Academic literature on the topic 'Taxe Tobin'
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Journal articles on the topic "Taxe Tobin"
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Adda, Jacques. "Taxe Tobin : le retour." Alternatives Économiques 284, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ae.284.0066.
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Walrafen, Thierry. "La taxe Tobin en débat." Commentaire Numéro90, no. 2 (2000): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.090.0391.
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Bismans, Francis, and Olivier Damette. "LA TAXE TOBIN : NOUVELLES APPROCHES." L'Actualité économique 94, no. 2 (2018): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1067937ar.
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Damette, Olivier. "Quel avenir pour une taxe Tobin ?" Mondes en développement 140, no. 4 (2007): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/med.140.0115.
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EHRENSTEIN, GUDRUN. "CONT–BOUCHAUD PERCOLATION MODEL INCLUDING TOBIN TAX." International Journal of Modern Physics C 13, no. 10 (December 2002): 1323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183102003917.
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The Tobin tax is an often discussed method to tame speculation and get a source of income. The discussion is especially heated when the financial markets are in crisis. In this article we refer to the foreign exchange markets. The Tobin tax should be a small international tax affecting all currency transactions and thus consequently reducing destabilizing speculations. In this way this tax should take over a control function. By including the Tobin tax in the microscopic model of Cont and Bouchaud one finds that this tax could be the right method to control foreign exchange operations and to get a good source of income.
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Wachtel, Howard M. "Tobin and other global taxes." Review of International Political Economy 7, no. 2 (January 2000): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096922900347009.
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Ozekicioglu, Seda. "Tobin Tax: Arguments and Current Derivative Studies." Studies in Business and Economics 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbe-2015-0009.
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Abstract Tobin Tax and its derivative applications have started to be discussed again in many platforms as the issue regarding taxation of short-term capital movements has become an agenda among international communities such as European Union (EU) and G20 since the beginning of 2000s. In this study, Tobin Tax, which is the first significant step towards taxation of foreign currency transactions, has been discussed theoretically and considering its possible effects on application. Also, in this context, the initiatives of countries such as USA, Belgium, France and Austria regarding international implementation of Tobin Tax and its derivatives are being evaluated. The intended use of the taxes, determination of transactions exempt from tax and international cooperation in the implementation of taxation are possible problems that can be faced regarding Tobin Tax. In this study the conclusion, which the effects of Tobin Tax in developing and developed countries will be different but imposing such tax regarding cyclic balance of the world economy will be a positive improvement, has been reached.
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Zirschky, John. "Take-Home Toxin Pathway." Journal of Environmental Engineering 122, no. 5 (May 1996): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1996)122:5(430).
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Bianconi, Ginestra, Tobias Galla, Matteo Marsili, and Paolo Pin. "Effects of Tobin taxes in minority game markets." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 70, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2008.10.009.
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Amato, I. "Scorpion Toxin Tells an Evolutionary Tale." Science News 139, no. 6 (February 9, 1991): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3975567.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Taxe Tobin"
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Jégourel, Yves. "Les effets de la taxe Tobin sur le marché des changes : une évaluation." Bordeaux 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR40052.
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Proposee pour la premiere fois en 1972 par james tobin, prix nobel d'economie neuf ans plus tard, la taxe tobin alimente, depuis, nombre de querelles entre economistes, associations et hommes politiques. Il fallait, pour sortir de cette controverse, evaluer non seulement la faisabilite de cette taxe mais aussi son incidence sur l'autonomie de la politique monetaire et sur la volatilite du marche des changes. Dans cette optique, apres avoir detaille les ambitions et les mecanismes d'une telle proposition, nous avons suggere que le risque d'evasion fiscale qu'elle ne manquerait pas de subir, n'a pas le caractere redhibitoire qu'on lui accorde traditionnellement. La question de sa faisabilite est, en effet, davantage politique que technique. Concernant l'efficacite stricto sensu de la taxe tobin, nous avons pu montrer qu'elle permettrait certes de decoupler les taux d'interet domestique et etranger dans un environnement de forte mobilite des capitaux mais que son impact ne devait pas etre surevalue. Elle ne semble notamment pas en mesure d'attenuer le phenomene de surreaction des monnaies lorsque son taux ne varie pas. Elle ne semble pas, de plus, en parfaite adequation avec les objectifs macro-economiques poursuivis actuellement par les autorites monetaires des pays industrialises. Son incidence sur la volatilite du marche des changes apparait, quant a elle, plus difficile a evaluer, compte tenu des hypotheses fortes caracterisant les modeles de determination des taux de change. Nous avons neanmoins pu mettre en evidence, grace a un modele de microstructure, que son taux devrait etre relativement faible (0. 1%) pour qu'elle ne reduise significativement la liquidite du marche des changes. Si la taxe tobin peut, sous certaines conditions augmenter la capacite des gouvernements a lutter contre les crises de change, des controles plus en amont sur les entrees de capitaux semblent mieux a meme de repondre aux dysfonctionnements actuels du systeme monetaire international. Le systeme chilien de l'encaje mis en place entre 1991 et 1998 est, a cet egard, riche d'enseignements.
