero risks. Research limitations/implications This research was limited to C-17 procedures and efficiency improvements specifically, although it suggests that other military aircraft could benefit from these findings as is evident in the commercial airline industry. Practical implications This research recommends coordination with the original equipment manufacturer to rework checklists and flight manuals, development of a fleet-wide training program and evaluation of future aircraft recapitalization requirements intended to exploit and maximize aircraft surface operation savings. Originality/value If implemented, the proposed changes would benefit the society as government resources could be spent elsewhere and the impact on the environment would be reduced. This research conducted a rigorous analysis of the suitability of implementing a civilian airline’s best practice into US Air Force operations.
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Chang, Mengmeng, Yuanying Chi, Zhiming Ding, Jing Tian, and Yuhao Zheng. "A Continuous Taxi Pickup Path Recommendation under The Carbon Neutrality Context." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120821.

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In the context of the carbon neutrality target, carbon reduction in the daily operation of the transportation system is more important than that in productive activities. There are few travel services that can quantify low-carbon travel, with a lack of effective low-carbon travel tools to guide transportation behavior. On-demand access to taxi services can effectively reduce the additional carbon emissions caused by cruising, which in turn increases efficiency in urban mobility with a reduced taxi fleet scale. For individual taxis, they lack macroscopic horizon in their choice of passenger pickup paths. The selected travel path based on personal operational experience or real-time location is limited by local optimization when making path decisions. In this work, we proposed a macro-path recommendation method to assist the taxi pickup path selection to accelerate the transformation of the taxi system towards low-carbon sharing. First, an adaptive learning spatiotemporal neural network was used to predict the coarse-grained distribution of potential trips. Next, the trajectory sharing graph was constructed based on the potential trips distribution to reallocate the taxi orders for the continuous pickup path optimization. As a result, the continuous pickup path balanced the relation between travel demands and taxi supply, improving the economic and environmental benefits of taxi operation and contributing to the goal of carbon neutrality. We conducted experiments on the Chengdu city ride-hailing dataset. Compared with the current status of taxi operations, the solution shows improvements in both the scale of taxi services and order gain.
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Ruch, Claudio, Sebastian Hörl, Joel Gächter, and Jan Hakenberg. "The Impact of Fleet Coordination on Taxi Operations." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (December 24, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2145716.

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On-demand mobility has existed for more than 100 years in the form of taxi systems. Comparatively recently, ride-hailing schemes have also grown to a significant mode share. Most types of such one-way mobility-on-demand systems allow drivers taking independent decisions. These systems are not or only partially coordinated. In a different operating mode, all decisions are coordinated by the operator, allowing for the optimization of certain metrics. Such a coordinated operation is also implied if human-driven vehicles are replaced by self-driving cars. This work quantifies the service quality and efficiency improvements resulting from the coordination of taxi fleets. Results based on high-fidelity transportation simulations and data sets of existing taxi systems are presented for the cities of San Francisco, Chicago, and Zurich. They show that fleet coordination can strongly improve the efficiency and service level of existing systems. Depending on the operator and the city’s preferences, empty vehicle distance driven and fleet sizes could be substantially reduced, or the wait times could be reduced while maintaining the current fleet sizes. The study provides clear evidence that full fleet coordination should be implemented in existing mobility-on-demand systems, even before the availability of self-driving cars.
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Ji, Yuxiong, Yixuan Cao, Yuchuan Du, and H. Michael Zhang. "Comparative Analyses of Taxi Operations at the Airport." Transportation Research Procedia 25 (2017): 2222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.427.

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Kim, Han-Joong, and Hojong Baik. "Empirical Method for Estimating Aircraft Fuel Consumption in Ground Operations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 12 (October 28, 2020): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120961033.

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This study proposes a novel procedure for estimating aircraft fuel burn during ground operations using aircraft trajectory data acquired from an airport surface surveillance system. A fundamental assumption employed throughout the study is that aircraft fuel burn on the ground depends on taxi phases and corresponding thrust settings. The computational process is split into three steps: (1) define a taxi phase for each data point by analyzing the trajectory data; (2) find the fuel flow index appropriate for each taxi phase of each engine type from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Engine Emissions Databank which contains fuel flow indices for four flight status of every commercial engine; and (3) estimate the total fuel burn on the ground for each flight by multiplying the time duration at each taxi phase by the corresponding fuel flow rate. Using 24-hour surface trajectory data collected from the Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) system at Seoul/Incheon International Airport, all flights operated on the day were analyzed applying this procedure. The results indicate that suggested taxi fuel burn rates are estimated to be about 17% lower than the ICAO values. The proposed procedure is expected to be used as an alternative method for ground fuel burn estimation.
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Miksa, Wojciech G. "Air Taxi Flight Sharing." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2020, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2020-0016.

