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1
Barake, Mona. "Essays on tax havens and tax avoidance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E061.
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Cette thèse contribue à la littérature en économie financière et en économie publique, plus spécifiquement la recherche sur les paradis fiscaux, l'évasion fiscale et la planification fiscale. Le premier chapitre est une revue de la littérature sur les principales études portant sur les paradis fiscaux, leurs définitions, rôles et conséquences. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les caractéristiques des paradis fiscaux. Une nouvelle liste est utilisée et contient les pays qui figurent dans les récentes fuites des Panama et Paradise Papers. En utilisant le modèle logit, les caractéristiques des paradis fiscaux sont explorées. Les résultats montrent que la bonne gouvernance est un facteur important qui caractérise les paradis fiscaux. Ces territoires semblent avoir une voix internationale (poids du pays) très basse ou très élevée. En comparant avec d'autres listes de paradis fiscaux, on peut montrer que la plupart des listes existantes sont biaisées. Le troisième chapitre identifie le transfert de bénéfices des plus grandes banques européennes. A partir de 2014, les institutions financières ont commencé à divulguer leurs activités pays par pays, conformément à la directive européenne CRD TV. En utilisant un échantillon de 2013 à 2019, je trouve que les bénéfices des banques sont sensibles au taux d'imposition, ce qui suggère que les banques réduisent leur fardeau fiscal via leurs filiales. Le transfert de bénéfices est estimé en utilisant deux approches : les différences entre les taux d'imposition des pays et les différences entre la rentabilité par employé. Selon la méthode utilisée, les banques européennes arrivent à transférer environ 7 â 14% de leurs bénéfices à l'étranger en 2017. Enfin, le dernier chapitre étudie la relation entre la Responsabilité Sociétale de !'Entreprise (RSE) et son agressivité fiscale. On utilise un échantillon d'entreprises allant de 2008 à 2018 dans un cadre mondial. Les résultats suggèrent que plus une entreprise est socialement responsable, plus elle évite les impôts. Cela est également vrai pour les entreprises ayant un niveau élevé de satisfaction des employés. Les entreprises socialement responsables font également du lobbying sur les questions fiscales. Globalement, le paiement de la juste part des impôts semble être dissocié de la notion de l'entreprise responsableThis thesis contributes to the literature in Financial Economies and Public Economies that considers research about tax havens, tax avoidance and tax planning. The first chapter is a literature review about the main studies that evolve around tax havens. The second chapter analyses the characteristics of tax havens. A new list is used and it consists of the countries that figure in the recent leaks of the Panama Papers and Paradise Papers. Using logit regressions, I find that Good governance is an important factor that characterize tax havens. These countries seem to either have very low international voice or very high one. We compare with other lists of tax havens and show that most existent lists are biased. The third chapter identifies profit shifting by the top European banks. Financial institutions as of 2014 started disclosing their activity on a country-by-country level, following the CRD IV EU directive. Using a sample from 2013 to 2019, I find that the banks' profits are sensitive to the tax rate suggesting that banks lower their tax burden through their subsidiaries. Profit shifting is estirnated by using two approaches: tax differentials and profitability differentials. Depending on the method used, profit shifting by the top European banks is between 7 to 15 percent of the total profits booked abroad in 2017. Finally, the last chapter studies the relationship between CSR and tax aggressiveness. We use a sample of firms from 2008 to 2018 in a worldwide framework. The findings suggest that the more a firm is socially responsible, the more it avoids taxes. That is also true for firms with hjgh level of employee satisfaction. Socially responsible firms engage as well in lobbying on tax issues. Overall, paying the fair share of taxes seems to be disassociated from the notion of the good corporate citizen
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Tarrant, Greg. "The distinction between tax evasion, tax avoidance and tax planning." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004549.
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Tax avoidance has been the subject of intense scrutiny lately by both the South African Revenue Service ("the SARS") and the media. This attention stems largely from the recent withdrawal of section 103(1) together with the introduction of section 80A to 80L of the South African Income Tax Act. However, this attention is not limited to South Africa. Revenue authorities worldwide have focused on the task of challenging tax avoidance. The approach of the SARS to tackling tax avoidance has been multi-faceted. In the Discussion Paper on Tax Avoidance and Section 103 (1) of the South African Income Tax Act they begin with a review of the distinction between tax evasion, tax avoidance and tax planning. Following a call for comment the SARS issued an Interim Response followed by the Revised Proposals which culminated in the withdrawal of the longstanding general anti-avoidance rules housed in section 103(1) and the introduction of new and more comprehensive anti-avoidance rules. In addition, the SARS has adopted an ongoing media campaign stressing the importance of paying tax in a country with a large development agenda like that of South Africa, the need for taxpayers to adopt a responsible attitude to the management of tax and the inclusion of responsible tax management as the greatest measure of a taxpayer's corporate and social investment. In tandem with this message the SARS have sought to vilify those taxpayers who engage in tax avoidance. The message is clear: tax avoidance carries reputational risks; those who engage in tax avoidance are unpatriotic or immoral and their actions simply result in an unfair shifting of the tax burden. The SARS is not alone in the above approach. Around the world tax authorities have been echoing the same message. The message appears to be working. Accounting firms speak of a "creeping conservatism" that has pervaded company boardrooms. What is not clear, however, is whether taxpayers, in becoming more conservative, are simply more fully aware of tax risks and are making informed decisions or whether they are simply responding to external events, such as the worldwide focus by revenue authorities and the media on tax avoidance. Whatever the reason, it is now critical, particularly in the case of corporate taxpayers, that their policies for tax and its attendant risks need to be as sophisticated, coherent and transparent as its policies in all other areas involving multiple stakeholders, such as suppliers, customers, staff and investors. How does a company begin to set its tax philosophy and strategic direction or to determine its appetite for risk? A starting point, it is submitted would be a review of the distinction between tax evasion, avoidance and planning with a heightened sensitivity to the unfamiliar ethical, moral and social risks. The goal of this thesis was to clearly define the distinction between tax evasion, tax avoidance and tax planning from a legal interpretive, ethical and historical perspective in order to develop a rudimentary framework for the responsible management of strategic tax decisions, in the light of the new South African general anti-avoidance legislation. The research methodology entails a qualitative research orientation consisting of a critical conceptual analysis of tax evasion and tax avoidance, with a view to establishing a basic framework to be used by taxpayers to make informed decisions on tax matters. The analysis of the distinction in this work culminated in a diagrammatic representation of the distinction between tax evasion, tax avoidance and tax planning emphasising the different types of tax avoidance from least aggressive to the most abusive and from the least objectionable to most objectionable. It is anticipated that a visual representation of the distinction, however flawed, would result in a far more pragmatic tool to taxpayers than a lengthy document. From a glance taxpayers can determine the following: That tax avoidance is legal; that different forms of tax avoidance exist, some forms being more aggressive than others; that aggressive forms of tax avoidance carry reputational risks; and that in certain circumstances aggressive tax avoidance schemes may border on tax evasion. This, it is envisaged, may prompt taxpayers to ask the right questions when faced with an external or in-house tax avoidance arrangement rather than simply blindly accepting or rejecting the arrangement.
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Coetzee, Wessel. "Are tax penalties effective in combatting tax avoidance?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/74957.
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Background: Tax avoidance is a prevalent issue that perplexes many governments, policy
makers and revenue collection authorities across the globe. Tax avoidance is the legal
exploitation of loopholes in tax laws and the abuse of tax benefits intended for other
purposes. Excessive and impermissible tax avoidance constrains a government’s capacity
to deliver public goods, services and programmes to the broader public.
Various measures have been implemented over time to curb this unwanted behaviour.
