Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Taxe Tobin'

Proposee pour la premiere fois en 1972 par james tobin, prix nobel d'economie neuf ans plus tard, la taxe tobin alimente, depuis, nombre de querelles entre economistes, associations et hommes politiques. Il fallait, pour sortir de cette controverse, evaluer non seulement la faisabilite de cette taxe mais aussi son incidence sur l'autonomie de la politique monetaire et sur la volatilite du marche des changes. Dans cette optique, apres avoir detaille les ambitions et les mecanismes d'une telle proposition, nous avons suggere que le risque d'evasion fiscale qu'elle ne manquerait pas de subir, n'a pas le caractere redhibitoire qu'on lui accorde traditionnellement. La question de sa faisabilite est, en effet, davantage politique que technique. Concernant l'efficacite stricto sensu de la taxe tobin, nous avons pu montrer qu'elle permettrait certes de decoupler les taux d'interet domestique et etranger dans un environnement de forte mobilite des capitaux mais que son impact ne devait pas etre surevalue. Elle ne semble notamment pas en mesure d'attenuer le phenomene de surreaction des monnaies lorsque son taux ne varie pas. Elle ne semble pas, de plus, en parfaite adequation avec les objectifs macro-economiques poursuivis actuellement par les autorites monetaires des pays industrialises. Son incidence sur la volatilite du marche des changes apparait, quant a elle, plus difficile a evaluer, compte tenu des hypotheses fortes caracterisant les modeles de determination des taux de change. Nous avons neanmoins pu mettre en evidence, grace a un modele de microstructure, que son taux devrait etre relativement faible (0. 1%) pour qu'elle ne reduise significativement la liquidite du marche des changes. Si la taxe tobin peut, sous certaines conditions augmenter la capacite des gouvernements a lutter contre les crises de change, des controles plus en amont sur les entrees de capitaux semblent mieux a meme de repondre aux dysfonctionnements actuels du systeme monetaire international. Le systeme chilien de l'encaje mis en place entre 1991 et 1998 est, a cet egard, riche d'enseignements.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une analyse théorique des effets d'une taxe sur les transactions de change, encore appelée taxe Tobin. Plusieurs essais sont ainsi proposés. Dans le premier, on présente les fondements et les limites de cette mesure controversée. Dans le second, un modèle de simulation stochastique est construit afin d'étudier les effets de cette mesure sur les investissements productifs et le lien entre la charge de taxation et le type d'anticipations. On montre que si le bien-être de tous les investisseurs diminue, les investisseurs de long terme sont de loin les moins pénalisés. Dans le troisième, on revisite, au carrefour des modèles macro-monétaires et de la théorie microstructurelle, l'intérêt d'une telle taxe en matière de variabilité des taux de change. Lorsque le taux est faible, la taxe est susceptible de réduire la variabilité des changes tout en préservant l'efficience du marché des changes. Dans le quatrième, une analyse économétrique est proposée. Sur la base de données réelles, une première quantification de la sensibilité du volume des opérations à la taxe est proposée. Une analyse en cointégration sur données de panels nous permet en effet d'estimer ce qu'on appelle l'élasticité du marché à la taxation. On montre que cette dernière est égale à -0,45 toutes parités confondues. Sur cette base, une estimation des recettes que générerait la taxe est proposée dans le cinquième et dernier volet de la thèse
The purpose of this dissertation is to expose a theoretical analysis of the effects that a currency transaction tax, usually called Tobin Tax, could entail. Five essays are outlined. The first one highlights the bases and limitations of this debated proposition. In the second one, a stochastic simulation model is built in order to study the effects of such a measure on real investments and the link between tax weight and expectations. Our result is the following one : the welfare of all agents decreases whereas long term investors are the least penalized. In the third one, by using macro-monetary models and microstructure theory, we analyse the interest of such a tax in terms of exchange market efficiency. The fourth essay proposes an econometrical analysis. With a real data set, we suggest to measure for the first time the sensibility of the transactions volume to the tax. Through a cointegration analysis using panel data, an estimation of the so-called foreign transactions elasticity to taxation is presented. The obtained value is - 0.45 for any currency parity. Following this idea, we set out an estimation of the revenues that such a tax would yield in the last fifth part of the dissertation