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Damette, Olivier Bismans Francis. "Essais sur la taxation des transactions de change." S. l. : Université Nancy 2, 2007. http://cyberdoc.univ-nancy2.fr/htdocs/docs_ouvert/doc266/2007NAN20005.pdf.
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Damette, Olivier. "Essais sur la taxation des transactions de change." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN20005/document.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une analyse théorique des effets d'une taxe sur les transactions de change, encore appelée taxe Tobin. Plusieurs essais sont ainsi proposés. Dans le premier, on présente les fondements et les limites de cette mesure controversée. Dans le second, un modèle de simulation stochastique est construit afin d'étudier les effets de cette mesure sur les investissements productifs et le lien entre la charge de taxation et le type d'anticipations. On montre que si le bien-être de tous les investisseurs diminue, les investisseurs de long terme sont de loin les moins pénalisés. Dans le troisième, on revisite, au carrefour des modèles macro-monétaires et de la théorie microstructurelle, l'intérêt d'une telle taxe en matière de variabilité des taux de change. Lorsque le taux est faible, la taxe est susceptible de réduire la variabilité des changes tout en préservant l'efficience du marché des changes. Dans le quatrième, une analyse économétrique est proposée. Sur la base de données réelles, une première quantification de la sensibilité du volume des opérations à la taxe est proposée. Une analyse en cointégration sur données de panels nous permet en effet d'estimer ce qu'on appelle l'élasticité du marché à la taxation. On montre que cette dernière est égale à -0,45 toutes parités confondues. Sur cette base, une estimation des recettes que générerait la taxe est proposée dans le cinquième et dernier volet de la thèseThe purpose of this dissertation is to expose a theoretical analysis of the effects that a currency transaction tax, usually called Tobin Tax, could entail. Five essays are outlined. The first one highlights the bases and limitations of this debated proposition. In the second one, a stochastic simulation model is built in order to study the effects of such a measure on real investments and the link between tax weight and expectations. Our result is the following one : the welfare of all agents decreases whereas long term investors are the least penalized. In the third one, by using macro-monetary models and microstructure theory, we analyse the interest of such a tax in terms of exchange market efficiency. The fourth essay proposes an econometrical analysis. With a real data set, we suggest to measure for the first time the sensibility of the transactions volume to the tax. Through a cointegration analysis using panel data, an estimation of the so-called foreign transactions elasticity to taxation is presented. The obtained value is - 0.45 for any currency parity. Following this idea, we set out an estimation of the revenues that such a tax would yield in the last fifth part of the dissertation
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Souza, Eliziane Mara de. "A taxa Tobin." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90284.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T08:05:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
O objetivo principal desta dissertação é investigar a possibilidade da implementação da Taxa Tobin como um mecanismo de controle da especulação financeira internacional, bem como de mitigação da exclusão social relacionada ao processo de globalização. Para tanto, parte-se de um estudo teórico sobre as principais mudanças no Estado, processadas no contexto do neoliberalismo, conduzidas por um projeto político (globalização neoliberal), que ocasionaram o agravamento da exclusão social, além da intensificação da especulação financeira internacional, apontando-se a Taxa Tobin como uma medida auxiliar no combate à exclusão, bem como uma alternativa de controle da mobilidade dos fluxos de capitais especulativos, confirmando-se a hipótese de trabalho. Assim, concluiu-se que a tributação das transações financeiras mundiais, por meio da Taxa Tobin, consiste numa medida que poderia proporcionar o controle da especulação, além de gerar uma receita anual considerável, que poderia ser revertida em programas que favorecessem a inclusão de pessoas e países frágeis sócio-economicamente (campanhas de combate à exclusão, promovendo-se a saúde, o emprego, a educação etc., bem como em programas de reestruturação das economias periféricas). The main of this dissertation is to investigate the possibility of tobin tax implementation as an international finance control mechanism, as well as a tool for globalization related social exclusion mitigation. To reach this objective there is a theoretical study approach on the main changes in the State, occurred in the context of the neoliberalism, led by a political project, that caused the worsening of the social exclusion, besides the intensification of the international financial speculation. For such, it is pointed the tobin tax as an auxiliary measure in the combat to the exclusion, as well as an alternative for capitals mobility [flows] control, confirming the proposed hypothesis. So, it is ended that world financial transactions taxation, through the tobin tax, may consist in a measure that would be able to provide a speculation control, besides generating a considerable annual revenue, that could be reverted in programs to support the people's and fragile countries economically partners inclusion (combat campaigns to the exclusion, being promoted the health, the employment, the education etc.), as well as programs of outlying savings restructuring.