Examples of these measures include tax reforms and the introduction of general and specific
anti-avoidance rules and penalties. This study focusses on the effectiveness of the use of
penalties as a measure to combat tax avoidance, firstly at a global level and then centred
on South Africa.
Main purpose of study: This study aims to provide a systematic review on the opinion of
academic literature globally regarding the effectiveness of tax penalties in combatting tax
avoidance and to make recommendations on the implementation of penalties in South
Africa.
Method: Relevant literature was identified from high quality sources and analysed according
to predetermined criteria. A brief overview of the literature was performed and findings were
presented and discussed. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of tax penalties were
drawn and, where applicable, recommendations were made for the implementation of
penalties in South Africa. Results: The opinion in academic literature regarding the effective use of penalties to
combat tax avoidance is varied. Penalties by themselves are rarely regarded as an effective
measure to reduce tax avoidance. In this regard, various factors exist that influence the
ability of a penalty to affect real change in taxpayer behaviour and reduce unwanted tax
avoidance.
Conclusions: South Africa has implemented tax penalties, in accordance with global
norms, to combat unwanted tax avoidance. By focussing on other factors that, in
combination with tax penalties, make these tax penalties more effective, greater change in
taxpayer behaviour can be achieved. The existing penalties would therefore not need to be
changed to be more effective but additional measures should also be taken to change
taxpayer behaviour.Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Taxation
MCom (Taxation)
Unrestricted
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Bornemann, Tobias. "Tax Avoidance and Accounting Conservatism." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6058/1/SSRN%2Did3114054.pdf.
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This study analyzes the relation between accounting conservatism, future tax rate cuts and countries' level of book-tax conformity. Firms have an incentive to increase conservatism in financial reporting when a tax rate cut is imminent to shift taxable income into the lower taxed future. Using a panel of firms across 18 countries from 1995 to 2010 I find that conditional conservatism is positively and significantly associated with future tax rate cuts when book-tax conformity is high. This effect is particularly pronounced for firms that concentrate the majority of their operations in the country in which the tax rate is cut. In contrast, there is no significant relation between future tax rate cuts and unconditional conservatism.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Florindo, Nuno Ricardo dos Santos. "Tax evasion and tax avoidance in Portugal : recent developments." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10420.
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Mestrado em Ciências EmpresariaisO objectivo deste trabalho é o de identificar na literatura económica quais são as principais causas para a fraude e evasão fiscal, assim como analisar de que forma essas causas para a fraude e evasão fiscal se manifestam em Portugal. A Metodologia utilizada assentou na identificação das principais causas para a fraude e evasão fiscal decorrente da análise da literatura mais relevante. De forma a analisar a situação de Portugal face a essas causas procurou-se analisar as boas práticas das EU e da OCDE e qual o seu grau de implementação em Portugal. Por outro lado foram analisadas na realidade nacional as condicionantes de cada causa. Com este estudo, conclui-se que existem quatro principais causas de evasão e fraude fiscal (aversão ao risco, probabilidade de detecção, multas aplicadas e o possível retorno de uma situação de evasão). Em Portugal, as que se apresentam como tendo maior probabilidade de explicar a situação que vivenciada referem-se às multas aplicadas e à probabilidade de detecção de situações fraudulentas. Visando, este trabalho, um tema que é de grande sensibilidade, as conclusões encontram-se limitadas, principalmente pela escassez de informações sobre a situação em Portugal. Pretende-se que este estudo sirva de base a futuras investigações nesta área.
The objective of this work is to identify, in literature, the major causes of tax evasion and avoidance as well as examine in which way these causes for tax evasion and avoidance are manifested in Portugal. The Methodology used sought to identify the main causes for tax evasion and avoidance arises from analysis of relevant literature. In order to analyze the situation in Portugal, with regard to these causes, we tried to ascertain the best practices of EU and OECD and their degree of implementation in Portugal. Moreover were analyzed the constraints of each cause, in the national reality. With this study it was found four major causes for tax evasion and avoidance (risk aversion, probability of detection, penalty rates and possible return of a successful situation of evasion). In Portugal those who stand as being more likely to explain the situation experienced are penalty rates and the probability of detection of fraudulent situations. Being the discussion of this theme of high sensitivity, the main limitation found are related with the short data about the situation in Portugal. It is intended that this work will serve as a basis for future research in this area.
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Gaertner, Fabio B. "CEO After-tax Compensation Incentives and Corporate Tax Avoidance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145277.
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I examine the association between CEOs' after-tax incentives and their firms' levels of tax avoidance. Economic theory holds that firms should compensate CEOs on an after-tax basis when the expected tax savings generated from incentive alignment outweigh the incremental compensation demanded by CEOs for bearing additional tax-related compensation risk. Using publicly available data, I estimate CEOs' after-tax incentives and find a negative relation between the use of after-tax incentives and effective tax rates. While the results suggest that greater use of after-tax measures in CEO compensation leads to higher tax savings, it is possible that these savings will lead to lower pre-tax returns, or implicit taxes. Therefore, I also examine the association between the use of after-tax incentives and implicit taxes and find a positive association between the two. Finally, I find a significant positive relation between after-tax incentives and total CEO compensation, suggesting that CEOs who are compensated after-tax demand a premium for the additional risk they bear.
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Chyz, James Anthony. "Personally Tax Aggressive Managers and Firm Level Tax Avoidance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195509.
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This paper investigates whether managers that have a propensity for personal tax aggressiveness are associated with tax avoidance at the firm level. Motivated by Dhaliwal, Erickson, and Heitzman (2009) and Hanlon and Heitzman (2009), I construct a measure of personally tax aggressive ("aggressive") managers and determine whether corporate tax avoidance activities increase in their presence. The results of my study indicate that aggressive managers are associated with firm-level tax avoidance. The neoclassical view would suggest that aggressive managers' tax expertise could benefit shareholders through lower tax payments. Since aggressive managers extract their personal tax savings from shareholders, non-tax agency costs potentially increase in their presence. This has implications for the association between aggressive managers and firm value. Using the framework established through the agency view of tax avoidance (Desai and Dharmapala, 2008) I find that on average the presence of aggressive managers is associated with increased firm value. However, consistent with recent research, governance is an important moderating factor whereby firm value in the presence of aggressive managers tends to increase only for relatively better-governed firms.
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Rosen, Jacob (Jacob Benjamin). "Computer aided tax avoidance policy analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98541.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Title as it appears in MIT Commencement Exercises program, June 5, 2015: Computer aided tax evasion policy analysis: partnership calculation. Includes bibliographical references (pages 81-83).
his thesis presents a three part methodology for analyzing the ow of taxable income in large partnership structures. The method forms the basis for prototypical software which would clarify many complicated basis adjustment issues associated with partnership taxation. Partnerships, the most common form of "flow-through" tax entities, have rapidly increased in size, complexity and economic relevance between 2005 to 2015, as well as resulting in an estimated $91 billion in underreported income. Many of these partnerships have upwards of one million direct and indirect partners, as well as 100 tiers of additional large partnerships. This surge in the number of partnerships, combined with the highly complicated nature of US partnership taxation law, requires novel techniques to evaluate the tax consequences of increasingly complex financial activity. A computational methodology is presented in this thesis for understanding and analyzing the allocation of taxable income in large partnership structures, with particular focus on characterizing abusive tax behavior. First, a formal notation is established to fully describe how taxable income is allocated in partnerships, forming the basis of a functioning partnership tax calculator. Next, a simulation is described that processes transaction sequences through partnership structures, as well as a method for assigning audit likelihood to potentially suspicious combinations of financial activity. Finally, a means by which to optimize a) transaction sequences that minimize both tax liability and audit likelihood and b) auditing procedures that characterize abusive tax behavior in a compact form is established. The proposed methodology offers taxpayers, auditors and policy-makers a computational approach to resolve uncertainty in partnership taxation, lower the cost of the auditing process through automation and provide a conceptual exploration of tax policy implications.
by Jacob Rosen.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Lin, Jue. "Essays on Chinese corporate tax avoidance." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49088/.
