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Academic literature on the topic 'Taxation, United States, 1920'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Taxation, United States, 1920"

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Avi-Yonah, Reuven, and Mohanad Salaimi. "Article: Minimum Taxation in the United States in the Context of GloBE." Intertax 50, Issue 10 (August 1, 2022): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2022067.

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The introduction of the minimum tax in Pillar II of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)/G20/Inclusive Forum(IF) framework was generally seen as a response to the US Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017. The TCJA included both a minimum tax on outbound income (the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, or ‘GILTI’) and a minimum tax on inbound income (the Base Erosion Anti-Avoidance Tax, or ‘BEAT’). These were seen as the precursors to the Income Inclusion Rule (IIR) and the Under Tax Payments Rule (UTPR). Thus, unlike Pillar I which was perceived as a device to impose more tax on the US digital giants, Pillar II was seen as more consistent with US tax policy. This story is true to some extent, but the relationship between the US and Pillar II is more complicated. Pillar II was the culmination of years of efforts to implement the single tax principle (STP), which has its origins in the 1920s but was not the guiding principle of US tax policy for a long period before the TCJA. Moreover, the TCJA does not fully implement Pillar II, and it is unclear whether the US can in fact do so. In this article, the authors first discuss the relationship between the TCJA and Pillar II, then the possible US responses to Pillar II, and finally what would happen if the US does not implement Pillar II. In general, if Pillar II is not implemented in the US, the tax consequences are likely to be increased double taxation as well as a shift in revenues from the US to foreign jurisdictions. GloBE, pillar 2, TCJA
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Tsai, Yi-Chan, C. C. Yang, and Hsin-Jung Yu. "Rising skill premium and the dynamics of optimal capital and labor taxation." Quantitative Economics 13, no. 3 (2022): 1061–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1326.

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With capital‐skill complementarity, the secular decline in the price of capital equipment due to equipment‐specific technological progress (ESTP) keeps pushing up the demand for skilled relative to unskilled labor and raising the skill premium. This paper quantitatively characterizes the dynamics of optimal taxation in response. Two main results emerge, regardless of whether the Ramsey (1927) or the Mirrlees (1971) approach is adopted. First, a tax on capital equipment corrects the “pecuniary externalities” caused by ESTP. The correction prescribes a downward or an upward adjustment of tax rates over time, depending on whether ESTP takes place at an accelerated or a decelerated pace. Second, both Ramsey and Mirrlees approaches prescribe an increasing marginal tax rate on labor income over time. Interestingly, we find that the prescribed pattern of optimal taxation resembles the empirical decline in capital taxes and the increase in labor taxes observed in the United States. In particular, despite the significant rise in the skill premium, the welfare gains of tax reform toward optimal Ramsey taxes are modest and small.
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Rasler, Karen A., and William R. Thompson. "War Making and State Making: Governmental Expenditures, Tax Revenues, and Global Wars." American Political Science Review 79, no. 2 (June 1985): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956662.

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Addressing the disputed relationship between war and the expansion of governmental expenditures and revenues, Box-Tiao intervention models are applied to a number of British (1700-1980), United States (1792-1980), French (1815-1979), and Japanese (1878-1980) spending and taxation series. Distinguishing between global and interstate wars, the more intensive and extensive bouts of warfare (global wars) tend to bring about abrupt, permanent impacts in contrast to the temporary changes associated with most interstate wars. The observed displacements are reflected in both war-related and nonwar-related types of expenditure and are also observed before 1900. Although our findings are not universally applicable and are subject to various other qualifications, they may be interpreted, in general, as reinforcing the need for an appreciation of the persistent centrality of war, especially global war, in the discontinuous growth and expansion of the modern state.
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G. Gribov, Pavel, Andrey L. Lomakin, Marina Ya. Kurganskaya, and Maria Z. Kumelashvili. "The Influence of National Economy Specifics on the Interaction between Universities and Corporations in the Field of Innovation." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 9 (April 5, 2022): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.54.