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Agrest, Inna. "Skatt på finansiella transaktioner - En studie över hur Sverige kan komma att påverkas av skatt." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-128521.
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Idén att beskatta marknader har funnits i decennier och målen är desamma i dag som de var för 80 år sedan. Nämligen att: Harmonisera existerande regleringar genom minska antalet nationella beskattningsmetoder, Stabilisera marknader genom att minska volatiliten och Få in intäkter Skatte intäkterna ska sedan användas till att finansiera något annat som man önskar att finansiera i samhället. Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur skatten kan komma att påverka Sverige och presenterar bland annat att skatten som elva länder i EU kommer att införa från och med januari 2014 kommer inte bara att påverka de elva länder, utan även övriga länder inom EU som också kommer att få ökade kostnader, trots att de inte tänker implementera skatten. För Sveriges del riskerar skatten att påverkar våra pensioner, hur vi investerar, var vi investerar med mera.The idea of taxing markets have been around for decades and the goals today are the same as they were 80 years ago, to Harmonize existing legislation by reducing the amount of different national taxation methods, Stabilize markets thru decreased volatility Collect tax revenue The tax revenue will later be used to finance something that the society wants to finance. This thesis examines the possible effects that the financial transaction tax might have on Sweden and will present the effects that the tax might have not only inside the 11 countries in the European Union that will implement the tax from January 2014 but also on those outside, who will face higher costs even though they are not planning on implementing the tax. Sweden faces a risk with decreased pension’s funds a change in how we invest and where we invest.
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Brassett, James. "Cosmopolitan ethics in global finance? : a pragmatic approach to the Tobin Tax." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4090/.
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The thesis provides a critical analysis of the problems and possibilities for developing cosmopolitan ethics in global finance. With reference to Ideas and debates within the campaign for a Tobin Tax, it is argued that cosmopolitanism is a promising, but limited, agenda for global reform. Extending principles of justice to support the re-distribution of wealth from financial markets towards an expanded program of global welfare provision is laudable. Likewise, the possibility of improving accountability mechanisms and fostering democratic inclusion in the global financial system should be supported. However, the thesis identifies and reflects upon some important ethical ambiguities relating to financial, institutional and democratic universalism. A requirement for capital account convertibility, a cash-based approach to global justice and proposals for state-centric world authority to administer the Tobin Tax infers that the proposal would entrench many of the logics its supporters might oppose. The thesis develops a pragmatic approach to these questions based on the philosophical pragmatism of Richard Rorty. A pragmatic approach acknowledges the historical and cultural contingency of cosmopolitanism, but questions how the ambiguities and tensions that pervade global ethics can be engaged. In this sense, and developing Rorty's concept of sentimental education, it is argued that the Tobin Tax campaign has generated a broad-based public conversation about global finance, increasing sensitivity to the suffering caused by global finance and the ways in which it might be changed. While such conversation may not solve all the dilemmas identified, it does allow for increased awareness of the ambiguity of ethics. The thesis points to a number of instances in the campaign where the constitutive ambiguities of the Tobin Tax have been questioned and alternative practices suggested. A pragmatic approach to the Tobin Tax campaign therefore situates cosmopolitan ideas in the extant dilemmas and indeterminacies of global ethics, looking to suggest alternatives where possible.