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This thesis consists of three self-contained studies on corporate tax avoidance of Chinese firms around the 2008 Corporate Tax Reform. In Chapter 1, we describe the background of this thesis, provide a general introduction of the Tax Reform and outline the motivation of this research. Chapter 2 studies how multinationals’ decisions of foreign direct investment (FDI) into China responded to the tax reform where exemption from the dividend withholding tax was repealed and investors from various jurisdictions faced different withholding tax rates due to their existing double tax agreements (DTA) with China, providing incentives to adopt an indirect strategy for foreign affiliates and thus to reduce host country taxation of foreign income. We find a significant rise in FDI flows sourced from low tax conduit jurisdictions with favorable DTA subsequent to the tax reform, while there is no similar increase in FDI flows sourced from other jurisdictions. In addition, our results suggest that the pattern of FDI changes is similar for jurisdictions adopting divergent double tax relief mechanisms. Overall, our findings are supportive of the existence of indirect investment structures in which investors use conduit strategies via chains of ownership in order to minimize their corporate tax burden. Chapter 3 investigates whether and how firms shift income across consecutive years in response to a known schedule of tax rate changes. Both accruals-based and real earnings management models are tested for firms with tax rate increase or decrease. We find that firms expecting tax rate increase are more likely to manage their earnings upward via accruals instead of real activities, while firms facing tax rate reduction do not exhibit significant downward earnings management behavior via accruals or real activities. Our tests also show that state or institutional ownership do not have significant impact on the extent of accruals-based or real earnings management in response to tax rate changes. Chapter 4 studies the changes in effective tax rates (ETR) and book-tax differences (BTDs) of firms in response to a rise or cut in statutory tax rate during a major tax reform in an emerging market, and offers insights into the interaction of financial accounting considerations with corporate tax avoidance. We find that firms located in special economic zones (SEZ) with a rising statutory tax rate after tax reform exhibit a rise in ETRs and permanent BTDs, but the temporary BTDs of SEZ firms dropped after CTR-08, suggesting a trade-off of time value benefits of deferring tax payment for the advantage of accelerating tax payment during a period of rising tax rate. DR firms, on the other hand, show a decrease in ETRs and permanent BTDs when they face a decrease in statutory tax rate. In Chapter 5, the main findings and implications of the thesis are summarized and future research directions are discussed.
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Marta, André Filipe Ferreira Santa. "Tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17163.
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Mestrado em FinançasEsta tese visa entender se existe uma conexão entre planeamento fiscal corporativo e responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC). Utilizamos uma amostra composta por 4.453 observações de 914 firmas americanas na NYSE e NASDAQ, entre 2002 e 2016. No geral, não encontramos evidências estatísticas de uma associação entre planeamento fiscal corporativa e responsabilidade social corporativa. No entanto, através de uma regressão por quantis, encontramos evidências estatísticas de uma relação entre planeamento fiscal corporativo e RSC em níveis mais altos de RSC, consistente com a teoria da gestão de risco (Godfrey et al. 2009, Larrinaga et al., 2008). Os nossos resultados fornecem uma visão diferente da literatura, sugerindo que as empresas que usam mais atividades de RSC acabam por praticar mais planeamento fiscal por ajudar numa mitigação do risco de possivelmente serem auditadas e com sanções regulatórias, bem como má reputação proveniente da imprensa e do escrutínio do público.
This study aims to understand if there is a relationship between company?s corporate tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The sample comprises 4,453 firm-year observations from 914 US-listed companies in the NYSE and NASDAQ, between 2002 and 2016. Overall, we do not find a statistical support for an association between corporate tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility. However, corporate tax avoidance appears to be positively associated with CSR for firms engaged in higher levels of corporate corporate social responsibility, which is consistent with risk management theory (Godfrey et al. 2009, Larrinaga et al., 2008). Our results provide a different insight to the literature, suggesting that firms that have more socially responsible activities tend to be also more tax avoidant because it helps in mitigating the risk of possibly being audited and having regulatory sanctions, as well as bad reputation from bad press and public scrutiny.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Stancill, Alan Jonathan. "CEO Severance Agreements and Tax Avoidance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77862.
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This study investigates the association between CEO severance agreements and corporate tax avoidance. Severance agreements, by providing executives with additional compensation when there is a change in employment status, should serve to encourage additional risk-taking, as reflected by increased tax avoidance activities. Using a large sample of aggregate compensation data, I find some evidence of a relation between the presence of a CEO severance agreement and tax avoidance. Using a smaller sample of hand-collected data, I find a significant negative relation between the magnitude of cash severance pay and tax avoidance and a significant positive relation between the magnitude of equity severance pay and tax avoidance. Overall, this study provides evidence that the structure and magnitude of severance agreements are related to tax avoidance.Ph. D.
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Orlova, Daria. "Tax avoidance and Credit Rating association." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359873.
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In this research, I present the analysis of the relationship between credit rating and tax avoidance. I found out that the lower the cash effective tax rate the stronger the association with credit rating. Sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of falling into more favorable credit rating category is increases and the probability of falling into less favorable category decreases if cash effective tax rate increases at least by 1%. Also, the negative association between book-tax differences and credit rating found.
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Liotta, Alessandro. "Tax Avoidance and I.P. Holding Companies." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/204105.
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Alexander, Vincenzo Anna <1981>. "Essays on tax avoidance and risk." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6514.
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This paper reviews the empirical literature on the real effects of tax avoidance. I survey three main areas of the literature: (1) capital structure choices, (2) investments and cash holdings, (3) investors’ valuation. In each section, I summarize the existing works focusing on the existing empirical issues and sources of measurement errors that possibly explain the inconsistencies across studies. Moreover, this study examines the relation between CEO and CFO inside debt holdings and corporate tax avoidance. As executives’ inside debt holdings are unsecured and unfunded, they should align CEOs and CFOs interests with those of outside debtholders. As theory suggests, inside debt holdings incentivize executives to act more conservatively towards risk. Therefore, we focus on the level of tax risk of the corporate tax planning strategy and use different proxies to capture the difference in tax risk. While we expect inside debt holdings to curb executives’ risk taking behaviour towards risky tax avoidance, the effect on less risky tax strategies is unclear, as tax avoidance increases current cash flows and can also be beneficial to debtholders. Consistent with the prediction, we document a negative association between CEOs and CFOs inside debt holdings and higher levels of tax risk (proxied by the GAAP and cash effective tax rate volatility).
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Carotenuto, Antonio <1995>. "Tax avoidance e profilo di sostenibilità." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15804.