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.
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O objetivo principal desta dissertação é investigar a possibilidade da implementação da Taxa Tobin como um mecanismo de controle da especulação financeira internacional, bem como de mitigação da exclusão social relacionada ao processo de globalização. Para tanto, parte-se de um estudo teórico sobre as principais mudanças no Estado, processadas no contexto do neoliberalismo, conduzidas por um projeto político (globalização neoliberal), que ocasionaram o agravamento da exclusão social, além da intensificação da especulação financeira internacional, apontando-se a Taxa Tobin como uma medida auxiliar no combate à exclusão, bem como uma alternativa de controle da mobilidade dos fluxos de capitais especulativos, confirmando-se a hipótese de trabalho. Assim, concluiu-se que a tributação das transações financeiras mundiais, por meio da Taxa Tobin, consiste numa medida que poderia proporcionar o controle da especulação, além de gerar uma receita anual considerável, que poderia ser revertida em programas que favorecessem a inclusão de pessoas e países frágeis sócio-economicamente (campanhas de combate à exclusão, promovendo-se a saúde, o emprego, a educação etc., bem como em programas de reestruturação das economias periféricas). The main of this dissertation is to investigate the possibility of tobin tax implementation as an international finance control mechanism, as well as a tool for globalization related social exclusion mitigation. To reach this objective there is a theoretical study approach on the main changes in the State, occurred in the context of the neoliberalism, led by a political project, that caused the worsening of the social exclusion, besides the intensification of the international financial speculation. For such, it is pointed the tobin tax as an auxiliary measure in the combat to the exclusion, as well as an alternative for capitals mobility [flows] control, confirming the proposed hypothesis. So, it is ended that world financial transactions taxation, through the tobin tax, may consist in a measure that would be able to provide a speculation control, besides generating a considerable annual revenue, that could be reverted in programs to support the people's and fragile countries economically partners inclusion (combat campaigns to the exclusion, being promoted the health, the employment, the education etc.), as well as programs of outlying savings restructuring.

Idén att beskatta marknader har funnits i decennier och målen är desamma i dag som de var för 80 år sedan. Nämligen att:  Harmonisera existerande regleringar genom minska antalet nationella beskattningsmetoder,  Stabilisera marknader genom att minska volatiliten och  Få in intäkter Skatte intäkterna ska sedan användas till att finansiera något annat som man önskar att finansiera i samhället. Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur skatten kan komma att påverka Sverige och presenterar bland annat att skatten som elva länder i EU kommer att införa från och med januari 2014 kommer inte bara att påverka de elva länder, utan även övriga länder inom EU som också kommer att få ökade kostnader, trots att de inte tänker implementera skatten. För Sveriges del riskerar skatten att påverkar våra pensioner, hur vi investerar, var vi investerar med mera.
The idea of taxing markets have been around for decades and the goals today are the same as they were 80 years ago, to  Harmonize existing legislation by reducing the amount of different national taxation methods,  Stabilize markets thru decreased volatility  Collect tax revenue The tax revenue will later be used to finance something that the society wants to finance. This thesis examines the possible effects that the financial transaction tax might have on Sweden and will present the effects that the tax might have not only inside the 11 countries in the European Union that will implement the tax from January 2014 but also on those outside, who will face higher costs even though they are not planning on implementing the tax. Sweden faces a risk with decreased pension’s funds a change in how we invest and where we invest.