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AbstractIn traditional air taxi model, flight route and timing are assigned to every order individually, resulting in minimum utilization of seats, maximum number of empty legs and elevated price levels. Sharing flights, when possible, allow decreasing number of empty seats and distributing cost of flight among customers. Challenges to overcome are varying timing needs of customers and volatility of demand. This article investigates possibilities of synchronizing passenger orders. The proposed passenger pooling model replaces specific flight timing on order with constraints: latest arrival and earliest departure to provide room for coordination of orders, backed by web-based ICT. Theoretical test cases calculations verify the concept and compare it with traditional full on-demand and scheduled operations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Taxi operations"

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Nicholas, Joshua Stephen. "Examination of Taxi Travel Patterns in Arlington County." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32606.

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This research focuses on utilizing the typically overlooked taxi manifest data to analyze taxi operations with respect to transit, and also presents alternative uses for the data in transportation planning. Taxi travel characteristics are explored for Arlington, Virginia, a county containing both urban and suburban qualities. Previous research contends that manifest data can provide valuable quantitative descriptors of taxi travel. This thesis attempts to describe taxi travel by quantifying trip characteristics; the shortcomings of using manifest data are discussed and the results are reported. The taxi operations results are then compared for weekend and weekday travel and also for airport and non-airport bound travel. Several key differences between these groups of taxi trips are discussed. Next, an investigation of the relationship between mass transit facilities and taxi travel is conducted. Because taxis provide a complementary yet competing public transportation service to mass transit, it is hypothesized that examining the proximity to transit options and the timing of taxi trips can provide insight to the perceived gaps in mass transit services. However, the data show that simply examining geographic or temporal characteristics of taxi trips does not define clear relationships between transit facilities and taxi use. Instead, the results suggest that other variables such as land use and vehicle access may hold a greater influence over the generation of taxi trips. Despite the difficulty in using manifest data to determine gaps in transit, the data collected by taxi regulators could have numerous applications for planners. Possible applications for the type of taxi data used in this research are explored and a potential data flow for agencies is proposed.
Master of Science
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Du, Preez Jacobus Frederick. "The integration of informal minibus-taxi transport services into formal public transport planning and operations - A data driven approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29885.

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The MiniBus Taxi (MBT) mode is poorly understood by planning and operational authorities, yet plays a big role in the economies of developing countries transporting the workforce to and from their places of employment and offering employment to thousands in the operations of these services, as well as the numerous rank-side services and amenities offered to patrons. In recent years, research focussed on mapping paratransit services, including MBTs, in cities of the developing world has contributed significantly to the understanding of the mode in terms of its spatial extent in its respective service areas. In South Africa, experience has shown that the wholesale replacement of MBTs with scheduled services is an unattainable goal. Instead, planning authorities and researchers have, more recently, shown interest in investigating feasible methods of integrating the scheduled and unscheduled services as hybrid planned-trunk and paratransit-feeder networks. The objective of this research is to present the case for simple methods of planning and carrying out onboard surveys of paratransit services to classify and to better understand the operations of individual routes, identified route classes, the network as a whole, as well as revealed passenger demand for the services and, ultimately, how this information can be wielded in the planning and implementation of hybrid routes or networks. The data central to this study consist of onboard captured MBT data, which was collected with a public transport data capturing application using GPS enabled smartphones in the City of Cape Town from April to August 2017 as part of a City of Cape Town’s Transport and Urban Development Authority (TDA) data collection project. The purpose of the project was to clarify the actual extent of MBT services within the City and to improve the representation of the MBT mode in the City of Cape Town’s travel demand model. An Android smartphone application, purpose-built for collecting operational information onboard public transport vehicles, was used to collect spatial and temporal data on the operations of a sample of active MBT routes in Cape Town. The application, which saw some functionality updates specifically for the project, was used to collect the following information per MBT trip: · Location of stops; · Time of arrival and departure at stops; · Number of passengers boarding and alighting at each stop; · The relative boarding and alighting stop of each specific passenger; · The amount paid in fare money per passenger at each stop; · The actual path travelled by the vehicle as a GPS route trace; and · The origin and destination route description of each route captured. It is estimated that there are more than 800 active and operational routes in the Cape Town. The objective of the data collection project was to survey each one of these routes for a prespecified number of trips. As the project was still underway when this research was carried out, the information listed above collected for a sample of trips for 278 routes (556 if the reverse direction is considered as a unique route designation) formed the basis of this study. During the course of this study, the analyses of these data have shown that while the operational characteristics of individual routes are relatively consistent and stable, it is possible to distinguish between different service typologies within the larger route network. From the raw data structure listed above, the operational characteristics that were calculated for each trip and aggregated at the route level included: · Trip and route distances; · Average operating speeds; · Travel times; · Number of stops per trip; · Load factors between stops along the route; and · Fare rates and trip revenues. In addition to the identification of the operational characteristics of the MBT network, service classes and routes, the outcomes of the study include providing a framework of methods for the collection, extraction, cleansing, analysis and visualisation of the data. It also includes the identification of metrics which are key in describing the difference in service types. The descriptive operational characteristics that were calculated for each trip record, inbound and outbound per route, were evaluated to establish whether they can be used to determine if different service typologies can be observed in the data. It was found that simple k-means clustering procedures may be used to classify the routes into separate, distinguishable service classes. For the purpose of this study, it was decided, nominally, that the classification should be executed for three classes. Three was subjectively considered a good value to be inclusive of traditional Trunk and Feeder or Distribution, route types as well as the possibility of the existence of a yet to be defined third type. The clustering procedures were carried out for different combinations of the operational variables for which the most consistent results were obtained for the combination distance – stop density1 – passenger turnover. Analysis of the within-class operational characteristics indicates that these three service classes clearly differ in terms of their stop frequencies, distances, speeds and their spatial network coverage. The study furthermore provides evidence that the understanding of the MBT network and sub-networks of service classes within this network, including its interaction with other public transport modes and infrastructure, provides planning and operating authorities with key information for effectively planning and implementing hybrid networks. Finally, the study demonstrates many additional insights can be garnered from these data by implementing improved statistical sampling and survey methods at the route level and by analysing aspects of the data that were not considered central to the research. These aspects include route adherence studies, origin – destination studies and methods of expanding the onboard data samples accurately by marrying it with data collected during static rank departure and arrival counts. Ultimately, the study shows that an unprecedented knowledge of the operations of MBT routes and networks may be obtained through detailed yet simple analysis of onboard data and that this knowledge may be very useful in the planning and operations of integrated public transport networks.
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Savoy, Steven. "Discretion in accounting for tax reserves: evidence from mergers and acquisitions." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5840.