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La ricerca di tesi è stata approfondita per individuare eventuali correlazioni tra imprese coinvolte in possibili inchieste fiscali, quali evasione o elusione, e la possibilità che le stesse possano essere compatibili con un adeguato profilo di sostenibilità. Nel corso degli studi sono state analizzate differenti imprese e le relative inchieste in cui sono state coinvolte, ma l’attenzione si è maggiormente focalizzata su un più ristretto gruppo di sedici imprese. Per ovviare ad una dispersività dello studio, il fulcro geografico centrale designato per lo studio è stato l’Europa. In particolare, pur essendo dinanzi ad imprese extra-europee, sono state prese in considerazioni solo inchieste fiscali avvenute nel cosiddetto Vecchio Continente. I risultati, evidenziati dall’analisi della ricerca, mostrano che il profilo di sostenibilità dell’impresa, pur essendo influenzato dall’atteggiamento in termini di politica fiscale, è caratterizzato da diversi fattori esterni ed interni all’impresa. In particolar modo, sono determinanti anche le accuse alla base delle inchieste fiscali, il comportamento ex ante ed ex post delle imprese rispetto alle inchieste, in termine di voluntary disclosure, i rapporti con l’ambiente esterno, inclusa eventuali attività rilevanti dal punto di vista socio-ambientale, e la capacità di gestire le caratteristiche della propria governance rispetto ai principi di sostenibilità.
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Reineke, Rebecca Valeska [Verfasser]. "Essays on tax evasion and tax avoidance / Rebecca Valeska Reineke." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195137001/34.
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Zetler, Hila. "International tax planning and anti-tax avoidance provisions - Hila Zetler." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4579.
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Includes bibliographical references.'The avoidance of tax may be lawful, but it is not yet a virtue' – Lord Denning¹. The famous English judge, Lord Denning, explained that the avoidance of tax may be legal, but it is not necessarily ethical. By said words, Justice Denning implied that, when a taxpayer avoids paying taxes through legal tax planning, he may, despite the ostensible legality thereof, nevertheless harm society. Assuming that such action does, indeed, involve an immoral act, should the legislature intervene?
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Strater, Willem. "The ethics of tax avoidance : The moderating effect of internationalization on the relationship between CSR and tax avoidance." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316649.
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This paper examines how economic, environmental and social CSR activities are related to tax avoidance. Subsequently, this study examines whether internationalization moderates the relationship between the different CSR activities and tax avoidance. A matched sample of 266 firm-year observations was formed; equally split between tax avoidant firms as well as tax compliant firms by employing a novel approach to identify corporate tax avoidance based on tax disputes. The logit regression results shows that the more firms engage in social CSR activities the more likely they are to avoid taxes. Moreover, the main regression also supports the positive moderation effect of internationalisation on the relationship between social CSR and tax avoidance.
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Otusanya, Olatunde Julius. "An investigation of tax evasion, tax avoidance and corruption in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511002.
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Lee, Soojin. "News Media Coverage of Corporate Tax Avoidance and Corporate Tax Reporting." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4541/1/SSRN%2Did2603344.pdf.
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Drawing upon media agenda-setting theory and previous studies in organizational impression management, this paper empirically investigates the influence of tax avoidance news on corporate tax reporting. This study is based on the pronounced discontinuity in the amount of news articles related to tax avoidance in the United Kingdom over two periods (2010-2011 and 2012-2013). A difference-in-differences design is employed in order to enable a comparison of the media effects on those firms that have been reported in tax avoidance news versus those without media attention. Using a sample of annual reports of UK FTSE 100 companies across the period 2010 to 2013, I test the impact of tax avoidance news on quality and quantity of tax disclosure. The results suggest that the recent increase in media attention on tax avoidance does not stimulate firms to improve the quality and the quantity of tax disclosure in their corporate reporting. Rather, firms can be discouraged from discussing the most relevant tax items in their reporting, as shown in the case of financial firms which were the subject of the largest amount of tax avoidance news. (author's abstract)Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Afonso, Ana Catarina Duarte. "Determinantes do corporate tax avoidance e da utilização de tax havens." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14487.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisEste trabalho de investigação tem como objetivo analisar os determinantes do corporate tax avoidance e da utilização de tax havens, isto é, em que medida certas características da empresa poderão afetar a sua prática de tax avoidance e influenciar a sua escolha na utilização de subsidiárias localizadas em tax havens. Para uma amostra de 321 empresas Europeias constatou-se que a dimensão da empresa, a sua rentabilidade e o grau de utilização de tax havens, determinam de forma positiva o nível de tax avoidance, enquanto que o facto de estarmos perante uma empresa familiar, afeta negativamente o nível praticado. Verificou-se também que a dimensão da empresa influencia negativamente a sua escolha na localização de subsidiárias em tax havens.
This research aims to analyse the determinants of corporate tax avoidance and the use of tax havens, to what extent certain aspects of the company may affect its practice of tax avoidance and influence its choice in the use of subsidiaries located in tax havens. In a selection of 321 European companies, it was found that the size of the company, its profitability, and its degree of use of tax havens, positively determine the level of tax avoidance, while when a family business is endangered, it affects the level practiced in a negative way. It was also found that the size of the company negatively influenced in its choice in the location of subsidiaries in tax havens.
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LIPATOV, Vilen. "Tax evasion and avoidance : game theoretic approach." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10309.
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Defence date: 5 September 2007Examining Board: Pascal Courty, (European University Institute) ; Chaim Fershtman, (The Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel-Aviv University) ; Ronny Razin, (London School of Economics) ; Karl Schlag, (European University Institute)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
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Tarsitano, Alberto. "Illegitimate Tax Avoidance and Rule XVI of Preliminary Title of Tax Code." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123330.
Full textAbstract:
The author analyzes a very important issue such as illegitimate tax avoidance. He begins by explaining the content of the concept of illegitimate tax avoidance, and also he points out the differences with other concepts like tax evasion and tax planning. Then, he comments the debate on the use of legal figures which doesn’t belong to Tax Law, in order to solve issue of illegitimate tax avoidance. Finally, he explains the scope and the application of the Peruvian general anti-avoidance rule stipulated in the Peruvian Tax Code.El autor analiza un tema de suma importancia como es el de la elusión fiscal. Se comienza esclareciendo el contenido del concepto de elusión, diferenciándolo de otros conceptos como la evasión fiscal y la economía de opción. Luego, pasa a recoger y comentar el debate en torno al uso de figuras ajenas al Derecho Tributario para dar solución al problema de la elusión fiscal. Finalmente, pasa a explicar el alcance y aplicación de la cláusula general antielusiva peruana estipulada en la norma XVI del Título Preliminar del Código tributario.
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Qari, Salmai [Verfasser]. "Tax avoidance, household formation and inequality / Salmai Qari." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1028496028/34.
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Duarte, Daniel José da Silva. "Corporate tax avoidance followed by mergers and acquisitions." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13186.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em FinançasEste trabalho tem como objetivo perceber as alterações ao planeamento fiscal da empresa após uma operação de F&A. Várias características de F&A foram testadas numa amostra que abrange 707 operações Europeias. No geral, os resultados sugerem que não há evidência estatística de alterações no planeamento fiscal da empresa adquirente após uma operação de F&A. No entanto, encontrámos evidência de um maior nível de planeamento fiscal quando as operações são horizontais e quando a empresa-alvo tem resultados operacionais negativos no ano anterior à operação. Os nossos resultados sugerem uma diminuição de cerca de 3% na taxa efetiva de imposto quando a operação é horizontal e uma redução dos impostos pagos, entre 6.2% e 8.6%, se a empresa-alvo apresentou resultados operacionais negativos no ano anterior à operação. Esta redução na taxa efetiva de imposto aumenta para 9% se a operação for simultaneamente horizontal e a empresa-alvo tenha resultados operacionais negativos no ano anterior à operação. Os nossos resultados suportam a perspetiva de que motivos fiscais podem não despoletar uma operação de F&A, no entanto uma significativa poupança fiscal parece verificar-se para determinadas características das F&As.