The thesis provides a critical analysis of the problems and possibilities for developing cosmopolitan ethics in global finance. With reference to Ideas and debates within the campaign for a Tobin Tax, it is argued that cosmopolitanism is a promising, but limited, agenda for global reform. Extending principles of justice to support the re-distribution of wealth from financial markets towards an expanded program of global welfare provision is laudable. Likewise, the possibility of improving accountability mechanisms and fostering democratic inclusion in the global financial system should be supported. However, the thesis identifies and reflects upon some important ethical ambiguities relating to financial, institutional and democratic universalism. A requirement for capital account convertibility, a cash-based approach to global justice and proposals for state-centric world authority to administer the Tobin Tax infers that the proposal would entrench many of the logics its supporters might oppose. The thesis develops a pragmatic approach to these questions based on the philosophical pragmatism of Richard Rorty. A pragmatic approach acknowledges the historical and cultural contingency of cosmopolitanism, but questions how the ambiguities and tensions that pervade global ethics can be engaged. In this sense, and developing Rorty's concept of sentimental education, it is argued that the Tobin Tax campaign has generated a broad-based public conversation about global finance, increasing sensitivity to the suffering caused by global finance and the ways in which it might be changed. While such conversation may not solve all the dilemmas identified, it does allow for increased awareness of the ambiguity of ethics. The thesis points to a number of instances in the campaign where the constitutive ambiguities of the Tobin Tax have been questioned and alternative practices suggested. A pragmatic approach to the Tobin Tax campaign therefore situates cosmopolitan ideas in the extant dilemmas and indeterminacies of global ethics, looking to suggest alternatives where possible.