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I examine the extent to which acquirers exercise discretion in the application of FIN 48 when estimating target tax reserves. By examining the change in target tax reserves recorded through purchase accounting, I am able to hold constant the underlying tax positions, and any changes can be attributed to differences in how the managers of the target and acquirer apply the recognition and measurement principles of FIN 48. For a sample of large public-for-public M&A transactions in which the amount of target tax reserves is observable pre- and post-acquisition, approximately one third (half) of the acquirers adjust target tax reserves by more than half (a quarter) of the preexisting balance. Substantially more acquirers increase rather than decrease target tax reserves, and the average change in target tax reserves recorded through purchase accounting is $25 million. I also find evidence that the change in tax reserves recorded through purchase accounting is increasing in short-term financial reporting pressures and decreasing in the costs of overstating goodwill.
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Fourie, Christine. "A comparative analysis of the meaning of 'mining operations' for income tax purposes." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27247.

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The South African ("SA") mining industry played (and continues to play) a pivotal role in the development of the SA economy. It is therefore no surprise that the industry has long been the beneficiary of favourable tax concessions. One of these favourable tax concessions is the 100% capital expenditure allowance. Access to this allowance is dependent on the interpretation of the definition of "mining operations" in section 1(1) of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962 ("the ITA"). Currently, there is legal uncertainty in SA regarding the meaning of "mining operations". This is so because central to the term "mining operations" is the term "mineral", which is not defined in the ITA, nor does it have an ordinary fixed meaning. SA courts have further not authoritatively dealt with the meaning of "mining operations" despite being presented with the opportunity to do so in recent case law. This legal uncertainty is further fuelled by a recent draft interpretation note issued by the South African Revenue Service ("SARS"), expressing the view that quarrying operations for inter alia clay for brickmaking and limestone for the manufacture of cement, do not constitute "mining operations". Practically, this legal uncertainty may act as a deterrent to mining companies incurring capital expenditure, essentially curbing the development of the SA mining industry. This study seeks to analyse the different meanings attributed by SARS, SA academic writers and SA courts to the definition of "mining operations" (and the related meaning of "mineral") for income tax purposes. The purpose of this analysis is to determine whether the extraction of clay for brickmaking and limestone for the manufacture of cement constitutes "mining operations". Against this background, Australian legislation and case law on the interpretation of the term "mining operations" and "mineral" will be studied in order to draw a comparison between SA and Australia's treatment of "mining operations". This study further interprets the meaning of "mining operations" through the application of the Savignian interpetation model in terms of which it is concluded that useful guidance can be sought by SA from Australian jurisprudence when interpreting the meaning of the term "mining operations" for income tax purposes and that the purposive test applied in Australia should be adopted by SA courts. Based on the application of this guidance, the key finding of this dissertation is that the extraction of clay for brickmaking and limestone for the manufacture of cement should in principle qualify as "mining operations" and that the capital expenditure incurred in this regard should be eligible for the 100% capital expenditure allowance.
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Nessa, Michelle Lynn. "The U.S. tax and financial reporting treatment of foreign earnings and U.S. multinational companies' payout policies." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4706.