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Barbosa, Rodrigo dos Santos. "Flexible information acquisition and optimal Tobin tax in tractable dynamic global games." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16596.
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My dissertation focuses on dynamic aspects of coordination processes such as reversibility of early actions, option to delay decisions, and learning of the environment from the observation of other people’s actions. This study proposes the use of tractable dynamic global games where players privately and passively learn about their actions’ true payoffs and are able to adjust early investment decisions to the arrival of new information to investigate the consequences of the presence of liquidity shocks to the performance of a Tobin tax as a policy intended to foster coordination success (chapter 1), and the adequacy of the use of a Tobin tax in order to reduce an economy’s vulnerability to sudden stops (chapter 2). Then, it analyzes players’ incentive to acquire costly information in a sequential decision setting (chapter 3). In chapter 1, a continuum of foreign agents decide whether to enter or not in an investment project. A fraction λ of them are hit by liquidity restrictions in a second period and are forced to withdraw early investment or precluded from investing in the interim period, depending on the actions they chose in the first period. Players not affected by the liquidity shock are able to revise early decisions. Coordination success is increasing in the aggregate investment and decreasing in the aggregate volume of capital exit. Without liquidity shocks, aggregate investment is (in a pivotal contingency) invariant to frictions like a tax on short term capitals. In this case, a Tobin tax always increases success incidence. In the presence of liquidity shocks, this invariance result no longer holds in equilibrium. A Tobin tax becomes harmful to aggregate investment, which may reduces success incidence if the economy does not benefit enough from avoiding capital reversals. It is shown that the Tobin tax that maximizes the ex-ante probability of successfully coordinated investment is decreasing in the liquidity shock. Chapter 2 studies the effects of a Tobin tax in the same setting of the global game model proposed in chapter 1, with the exception that the liquidity shock is considered stochastic, i.e, there is also aggregate uncertainty about the extension of the liquidity restrictions. It identifies conditions under which, in the unique equilibrium of the model with low probability of liquidity shocks but large dry-ups, a Tobin tax is welfare improving, helping agents to coordinate on the good outcome. The model provides a rationale for a Tobin tax on economies that are prone to sudden stops. The optimal Tobin tax tends to be larger when capital reversals are more harmful and when the fraction of agents hit by liquidity shocks is smaller. Chapter 3 focuses on information acquisition in a sequential decision game with payoff complementar- ity and information externality. When information is cheap relatively to players’ incentive to coordinate actions, only the first player chooses to process information; the second player learns about the true payoff distribution from the observation of the first player’s decision and follows her action. Miscoordination requires that both players privately precess information, which tends to happen when it is expensive and the prior knowledge about the distribution of the payoffs has a large variance.