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My dissertation focuses on dynamic aspects of coordination processes such as reversibility of early actions, option to delay decisions, and learning of the environment from the observation of other people’s actions. This study proposes the use of tractable dynamic global games where players privately and passively learn about their actions’ true payoffs and are able to adjust early investment decisions to the arrival of new information to investigate the consequences of the presence of liquidity shocks to the performance of a Tobin tax as a policy intended to foster coordination success (chapter 1), and the adequacy of the use of a Tobin tax in order to reduce an economy’s vulnerability to sudden stops (chapter 2). Then, it analyzes players’ incentive to acquire costly information in a sequential decision setting (chapter 3). In chapter 1, a continuum of foreign agents decide whether to enter or not in an investment project. A fraction λ of them are hit by liquidity restrictions in a second period and are forced to withdraw early investment or precluded from investing in the interim period, depending on the actions they chose in the first period. Players not affected by the liquidity shock are able to revise early decisions. Coordination success is increasing in the aggregate investment and decreasing in the aggregate volume of capital exit. Without liquidity shocks, aggregate investment is (in a pivotal contingency) invariant to frictions like a tax on short term capitals. In this case, a Tobin tax always increases success incidence. In the presence of liquidity shocks, this invariance result no longer holds in equilibrium. A Tobin tax becomes harmful to aggregate investment, which may reduces success incidence if the economy does not benefit enough from avoiding capital reversals. It is shown that the Tobin tax that maximizes the ex-ante probability of successfully coordinated investment is decreasing in the liquidity shock. Chapter 2 studies the effects of a Tobin tax in the same setting of the global game model proposed in chapter 1, with the exception that the liquidity shock is considered stochastic, i.e, there is also aggregate uncertainty about the extension of the liquidity restrictions. It identifies conditions under which, in the unique equilibrium of the model with low probability of liquidity shocks but large dry-ups, a Tobin tax is welfare improving, helping agents to coordinate on the good outcome. The model provides a rationale for a Tobin tax on economies that are prone to sudden stops. The optimal Tobin tax tends to be larger when capital reversals are more harmful and when the fraction of agents hit by liquidity shocks is smaller. Chapter 3 focuses on information acquisition in a sequential decision game with payoff complementar- ity and information externality. When information is cheap relatively to players’ incentive to coordinate actions, only the first player chooses to process information; the second player learns about the true payoff distribution from the observation of the first player’s decision and follows her action. Miscoordination requires that both players privately precess information, which tends to happen when it is expensive and the prior knowledge about the distribution of the payoffs has a large variance.
A presente tese concentra-se em aspectos dinâmicos de processos que envolvem coordenação entre agentes em ambientes com interação estratégica. Propomos utilizar os chamados global games para estudar a capacidade de uma Tobin tax elevar a probabilidade de sucesso em um ambiente em que investidores internacionais sujeitos a choques de liquidez precisam coordenar suas decisões de investimento (capítulo 1), e reduzir a vulnerabilidade de uma economia aberta a fluxos internacionais de capitais a sudden stops (capítulo 2). Também, investigamos o problema da aquisição de informação em jogos sequenciais com informação incompleta e complementaridade em ações (capítulo 3). No capítulo 1, agentes estrangeiros decidem se entram ou não em um projeto, cujo sucesso depende em parte da capacidade dos mesmos em coordenarem suas escolhas. Uma fração λ desses investidores é afetada por restrições de liquidez no segundo período do modelo e é forçada a se retirar do projeto ou impedida de entrar, dependendo de suas respectivas escolhas no primeiro período. Agentes não afetados pelo choque de liquidez possuem a opção de reavaliar decisões tomadas no primeiro estágio do jogo. É assumido que a probabilidade de sucesso do projeto de investimento é crescente no volume total de capital que a economia recebe, mas decrescente no volume de capitais que deixa a economia no segundo período. Na ausência de choques de liquidez (λ = 0), o volume de capital que é recebido em um estado pivotal para o sucesso do projeto de investimento independe da existência de um imposto sobre capitais de curto prazo. Como tal imposto sempre desestimula saídas de capitais, uma Tobin tax sempre favorece as chances de sucesso em uma economia em que λ = 0. Contudo, na presença de choques de liquidez, o volume total de investimento que a economia recebe torna-se decrescente em um imposto incidente sobre capitais de curto prazo. Neste caso, uma Tobin tax pode prejudicar as chances do processo de coordenação ser bem sucedido, caso o benefício de reduzir o volume de saída de capitais não seja suficientemente grande. O capítulo 2 estuda os efeitos de uma Tobin tax no mesmo cenário do capítulo 1, porém considera que a extensão da restrição de liquidez a que os agentes podem estar sujeitos é aleatória. Neste modelo, identificamos condições sob as quais uma Tobin tax reduz a probabilidade de se observar um sudden stop e eleva o bem estar no único equilíbrio de uma economia onde a probabilidade de ocorrência de um choque de liquidez é pequena, mas a magnitude de tal choque pode ser significativa. O capítulo final investiga o problema de aquisição de informação em um jogo sequencial com 2 agentes, externalidade informacional e complementaridade em ações. Demonstramos que, quando o custo de aquisição de informação é pequeno relativamente ao incentivo que os agentes possuem para coordenarem suas ações, apenas o primeiro jogador escolhe adquirir novas informações a respeito da distribuição dos payoffs, e o jogador 2 sempre segue a ação escolhida pelo jogador 1. Probabilidade positiva de se observar divergência em ações requer que ambos os jogadores processem informação privadamente, o que tende a ocorrer quando o custo de aquisição de informação é baixo e a distribuição a priori dos payoffs possui variância elevada.

The impact of Security Transaction Taxes (STTs) on the financial market has been studied by authors for decades, showing mixed results between positive, negative, or insignificant relations between STTs and financial volatility. This thesis adds a new approach to previous studies by taking an innovative long-term approach to the topic, analysing the effect of both the New York State STT (1905 – 1981) and the United States STT (1914 – 1966) on volatility in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and NASDAQ as measured by the S&P500 Index. The period of investigation is from 1950 to 2019. This analysis reveals a negative relation between the NY STT and volatility when those are computed in long periods of time, implying that the presence (and increase) of STTs lead to a reduced volatility in the financial market. When breaking the analysis down into shorter periods of time the relationship between STTs and financial volatility proved to be insignificant. At the same time, the US STT is not statistically significant neither in the long-term nor in any of the separated shorter analysed periods. This thesis therefore highlights the relevancy of performing long-term studies rather than short-term ones which has been the focus of previous research.