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This paper examines the impact of the U.S. tax and financial reporting treatment of foreign earnings on the payouts to shareholders of U.S. multinational companies (MNCs). I find the U.S. tax and financial reporting treatment of foreign earnings weakens the otherwise strong, positive association between foreign earnings and the probability and level of dividend payments, but I do not observe an effect on the probability or level of stock repurchases or on the level of total payout. I also find U.S. MNCs with tax and/or financial reporting incentives to keep their foreign profits reinvested abroad make more extensive use of repurchases than dividends when making distributions to shareholders. This study contributes to our understanding of the impact of the current U.S. worldwide tax system on U.S. MNCs' real decisions.
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Zissimos, Ben. "Issues of international tax and trade policy conflict and co-operation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2665/.

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Chapter 2, titled "Hotelling Tax Competition" shows how competition among governments for mobile firms can bring about excessive differentiation in levels of taxation and public good provision. Hotelling's Principle of Minimum Differentiation is applied in the context of tax competition and shown to be invalid. Instead, when an equilibrium exists, differentiation of public good provision is maximized. Non-existence of equilibrium, which is possible, is a metaphor for intense tax competition. The chapter also shows that, to some extent, perfect tax discrimination presents a solution to the existence problem created by Hotelling tax competition, but that the efficiency problem of Hotelling tax competition is exacerbated. Chapter 3 shows how the institutional rules imposed on its signatories by the GATT created a strategic incentive for countries to liberalize gradually. Ree trade can never be achieved when punishment for deviation from a trade agreement is limited to a 'withdrawal of equivalent concessions' , the most severe form of punishment allowed (Article XXVIII). Retaliation is not allowed to entail higher tariffs than those set by the initial deviant. If, in addition, tariff bindings (Article 11) limit an initial deviation from an agreement in a similar way, then efficient self-enforcing tariff reductions must proceed in a series of steps or 'rounds'. Chapter 4 provides an answer to the question "Why are trade agreements regional? " It argues that free trade agreements (FTAs) are regional because, in their absence, optimal tariffs are higher against (close) regional partners than (distant) countries outside the region. Optimal tariffs shift rents from foreign firms to domestic citizens. Lower transport costs imply higher rents and therefore higher tariffs. So regional FTAs have a higher payoff than non-regional FTAs. Therefore, only regional FTAs may yield positive gains when sponsoring an FTA is costly. To analyze equilibrium, standard theory of non-cooperative networks is extended to allow for asymmetric players. Naive best response dynamics show that 'trade blocks can be stepping blocks' for free trade.
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Sedláčková, Sylvie. "Operativní a finanční leasing vozidel (účetní a daňový pohled)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202041.

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The theme of my thesis The operational and financial leasing of cars (accounting and tax view) is the evaluation of the advantages of these two forms of financing. Firstly there are basic terms and types of leasing after that the situation on Czech leasing trade is evaluated. Subsequently the accounting and tax view on operational and financial leasing is processed. Theoretical knowledge is applied to practical case study, there is evaluated the most optimal form of financing a car.
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Chang, Audrey M. B. A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Balancing tax incentives with operational risks in captive overseas production facilities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49790.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-94).
Due to the general macroeconomic downturn, many companies have turned to offshoring - sending a function overseas - to reduce production costs. While some companies elect to outsource overseas production to outside companies, many companies choose to keep production in-house and therefore create captive production facilities overseas. In many countries, the government will provide financial incentives (e.g. tax breaks, loans, subsidies) to certain companies in exchange for creating employment opportunities and industry knowledge within their borders. These financial incentives may tempt companies to shift more and more functions overseas; however, in many cases, there are significant operational risks involved with shifting functions overseas. This thesis uses a six-month project as a case study for discussing ways to weigh financial benefits against operational risks. The project was conducted at the European headquarters of Spirit AeroSystems, the largest independent designer and manufacturer of independent aerostructures for the commercial aircraft industry. Spirit Europe recently launched a greenfield factory in Malaysia. Malaysia was selected as the factory site for a variety of reasons; among which was a long term tax incentive. This thesis describes the process and tools used to select an optimal transfer pricing relationship (i.e. scope of work to be performed overseas) and transaction methodology that would best monetize the long-term tax incentive without incurring unacceptable levels of operational risk.
(cont.) A comprehensive functional analysis was conducted to understand operational risk and economic value. Next, a Monte Carlo simulation was created to better understand project profitability. The results from the functional analysis and the Monte Carlo simulation are united to identify the optimal transfer pricing structure and methodology. The unintuitive result is that, for both operational and financial reasons, the scope of work transferred to the low tax jurisdiction (in this case, Spirit Malaysia) should be fairly limited for existing contracts.
by Audrey Chang.
S.M.
M.B.A.
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TURINA, ALESSANDRO. "Information based administrative tax co-operation: consolidating standards, emerging actors and evolutionary perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/4054337.