A presente tese concentra-se em aspectos dinâmicos de processos que envolvem coordenação entre agentes em ambientes com interação estratégica. Propomos utilizar os chamados global games para estudar a capacidade de uma Tobin tax elevar a probabilidade de sucesso em um ambiente em que investidores internacionais sujeitos a choques de liquidez precisam coordenar suas decisões de investimento (capítulo 1), e reduzir a vulnerabilidade de uma economia aberta a fluxos internacionais de capitais a sudden stops (capítulo 2). Também, investigamos o problema da aquisição de informação em jogos sequenciais com informação incompleta e complementaridade em ações (capítulo 3). No capítulo 1, agentes estrangeiros decidem se entram ou não em um projeto, cujo sucesso depende em parte da capacidade dos mesmos em coordenarem suas escolhas. Uma fração λ desses investidores é afetada por restrições de liquidez no segundo período do modelo e é forçada a se retirar do projeto ou impedida de entrar, dependendo de suas respectivas escolhas no primeiro período. Agentes não afetados pelo choque de liquidez possuem a opção de reavaliar decisões tomadas no primeiro estágio do jogo. É assumido que a probabilidade de sucesso do projeto de investimento é crescente no volume total de capital que a economia recebe, mas decrescente no volume de capitais que deixa a economia no segundo período. Na ausência de choques de liquidez (λ = 0), o volume de capital que é recebido em um estado pivotal para o sucesso do projeto de investimento independe da existência de um imposto sobre capitais de curto prazo. Como tal imposto sempre desestimula saídas de capitais, uma Tobin tax sempre favorece as chances de sucesso em uma economia em que λ = 0. Contudo, na presença de choques de liquidez, o volume total de investimento que a economia recebe torna-se decrescente em um imposto incidente sobre capitais de curto prazo. Neste caso, uma Tobin tax pode prejudicar as chances do processo de coordenação ser bem sucedido, caso o benefício de reduzir o volume de saída de capitais não seja suficientemente grande. O capítulo 2 estuda os efeitos de uma Tobin tax no mesmo cenário do capítulo 1, porém considera que a extensão da restrição de liquidez a que os agentes podem estar sujeitos é aleatória. Neste modelo, identificamos condições sob as quais uma Tobin tax reduz a probabilidade de se observar um sudden stop e eleva o bem estar no único equilíbrio de uma economia onde a probabilidade de ocorrência de um choque de liquidez é pequena, mas a magnitude de tal choque pode ser significativa. O capítulo final investiga o problema de aquisição de informação em um jogo sequencial com 2 agentes, externalidade informacional e complementaridade em ações. Demonstramos que, quando o custo de aquisição de informação é pequeno relativamente ao incentivo que os agentes possuem para coordenarem suas ações, apenas o primeiro jogador escolhe adquirir novas informações a respeito da distribuição dos payoffs, e o jogador 2 sempre segue a ação escolhida pelo jogador 1. Probabilidade positiva de se observar divergência em ações requer que ambos os jogadores processem informação privadamente, o que tende a ocorrer quando o custo de aquisição de informação é baixo e a distribuição a priori dos payoffs possui variância elevada.
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Ventura, I. Gabarró Guillem. "Security Transaction Taxes and Long-Term Volatility." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia och internationella relationer, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-189993.
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The impact of Security Transaction Taxes (STTs) on the financial market has been studied by authors for decades, showing mixed results between positive, negative, or insignificant relations between STTs and financial volatility. This thesis adds a new approach to previous studies by taking an innovative long-term approach to the topic, analysing the effect of both the New York State STT (1905 – 1981) and the United States STT (1914 – 1966) on volatility in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and NASDAQ as measured by the S&P500 Index. The period of investigation is from 1950 to 2019. This analysis reveals a negative relation between the NY STT and volatility when those are computed in long periods of time, implying that the presence (and increase) of STTs lead to a reduced volatility in the financial market. When breaking the analysis down into shorter periods of time the relationship between STTs and financial volatility proved to be insignificant. At the same time, the US STT is not statistically significant neither in the long-term nor in any of the separated shorter analysed periods. This thesis therefore highlights the relevancy of performing long-term studies rather than short-term ones which has been the focus of previous research.
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Madgwick, Clinton Dean. "The viability of the introduction of Spahn tax in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29016.
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With respect to foreign currency exchange markets, most governments would favour a stable exchange rate over a volatile exchange rate. This is also true for South Africa where volatile movements in the South African Rand pose challenges to industries, businesses and Government alike. There are a multitude of factors that affect the volatility of the South African Rand. These factors are difficult to identify, manage individually and measure. There are several tools that are available to manipulate and control foreign exchange rates in an attempt to reduce volatility; one such tool is the currency transaction tax. Spahn tax is one such form of currency transaction tax. The precursor to Spahn tax is Tobin tax. As a result of many criticisms levelled against Tobin tax, Spahn expanded on this original idea and made a few modifications to address some of the concerns. Spahn focused on creating a two-tier tax base where transactions falling within a normal and reasonable trading range would be taxed at a nominal amount and transactions that fall outside of the band would be taxed at a higher punitive rate. The trading band, or range, would be adjustable though market dynamics on a daily basis using a moving average. No country has implemented Spahn tax yet. The implementation of such a tax would have strong revenue-generating potential. A modification of such a tax with only a punitive rate and a wide trading band could be considered for South Africa. However, in being prudent South Africa does not appear to be in a position to be the first country to implement Spahn tax. There are too many market risks associated with the introduction Spahn tax that cannot be ignored.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
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RAMALHETE, Sara de Castro Gonçalves. "Exploring the relationship between toxin and spore prodution in the human enteric pathogen Clostridium difficile." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19069.