This paper aims to understand the change in corporate tax avoidance following a M&A deal. Several M&A features were tested in a sample which covers 707 European deals. Overall, results suggest that there is no statistical evidence of changes in corporate tax avoidance following M&A deals. However, we found some evidence of higher level of corporate tax avoidance when the deal is horizontal and when the target company had operating losses the year before deal. Our results suggest a decrease in ETR of about 3% for horizontal mergers and a reduction of effective taxes paid between 6.2% and 8.6% if target had negative pre-tax income pre-deal. This reduction in ETR increases to 9% for horizontal deals, in which the target had a negative pre-tax income one-year before the deal. Our findings support the view that tax motives may not trigger M&A deals, although significant tax savings appear to occur for certain M&A characteristics.
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Inger, Kerry Katharine. "Relative valuation of alternative methods of tax avoidance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27623.
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This paper examines the relative valuation of alternative methods of tax avoidance. Prior studies find that firm value is positively associated with overall measures of tax avoidance; I extend this research by providing evidence that investors distinguish between methods of tax reduction in their valuation of tax avoidance. The impact of tax avoidance on firm value is a function of tax risk, permanence of tax savings, tax planning costs, implicit taxes and contrasts in disclosures of tax reduction in the financial statements. My empirical results suggest that tax avoidance resulting from stock option tax benefits is positively associated with firm value, accelerated depreciation is not associated with firm value and deferral of residual tax on foreign earnings is negatively associated with firm value. Prior studies that find the positive association between firm value and tax avoidance is attenuated in poorly governed firms suggest the discount results from investor concern of managerial opportunism. Self-serving managers conceal diversion of tax savings from investors under the pretext that aggressive tax positions must be hidden from tax authorities in the financial statements. Under this theory transparent tax reduction methods that are clearly supported by the law should not be discounted by investors of poorly governed firms. However, I find that tax avoidance resulting from transparent stock option tax deductions is discounted in poorly governed firms, while tax avoidance derived from opaque deferral of the residual tax on foreign earnings is not, inconsistent with investors believing that managers are exploiting the compromised information environment associated with complex tax transactions.Ph. D.
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Theron, Lee. "The use of corporate structures and tax avoidance." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16729.
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Includes bibliographical referencesSouth Africa has seen many developments in both the areas of corporate law and tax legislation. The legislation in question has developed from an apartheid or pre-democratic era to that of the current democratic South Africa, in which individuals have the freedom to become entrepreneurs, and have the opportunity to start up small to medium and larger enterprises, in order to firstly make a profit but also to ensure that they enjoy the benefits which the separate legal personality of Corporate Structures are entitled to. The focus of the research was to carefully study Corporate Structures created by directors and other entities and to show how these personalities make use of various arrangements to reduce tax liability, both by lawful and unlawful methods. In addition to this, the research involved a close analysis a of how a Corporate Structure is formed, from the date of incorporation of the entity, to the rights, and duties of the entity, the rights and duties of the role-players such as directors and shareholders, who control the entity and make the necessary decisions relating to the entity. The thesis focuses on the tests used by the courts to examine the true commercial substance of Corporate Structures and the arrangements put in place by these entities or individuals mentioned above. The above approach was applied by analysing the principle of Piercing the Corporate Veil both at common law and statutory level, the principles of Substance over Form, General Anti-Avoidance provisions and the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 provisions, in light of the Anti-Avoidance provisions. It is trite law that taxpayers are allowed to arrange their affairs or commercial activities in a manner in which they may gain a tax advantage provided they do so, within the ambit of the law. The effect of the taxpayer having such freedoms is that many of the contracting parties or taxpayers abuse the legislative provisions and enter into transactions and commercial activities which circumvent the legal provisions. The framework of the analysis was to look at the Companies Act 71 of 2008, Income Tax 58 of 1962 and the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 Acts respectively. The result of the research has shown that the tests put forward by the courts assist in ensuring that the principle of separate legal personality is upheld, taxpayers such as entities are free to arrange their affairs in a manner that allows a certain tax advantage provided it is within the ambit of the law. The study has shown that the doctrine of separate legal personality is upheld within our current legal system. There are many tax and legal benefits to natural persons establishing an entity; however these benefits should not lead to abuse by entities. Lastly, the courts will carefully scrutinise the commercial substance of a transaction and test whether the parties to the transaction have acted in accordance with the true principles of the transactions, the conclusion herein is therefore that the law should not interpret the modern commercial world with a closed minded approach and legislate strictly, without considering all the circumstances of a matter in light of the necessary law and policy considerations and in so doing, rather adopt a modern commercial minded approach. As a growing South African economy, entities should be permitted to arrange their commercial transactions and affairs in the best possible way to obtain a legal tax benefit and make profits which will ultimately ensure that we have a sustainable economy and strong Corporate Structures in place, in order to be placed in a stronger position in terms of an African perspective and compete more competitively at an International level.
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Marais, Albertus Johannes. "Simulation discussed : tax avoidance in the common law." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10897.
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Includes bibliographical references.The simulation doctrine has, in the law of taxation, always played the role of being SARS' remedy in the common law, vis-a-vis its legislated cohorts, viz. both the specific and general anti-avoidance provisions contained in the various tax statutes. Building on the principles established in Zandberg v Van Zyl, Dadoo Ltd and others v Krugersdorp Municipal Council and Commissioner of Customs and Excise v Randles Brothers & Hudson Ltd, the test which emerged and has been applied since, is broadly recognised as being that as formulated by Watermeyer JA in Randles, being that where the parties to a contract truly intended to act in accordance with the tenor of the agreement, irrespective of what their purpose for entering into that transaction was, that contract cannot be a simulated one. However, the Supreme Court of Appeal judgment in CSARS v NWK Ltd has necessitated that the principles applied previously be revisited academically to determine whether the doctrine for determining whether a simulation is present has changed - and if so, to what extent. Some argue that the comments in NWK, which is perceived to have changed the simulation test, were merely part of the obiter of the judgment, though they hasten to add that this does not mean that such comments are void of import where lower courts may consider the doctrine in future. Opposed hereto are those who are of the view that the judgment has indeed changed the simulation doctrine's landscape.
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JHUANG, KAI-JIA, and 莊鎧嘉. "Dividend Tax and Corporate Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41567328314345511176.
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碩士國立臺北大學
會計學系
104
Prior research identifies firm-specific determinants of cross-sectional variation in tax avoidance within a given country but few studies examine the impact of dividend tax on corporate tax avoidance. We examine the impact of shareholder-level taxes on corporate tax avoidance, and further analyze the impact of the adoption of imputation system in Taiwan.Using difference-in-difference model developed in Amiram et al.(2014), exploit changes in a country’s shareholder dividend tax policy, which are exogenous to the firm, to identify the effect of shareholder-level taxes on corporate tax avoidance. Our sample composed of 10 Asia countries, and classified the dividend tax system into three major categories: classical, imputation and exemption. The results are consistent with our prediction. Firms in countries with imputation system appear to avoid less tax than firms in countries without an imputation system. Firms in countries with classical system have higher incentive to avoid tax. The tax reform of Taiwan in 1998 from classical system to imputation significantly reduce the degree of tax avoidance.Our findings have implications on corporate tax avoidance and the tax reform of dividend tax system in Taiwan
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Taylor, Michael Brendan. "Tax policy and tax avoidance : the general anti-avoidance rule from a tax policy perspective." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/18338.