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Chen, Chao. "Understanding social and community dynamics from taxi GPS data." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01048662.

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Taxis equipped with GPS sensors are an important sensory device for examining people's movements and activities. They are not constrained to a pre-defined schedule/route. Big taxi GPS data recording the spatio-temporal traces left by taxis provides rich and detailed glimpse into the motivations, behaviours, and resulting dynamics of a city's mobile population through the road network. In this dissertation, we aim to uncover the "hidden facets" regarding social and community dynamics encoded in the taxi GPS data to better understand how urban population behaves and the resulting dynamics in the city. As some "hidden facets" are with regard to similar aspect of social and community dynamics, we further formally define three categories for study (i.e. social dynamics, traffic dynamics, and operational dynamics), and explore them to fill the wide gaps between the raw taxi GPS data and innovative applications and smart urban services. Specifically, 1. To enable applications of real-time taxi fraud alerts, we propose iBOAT algorithm which is capable of detecting anomalous trajectories "on-the-fly" and identifying which parts of the trajectory are responsible for its anomalousness, by comparing them against historically trajectories having the same origin and destination. 2. To introduce cost-effective and environment-friendly transport services to citizens, we propose B-Planner which is a two-phase approach, to plan bi-directional night bus routes leveraging big taxi GPS data. 3. To offer a personalized, interactive, and traffic-aware trip route planning system to users, we propose TripPlanner system which contains both offline and online procedures, leveraging a combination of Location-based Social Network (i.e. LBSN) and taxi GPS data sets. Finally, some promising research directions for future work are pointed out, which mainly attempt to fuse taxi GPS data with other data sets to provide smarter and personalized urban services for citizens
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Books on the topic "Taxi operations"

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Britton, Francis E. K. Taxi-based paratransit technology/operations packages in Europe. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Britton, Francis E. K. Taxi-based paratransit technology/operations packages in Europe. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Britton, Francis E. K. Taxi-based paratransit technology/operations packages in Europe. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Britton, Francis E. K. Taxi-based paratransit technology/operations packages in Europe. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Britton, Francis E. K. Taxi-based paratransit technology/operations packages in Europe. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Britton, Francis E. K. Taxi-based paratransit technology/operations packages in Europe. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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International, Ecoplan. Taxi-based paratransit technology/operations packages in Europe. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the District of Columbia. Subcommittee on Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs. Taxi industry in the nation's capital: Oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs of the Committee on the District of Columbia, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on quality and reliability of taxi service in the Washington metropolitan area, January 29, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the District of Columbia. Subcommittee on Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs. Taxi industry in the nationʼs capital: Oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs of the Committee on the District of Columbia, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on quality and reliabilty of taxi service in the Washington metropolitan area, January 29, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Hall, M. S. Operational trials with a wheelchair-accessible taxi. Crowthorne, Berks: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Vehicle and Systems Assessment Dept., Vehicle Engineering Division, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Taxi operations"

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Yu, Haitao, Tianze Xu, and Randong Xiao. "Identification Method of Taxi Drop-off Location Based on Combination Retrieval." In Uncertainty and Operations Research, 201–9. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5720-0_23.

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Cheng, Shih-Fen, and Thi Duong Nguyen. "TaxiSim: A Multiagent Simulation Platform for Evaluating Taxi Fleet Operations." In Advanced Agent Technology, 359–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27216-5_26.

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Diller, Markus, Johannes Lorenz, and David Meier. "Tax Avoidance and Social Control." In Operations Research Proceedings, 633–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48439-2_77.

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Uhlig, Harald, and Noriyuki Yanagawa. "Increasing the Capital Income Tax Leads to Faster Growth." In Operations Research ’92, 499–501. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12629-5_138.