With respect to foreign currency exchange markets, most governments would favour a stable exchange rate over a volatile exchange rate. This is also true for South Africa where volatile movements in the South African Rand pose challenges to industries, businesses and Government alike. There are a multitude of factors that affect the volatility of the South African Rand. These factors are difficult to identify, manage individually and measure. There are several tools that are available to manipulate and control foreign exchange rates in an attempt to reduce volatility; one such tool is the currency transaction tax. Spahn tax is one such form of currency transaction tax. The precursor to Spahn tax is Tobin tax. As a result of many criticisms levelled against Tobin tax, Spahn expanded on this original idea and made a few modifications to address some of the concerns. Spahn focused on creating a two-tier tax base where transactions falling within a normal and reasonable trading range would be taxed at a nominal amount and transactions that fall outside of the band would be taxed at a higher punitive rate. The trading band, or range, would be adjustable though market dynamics on a daily basis using a moving average. No country has implemented Spahn tax yet. The implementation of such a tax would have strong revenue-generating potential. A modification of such a tax with only a punitive rate and a wide trading band could be considered for South Africa. However, in being prudent South Africa does not appear to be in a position to be the first country to implement Spahn tax. There are too many market risks associated with the introduction Spahn tax that cannot be ignored.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
unrestricted

Clostridium difficile é presentemente a principal causa de doença gastrointestinal associada à utilização de antibióticos em adultos. C. difficile é uma bactéria Gram-positiva, obrigatoriamente anaeróbica, capaz de formar endósporos. Tem-se verificado um aumento dos casos de doença associada a C. difficile com sintomas mais severos, elevadas taxas de morbilidade, mortalidade e recorrência, em parte, devido à emergência de estirpes mais virulentas, mas também devido à má gestão do uso de antibióticos. C. difficile produz duas toxinas, TcdA e TcdB, que são os principais fatores de virulência e responsáveis pelos sintomas da doença. Estas são codificadas a partir do Locus de Patogenicidade (PaLoc) que codifica ainda para um regulador positivo, TcdR, uma holina, TcdE, e um regulador negativo, TcdC. Os esporos resistentes ao oxigénio são essenciais para a transmissão do organismo e recorrência da doença. A expressão dos genes do PaLoc ocorre em células vegetativas, no final da fase de crescimento exponencial, e em células em esporulação. Neste trabalho construímos dois mutantes de eliminação em fase dos genes tcdR e tcdE. Mostrámos que a auto-regulação do gene tcdR não é significativa. No entanto, tcdR é sempre necessário para a expressão dos genes presentes no PaLoc. Trabalho anterior mostrou que, com a exceção de tcdC, os demais genes do PaLoc são expressos no pré-esporo. Mostrámos aqui que TcdA é detectada à superfície do esporo maduro e que a eliminação do tcdE não influencia a acumulação de TcdA no meio de cultura ou em associação às células ou ao esporo. Estas observações têm consequências para o nosso entendimento do processo infecioso: sugeremque o esporo possa ser também um veículo para a entrega da toxina nos estágios iniciais da infecção, que TcdA possa ser libertada durante a germinação do esporo, e que o esporo possa utilizar o mesmo receptor reconhecido por TcdA para a ligação à mucosa do cólon.
Clostridium difficileis currently the major cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal diseases in adults. This is a Gram-positive bacterium, endospore-forming and an obligate anaerobe that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract.Recent years have seen a rise in C. difficile associated disease (CDAD) cases, associated with more severe disease symptoms, higher rates of morbidity, mortality and recurrence, which were mostly caused due to the emergence of “hypervirulent” strains but also due to changing patterns of antibiotics use. C. difficile produces two potent toxins, TcdA and TcdB, which are the main virulence factors and the responsible for the disease symptoms. These are codified from a Pathogenicity Locus (PaLoc), composed also by the positive regulator, TcdR, the holin-like protein, TcdE, and a negative regulator, TcdC. Besides the toxins, the oxygen-resistant spores are also essential for transmission of the organism through diarrhea; moreover, spores can accumulate in the environment or in the host, which will cause disease recurrence.The expression of the PaLoc genes occurs in vegetative cells, at the end of the exponential growth phase, and in sporulating cells. In this work, we constructed two in-frame deletion mutants of tcdR and tcdE. We showed that the positive auto regulation oftcdR is not significant. However, tcdR is always necessary for the expression of the PaLoc genes.A previous work showed that, except tcdC, all the PaLoc genes are expressed in the forespore. Here, we detected TcdA at the spore surface. Furthermore, we showed that the in-frame deletion of tcdE does not affect the accumulation of TcdA in the culture medium or in association with cells or spores. This data was important for us to conclude about the infeccious process: it suggests that the spore may be the vehicle for the delivery of TcdA in early stages of infection, that TcdA may be released during spores germination and that this spore may use the same receptor recognized by TcdA to bind to the colonic mucosa.