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From a tax policy perspective, tax avoidance creates serious problems by undermining the key objectives and features of a good tax system. Therefore, most advanced tax systems attempt to restrain abusive tax avoidance. The General Anti-Avoidance Rule (the "GAAR") is the primary Canadian control on tax avoidance in the income tax context. Despite the presence of a statutory GAAR, however, Canadian tax law struggles to clearly and consistently identify abusive tax avoidance and to distinguish it from legitimate tax mitigation. In this thesis, the author proposes a theoretical framework for identifying abusive tax avoidance and for controlling it using the GAAR. The tax system is of central importance in democracies like Canada, and certain values linked to equity, fairness, and the rule of law must be respected in distinguishing between tax avoidance and tax mitigation. Drawing on common approaches to identifying tax avoidance, the thesis proposes its own theoretical approach from a tax policy perspective. Courts in other jurisdictions have adopted a variety of judicial doctrines aimed at controlling tax avoidance, such as the business purpose test, the step transaction doctrine, an economic substance analysis, and the abuse of rights doctrine. Canadian courts confronting tax avoidance have declined to adopt any such doctrines as a matter of statutory interpretation. The GAAR is intended to mandate a break from the Canadian interpretive tradition. The GAAR creates a three-step framework to identifying tax avoidance - tax benefit, avoidance transaction, and misuse or abuse. Those concepts are related to the theoretical approaches and anti-avoidance doctrines reviewed in this thesis. The author suggests that the GAAR can be applied in a manner that preserves ideal tax policy outcomes in tax avoidance cases. The thesis examines real tax avoidance scenarios in which Canadian courts have resisted applying the GAAR - a circular financing sale-leaseback transaction, and surplus stripping. The thesis argues that these transactions are indeed abusive when viewed in terms of the theory proposed, and that Canadian courts have made key errors in applying the GAAR.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Chen, Yu-Shan, and 陳右珊. "Impact of anti-tax avoidance policy on corporate tax avoidance activity in China." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q4be7y.
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碩士國立臺北商業大學
會計財稅研究所
105
Corporate tax avoidance activities are prevalent in many countries, some of which have formulated anti-tax avoidance policies to curb such activities. China amended the chapter on special tax adjustment in the Enterprise Income Tax Law in 2008 and implemented Measures for Special Tax Adjustment in 2009. The present study applied the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share securities markets in 2005–2015 to investigate whether the implementation of Measures for Special Tax Adjustment has effectively curbed corporate tax avoidance activities and reduced tax erosion in 2009. The empirical results indicate that company effective tax rates (ETRs) are increased significantly after the implementation of Measures for Special Tax Adjustment. And, companies with larger amounts of goods (or service) related party transactions significantly increased ETRs after the implementation of Special Tax Adjustment. The Chinese government continues to issue numerous rules focused on transfer pricing to amend Measures for Special Tax Adjustment. Therefore, we recommend that corporations carefully assess relevant transactions to avoid being subject to measures for Special Tax Adjustment legislation.
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Bruce, Max James. "Multinational Corporate Tax Avoidance in Australia & Australia's Anti-Avoidance Law." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/134204.
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If multinational companies don’t pay their taxes why the hell should I? It is a question
no doubt considered by every taxpayer at some point. Common assumption would have one
believe that multinational companies operating in Australia are avoiding the payment of a
substantial amount of taxes every year, however, is this the case? This answer is not
immediately apparent, indeed, there is a significant divergence of opinion as to the extent of
tax avoidance amongst multinational companies operating in Australia and by what means this
is being facilitated. This thesis identifies the extent of tax avoidance attributable to
multinational companies operating in Australia and establish by what means this is being
facilitated. This thesis concludes that the fiscal impact of multinational corporate tax avoidance
is less significant than is often stated and that it is primarily being driven by Thin Capitalisation
and Transfer Pricing activities. This conclusion is reached by analysing the existing literature
and on comparisons drawn with individual taxpayers in Australia and studies examining
multinational companies in other jurisdictions. However, it is concluded that the issue of
multinational corporate tax avoidance remains significant as it represents areas of structural
deficiency in the tax laws and is a contributing factor to tax avoidance and evasion by
individuals and other business taxpayers which impacts federal tax revenues to a far greater
extent. This thesis assesses the effectiveness of Australia’s current avoidance law in addressing
multinational corporate tax avoidance in light of significant international developments in the
area. It concludes that Australia’s anti-avoidance laws are reasonably well purposed but that
the general anti avoidance law is of limited continued utility. This conclusion is reached by
studying the development of Australia’s anti avoidance laws and comparing this with the
concurrent development of corporate tax avoidance practices as well as an examination of
international developments in anti-avoidance laws targeting multinational companies and
Australia’s responses to these developments. This thesis concludes by identifying how the
general anti avoidance law might be revised to better address current multinational corporate
tax avoidance practices.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Law School, 2021
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Su, Yu-Cheng, and 蘇煜程. "Effect of tax reform on corporate tax avoidance." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6746ud.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
企業管理系
105
Companies in Taiwan have been operating a full dividend imputation system (hereafter,DIS) since 1998 to prevent double taxation of dividends. Starting in 2015, Taiwan changed her tax system from a full to partial DIS. Under the partial DIS, only 50% of the dividend imputation credit (hereafter, IC) can be used to offset a resident shareholder's individual income tax liability. According to tax filing data in 2016, personal income tax revenue for 2015 amounts to NT$144 billion increased by NT$23 billion from a year earlier. The growth in personal income tax revenue mainly comes from this legislative change, but it is less than the expected amount ranging from NT$50 to $60 billion. According to Ministry of Finance, some companies choose to pay more dividends prior to the new tax rule results in this tax revenue gap. Alternatively, we argue that this legislative change provides a stronger influence to any incentive managers may have to engage in tax avoidance activities, which may also account for the shortage of tax revenue. The first objective of this paper is to investigate how the 2015 legislative change in Taiwan affects the corporate tax avoidance behavior. The second objective of this paper is to understand the creditor's viewpoint about the tax avoidance activities. The full DIS allows shareholders to pay for only the difference between the corporate income tax and the shareholder’s income tax on dividends. Thus, corporate tax avoidance under a full DIS merely shifts the burden of tax payments from corporations to shareholders. Consequently, a full DIS largely eliminates managerial incentives to engage in tax avoidance activities. In addition, tax aggressive arrangements are costly, thus after-tax cash flows available to shareholders most likely will decrease. As a result, if managers incorporate shareholder-level taxes into their managerial decision, they are less likely to engage in tax avoidance under a full DIS. Finally, the study found that Taiwan changed her tax system from a full to partial DIS will result in increasing tax avoidance activities. Although it is not statistically significant, there is a positive correlation between the two behaviors and it is consistent with our original expectations. In addition, from the creditor's viewpoint, the increase in tax avoidance activities will increase the risk exposure, so the creditor will increase the interest rates, resulting in rising corporate debt costs.
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Chiu-ChinHsu and 許秋琴. "Tax Havens and the Valuation of Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p3g2hw.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
財務金融研究所碩士在職專班
106
In this paper, whether or not “companies setting up a subsidiary in a tax haven” had a different impact on “the market evaluation of corporate tax avoidance” was explored. In order to achieve the most efficient resource allocation, tax haven subsidiaries were set up as offshore companies for operational scheduling, which have also become tools for profit distribution and control of shareholders to seek personal gain due the differential taxes, loosened legal governance environments, and other factors. In this study, the OLS regression research model was adopted, with the samples of TAIEX-listed and OTC-listed companies as research participants.Tobin Q was employed to measure corporate value, and cash effective tax rate was used to measure the degree of companies’ tax avoidance. Research results show that companies’ setup of a subsidiary in a tax haven significantly reduced the positive market evaluation of tax avoidance.