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Arkin, Vadim, Alexander Slastnikov, and Svetlana Arkina. "The Comparative Analysis of Different Types of Tax Holidays Under Uncertainty." In Operations Research Proceedings 2008, 345–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00142-0_56.

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Chen, Fang. "Tax Department—Unlicensed Operation at Different Places." In Essential Knowledge and Legal Practices for Establishing and Operating Companies in China, 789–93. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2239-8_147.

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Kypreos, S. "Allocation of carbon tax revenues to national and international mitigation options." In Operations Research and Environmental Management, 133–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0129-2_7.

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Raju, Totakura Bangar, Sheetal Khanka, Arun Kumar Jagadeesan, and Ashwani Khanna. "Study of Carbon Emission During Taxi-Out Operation at International Airport, India." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 323–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79065-3_26.

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Pavlova, K. S., and E. S. Smolina. "Digitalization of Tax and Customs Control of Foreign Trade Operations." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 684–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60929-0_88.

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Singh, Harjit, Arpan Kumar Kar, and P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan. "Adoption of e-Government Services: A Case Study on e-Filing System of Income Tax Department of India." In Operations Research in Development Sector, 109–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1954-9_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Taxi operations"

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Okuniek, Jan Nikolai, Ingrid Gerdes, Joern Jakobi, Thomas Ludwig, Becky L. Hooey, David Foyle, Yoon C. Jung, and Zhifan Zhu. "A Concept of Operations for Trajectory-based Taxi Operations." In 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-3753.

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Zheng, Qian, Yiyuan Zhao, and Brian Capozzi. "Taxi Route Conformance Monitoring for Surface Operations." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-6384.

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Zheng, Q. Maggie, Yiyuan J. Zhao, and Brian Capozzi. "Taxi route conformance monitoring for surface operations." In 2011 Integrated Communication, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsurv.2011.5935394.

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Ma, Linh Van, Shoaib Azam, Farzeen Munir, Moongu Jeon, and Jinho Choi. "Automated Taxi Booking Operations for Autonomous Vehicles." In 2019 13th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspcs47537.2019.9008449.

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Wijnterp, Chris, Paul C. Roling, Wido de Wilde, and Richard Curran. "Electric Taxi Systems: An operations and value estimation." In 14th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-3266.

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Mane, Muharrem, and William Crossley. "Preliminary Cost Feasibility Study of Air Taxi Operations." In 6th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations Conference (ATIO). Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-7734.

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Robinson, Derek, and Daniel Murphy. "Aircraft Taxi Times at U.S. Domestic Airports." In 10th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-9147.

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Okuniek, Nikolai, and Dustin Beckmann. "Towards higher level of A-SMGCS: Handshake of electric taxi and trajectory-based taxi operations." In 2017 IEEE/AIAA 36th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc.2017.8102047.

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Drew, Prentis. "Dual polarization millimeter wave radar imaging for landing and taxi aids." In Aircraft Design, Systems, and Operations Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-3982.

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Clewlow, Regina, Ioannis Simaiakis, and Hamsa Balakrishnan. "Impact of Arrivals on Departure Taxi Operations at Airports." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-7698.

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Reports on the topic "Taxi operations"

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Jensen, G. A. Acceptability testing of radioluminescent lights for VFR-night air taxi operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6244176.

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Felipe, Jesus, Scott Fullwiler, Gemma Estrada, Maria Hanna Jaber, Mary Ann Magadia, and Remrick Patagan. How “Monetization” Really Works—Examples from Nations’ Policy Responses to COVID-19. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200368-2.

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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has forced governments to provide stimulus packages amid falling tax revenues, prompting debate on “monetization” of government debt. Drawing on selected country experiences, this paper shows through actual central bank operations and accounting that “monetization,” commonly equated with “printing money,” is operationally impossible and that inflationary concerns are misplaced.
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Barrientos González, Cristian. Impacto de la Ley 20.780 impositiva de la reforma tributaria, implementada en Chile en 20214. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/12728/988820217.

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In the company that is just beginning its operations, the tax regime is one of the determining economic aspects when starting a project, it determines the conditions of each industry and the economy of each country. In Chile, Tax modifications are not common, they represent important milestones that mark a before and after in the country's economic development, either by the way it affects each institution, or by how the Chilean economic market is perceived and by Foreign investment. The main objective of this study is to measure the quantitative and qualitative impact of the new tax law of the Tax Reform Law 20,780, implemented in Chile in 2014. Affecting the growth of the Gross Domestic Product of Chile and the yields in the index of Selective prices of the Shares, as well as affecting some sectors of the industry and consequently generating a lower tax collection during the implementation of the aforementioned reform, being useful and important information to consider in the development and implementation of future projects related to the issue of tax policies in the country. Despite the above, the tax discussion is going to be an issue that will be discussed again, considering the effects of the pandemic by covid-19 that has affected the whole world and especially Chile, with the tax issue being a foundation pillar at the time of economic recovery in our country.
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Moore, Mick. Glimpses of Fiscal States in Sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.022.