In recent times some economists and politicians in the context of financial crisis dusted off again the idea of introducing the so-called Tobin tax, or financial transaction tax (FTT), respectively. This thesis briefly reviews the existing literature on FTT. Two case studies of Sweden and Great Britain show in some respects two different experiences with FTT. The theses analyzes in detail the economic implications of the European Commission proposed FTT from the perspective of economic theory and economic policy. Partial conclusions of the thesis reveal some drawbacks and pitfalls of FTT. While the benefits of FTT remain rather controversial. The theses therefore concludes that FTT is not due to the severity of its impacts appropriate economic measure.

Never before in history has the amount of international trade been higher or more efficient than it is today. The fastest growing type of trade is the speculative currency trading, searching for instant profit based only on the anticipation of the variations in currency exchange rates. When currency speculation becomes an influential part of the capital flows it becomes harmful and creates instability of currency systems. Exchange rates starts to fluctuate due to the will and anticipation of speculators rather than the economic health of the country associated with the currency. This has led to recurring currency crises all over the world and an increased interest in regulatory mechanisms. One of the most discussed mechanisms proposed to handle this harmful evolution of the foreign exchange markets is the Currency Transaction Tax (CTT). The CTT stipulates a low tax (0.1 per cent) on all currency transaction to curb the incitement of short-term speculation based on a large amount of smaller transactions. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether an implementation of a CTT is compatible with the EU treaties. This purpose consists of two research questions; whether the CTT is in conformity with the substantive law of the EU, more precisely the free movements of capital, and if the CTT is in conformity with the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the exclusive power of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) over monetary policy. Since this thesis aims to identify if the CTT is in conformity with existing legislation, the traditional doctrinal method is used for identifying and analysing potential difficulties with the CTT and to interpret these provisions in the light of ECJ case law and literature. The thesis concludes that the CTT is in conformity with the EU treaties. It does however require the full cooperation of the ESCB and ECB to achieve the objectives; to create a more stable currency market. The CTT is ready to implement.

This study examines the determinants of a household’s threshold price for a restaurant meal cost increase; the level of cost increase that would cause households to either eat in restaurants less frequently or change what they would typically purchase. The design of the study is formulated using a Tobit model to examine the threshold price by differing social, economic and demographic characteristics of households in Kentucky as well as their preferences for restaurant-specific characteristics. The empirical estimates suggest that households that frequently have dinner at restaurants, households with higher incomes and households that strongly prefer full-service restaurants have a positive threshold price-range; which suggests that such households are more willing to pay an additional cost increase in restaurant meals. Conversely, households that always notice taxes before paying their checks, households close to retirement-age, and households that do not strongly prefer local-food restaurants have negative threshold price-range and are consequently less willing to pay an additional cost increase in restaurant meals.