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Chiang, Pei-Chen, and 姜沛岑. "The relationship between tax avoidance and tax risk." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c6v4hm.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
財政學系
106
Tax risk is the degree of uncertainty about the firm’s future tax payments, where the tax uncertainty comes from the likelihood of losing a claimed tax benefit upon challenged by a tax authority. In my research, the sample selection begins with TEJ Database firm-years between 1998 and 2016. I investigate the relation between tax avoidance and tax risk. The results show that the firms with low effective tax rates or high book-tax differences bear less tax risk. On average, reduction of explicit tax can be achieved via safe tax avoidance strategies, and tax avoidance does not increase tax risk. However, the relation between tax avoidance and tax risk may be changed by firms with high levels of R&D expenses, investment income using the equity method, or tax haven subsidiaries. As a result, the findings show that firms with high levels of R&D expenses or investment income may let tax avoidance significantly increase tax risk.
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Tu, Wei Lun, and 杜瑋倫. "Research on the Legal Problems of Value-added Tax Avoidance and Anti-Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10278603156761370886.
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WU, MEI-HSIU, and 吳美秀. "A study on tax avoidance." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47tu7d.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
105
Tax avoidance is the legal utilization of the tax regime, to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. Tax planning includes legitimate tax savings、tax avoidance and illegal tax evasion. It is often very hard to distinguish them. Taxpayers, based on gaining tax benefits, may abuse legal forms to avoid the constituent elements of taxation by irregular transactions and attain the economic benefits equivalent to normal transactions. Such actions shall be termed tax avoidance. Tax evasion is the use of tax loopholes to obtain tax benefits or reduce taxation. As referred to J.Y. Interpretation NO.420, in relation to laws involving taxation, they should be construed in accordance with the principle of taxation by law and the respective purposes of the laws, balancing therewith the economic purposes and the principle of substantive fairness of taxation. So Article 12-1 of Tax Collection Act and Act Article 7 , Paragraph 1、2,of The Taxpayer Rights Protection was formulated with the principle of equality in substantive taxation. As referred to in Article 7, Paragraph 3、6、7、8,of The Taxpayer Rights Protection Act, the authorities may not impose a penalty on tax evasion, except that taxpayers conceal, make false and misleading presentation, or provide incorrect information to material items when declaring or being investigated, which results in the tax collection authorities making an inaccurate decision. In accordance with chapter note of this thesis study motivation, purpose, thesis chapters structure, to clarify the meaning of tax avoidance and the difference among legitimate tax savings、tax avoidance and illegal tax evasion and discuss how to value tax avoidance in tax law, procure the legal effects of it and tax avoidance prevention. Then I will discuss the significance and effect of tax avoidance by an analysis of the principle of equality in substantive taxation. Finally, I will restudy and analyze some tax avoidance cases.
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JUNG-CHE, CHEN, and 陳榮哲. "A Study on Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66584755866945448948.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
97
What this study wants to discuss is about the concept of tax avoidance. In Taiwan, the concept of tax avoidance seems to be tenuous and vague to tax collection authority and court. Consequently, all that I want is to clarify the concept of tax avoidance, how to deal with it in tax law and the effect of it in tax law. In order to achieve these goals which above mentioned, the framework of this study is: Firstly, I will recount the motive, the ambit and limitation of this research, methodology and the logical arrangement of this study. Secondly, I will try to clarify the meaning of tax avoidance and the difference among tax avoidance, tax evasion and tax mitigation. Thirdly, I will discuss how to value tax avoidance in tax law and procure the effect of it. Fourthly, in the foundation of description which above mentioned, I will restudy and analyze some cases which make tax collection authority and court annoyance. Finally, make a conclusion.
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Li-TingChen and 陳俐婷. "XBRL Adoption and Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c52nuu.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
會計學系
105
In this study, we investigate whether mandatory filing of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) financial reports reduces tax avoidance among corporations, motivated by recent studies claiming that mandatory reporting using the XBRL format helps reduce information asymmetry and enhances the quality of information disclosure. Better transparency can improve the external monitoring environment and reduce tax avoidance. We use a sample of listed companies in the U.S from 2006 to 2014. The empirical results indicate that mandatory reporting using the XBRL format can reduce tax avoidance among firms. The results also indicate that the tax avoidance impact of XBRL adoption is greater in firms with lower information transparency. This study has important implications for our understanding of the economic consequences of mandatory adopting XBRL.
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Yu, Hsin-Yi, and 余欣怡. "Family Firms and Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22491223397126951633.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
會計與資訊科技研究所
99
The paper investigates a sample of Taiwan public traded companies in the period of 2000-2009. This paper studies the relation between family firms and avoidance, and further examines the effects of two agency problems (conflict between owner and manager, and conflict between controller shareholder and minority shareholder) on tax avoidance. I use three different definitions of family firms and tax avoidance model developed by Frank, Lynch and Rego(2009) to analyze those relations. The results are as follow : (1) relative to non-family firms, family firms are less likely to participate tax avoidance activities. The result holds under three definitions of family firms. (2) Compared to firms with no agency problems, the tax avoidance activity is significantly different when firms face conflict between controller shareholder and minority shareholder. And the tax avoidance activity is also significantly different when firms with two agency problems relative to firms face conflict between controller shareholder and minority shareholder. But the result is significant only under definition1 and definition2 of family firms.
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CHEN, YU-HUA, and 陳玉華. "Business Strategy and Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51258950771150208749.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
國際財務金融碩士在職專班
105
The main purpose of this study is to examine the association between business strategies and tax avoidance, to investigate whether business strategies influence the tax avoidance activities, and to find out whether the level of tax avoidance is in different business strategies. Current book effective tax rates, cash effective tax rates, book-tax differences, permanent book-tax differences, and discretionary book-tax differences are employed to capture tax avoidance activities. This study uses Miles and Snow’s 1978 and 2003 organizational strategy typology to proxy business strategies; compute strategy score; and classify firms to Defenders, Analyzers, and Prospectors. The research samples consist domestic listed firms for the period 2005 - 2015, and the firms in the financial industry are excluded due to theirs characteristics. The empirical results show that Prospectors avoid more taxes than Defenders and tend to have lower book tax effective rate ( higher book-tax differences ), which indicates the firm engages in more tax avoidance activities.
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Michie, Jane Heddle. "Tax avoidance : the Canadian experience." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3397.
Full textAbstract:
Section 245 was proposed as part of the tax reform package
initiated by the government on 18 June, 1987. It introduced an
extended general anti-avoidance rule into Canadian tax law. The
rule has been in effect since September 13, 1988, but has yet to
be judicially considered.
This paper adopts a methodology which incorporates a political
perspective. In particular, the rule is analyzed within the
general environment - the socio-political, economic and
historical backgrounds - in existence at that time. It was felt
that such an approach was necessary to explain certain issues.
For example, why the Canadian government decided to introduce
section 245 and why certain modifications were made to the
proposal in its passage through the legislative process.
Overall, this paper hopes to extend our understanding of the
rule by exposing the factors which created a favourable
political environment for the enactment of the provision.
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Liu, Jian You, and 劉健右. "A study on tax avoidance." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05840272560669873834.
Full text
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Tien-MingCheng and 鄭天銘. "CEO AGE AND TAX AVOIDANCE." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sue63x.