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Questions of the influence of national economy features on innovation activity do not lose their relevance at the beginning of the XXI century. In different countries of the world, new approaches to stimulating innovation are emerging that take into account the peculiarities of national economies. However, the main problem of such activities remains the speed of movement of new technologies from universities to corporations and the further creation of new products and technologies. The number of patents obtained by various organizations is becoming one of the main indicators of the development of the national economy. It is noted that the relationship between research costs and the number of patents obtained is not as linear as it seems in theory. The practical implementation of diffuse processes in an innovative environment also does not have a linear dependence on the "investment – result". The use of statistical analysis methods allowed us to identify the facts that signal that the model of stimulating innovation activity, formed in the 1980s of the XX century, is losing its advantages. The article examines in detail the progress of higher education reform in the EU countries and identifies the key features of combining scientific organizations to create large multidisciplinary research centers. The authors conclude that the experience of such a reform in France is very interesting to study in Russia. It is noted that since the 2000s. in the United States and the European Union, questions are raised about the revision of the University tax system, as well as changes in the legal status of educational organizations. Similar trends occur in Russia, however, due to historical and social processes, they have their specifics. According to the authors, the regulation of taxation of scientific activities leads to the formation of unique elements of the economic mechanism for stimulating innovation.
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CHRISTIANS, ALLISON, SAMUEL A. DONALDSON, PHILIP F. POSTLEWAITE, and Cynthia Blum. "United States International Taxation." Journal of the American Taxation Association 32, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2010.32.2.93.

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Anderson, John E. "Casino Taxation in the United States." National Tax Journal 58, no. 2 (June 2005): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2005.2.09.

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N. Wolff, Edward. "Wealth taxation in the United States." Public Sector Economics 44, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3326/pse.44.2.1.

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Miller, Richard G. "Pivotal Decades: The United States, 1900–1920." History: Reviews of New Books 19, no. 3 (January 1991): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949232.

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YAN, Yunfeng, Ran WANG, and Qingwen FAN. "Comparison of Environmental Tax Systems of China and the United States and the Enlightenments." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 07, no. 03 (September 2019): 1950008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748119500088.

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Environmental taxes are an important means of achieving green development. By referring to the statistical coverage of environmental taxes by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this paper analyzed the scale, changing tendency, income structure and stringency of environmental taxes in China and the United States, and compared the basic environmental taxation elements of the two countries. The findings show that in terms of absolute amount, China’s environmental tax revenues were much higher than those of the United States; in terms of relative amount, the proportions of environmental taxes in China’s tax revenue and in GDP also surpassed those of the United States. Besides, in 2010, the Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) Index in China also exceeded that of the United States, indicating that China’s taxation frame has been further developed towards a greener one; but China’s environmental taxation still faces problems such as improper tax system and imperfect design of taxation elements. The authors suggest that it is necessary to deepen the reform of the top-level design of environmental taxes, scientifically determine taxation elements and taxation structure, and establish an extensive environmental taxation system.
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Kaye, Tracy. "Taxation and Development Incentives in the United States." American Journal of Comparative Law 62, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 617–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5131/ajcl.2013.0038.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Taxation, United States, 1920"

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Mikhalkina, Ekaterina. "Taxation in the United States." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114465.

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The content of this thesis is the evaluation of the United States' tax system. The paper describes particular taxes, its influence on the government budget and the tax policy in the states. The work includes an international comparison of various tax systems among OECD countries, Japan and the U.S. The first part observes general economic indicators of the U.S. The second part describes the historical development of particular taxes since the U.S. Declaration of Independence. The third part is dedicated to tax legislation, description of main taxes, its structures and concepts where all taxes are divided for the simplicity into direct, indirect, property and others taxes. The next part reflects framework for tax analysis. And the last part of the thesis consists of basic comparison between the United States, Japan and OECD counties. The analysis in the last chapter is applicable for the last decade. The conclusion presents main results of analysis and description performed in the work.
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Sobieralski, Joseph Bernard. "TAXATION OF UNITED STATES GENERAL AVIATION." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/502.