The thesis examines the influence of the tax deduction by reason of granting the donation on the taxpayers' behavior. The examination is working with Household Expenditure Survey (2004, 2005) of Czech Statistical Office and with author's own questionnaire survey (2007). In the first part the regression of demographical and economic characteristics on the amount of donation and its probability is run. There are the internal opinions of informant according to the filled questionnaire described in the second part. The regression was processed using Logit, Probit and Tobit models; the following section consists of frequency analysis.

Trabalho de projeto de mestrado em Políticas Comunitárias e Cooperação Territorial
Por força da presença na União Europeia (UE), o desenvolvimento e a aplicação do Direito Fiscal nos Estados Membros é também resultado das opções da Politica Fiscal Europeia, sendo que as suas legislações internas devem ser analisadas à luz dos Direitos Fundamentais, dos Tratados, dos Códigos de Conduta, das Diretivas Comunitárias e da própria jurisprudência do TJUE. Na UE e em defesa do mercado interno, a política fiscal deu primazia às soluções de harmonização, e não de integração plena. No contexto da crise económica e financeira que afetou a União Europeia nas primeiras duas décadas do séc. XXI existe cada vez mais o consenso que o setor financeiro deveria contribuir de modo mais equitativo para as contas nacionais. Este setor tem sido alvo de uma subtributação, em grande medida por efeito da isenção de IVA na maior parte dos serviços financeiros. A proposta de criação de um imposto comum sobre as transações financeiras possui como grande objetivo tornar a participação das entidades que operam nesse setor mais equitativa, para que estas contribuíssem para evitar uma fragmentação mais acentuada do mercado interno de transações financeiras especialmente em cenários de crise profunda. Perante uma eventual aplicação generalizada, estaríamos perante um verdadeiro imposto/taxa de origem europeia, o que nos levará a questionar as limitações impostas pelos tratados europeus no que concerne à política fiscal, e ainda à própria organização e gestão de uma nova realidade.
By virtue of the presence in the European Union (EU), the development and application of tax law in the Member States is also a result of the options taken by the European Fiscal Policy, and their domestic legislation should be reviewed in the light of the Fundamental Rights, Treaties, Codes of Conduct, European Community Directives and the Case Law of the EUJC itself. In the EU and in defense of the internal market, fiscal policy gave priority to solutions of harmonization, and not a full integration. In the context of the economic and financial crisis affecting the European Union in the first two decades of the XXI century, there is a growing consensus that the financial sector should contribute more equitably to the national accounts. This sector has been the target of a subtaxation, largely as an effect of the VAT exemption in most financial services. The proposal to create a common tax on financial transactions has the major goal to make the participation of the entities operating in that sector more equitable, so that they contribute to prevent a greater fragmentation of the internal market for financial transactions, especially in moments of profound crisis. Facing the possible widespread application, that would make this solution a true tax of European origin, we must question the limitations imposed by the European treaties in regard to the fiscal policy, and also to the organization and management of that new reality.

碩士
國立政治大學
經濟研究所
92
This paper investigates whether Tobin tax would be effective to reduce exchange rate volatility. When the rational speculators observe different temporarily shocks and take Tobin tax into account, the exchange rate will have either stable or unstable path through speculators’ changing optimal holdings. If the effect of current account shock dominates the effect of interest differential shock, the imposition of tax will stabilize the currency. This result is consistent with Tobin’s view. On the contrary, if the effect of interest differential shock dominates the effect of current account shock, the imposition of tax will destabilize the currency. The best policy in this case is to let international capitals move freely.