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There is a widespread perception that taxing in sub-Saharan Africa has been and remains fraught with problems or government failure. This is not generally true. For more than a century, colonial administrations and independent states have steadily developed the capacity to routinely collect more substantial revenues than one might expect in a low-income region. The two main historical dimensions of this collection capacity were (a) powerful, centralized bureaucracies focused on achieving revenue collection targets and (b) large, taxable international trade sectors. In recent decades, those centralized bureaucracies have to some extent been reformed such that in structure and procedure they resemble more closely tax administrations in OECD countries. More strikingly, nearly all states have adopted VAT and found it to be a very powerful revenue collection instrument. However, the tax share of GDP has been broadly constant for several decades, and it will be hard to increase it. It is difficult for African governments to effectively tax transnational corporations, especially in the mining and energy sectors, which are of growing importance. Tax administrations continue to approach richer Africans with a light touch, and to exaggerate the potential for taxing small-scale (‘informal’) enterprises. The revenue operations of sub-national governments are often opaque. Ordinary people often pay large sums in ‘informal taxes’ that are generally regressive in impact. And the standard direction of travel in the reform of tax policy and administration is not appropriate to those large areas, especially in the Sahel, that are afflicted by internal and cross-border armed conflicts.
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Batt, Rosemary, Eileen Applebaum, and Tamar Katz. The Role of Public REITs in Financialization and Industry Restructuring. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp189.

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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are important but little studied financial actors that control over $3.5 trillion in gross assets and over 500,000 properties in the U.S. Yet they have been largely ignored because tax rules define them as ‘passive investors.’ The evidence in this report shows that they are actually financial actors that aggressively buy up property assets and manage them to extract wealth at taxpayers’ expense. This study identifies the powerful impact that REITs, as owners of the real estate that houses productive enterprises, have had on operating companies and on the US economy more generally. It draws on case study evidence from markets where REITs have a major presence – nursing homes, hospitals, and hotels. The tax treatment of REITs has facilitated a growing and worrying influence on health care markets in particular at taxpayer expense.
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Bowles, David, Michael Williams, Hope Dodd, Lloyd Morrison, Janice Hinsey, Tyler Cribbs, Gareth Rowell, Michael DeBacker, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, and Jeffrey Williams. Protocol for monitoring aquatic invertebrates of small streams in the Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network: Version 2.1. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284622.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) is a component of the National Park Service’s (NPS) strategy to improve park management through greater reliance on scientific information. The purposes of this program are to design and implement long-term ecological monitoring and provide information for park managers to evaluate the integrity of park ecosystems and better understand ecosystem processes. Concerns over declining surface water quality have led to the development of various monitoring approaches to assess stream water quality. Freshwater streams in network parks are threatened by numerous stressors, most of which originate outside park boundaries. Stream condition and ecosystem health are dependent on processes occurring in the entire watershed as well as riparian and floodplain areas; therefore, they cannot be manipulated independently of this interrelationship. Land use activities—such as timber management, landfills, grazing, confined animal feeding operations, urbanization, stream channelization, removal of riparian vegetation and gravel, and mineral and metals mining—threaten stream quality. Accordingly, the framework for this aquatic monitoring is directed towards maintaining the ecological integrity of the streams in those parks. Invertebrates are an important tool for understanding and detecting changes in ecosystem integrity, and they can be used to reflect cumulative impacts that cannot otherwise be detected through traditional water quality monitoring. The broad diversity of invertebrate species occurring in aquatic systems similarly demonstrates a broad range of responses to different environmental stressors. Benthic invertebrates are sensitive to the wide variety of impacts that influence Ozark streams. Benthic invertebrate community structure can be quantified to reflect stream integrity in several ways, including the absence of pollution sensitive taxa, dominance by a particular taxon combined with low overall taxa richness, or appreciable shifts in community composition relative to reference condition. Furthermore, changes in the diversity and community structure of benthic invertebrates are relatively simple to communicate to resource managers and the public. To assess the natural and anthropo-genic processes influencing invertebrate communities, this protocol has been designed to incorporate the spatial relationship of benthic invertebrates with their local habitat including substrate size and embeddedness, and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity). Rigid quality control and quality assurance are used to ensure maximum data integrity. Detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and supporting information are associated with this protocol.
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Konstantinou, Theodora, Donghui Chen, Konstantinos Flaris, Kyubyung Kang, Dan Daehyun Koo, Jonathon Sinton, Konstantina Gkritza, and Samuel Labi. A Strategic Assessment of Needs and Opportunities for the Wider Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Indiana. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317376.