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General aviation in the United States has been an important part of the economy and American life. General aviation is defined as all flying excluding military and scheduled airline operations, and is utilized in many areas of our society. The majority of aircraft operations and airports in the United States are categorized as general aviation, and general aviation contributes more than one percent to the United States gross domestic product each year. Despite the many benefits of general aviation, the lead emissions from aviation gasoline consumption are of great concern. General aviation emits over half the lead emissions in the United States or over 630 tons in 2005. The other significant negative externality attributed to general aviation usage is aircraft accidents. General aviation accidents have caused over 8000 fatalities over the period 1994 - 2006. A recent Federal Aviation Administration proposed increase in the aviation gasoline tax from 19.4 to 70.1 cents per gallon has renewed interest in better understanding the implications of such a tax increase as well as the possible optimal rate of taxation. Few studies have examined aviation fuel elasticities and all have failed to study general aviation fuel elasticities. Chapter one fills that gap and examines the elasticity of aviation gasoline consumption in United States general aviation. Utilizing aggregate time series and dynamic panel data, the price and income elasticities of demand are estimated. The price elasticity of demand for aviation gasoline is estimated to range from -0.093 to -0.185 in the short-run and from -0.132 to -0.303 in the long-run. These results prove to be similar in magnitude to automobile gasoline elasticities and therefore tax policies could more closely mirror those of automobile tax policies. The second chapter examines the costs associated with general aviation accidents. Given the large number of general aviation operations as well as the large number of fatalities and injuries attributed to general aviation accidents in the United States, understanding the costs to society is of great importance. This chapter estimates the direct and indirect costs associated with general aviation accidents in the United States. The indirect costs are estimated via the human capital approach in addition to the willingness-to-pay approach. The average annual accident costs attributed to general aviation are found to be $2.32 billion and $3.81 billion (2006 US$) utilizing the human capital approach and willingness-to-pay approach, respectively. These values appear to be fairly robust when subjected to a sensitivity analysis. These costs highlight the large societal benefits from accident and fatality reduction. The final chapter derives a second-best optimal aviation gasoline tax developed from previous general equilibrium frameworks. This optimal tax reflects both the lead pollution and accident externalities, as well as the balance between excise taxes and labor taxes to finance government spending. The calculated optimal tax rate is $4.07 per gallon, which is over 20 times greater than the current tax rate and 5 times greater than the Federal Aviation Administration proposed tax rate. The calculated optimal tax rate is also over 3 times greater than automobile gasoline optimal tax rates calculated by previous studies. The Pigovian component is $1.36, and we observe that the accident externality is taxed more severely than the pollution externality. The largest component of the optimal tax rate is the Ramsey component. At $2.70, the Ramsey component reflects the ability of the government to raise revenue aviation gasoline which is price inelastic. The calculated optimal tax is estimated to reduce lead emissions by over 10 percent and reduce accidents by 20 percent. Although unlikely to be adopted by policy makers, the optimal tax benefits are apparent and it sheds light on the need to reduce these negative externalities via policy changes.
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Downing, Jennifer. "Tax Evasion: the underlying problem in united states taxation /." Staten Island, N.Y. : [s.n.], 2006. http://library.wagner.edu/theses/business/2006/thesis_bus_2006_downi_tax.pdf.

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Connors, Maureen E. "Vox populi the classical idiom in early American public opinion articles, 1789-1791 /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3224.

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Thesis (M.A,)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 116. Thesis director: Rosemarie Zagarri. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Aug. 28, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-115). Also issued in print.
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Carr, Nicholas David. "Romanticism and modernity in American historical narrative, 1830-1920." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610633.