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Clostridium difficile é presentemente a principal causa de doença gastrointestinal associada à utilização de antibióticos em adultos. C. difficile é uma bactéria Gram-positiva, obrigatoriamente anaeróbica, capaz de formar endósporos. Tem-se verificado um aumento dos casos de doença associada a C. difficile com sintomas mais severos, elevadas taxas de morbilidade, mortalidade e recorrência, em parte, devido à emergência de estirpes mais virulentas, mas também devido à má gestão do uso de antibióticos. C. difficile produz duas toxinas, TcdA e TcdB, que são os principais fatores de virulência e responsáveis pelos sintomas da doença. Estas são codificadas a partir do Locus de Patogenicidade (PaLoc) que codifica ainda para um regulador positivo, TcdR, uma holina, TcdE, e um regulador negativo, TcdC. Os esporos resistentes ao oxigénio são essenciais para a transmissão do organismo e recorrência da doença.
A expressão dos genes do PaLoc ocorre em células vegetativas, no final da fase de crescimento exponencial, e em células em esporulação. Neste trabalho construímos dois mutantes de eliminação em fase dos genes tcdR e tcdE. Mostrámos que a auto-regulação do gene tcdR não é significativa. No entanto, tcdR é sempre necessário para a expressão dos genes presentes no PaLoc.
Trabalho anterior mostrou que, com a exceção de tcdC, os demais genes do PaLoc são expressos no pré-esporo. Mostrámos aqui que TcdA é detectada à superfície do esporo maduro e que a eliminação do tcdE não influencia a acumulação de TcdA no meio de cultura ou em associação às células ou ao esporo. Estas observações têm consequências para o nosso entendimento do processo infecioso: sugeremque o esporo possa ser também um veículo para a entrega da toxina nos estágios iniciais da infecção, que TcdA possa ser libertada durante a germinação do esporo, e que o esporo possa utilizar o mesmo receptor reconhecido por TcdA para a ligação à mucosa do cólon.Clostridium difficileis currently the major cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal diseases in adults. This is a Gram-positive bacterium, endospore-forming and an obligate anaerobe that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract.Recent years have seen a rise in C. difficile associated disease (CDAD) cases, associated with more severe disease symptoms, higher rates of morbidity, mortality and recurrence, which were mostly caused due to the emergence of “hypervirulent” strains but also due to changing patterns of antibiotics use. C. difficile produces two potent toxins, TcdA and TcdB, which are the main virulence factors and the responsible for the disease symptoms. These are codified from a Pathogenicity Locus (PaLoc), composed also by the positive regulator, TcdR, the holin-like protein, TcdE, and a negative regulator, TcdC. Besides the toxins, the oxygen-resistant spores are also essential for transmission of the organism through diarrhea; moreover, spores can accumulate in the environment or in the host, which will cause disease recurrence.The expression of the PaLoc genes occurs in vegetative cells, at the end of the exponential growth phase, and in sporulating cells. In this work, we constructed two in-frame deletion mutants of tcdR and tcdE. We showed that the positive auto regulation oftcdR is not significant. However, tcdR is always necessary for the expression of the PaLoc genes.A previous work showed that, except tcdC, all the PaLoc genes are expressed in the forespore. Here, we detected TcdA at the spore surface. Furthermore, we showed that the in-frame deletion of tcdE does not affect the accumulation of TcdA in the culture medium or in association with cells or spores. This data was important for us to conclude about the infeccious process: it suggests that the spore may be the vehicle for the delivery of TcdA in early stages of infection, that TcdA may be released during spores germination and that this spore may use the same receptor recognized by TcdA to bind to the colonic mucosa.