In this study I have characterized the role of cholera toxin (CT) and tape stripping (TS) in eliciting and enhancing cellular immune responses generated by the epicutaneous application of peptide. In addition, the role of TLR4 signaling in the induction of skin elicited cellular and humoral immune responses was investigated. The CD4 T cell response to antigen was studied using a TCR transgenic mouse that has rearranged TCRα and TCRβ genes allowing it to express a T cell receptor specific for Ova323-339 in complex with I-A[sup d] MHC class II molecules. To characterize the CD8 T cell response, naive C57BL/6 mice were immunized with an MHC class I restricted epitope of ovalbumin, namely SIINFEKL (Ova254-267), and the resultant peptide specific CTLs were enumerated using multimeric Class I MHC-peptide complexes. The function of the CTLs was characterized using cytotoxicity assays. The effect of CT and TS on DC migration was also determined. When used together, TS and CT enhanced peptide specific CD4 T cell proliferation above levels achieved with either treatment alone. Similarly, CD8 T cell proliferation was optimal in mice treated with both modalities. The generation of functional CTL through the skin did not require IL-12p40, a key Th1 promoting molecule, suggesting a role for other Th1 promoting factors. Both CT and TS enhanced the immigration of DCs to the draining lymph nodes in Balb/c mice revealing a potential mechanism for their adjuvant effects. Finally, TLR4 signaling was not required for the generation of epicutaneous T cell or antibody mediated immune responses in these model systems. Epicutaneous immunization is a promising approach for the generation of epitope-specific T cell responses. As such, it may provide a practical, cost effective alternative to conventional needle immunization.

碩士
臺灣大學
會計學研究所
98
In order to show the will of fighting with hot money, Taiwan’s Central Bank (hereafter refers as to Central Bank) released a press which was written by its governor, Fai-Nan Perng on January 12th 2010. That press indicated that the pricing system of foreign exchange market will be distorted and the doubts of stock and asset bubbles will increase when a large number of hot money remitted into Taiwan. Central Bank quoted professional opinions from many famous international organizations and Nobel Prize winners to support the press. That press also emphasized that Central Bank would take the appropriate capital controls to alleviate the doubts. Levying a Tobin Tax on foreign portfolio investors is a possible proposal especially. This thesis uses event study to examine whether the Tobin Tax proposal would affect the cumulative abnormal returns（CAR）of security companies listed on Taiwan Stock Exchange（TSE）and Over The Counter（OTC）, and tries to establish the regression model to analyze the relations between（CAR）and three corporate characteristics: BIS rate, corporate size and corporate growth. The findings of this thesis are as follow:（1）When Central Bank raised the Tobin Tax proposal, security companies listed on TSE and OTC had negative CAR.（2）For all sample companies, CAR is positively related with corporate size.（3）BIS rate and corporate growth have no significant relationship with CAR.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
101
With the development of Taiwan’s industry and commerce, the economic growth projection and personal income rise gradually. Taiwan populace’s needs on food and beverage industry have changed from meeting their essentials to having a high level enjoyment, and people require to have higher service quality and satisfaction day by day. The service providers also recognize the coming of the consumer era and have focused highly on the demands of consumers, using the best service quality to expect their revisiting. In this competitive industry, service providers think customers come first, and therefore the interior decorations and exterior landscapes are designed with the emphasis of user friendly. Service providers enhance the contents of high service quality and satisfaction in order to attract consumers’ attention; moreover, they always hope to broaden their restaurants as soon as possible, and thus opening chain restaurants becomes a best way of promoting the consistency of service quality. This study using Dali as a case target through the questionnaire survey to the consumers of Tokiya, three hundred sixty-seven valid questionnaires have been collected. Through analyzing, the result turns out that most of the customers are male, single, with bachelor degrees and their ages are between twenty to thirty-one years old; and most of the costumers are students and their earnings are between twenty thousand and thirty thousand. Through the statistics analyzing, the results show that customers who have different education backgrounds have different demands on service quality and satisfaction which means the high-educated customers have higher requires on service quality and satisfaction than low-educated customers and there are a significant difference between them. However, III there are no significant difference among ages, careers, income, gender and residential areas. Keyword: Chain