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TSAI, HUNG-KUEN, and 蔡鴻坤. "Family Firms and Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ed57fp.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
金融管理學系碩士班
106
Taxes represent a significant burden to the firms and shareholders, and there is a growing anit-avoidance tendency in the global recently. Especially in Taiwan, complex ownership structures exist in family firms, which makes them easier to develop tax avoidance strategies. However, if a firm attempts to avoid tax, the firm has to trade-off between benefits and the costs of tax avoidance. The benefits of avoiding tax include tax savings and rent extraction respectively; On the cost side, potential penalty and non-tax cost are two typical cost of tax avoidance. It's a vital issue to get a balance between benefits and costs of tax avoidance. This paper examines whether the family firms are more tax avoidance than non-family firms. Furthermore, I test whether corporate governance and agency problem help improve or aggravate the phenomenon of tax avoidance. The data is composed of Taiwan's listed company, and the research period contains from 2010 to 2016. Using multiple measures to the correlation between tax avoidance and family firms, the result suggests that family firms are more tax avoidance than non-family firms. In addition, family firms with better corporate governance have a lower degree of tax avoidance. Agency problem increase the intensity of family firms' tax avoidance. Our contribution is that, we provide the suggestions that government take family firms into prior consideration when detecting the tax evasion and that it should outline the importance of corporate governance to alleviate the tax avoidance.
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林咸劭. "Institutional ownership and tax avoidance." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/554z24.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
財政學系
106
This study examines the effect of institutional ownership on tax avoidance. A key issue in testing the relation between tax avoidance and institutional ownership is that institutional ownership is endogenous, so studies in related fields have studied the effect of institutional ownership on tax avoidance through corporate governance mechanisms. Khan et al. (2017) found that there is no consistency in the effect of institutional ownership on tax avoidance, and therefore using the Russell index reconstitution setting to isolate exogenous shocks to institutional ownership. The changes in institutional ownership and tax avoidance which is caused by Russell index reconstitution indirectly inferred that institutional ownership has a significant positive impact on tax avoidance. This study uses the concept of fuzzy regression discontinuity to directly infer the effect of institutional ownership on tax avoidance, and explores this issue through the two-stage least square method (2SLS) by assigning dumming variable 0051 as the main instrumental variable following the two-stage analysis of Bird and Karolyi (2017). The first stage examines the effect of Exchange Traded Funds on institutional ownership; the second stage examines the effect of institutional ownership on tax avoidance. The database is from Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ), sampling from the list of 0050 and 0051 from 2007 to 2016, excluding TDR and F-share. The empirical results indicate that, first, the firms assigned to the top of 0051 exhibit much higher institutional ownership than firms assigned to the bottom of 0050. Second, the differences in the institutional ownership near the thresholds of the two index (0050,0051) have a significant positive relationship with tax avoidance. That is, near the threshold, companies with higher institutional ownership are also more aggressive in tax avoidance. Sensitivity analysis adopts a measurement period of 18 months for tax avoidance and adopts the empirical structure of Crane et al. (2016). The first stage uses sharp regression discontinuity design to examine index funds and institutional ownership; the second stage uses instrumental variable method to examine the effect of institutional ownership on tax avoidance, all with consistent results.
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TSENG, YI-CHING, and 曾怡菁. "Anti-Tax Avoidance Disclosure Rules." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wav4kw.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄科技大學
財富與稅務管理系
107
Taiwan had enacted The Rules of Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) and Place of Effective Management (PEM) for Anti-tax Avoidance Rules in 2016. However, due to jurisdiction, it is hard for taxation authorities to comprehend taxpayer’s CFC and to charge tax on a Taiwan person/company that controls a CFC. Therefore, in the tax col-lection process, strengthening the collection of overseas taxation information of the CFC has become the key to the success of tackling cross-border tax evasion and tax avoid-ance. Recently, many countries have carried out reforms in the collection process by us-ing the mechanisms of "Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes" and "Mandatory Information Disclosure" to make the actual beneficiary, investment ratio, overseas fi-nancial account, and tax planning of controlled foreign companies, relevant taxation in-formation transparent. Taiwan has implemented the " Common Reporting Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters " (CRS), and has expected to exchange financial account information with Japan and Australia for the first time in 2020. But due to the special situation of Taiwan's international status, it has not been effective cross-border cooperation with other tax administrations through ex-change of information for tax purposes to obtain the taxpayers’ oversea finaincial ac-count information. Therefore, the mandatory information disclosure mechanism can be used as a weapon for collecting overseas tax information. This study explores the mandatory information disclosure mechanism adopted by the United States, Germany and OECD in anti-tax avoidance measures. It can be di-vided into three kinds of information-oriented disclosures: "Overseas Financial Account Information", "Overseas Investment Information" and "Tax Planning Information". It is a direction we can follow to improve the anti-tax avoidance mandatory information dis-closure mechanism in the future, and is helpful to maintain fairness in taxation and rev-enue.
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Wen-HsinLi and 李文馨. "CFO Ethnicity and Tax Avoidance." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/upubd3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
會計學系
107
In this paper, I examine the ethnicity of CFOs and the degree of his or her tax avoidance. I find that companies with non-white CFOs are more aggressive on tax avoidance than companies with white CFOs, and this result is due to the individual effect of CFO. Then, I further distinguish non-white into African and Asian. I find that the behavior of aggressive tax avoidance is primarily resulting from Asian CFOs. Overall, I find the evidence of different ethnicities with different risk preferences. Also, I confirm that CFOs’ individual characteristics do have impact on the operation of companies.
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Yeh, Yi-Chun, and 葉怡均. "Tax Avoidance and Corporate Reputation." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wq29wh.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
財政學系
106
This study discusses the association between tax avoidance and corporate reputation. Follow Gallemore, Maydew, and Thornock (2014), using the perceptions formed by different corporate stakeholders to make a broad definition of corporate reputation. Then, select multiple proxies of corporate reputation according to the definition to do my empirical analysis. And observe whether reputation of the corporations change if they were reported by public media because of tax avoidance. This study collects media reports in Taiwan from 2007 to 2016 and includes financial data of Taiwanese companies from 2002 to 2016. Use differences-in-differences methodology and choose control group by matching to do the empirical research. For the proxies of corporate reputation, there are three main results in this study. First, after reported by media because of tax avoidance, the sales growth of corporation significant declines. It represents that the corporate reputation will falls after the report of tax avoidance. Second, the advertisement growth significant rises after the report, means that corporations will consider the potential damage of reputation caused by reports and will take action to protect it. The last, however, the other proxies of corporate reputation I analyzed are not significant in this study, including stock return, marketing expenditure and reputation in magazine. As a results, this study does not find enough evidence to prove that corporations will face reputation loss after report of tax avoidance.
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吳振德. "Corporate Tax Avoidance and Cash Holdings." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21285882334016937904.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
財政學系
104
Prior studies have mixed evidence about the relationship between corporate tax avoidance and firm cash holdings. This study uses data of Taiwan listed corporations from 1996 to 2014. In the view of precautionary motive of cash holdings, firms that have higher levels of tax avoidance will encounter more tax risk so that these firms will hold more cash. In the view of agency theory, tax avoidance could have an adverse impact on firm’s information environment. Therefore, the adverse impact of tax avoidance can allow managers to undertake greater rent extraction. Because cash can be easily diverted, tax avoidance may lead to quicker dissipation of firm’s cash holdings and resultantly lower cash holdings. The results support the view of agency theory. Corporations with higher levels of tax avoidance have lower cash holdings. If investors perceive tax avoidance as enabling managers’ rent extraction, they will lower valuation of firm cash holdings. The results suggest that there is no significant relation between valuation of firm cash holdings and corporate tax avoidance, but the valuation of firm excess cash holdings is lower for firms with higher levels of tax avoidance. Stronger corporate governance might mitigate the adverse impact of tax avoidance. So this study conducts regression analyses on subsamples. The results show that corporate governance doesn’t affect the relation between corporate tax avoidance and firm cash holdings. Also, corporate governance doesn’t affect relationship between corporate tax avoidance and valuation of firm cash holdings. However, the adverse impact of corporate tax avoidance on valuation of excess cash holdings is mitigated for firms with stronger corporate governance when tax avoidance is measured using 5-year cash effective tax rate.