Books on the topic "Taxe Tobin"
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Storch, Olivier. La taxe Tobin: Revue de la pensée magique. Paris: Fondation R. Schuman, 2002.
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Democratizing globalization: The leverage of the Tobin tax. London: Zed Books, 2001.
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Desbos, Clément. La gauche plurielle à l'épreuve de la mondialisation: La campagne d'Attac pour la taxe Tobin. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2007.
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Tokyo (Japan). Shōhishabu. Keikaku Chōseishitsu. Tomin no tame no shoku no anzengaku. Tōkyō: Tōkyō-to Seikatsu Bunkakyoku Shōhishabu Keikaku Chōseishitsu, 1991.
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ill, Dixon Tennessee, ed. The heroine of the Titanic: A tale both true and otherwise of the life of Molly Brown. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1991.
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Jetin, Bruno. La Taxe Tobin et la Solidarité entre les nations. Descartes & Cie, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Taxe Tobin"
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Brock, Gillian. "Tobin Tax." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 1078–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_6.
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Korcheva, Alexandra. "Tobin Tax." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_1028-1.
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Dimand, Robert W. "Taming Speculation: The Tobin Tax." In James Tobin, 113–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137431950_9.
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Rajan, Ramkishen S. "Reconsidering the Tobin Tax." In Emerging Asia, 43–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230306271_8.
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Dowling, Emma. "Strategies for Change: The Tobin Tax." In The Political Economy of New Slavery, 201–16. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403937865_12.
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Brassett, James. "Mutiny or Mirror? Politicizing the Limit/Ethics of the Tobin Tax." In Metaphors of Globalization, 50–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230590687_4.
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Davidson, Paul. "Capital Movements, Tobin Tax, and Permanent Fire Prevention: A Response to DeAngelis." In Interpreting Keynes for the 21st Century, 28–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286559_2.
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Sanyal, Dipyaman. "Effect of Tobin Tax on Trading Decisions in an Experimental Minority Game." In New Economic Windows, 71–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11364-3_6.
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Watson, Matthew. "Currency Market Transactions and the Desire for Progressive Regulation: Capital Mobility and Tobin Tax Avoidance." In The Political Economy of International Capital Mobility, 143–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592667_7.
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Higano, Yoshiro. "Introduction: Real Estate Tax System and Real Estate Market in Japan." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 115–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_8.
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AbstractThis introduction summarizes chapters of Part II. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_9, Yamamoto (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:88–96, 2018) has compared between the street method, the asset valuation adopted for the imposition of property tax in Japan, and the computer-assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) method generally adopted in North America focusing on education and training of valuators. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_10, Yamazaki (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:97–101, 2018) argues that one of the major causes for relatively low density use of land in the city in Japan is the land tax system. He focuses on property tax and examines defects of the tax from view of economist. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_11, Kobayashi (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:129–138, 2018), taking an actual example, has examined difference between precise legal interpretation of ‘exemption from real estate acquisition tax due to purpose of use’ and taxation practices conducted by local administrative bodies. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_12, Shirakawa and Okoshi (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:88–96, 2017) have shown that the real estate companies were committed to transactions as dual agencies to whatsoever degree, and analyzed attributes of real estate brokerage companies which are able to be dual agencies and how such dual agency affects contract price.In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_13, Ueno (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:97–105, 2017) has analyzed impacts of the macroeconomic conditions on the land price gradient curves which are estimated using real estate data of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area in 1970, 1976, 1985, 1988, 1994, 2008, 2010, and 2016. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_14, Komatsu (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:110–118, 2017) has analyzed impacts that refurbishment of existing apartment has on possible increase in rent using the multinomial probit model and the Tobit model. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_15, Hanazato (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:119–128, 2017) has shown that around 90% of condominium reconstruction cases are predictable using the estimated discriminant function in terms of objective real estate data only. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_16, Ota et al. (Jpn J Real Estate Sci 31:109–119, 2018) have analyzed determinants of rent for rental house, office, and shop within 10-min walking distance from Shibuya Station in Tokyo. Multiple regression analyses are conducted and have shown that space syntax (SS) measures (Hillier and Hanson, The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984) significantly affect rent as well as conventional location attributes.