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Connerley, Jennifer Maffly-Kipp Laurie F. "Friendly Americans representing Quakers in the United States, 1850-1920 /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,76.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies." Discipline: Religious Studies; Department/School: Religious Studies.
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Hassett, Matthew. "Consolidating empire : the United States in Latin America, 1865-1920 /." Electronic version (PDF), 2007. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2007-3/hassettm/matthewhassett.pdf.

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Osman, Michael. "Regulation, architecture and modernism in the United States, 1890-1920." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45939.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-256).
This dissertation examines the modernization of the United States through a group of regulatory techniques and institutions that emerged in the early twentieth century. In this period, conceptions of power based on laissez-faire capitalism were giving way to systems of governance that aimed to control the economies of the home, market, nature and labor. Methods of avoiding, delaying, and constraining the uncertainties resulting from the massive economic development of the nation established a new approach to securing its future through the regulation of risk. While predictability and efficiency are often invoked as core principles of modernism, these were in fact ideologies that gained their force through these earlier attempts to manage and forestall risk. The dissertation identifies four cases in which technology and architecture served as critical instruments for the implementation of regulation in the modern interior. The application of thermostatic control of heat for domestic architecture established a norm for room temperature that, through the home economics movement, became a hygienic standard for the modern American home. In cold storage facilities, mechanical refrigeration technologies were employed to regulate the longevity of perishable food. By extending the life of produce, these warehouses served as control centers for distributing the nation's food supply and regulating the futures market that determined their prices.
(cont.) Even more dramatic manipulations of the environment were enacted in ecological laboratories. Packed with control systems, these structures played a crucial role in the development of research that explored the governing dynamics of the economy of nature; they sought to connect the life of organisms to fluctuations in their surrounding environment. In factories, plant owners hired engineers to install production control systems to regulate the relations between machines, men and the market. The techniques devised by these mangers sought to make industry both responsive and resistant to unstable and often unpredictable fluctuations in demand.
by Michael Osman.
Ph.D.
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Alonso, Kathleen. "Pioneering the Sky| Air Mail in Nebraska, 1920-1941." Thesis, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1542260.

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The development of commercial aviation was a defining characteristic of the post-World War I era. The Post Office played a key role in that process by using warplanes and war-trained aviators to initiate the Air Mail Service in 1918. By 1920, a transcontinental air mail route spanned the nation from New York to San Francisco. Over the ensuing years, the continuing expansion of the nation's air mail network was a pivotal catalytic force in the development of a wide array of new aviation technologies, including aircraft design improvements, enhanced navigational and communication systems, and mechanisms for night-flying capabilities.

In close collaboration with the Air Mail Service, cities and towns throughout Nebraska made significant contributions to all of these developments during the 1920s and 30s. Omaha and North Platte built airfields that became key stops along the original transcontinental air mail route, while Grand Island and Lincoln would be added to the network in subsequent years. And throughout this period, smaller towns and villages, and thousands of rural Nebraska residents, expressed their enthusiastic support for aviation in countless ways, reflected most notably by the dozens of farm families who assisted pilots who were forced to make emergency landings in fields and pastures scattered around the state.

Nebraska also proved to be an ideal proving ground for the new Air Mail Service. The state's low population density, relatively level terrain, and access to the broad and familiar Platte River valley bisecting the Great Plains made it attractive for experimentation with all sorts of new developments in aviation during this period, particularly in the realm of night flying capabilities and enhanced radio transmissions. Nebraska's connections to the Air Mail Service were further solidified when the nation celebrated National Air Mail Week in 1938. Dozens of towns across Nebraska participated enthusiastically in the week-long commemoration of the service's 20th anniversary, making the event a fitting tribute to the early airborne pioneers who established the aerial transportation system that we take for granted today.

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Houpt, David W. ""Mysteries in politiks" the second Congressional elections in the districts of Worcester and Maine /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4532.

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Thesis (M.A.)--George Mason University, 2009.
Vita: p. 150. Thesis director: Rosemarie Zagarri. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-149). Also issued in print.
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Books on the topic "Taxation, United States, 1920"

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Alyne Queener Massey Law Library. and American Bar Association. Section of Taxation., eds. Tax policy in the United States: A selective bibliography with annotations, 1960-84. Nashville, Tenn: Alyne Queener Massey Law Library, Vanderbilt University, 1985.

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Higgens-Evenson, R. Rudy. The price of progress: Public services, taxation, and the American corporate state, 1877 to 1929. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.

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Zelizer, Julian E. Taxing America: Wilbur D. Mills, Congress, and the state, 1945-1975. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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1946-, Raad C. van, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., United Nations, and United States. Dept. of the Treasury., eds. Model income tax treaties: A comparative presentation of the texts of the model double taxation conventions on income and capital of the OECD (1963 and 1977), United Nations (1980), and United States (1981). 2nd ed. Deventer, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1990.

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Bagby, Meredith E. Annual report of the United States of America, 1998: What every citizen should know about the REAL state of the nation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

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Latvia. U.S. and Republic of Latvia fishing agreement: Message from the President of the United States transmitting an agreement between the government of the United States of America and the government of the Republic of Latvia extending the agreement of April 8, 1993, concerning fisheries off the coasts of the United States, with annex, as extended, pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1823(a). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Latvia. U.S. and Republic of Latvia fishing agreement: Message from the President of the United States transmitting an agreement between the government of the United States of America and the government of the Republic of Latvia extending the agreement of April 8, 1993, concerning fisheries off the coasts of the United States, with annex, as extended, pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1823(a). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Latvia. U.S. and Republic of Latvia fishing agreement: Message from the President of the United States transmitting an agreement between the government of the United States of America and the government of the Republic of Latvia extending the agreement of April 8, 1993, concerning fisheries off the coasts of the United States, with annex, as extended, pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1823(a). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Latvia. U.S. and Republic of Latvia fishing agreement: Message from the President of the United States transmitting an agreement between the government of the United States of America and the government of the Republic of Latvia extending the agreement of April 8, 1993, concerning fisheries off the coasts of the United States, with annex, as extended, pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1823(a). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Latvia. U.S. and Republic of Latvia fishing agreement: Message from the President of the United States transmitting an agreement between the government of the United States of America and the government of the Republic of Latvia extending the agreement of April 8, 1993, concerning fisheries off the coasts of the United States, with annex, as extended, pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1823(a). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Taxation, United States, 1920"

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Samuel, Lawrence R. "E Pluribus Unum (1920–1939)." In Diversity in the United States, 12–33. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003376118-2.

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Burns, Adam. "Introduction." In The United States, 1865–1920, 3–6. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-1.

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Burns, Adam. "Wilson and the Great War." In The United States, 1865–1920, 109–21. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-10.

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Burns, Adam. "Conclusion." In The United States, 1865–1920, 122–24. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-11.

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Burns, Adam. "Reconstructing a nation." In The United States, 1865–1920, 7–18. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-2.

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Burns, Adam. "The road to redemption." In The United States, 1865–1920, 19–31. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-3.

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Burns, Adam. "The course of westward expansion." In The United States, 1865–1920, 32–44. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-4.

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Burns, Adam. "Party politics in the Gilded Age." In The United States, 1865–1920, 45–58. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-5.

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Burns, Adam. "Robber barons and Knights of Labor." In The United States, 1865–1920, 59–70. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-6.

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Burns, Adam. "The United States and the world." In The United States, 1865–1920, 71–83. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351057875-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Taxation, United States, 1920"

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Ward, Burke T., Janice C. Sipior, Wayne G. Bremser, and David B. McGinty. "A comparison of United States and European union taxation of e-commerce." In the 8th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1151454.1151511.

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Li Ying. "Study on incentive taxation policies for technology innovation — Based on comparison with China and the United States." In 2011 International Conference on Business Management and Electronic Information (BMEI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbmei.2011.5920446.

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Velarde Aramayo, Silvia. "TAXATION ARISING FROM DIGITALISATION: ISSUES AT STAKE." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.113.

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The OECD is leading global efforts to reach an international consensus around the BEPS Project with the G20 support. Action 1 works on the tax challenges of the digital economy and its proposals have been made with the «inclusive framework» participation that brings together more than 137 countries. The article focuses on the legitimacy, operation, and consequences of all this work for developing countries that, according to estimates of the UNCTAD, lost annually U$100 billion due to tax avoidance schemes by MNEs. The OECD/G20 inclusive framework is designing a new global tax structure and its proposals attempt to introduce new rules on taxing rights allocation and distribution. At the same time, some countries have adopted unilateral measures in order to tax some digital businesses. Finally, the European Union Countries continue to delay the adoption of the CCCTB and DST Directive proposals, and the United States has introduced the GILTI legislation that seeks to tax the global intangible income. Everything seems to indicate that in the next years the international tax architecture will be changed in deep.
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Gesell, Greg, Karl Fryklind, and Brian Spott. "Case Study of WTE and Gasification." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1920.

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Great interest surrounds new technologies that are being offered as alternatives to conventional combustion of waste. Developers have identified the benefits of emerging technologies over existing technologies. In the years since many of today’s existing waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities were built in the United States, the technology required to process waste has improved dramatically in both environmental and operational performance. This technical paper presents a hypothetical study comparison of a generic WTE plant with plasma-arc gasification or other gasification technology. The case study represents a greenfield facility that would process 1000 TPD of MSW in two trains of 500 TPD each. The comparison includes the following elements: 1. General physical description of the facilities; 2. Emissions performance; 3. Byproduct and waste generation; and 4. Energy production. The comparison also discusses differential capital and operating costs, but does not attempt to establish these costs or compare economic feasibility.
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Konev, Kirill. "Constructing the Image of the Entente and the United States in the Bolshevik and Anti-Bolshevik Periodicals (1918–1920): A Comparative Analysis." In Communication and Cultural Studies: History and Modernity. Novosibirsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1280-2-82-88.

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Scheaffer, Richard. "Statistics: A Motion for Secondary School Mathematics." In Proceedings of the First Scientific Meeting of the IASE. International Association for Statistical Education, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.93107.

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The notion that data collection and analysis should be an integral part of the secondary mathematics curriculum in the United States has enjoyed an ongoing debate since at lease the early part of this century. it was suggested by some around the time that Walter Shewhart introduced the control chart for quality improvement in the 1920's and was still being suggested by many in the years following World War II. At that time, one of those proposing that data analysis skills are essential requirements for all students was W. Edwards Deming who, of course, went on to become famous fro his wire in process improvement. This practical side of mathematics education lost momentum in the 1960's with the advent of the so-called "new math" movement, which emphasize formal mathematical structure and logic.
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Krimmel, Jeffrey J., and Jacqueline A. Sokol. "Paradigm Shift: A Move Toward Renewable Energies." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ts-23413.

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Abstract With the recent realization that the United States will be unable to meet regulations set forth at the Kyoto Climate Conference and the excessive burden the energy shortage in California has placed on the southwestern portion of United States, U.S. companies are beginning to look for alternative means of energy production. Broad-based carbon taxes are among the most promising and important of the new tools for achieving reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the use of alternative energy resources. Many private sector entities are shifting vast amounts of resources to the research and development of alternative means of energy production, but these efforts are futile without a far-reaching governmental initiative to reach the same ends. With other global powers, including Japan and many European nations, producing inquiries into the benefits attained through greenhouse gas taxation, the United States is in a pivotal position to take the lead in efforts toward global sustainable development. A carbon tax, phased in gradually sector-by-sector or implemented in an immediate fashion, would promote more environmentally friendly means of energy production while not hampering the competitiveness of one of the nation’s most important industries. This initiative would send a clear signal to all levels of corporate management that energy production and consumption issues must be addressed in order to continue thriving in a greener U.S. economy. The boom in alternative energy resources will trigger an increase in the development of new technologies and research opportunities, which would require more highly trained mechanical engineers in the workforce. This paper will briefly discuss several carbon tax alternatives. Such a tax would allow the United States to realize three significant advantages not offered by today’s antiquated means of energy production: (1) generating a larger amount of total revenue from a smaller total tax burden, (2) evenly affecting the competitiveness of the residential, industrial, and commercial economic sectors so as not to punish any one disproportionately, and (3) promoting enhanced environmental quality through the increased research and use of renewable and other alternative energies. Mechanical engineers have an extremely important role in the growth of the alternative fuel industry, while the industry itself would have a major impact on many of the important decisions that will shape our futures.
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Mameli, Maddalena. "Le Corbusier and the American Modulor." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.984.

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Abstract: The definition of the Modulor as a set of measurements obtained through “universal” rules for composition of the new architecture has a long and complex development, stemming from a combination of studies in architecture, geometry and mathematics, but also from approximation and intuition. The process began in Paris in 1920, was completed in 1946 in New York and its results were published in an autobiographical vein in 1950 in the book entitled Le Modulor completed in 1955 by the book Le Modulor II. In his trip to New York in 1946 as French delegate for the project of the United Nations’ headquarters, his urgency to define the Modulor responded to an immediate need: to create a simple tool and a compositional principle to be applied to the United States’ building programme and to UN reconstruction and recovery programs. Unfortunately Le Corbusier did not manage to find a patron in America. He was unable to apply the Modulor in the USA. Not so in Europe, where work started on building the Unités d’habitation in Marseilles. Resumen: La definición del Modulor como un conjunto de medidas obtenidas a través de reglas "universales" para la composición de la nueva arquitectura tiene un largo y complejo desarrollo, derivada de una combinación de estudios de arquitectura, geometría y matemáticas, sino también de aproximación y intuición. El proceso comenzó en París en 1920, se completó en 1946 en Nueva York y sus resultados se publicaron en el libro titulado Le Modulor completado en 1955 por el libro Le Modulor II. En su viaje a Nueva York en 1946 como delegado francés para el proyecto de la sede para las Naciones Unidas, la urgencia de definir el Modulor respondió a una necesidad inmediata: para crear una instrumento fàcil y un principio compositivo que se aplicará al programa de construcción de los Estados Unidos y para los programas de reconstrucción de la ONU. Desafortunadamente Le Corbusier no encontró un patrón en América. No fue capaz de aplicar el Modulor en los EE.UU.. No es así en Europa, donde comenzó a trabajar en la construcción de la Unités d'habitation de Marsella. Keywords: New York; UN Headquarter; Modulor; USA. Palabras clave: New York; Naciones Unidas; Modulor; USA. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.984
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SIMONE, Pierluigi. "THE RECASTING OF THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC DEBT AND THE ABOLITION OF THE CAPITULATIONS REGIME IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ACTION OF TURKEY LED BY MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.64.

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The recast of the international debt contracted by the former Ottoman Empire and the overcoming of the capitulations regime that had afflicted Turkey for centuries, are two of the most relevant sectors in which the political and diplomatic action promoted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk has been expressed. Extremely relevant in this regard are the different disciplines established, respectively, by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 and then by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. After the Ottoman Government defaulted in 1875, an agreement (the Decree of Muharrem) was concluded in 1881 between the Ottoman Government and representatives of its foreign and domestic creditors for the resumption of payments on Ottoman bonds, and a European control of a part of the Imperial revenues was instituted through the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire was burdened by capitulations, conferring rights and privileges in favour of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman lands, following the policy towards European States of the Byzantine Empire. According to these capitulations, traders entering the Ottoman Empire were exempt from local prosecution, local taxation, local conscription, and the searching of their domicile. The capitulations were initially made during the Ottoman Empire’s military dominance, to entice and encourage commercial exchanges with Western merchants. However, after dominance shifted to Europe, significant economic and political advantages were granted to the European Powers by the Ottoman Empire. Both regimes, substantially maintained by the Treaty of Sèvres, were considered unacceptable by the Nationalist Movement led by Mustafa Kemal and therefore became the subject of negotiations during the Conference of Lausanne. The definitive overcoming of both of them, therefore represents one of the most evident examples of the reacquisition of the full sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey.
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Maloney, Kenneth J., David M. Bourg, Kenneth F. Humphreys, and Christopher M. Townsend. "An Analysis of Alternatives for the Development of Jones Act Compliant Windfarm Construction Vessel Fleets." In ASME 2018 1st International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2018-1021.

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The typical offshore wind turbine generator (WTG) currently being installed worldwide produces 6 to 8 megawatts of electrical power and stands more than 100 meters above the ocean surface. The next generation turbines will produce 12 megawatts or more. In the summer of 2016 five of these turbines were installed in the coastal waters of Rhode Island. They are representative of the latest in a constantly evolving series of WTGs. As manufacturers continue to develop more powerful turbines, larger and larger specialized vessels will be needed to lift the components at assembly sites offshore. The process these vessels use to build America’s offshore windfarms will need to be different from the approach normally used at sites outside the U.S. This is due in part to regulatory restrictions imposed by the Merchant Marine Act of 1920, which is more commonly known as the Jones Act. As it pertains to offshore windfarm construction, the Jones Act prohibits foreign-flagged vessels, (vessels built outside the United States) from moving cargo between two U.S. ports. Under the law, an offshore windfarm within territorial waters is considered a U.S. port. Therefore, employing a foreign built windfarm construction vessel to transport components from a nearby port to the construction site, as it typically does, violates the Jones Act. Although the Jones Act might appear to be a deterrent to the development of offshore wind in the U.S., it is not. The developers of the Rhode Island’s Block Island Wind Farm (BIWF) used a combination of U.S. and foreign-flagged vessels to construct BIWF, while remaining in compliance with the law. This paper reviews the approach used at Block Island and discusses how it can be applied to future projects. An analysis of alternatives for various vessel fleet combinations that can be used for this purpose is provided. The analysis is based on results produced by a throughput and scheduling model developed by the authors. The model leverages the experience gained during the construction of BIWF, and was validated with data collected during the project. The alternatives include scenarios utilizing existing vessels modified for windfarm construction service, foreign-flagged windfarm construction vessels, and new vessels specifically built for the U.S. market. The paper concludes with a review of the relative efficiencies of various fleet configurations while undertaking the construction of a notional windfarm located off the East Coast of the U.S.
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Reports on the topic "Taxation, United States, 1920"

1

Fullerton, Don, and Marios Karayannis. The Taxation of Income from Capital in the United States, 1980-86. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2478.

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Wolff, Edward. Wealth Taxation in the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26544.

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Haines, Michael. "The Population of the United States, 1790-1920". Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/h0056.

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Dray, Sacha, Camille Landais, and Stefanie Stantcheva. Wealth and Property Taxation in the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31080.

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Clarke, Conor, and Wojciech Kopczuk. Business Income and Business Taxation in the United States Since the 1950s. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22778.

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Cummins, Jason. Taxation and the Sources of Growth: Estimates from United States Multinational Corporations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6533.

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Lamoreaux, Naomi, and Kenneth Sokoloff. Inventive Activity and the Market for Technology in the United States, 1840-1920. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7107.

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Auerbach, Alan, and Kevin Hassett. Taxation and Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: A Reconsideration of the Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3895.

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Taylor, Alan, and Janine L. Wilson. International Trade and Finance under the Two Hegemons: Complementaries in the United Kingdom 1870-1913 and the United States 1920-30. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12543.

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Kim, Sukkoo. Immigration, Industrial Revolution and Urban Growth in the United States, 1820-1920: Factor Endowments, Technology and Geography. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12900.

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