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The primary objective of this study was to assess the challenges and opportunities associated with the provision of appropriate infrastructure to support electric vehicle (EV) operations and electrification across Indiana. A secondary objective of this study was to develop a strategic plan for INDOT that outlines new business opportunities for developing EV charging stations. To achieve these objectives, the project team assessed current and emerging trends in EV operations, particularly EV charging infrastructure and EV demand forecasting. They also examined opportunities for the strategic deployment of EV charging stations by identifying EV infrastructure deficit areas; investigated the impact of EV adoption on highway revenue and the feasibility of new revenue structures; and evaluated strategic partnerships and business models. The agent-based simulation model developed for future long distance EV trip scenarios enables INDOT to identify EV energy deficient areas for current and future energy charging demand scenarios, and it can support Indiana’s strategic plans for EV charging infrastructure development. The results of the revenue impact analysis can inform INDOT’s revenue model. The estimations of the recovery EV fee, the VMT fee, and pay-as-you-charge fee that break-even the fuel tax revenue loss can be used by INDOT in pilot programs to capture users’ perspectives and estimate appropriate fee rates and structures. The insights obtained from the stakeholder interviews can be used to enhance preparedness for increasing EV adoption rates across vehicle classes and to strengthen the engagement of different entities in the provision of charging infrastructure.
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Kelbesa, Megersa. Digital Service Taxes and Their Application. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.135.

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Many developing economies have seen a rise in e-commerce activity within their borders, and a decline in income from traditional industries as a result of COVID-19, meaning the digital economy offers a potentially unexploited source of tax revenue. . As a result, more developing countries may soon begin adopting some sort of digital tax. The economic activities which may be subject to the Digital Services Tax (DST) may vary from country to country. It will, therefore, be necessary for businesses operating in multiple jurisdictions across developing countries to keep up with the changes in digital taxes. Before implementing a DST scheme, developing countries are advised to perform an in-depth cost-benefit analysis and due considerations. Some developing (and several developed) countries have already unilaterally implemented a “provisional” DST system. Other developing countries are on the process of implementing DST or have simply announced that they will implement a DST soon. Although most of the countries so far actively working on DST (are rich countries, a growing list of developing countries are joining the process. Some examples include the following: Malaysia, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Argentina and, Chile. It is important to mention that the literature on DST is very limited – although growing, and the evidence base around the economic impacts is particularly scarce. This is partly due to the quite recent nature of DST implementation. The evidence is even scarcer for developing countries – Due to these limitations, this rapid evidence review looks at different types of available literature – including reports and blogs issued by international financial institutions and development agencies. The rest of the report will give an overview of key proposed approaches to tax the digital economy, provide a very brief account of the economic impact of DST, provide a brief mapping of the implementation of digital service taxes in developing countries, provide a brief description of each DST system and about the economic impact of the DST, finally a brief account or attributes of a “good” DST system.
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Andrian, Leandro Gaston, Oscar Valencia, Jorge Hirs, and Ivan Leonardo Urrea Rios. Fiscal Rules and Economic Cycles: Quality (Always) Matters. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004570.

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Governments can issue public debt for both good and bad reasons. The former include intertemporal tax smoothing, fiscal stimulus, and asset management. In contrast, the bad reasons, which generate higher indebtedness, are mainly associated with political cycles, rent capture, intergenerational transfers, and common pool problems. Fiscal rules aim to eliminate the problem of time inconsistency of public finances and minimize debt accumulation by setting debt limits. Despite the theoretical relevance of fiscal rules and institutions to the proper management of fiscal processes in different countries, the evidence indicates mixed results regarding the effectiveness of this type of mechanism for fiscal performance. To understand the effect that fiscal rules have on public debt, this paper studies the effect of different types of rules on debt behavior and their differential effects with respect to the economic cycle. Using a dynamic panel, which enables us to control for endogeneity problems, and the use of a fiscal rule quality index (Schaechter et. al., 2012), this paper finds that fiscal rules only have a significant effect on the reduction of public debt during the positive side of the economic cycle if adequate institutional arrangements accompany them. Furthermore, only some types of fiscal rules (expenditure rules) show a significant effect during the negative part of the cycle. These results have relevant policy implications, as they underscore the importance of (1) developing institutional arrangements that promote the proper functioning of fiscal rules and (2) considering economic cycle asymmetries in order to ensure the appropriate operation of fiscal rules and the fulfillment of policy objectives.
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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.

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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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