Conference papers on the topic "Taxe Tobin"
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"A Theoretical Analysis of Tobin Taxes and Real Estate Price Bubbles." In 2005 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2005. ERES, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2005_359.
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Öztürk, Rahime Hülya, Zeynep Karaçor, and Perihan Hazel Er. "Tobin Tax in Reducing the Negative Effects of Capital Controls and Short Termed Capital Movements." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00883.
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The phenomenon liberalization, with the influence of Bretton Woods system that collapsed, following 1970 Oil Shock, first began with the efforts to search for the markets to value the investments of these countries in the developed countries. When arrived to 1980s, the developed countries, squeezed under the debt load accompanying the insufficient capital accumulation and low saving rates, in order to provide the desired capital figures, needed the foreign resources and, in this point, liberalization process of capital gained importance In realizing the growth and developmental targets of country economies, their integrating to liberalization process have a great importance. That the developing counties integrate to the system without the necessary arrangement in their financial structures made an effect in the direction of disturbing the stability of country economies, particularly in short termed capital inflows. As much as the problem created by the speculative capital inflow, the immediate outflow of this capital, disordering the balance of country economies, also caused crises. For maiming the negative influences of short termed capital, capital controls are emphasized. Just as these controls can have the various application ways, the most emphasized and discussed application was Tobin tax. Even though there are the various disagreements in the direction of whether or not Tobin tax affected the capital inflows, the examples of Malaysia and Chili gave the successful results.
Reports on the topic "Taxe Tobin"
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Deng, Yongheng, Xin Liu, and Shang-Jin Wei. One Fundamental and Two Taxes: When Does a Tobin Tax Reduce Financial Price Volatility? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19974.
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Frankel, Jeffrey. How Well do Foreign Exchange Markets Function: Might a Tobin Tax Help? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5422.
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Cairo, Jessica, Iulia Gherman, and Paul Cook. The effects of consumer freezing of food on its use-by date. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ret874.
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The current Food Standards Agency consumer guidance states that consumers can freeze pre-packed food right up to the “use-by” date and, once food has been defrosted, it should be consumed within 24 hours. This strategic review has collated relevant data to determine whether there is an increased risk in relation to freezing ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods on the use-by date compared to the day before the use-by date. The review has focused on how the shelf-life of a food is determined and the effects of freezing, thawing and refrigeration on foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. In the UK, food business operators are responsible for setting the safe shelf-life of a food which, in practice, should take into consideration the consumer habits, as well as the factors affecting shelf-life, such as food product characteristics, food processing techniques, transport, retail and domestic food storage temperatures, and type of packaging. Some countries, such as Ireland, New Zealand and Canada specifically recommend including safety margins within shelf lives. This is used to maintain brand integrity because it ensures that the food is consumed in its optimum condition. The FSA has collaborated with other organisations in the production of several guidance documents; however, there is no explicit requirement for the consideration of a margin of safety when setting shelf-life. There is also no legal requirement in the UK to consider a safety margin when setting shelf-life. According to regulations, pathogens should not be present in sufficient levels to cause foodborne illness on the use-by date, as food should still be safe to eat on that day. Given that these requirements are met, the risk assessed in this report arises from the processes of freezing, thawing and subsequent refrigerated storage for a further 24 hours, and the potential for these to increase pathogen levels. In this review, it was found that there is a risk of additional growth of certain pathogens during the refrigerated storage period although the impact of freezing and thawing on the extent of this growth was not readily evident. This risk would relate specifically to ready-to-eat foods as cooking of non-ready-to-eat foods after defrosting would eliminate pathogens. This report explores the potential issues related to consumer freezing on the use-by date and identifies additional information or research required to understand the risks involved. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest a significant change in risk between consumers freezing ready-to-eat food on the use-by date compared to freezing the food on the day before the use-by date. Specific areas that merit further research include the risks due to low temperature survival and growth of L. monocytogenes. There is also a lack of research on the effects of freezing, defrosting and refrigeration on the growth and toxin production of non-proteolytic C. botulinum, and the growth of Salmonella during domestic freezing and thawing. Finally, more information on how food business operators set shelf-life would enable a better understanding of the process and the extent of the safety margin when determining shelf-life of ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods.