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Journal articles on the topic 'Taupō volcano'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan, Pasan Herath, Calum J. Chamberlain, Konstantinos Michailos, and Colin J. N. Wilson. "A decade of earthquake activity at Taupō Volcano, New Zealand." Volcanica 5, no. 2 (October 27, 2022): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.05.02.335348.

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Taupō, New Zealand, is an active caldera volcano that in recent times has erupted on average every ~500 years, with the latest explosive eruption in 232±10 CE. Monitoring at Taupō is challenging as there has been no eruptive activity in documented history; however, Taupō does undergo periods of unrest on roughly a decadal timescale, such as in 2019. Key to identifying these unrest periods is understanding what represents 'normal' inter-unrest activity. In this study, we generate an earthquake catalogue for Taupō for 2010–2019 inclusive, consisting of 46,481 earthquakes. This shows that the Taupō region has background earthquake rates of 50–200 earthquakes per month and the 2019 unrest episode was preceded by an exponential increase in earthquake rate. We also show that when attenuation is accounted for there is no evidence for low-frequency earthquakes at Taupō, and that this is an important consideration for volcano monitoring and determining the presence of significant magma movement.

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2

Hopkins, Jenni L., Janine E. Bidmead, David J. Lowe, Richard J. Wysoczanski, Bradley J. Pillans, Luisa Ashworth, Andrew B. H. Rees, and Fiona Tuckett. "TephraNZ: a major- and trace-element reference dataset for glass-shard analyses from prominent Quaternary rhyolitic tephras in New Zealand and implications for correlation." Geochronology 3, no. 2 (September 23, 2021): 465–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-465-2021.

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Abstract. Although analyses of tephra-derived glass shards have been undertaken in New Zealand for nearly four decades (pioneered by Paul Froggatt), our study is the first to systematically develop a formal, comprehensive, open-access reference dataset of glass-shard compositions for New Zealand tephras. These data will provide an important reference tool for future studies to identify and correlate tephra deposits and for associated petrological and magma-related studies within New Zealand and beyond. Here we present the foundation dataset for TephraNZ, an open-access reference dataset for selected tephra deposits in New Zealand. Prominent, rhyolitic, tephra deposits from the Quaternary were identified, with sample collection targeting original type sites or reference locations where the tephra's identification is unequivocally known based on independent dating and/or mineralogical techniques. Glass shards were extracted from the tephra deposits, and major- and trace-element geochemical compositions were determined. We discuss in detail the data reduction process used to obtain the results and propose that future studies follow a similar protocol in order to gain comparable data. The dataset contains analyses of glass shards from 23 proximal and 27 distal tephra samples characterising 45 eruptive episodes ranging from Kaharoa (636 ± 12 cal yr BP) to the Hikuroa Pumice member (2.0 ± 0.6 Ma) from six or more caldera sources, most from the central Taupō Volcanic Zone. We report 1385 major-element analyses obtained by electron microprobe (EMPA), and 590 trace-element analyses obtained by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS, on individual glass shards. Using principal component analysis (PCA), Euclidean similarity coefficients, and geochemical investigation, we show that chemical compositions of glass shards from individual eruptions are commonly distinguished by major elements, especially CaO, TiO2, K2O, and FeOtt (Na2O+K2O and SiO2/K2O), but not always. For those tephras with similar glass major-element signatures, some can be distinguished using trace elements (e.g. HFSEs: Zr, Hf, Nb; LILE: Ba, Rb; REE: Eu, Tm, Dy, Y, Tb, Gd, Er, Ho, Yb, Sm) and trace-element ratios (e.g. LILE/HFSE: Ba/Th, Ba/Zr, Rb/Zr; HFSE/HREE: Zr/Y, Zr/Yb, Hf/Y; LREE/HREE: La/Yb, Ce/Yb). Geochemistry alone cannot be used to distinguish between glass shards from the following tephra groups: Taupō (Unit Y in the post-Ōruanui eruption sequence of Taupō volcano) and Waimihia (Unit S); Poronui (Unit C) and Karapiti (Unit B); Rotorua and Rerewhakaaitu; and Kawakawa/Ōruanui, and Okaia. Other characteristics, including stratigraphic relationships and age, can be used to separate and distinguish all of these otherwise-similar tephra deposits except Poronui and Karapiti. Bimodality caused by K2O variability is newly identified in Poihipi and Tahuna tephras. Using glass-shard compositions, tephra sourced from Taupō Volcanic Centre (TVC) and Mangakino Volcanic Centre (MgVC) can be separated using bivariate plots of SiO2/K2O vs. Na2O+K2O. Glass shards from tephras derived from Kapenga Volcanic Centre, Rotorua Volcanic Centre, and Whakamaru Volcanic Centre have similar major- and trace-element chemical compositions to those from the MgVC, but they can overlap with glass analyses from tephras from Taupō and Okataina volcanic centres. Specific trace elements and trace-element ratios have lower variability than the heterogeneous major-element and bimodal signatures, making them easier to fingerprint geochemically.

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3

Stirling, M. W., and C. J. N. Wilson. "Development of a volcanic hazard model for New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2002): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.35.4.266-277.

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We commence development of a volcanic hazard model for New Zealand by applying the well- established methods of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to volcanoes. As part of this work we use seismologically-based methods to develop eruption volume - frequency distributions for the Okataina and Taupo volcanoes of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Our procedure is to use the geologic and historical record of large eruptions (erupted magma volumes ≥ 0.01 cubic km for Taupo and ≥ 0.5 cubic km for Okataina) to construct eruption volume-frequency distributions for the two volcanoes. The two volcanoes show log-log distributions of decreasing frequency as a function of eruption volume, analogous to the shape of earthquake magnitude-frequency distributions constructed from seismicity catalogues. On the basis of these eruption volume-frequency distributions we estimate the maximum eruption volumes that Taupo and Okataina are capable of producing at probability levels of relevance to engineers and planners. We find that a maximum eruption volume of 0.1 cubic km is expected from Taupo with a 10% probability in 50 years, while Okataina may not produce a large eruption at this probability level. However, at the more conservative 2% probability in 50 years, both volcanoes are expected to produce large eruptions (0.5 cubic km for Okataina and 1 cubic km for Taupo). Our study therefore shows significant differences in eruption probabilities for volcanoes in the same physiographic region, and therefore highlights the importance of establishing unique eruption databases for all volcanoes in a hazard analysis.

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4

Johnston, David, Brad Scott, Bruce Houghton, Douglas Paton, David Dowrick, Pilar Villamor, and John Savage. "Social and economic consequences of historic caldera unrest at the Taupo volcano, New Zealand and the management of future episodes of unrest." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2002): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.35.4.215-230.

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In 1998, changes in a number of indicators (earthquakes and uplift) at two of New Zealand's active volcanic caldera systems (Okataina and Taupo) resulted in increased public, local and central government awareness and some concern about the potential significance of volcanic unrest at a caldera volcano. This paper summarises the episodes of unrest recorded at Taupo caldera since 1895. There have been four significant events (1895, 1922, 1963-64 and 1983) that have included earthquake activity and ground deformation. Caldera unrest is one of the most difficult situations the volcanological and emergency management communities will have to deal with. There is potential for adverse social and economic impacts to escalate unnecessarily, unless the event is managed appropriately. Adverse response to caldera unrest may take the form of the release of inappropriate advice, media speculation, unwarranted emergency declarations and premature cessation of economic activity and community services. A non-volcanic-crisis time provides the best opportunity to develop an understanding of the caldera unrest phenomena, and the best time to establish educational programmes, funding systems for enhanced emergency response and volcano surveillance and to develop co-ordinated contingency plans.

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5

Barker, Simon J., Michael C. Rowe, Colin J. N. Wilson, John A. Gamble, Shane M. Rooyakkers, Richard J. Wysoczanski, Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, and Charles C. Kenworthy. "What lies beneath? Reconstructing the primitive magmas fueling voluminous silicic volcanism using olivine-hosted melt inclusions." Geology 48, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47422.1.

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Abstract Understanding the origins of the mantle melts that drive voluminous silicic volcanism is challenging because primitive magmas are generally trapped at depth. The central Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ; New Zealand) hosts an extraordinarily productive region of rhyolitic caldera volcanism. Accompanying and interspersed with the rhyolitic products, there are traces of basalt to andesite preserved as enclaves or pyroclasts in caldera eruption products and occurring as small monogenetic eruptive centers between calderas. These mafic materials contain MgO-rich olivines (Fo79–86) that host melt inclusions capturing the most primitive basaltic melts fueling the central TVZ. Olivine-hosted melt inclusion compositions associated with the caldera volcanoes (intracaldera samples) contrast with those from the nearby, mafic intercaldera monogenetic centers. Intracaldera melt inclusions from the modern caldera volcanoes of Taupō and Okataina have lower abundances of incompatible elements, reflecting distinct mantle melts. There is a direct link showing that caldera-related silicic volcanism is fueled by basaltic magmas that have resulted from higher degrees of partial melting of a more depleted mantle source, along with distinct subduction signatures. The locations and vigor of Taupō and Okataina are fundamentally related to the degree of melting and flux of basalt from the mantle, and intercaldera mafic eruptive products are thus not representative of the feeder magmas for the caldera volcanoes. Inherited olivines and their melt inclusions provide a unique “window” into the mantle dynamics that drive the active TVZ silicic magmatic systems and may present a useful approach at other volcanoes that show evidence for mafic recharge.

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6

Houghton, B. F., J. H. Latter, and W. R. Hackett. "Volcanic hazard assessment for Ruapehu composite volcano, taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand." Bulletin of Volcanology 49, no. 6 (December 1987): 737–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01079825.

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7

Shane, Philip A. R., and Paul C. Froggatt. "Discriminant Function Analysis of Glass Chemistry of New Zealand and North American Tephra Deposits." Quaternary Research 41, no. 1 (January 1994): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1008.

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AbstractMajor, trace, and rare earth element analyses of volcanic glass are used separately or in combination for correlating Quaternary tephras, often by graphical or simple comparative methods. We have taken a statistical approach using discriminant function analysis (DFA) to assess the relative discriminating power of the different elements in volcanic glasses from several tectonovolcanic provinces. We found that major oxides are powerful discriminating variables for widespread tephras from the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand and here they can be more discriminating than trace elements. A wide selection of tephras from the western United States can also be distinguished on major oxides alone, particularly those from Cascade Range volcanoes. For tephras from large intracontinental calderas, such as Long Valley or Yellowstone, REE and trace elements are more effective at discriminating than major oxides. However, tephras erupted from the Long Valley area can be distinguished on major oxide composition by DFA, despite their similar chemistry. The selection and relative significance of different elements for discriminating tephras depends on the total data set being compared, as well as the source volcano and the individual eruptive events. Caution must be exercised in the nonstatistical selection of compositional data for characterizing tephras: DFA is a more powerful and objective tool for the comparison of tephra chemistry.

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8

Cameron, Errol, John Gamble, Richard Price, Ian Smith, William McIntosh, and Mairi Gardner. "The petrology, geochronology and geochemistry of Hauhungatahi volcano, S.W. Taupo Volcanic Zone." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 190, no. 1-2 (February 2010): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.002.

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9

Manville, V., D. Johnston, S. Stammers, and B. Scott. "Comparative preparedness in New Zealand and the Philippines for response to, and recovery from, volcanic eruptions." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 33, no. 4 (December 31, 2000): 445–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.33.4.445-476.

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New Zealand and the Philippines are two of the most tectonically and volcanically active regions in the world, due to their setting as large island chains on the convergent margin of the Pacific Plate. The Philippines has experienced numerous volcanic disasters over the past 400 years with the loss of over 7000 lives and considerable damage to infrastructure. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, after 500 years of dormancy, was the largest volcanic eruption globally in the last 50 years, with serious socio-economic consequences for the Philippines. The 1995-6 eruptions of New Zealand's Mount Ruapehu, were the most serious volcanic activity experienced in the country over the last 50 years, but occurred at a frequently active volcano for which monitoring, hazard assessment, and response systems were already in place. Although the eruptions differ in size by two orders of magnitude, they illustrate how volcanic activity impacts infrastructure and society at different levels of economic development and vulnerability. Two of New Zealand's volcanic centres, Taupo and Okataina, have the potential to generate eruptions of a similar, or even greater, scale than Pinatubo. Therefore, lessons learnt from the Philippine experience will be of vital importance in planning for the mitigation of future volcanic disasters in New Zealand.

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10

Cole, J. W., C. E. Sabel, E. Blumenthal, K. Finnis, A. Dantas, S. Barnard, and D. M. Johnston. "GIS-based emergency and evacuation planning for volcanic hazards in New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 38, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.38.3.149-164.

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide a range of techniques which allow ready access to data, and the opportunity to overlay graphical location-based information for ease of interpretation. They can be used to solve complex planning and management problems. All phases of emergency management (reduction, readiness, response and recovery) can benefit from GIS, including applications related to transportation systems, a critical element in managing effective lifelines in an emergency. This is particularly true immediately before and during a volcanic eruption. The potential for volcanic activity in New Zealand is high, with 10 volcanoes or volcanic centres (Auckland, Bay of Islands, Haroharo, Mayor Island, Ruapehu, Taranaki, Tarawera, Taupo, Tongariro (including Ngauruhoe) and White Island) recognised as active or potentially active. In addition there are many active and potentially active volcanoes along the Kermadec Island chain. There is a great deal of background information on all of these volcanoes, and GIS is currently being used for some aspects of monitoring (e.g. ERS and Envisat radar interferometry for observing deformation prior to eruptions). If an eruption is considered imminent, evacuation may be necessary, and hence transportation systems must be evaluated. Scenarios have been developed for many centres (e.g. Taranaki/Egmont and Bay of Plenty volcanoes), but so far the use of GIS in planning for evacuation is limited. This paper looks at the use of GIS, indicates how it is being used in emergency management, and suggests how it can be used in evacuation planning.

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11

Briggs, R. M., M. G. Gifford, A. R. Moyle, S. R. Taylor, M. D. Norman, B. F. Houghton, and C. J. N. Wilson. "Geochemical zoning and eruptive mixing in ignimbrites from Mangakino volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 56, no. 3 (June 1993): 175–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(93)90016-k.

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12

Latter, J. H. "Frequency of eruptions at New Zealand volcanoes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 1 (March 31, 1985): 55–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.18.1.55-110.

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This paper reviews the nature and history of activity and the extent of risk at 14 volcanoes and volcanic centres in New Zealand and the Kermadec Islands. Mean intervals between eruptions are calculated, or estimated by extrapolation, for eight classes of eruption, represented by order of magnitude volume increases from 104m3 to 1011m3 (100 km3) Expected property losses in eruptions, divided by the approximate mean intervals, allow risk to be apportioned on an annual basis. In real terms the rhyolite volcanoes, between Kawerau/Lake Rotorua and the southern end of Lake Taupo, are easily the most destructive. Annually apportioned, however, the risk is highest for an eruption of about 107m3 at Mt Egmont. Cumulative volumes erupted with time are estimated for most of the volcanoes and, where possible, average rates of magma accumulation and subsequent eruption have been estimated. This enables any shortfall between the actual volumes erupted, and the expected volumes, to be estimated, thus giving a measure of eruption potential at the present time. This varies for different volcanoes, from about 0.04 km3 up to several hundred cubic kilometres. The time elapsed since the last eruption, divided by the mean frequency for that class of eruption, gives an idea of the likelihood of further activity, although the usefulness of the results is limited by large standard deviations. In the short term, less than 100 years, an eruption of 107m3 at Mt Egmont again emerges as the most likely damaging event. In the medium term, of the order of a few hundred years, an eruption of c.1 km3 in the Okataina-Rotorua area, or in the district between Lake Taupo and Rotorua, becomes probable. The data on which the conclusions are based, together with the mean intervals accepted, and the times elapsed since the last eruptions, are given in Appendices, so that the nature of the facts, and hence a wide perspective on volcanic activity in New Zealand, can be the better appreciated. The picture is one of volcanoes dormant for long periods of time, with great destructive potential, any of which could awaken at any time.

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13

GRAHAM, I. J., and W. R. HACKETT. "Petrology of Calc-alkaline Lavas from Ruapehu Volcano and Related Vents, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Journal of Petrology 28, no. 3 (June 1, 1987): 531–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/28.3.531.

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14

Eberhart-Phillips, Donna, Stephen Bannister, and Martin Reyners. "Attenuation in the mantle wedge beneath super-volcanoes of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 703–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz455.

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SUMMARY The Taupo Volcanic Zone has a 120-km-long section of rhyolitic volcanism, within which is a 60-km-long area of supervolcanoes. The underlying subducted slab has along-strike heterogeneity due to the Hikurangi Plateau's prior subduction history. We studied 3-D Qs (1/attenuation) using t* spectral decay from local earthquakes to 370-km depth. Selection emphasized those events with data quality to sample the low Qs mantle wedge, and Qs inversion used varied linking of nodes to obtain resolution in regions of sparse stations, and 3-D initial model. The imaged mantle wedge has a 250-km-long 150-km-wide zone of low Qs (<300) at 65–85 km depth which includes two areas of very low Qs (<120). The most pronounced low Qs feature underlies the Mangakino and Whakamaru super-eruptive calderas, with inferred melt ascending under the central rift structure. The slab is characterized by high Qs (1200–2000), with a relatively small area of reduction in Qs (<800) underlying Taupo at 65-km depth, and adjacent to the mantle wedge low Qs. This suggests abundant dehydration fluids coming off the slab at specific locations and migrating near-vertically upward to the volcanic zone. The seismicity in the subducted slab has a patch of dense seismicity underlying the rhyolitic volcanic zone, consistent with locally abundant fractures and fluid flux. The relationship between the along-arc and downdip slab heterogeneity and dehydration implies that patterns of volcanism may be strongly influenced by large initial outer rise hydration which occurred while the edge of the Hikurangi Plateau hindered subduction. A second very low Qs feature is 50-km west above the 140-km-depth slab. The distinction suggests involvement of a second dehydration peak at that depth, consistent with some numerical models.

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15

Schill, G. P., K. Genareau, and M. A. Tolbert. "Deposition and immersion mode nucleation of ice by three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman spectroscopy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2015): 1385–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-1385-2015.

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Abstract. Ice nucleation on volcanic ash controls both ash aggregation and cloud glaciation, which affect atmospheric transport and global climate. Previously, it has been suggested that there is one characteristic ice nucleation efficiency for all volcanic ash, regardless of its composition, when accounting for surface area; however, this claim is derived from data from only two volcanic eruptions. In this work, we have studied the depositional and immersion freezing efficiency of three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman Microscopy coupled to an environmental cell. Ash from the Fuego (basaltic ash, Guatemala), Soufrière Hills (andesitic ash, Montserrat), and Taupo (Oruanui euption, rhyolitic ash, New Zealand) volcanoes were chosen to represent different geographical locations and silica content. All ash samples were quantitatively analyzed for both percent crystallinity and mineralogy using X-ray diffraction. In the present study, we find that all three samples of volcanic ash are excellent depositional ice nuclei, nucleating ice from 225–235 K at ice saturation ratios of 1.05 ± 0.01, comparable to the mineral dust proxy kaolinite. Since depositional ice nucleation will be more important at colder temperatures, fine volcanic ash may represent a global source of cold-cloud ice nuclei. For immersion freezing relevant to mixed-phase clouds, however, only the Oruanui ash exhibited heterogeneous ice nucleation activity. Similar to recent studies on mineral dust, we suggest that the mineralogy of volcanic ash may dictate its ice nucleation activity in the immersion mode.

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Schill, G. P., K. Genareau, and M. A. Tolbert. "Deposition and immersion-mode nucleation of ice by three distinct samples of volcanic ash." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 13 (July 10, 2015): 7523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7523-2015.

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Abstract. Ice nucleation of volcanic ash controls both ash aggregation and cloud glaciation, which affect atmospheric transport and global climate. Previously, it has been suggested that there is one characteristic ice nucleation efficiency for all volcanic ash, regardless of its composition, when accounting for surface area; however, this claim is derived from data from only two volcanic eruptions. In this work, we have studied the depositional and immersion freezing efficiency of three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman microscopy coupled to an environmental cell. Ash from the Fuego (basaltic ash, Guatemala), Soufrière Hills (andesitic ash, Montserrat), and Taupo (Oruanui eruption, rhyolitic ash, New Zealand) volcanoes were chosen to represent different geographical locations and silica content. All ash samples were quantitatively analyzed for both percent crystallinity and mineralogy using X-ray diffraction. In the present study, we find that all three samples of volcanic ash are excellent depositional ice nuclei, nucleating ice from 225 to 235 K at ice saturation ratios of 1.05 ± 0.01, comparable to the mineral dust proxy kaolinite. Since depositional ice nucleation will be more important at colder temperatures, fine volcanic ash may represent a global source of cold-cloud ice nuclei. For immersion freezing relevant to mixed-phase clouds, however, only the Oruanui ash exhibited appreciable heterogeneous ice nucleation activity. Similar to recent studies on mineral dust, we suggest that the mineralogy of volcanic ash may dictate its ice nucleation activity in the immersion mode.

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17

Gamble, John A., Richard C. Price, Ian E. M. Smith, William C. McIntosh, and Nelia W. Dunbar. "40Ar/39Ar geochronology of magmatic activity, magma flux and hazards at Ruapehu volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 120, no. 3-4 (February 2003): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(02)00407-9.

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Sarano, F., R. C. Murphy, B. F. Houghton, and J. W. Hedenquist. "Preliminary observations of submarine geothermal activity in the vicinity of White Island Volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 19, no. 4 (December 1989): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1989.10421847.

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Millet, Marc-Alban, Chelsea M. Tutt, Monica R. Handler, and Joel A. Baker. "Processes and time scales of dacite magma assembly and eruption at Tauhara volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15, no. 1 (January 2014): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gc005016.

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20

Dunn, C. E., and A. B. Christie. "Tree ferns and tea trees in biogeochemical exploration for epithermal Au and Ag in New Zealand." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 20, no. 3 (July 25, 2019): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2019-047.

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Biogeochemical orientation surveys were undertaken at low sulphidation epithermal Au–Ag occurrences in the Hauraki Goldfield–Coromandel Volcanic Zone and the Taupo Volcanic Zone, and at the Waiotapu active geothermal area in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Several plant species were sampled, including the foliage of tree ferns and tea trees. The ferns – silver fern (ponga), rough tree fern (wheki) and black tree fern (mamaku) – were ubiquitous and were the easiest species to sample, although tea tree was the dominant genus at Waiotapu. At the Waiotapu geothermal area, significantly higher concentrations of Ag, Au, Sb, As, Cs and Rb were present in samples close to Champagne Pool than elsewhere, confirming its location as the main outflow source of Au, Ag and their pathfinder elements. The fern survey areas at Luck at Last mine, Pine Sinter and Ohui in the Coromandel Volcanic Zone each exhibited biogeochemical anomalies, which successfully highlighted most of the known quartz veins and provided additional anomalies for further investigation. Rough tree fern was the most common species at Goldmine Hill, Puhipuhi (Taupo Volcanic Zone). Although this species absorbs lower concentrations of many elements than the silver fern, the spatial distribution of elements is of greater significance than their absolute concentrations. The highest Au, Ag, As and Al concentrations occurred in samples from a ridge extending WNW from Goldmine Hill. Sb and Bi were at anomalous levels in an area peripheral to the precious metal anomalies, indicating the potential zonation of elements distal from the Au and Ag deposits.Supplementary material: The full datasets on the fern and tea tree chemistry, including quality assurance/quality control and multi-element plots, are available free of charge through the GNS Science website (search for Dunn) at http://shop.gns.cri.nz/publications/science-reports/.

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Wilson, C. J. N., B. F. Houghton, B. J. Pillans, and S. D. Weaver. "Taupo Volcanic Zone calc-alkaline tephras on the peralkaline Mayor Island volcano, New Zealand: identification and uses as marker horizons." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 69, no. 3-4 (December 1995): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00039-9.

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22

Stokes, Stephen, and David J. Lowe. "Discriminant Function Analysis of Late Quaternary Tephras from Five Volcanoes in New Zealand Using Glass Shard Major Element Chemistry." Quaternary Research 30, no. 3 (November 1988): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90003-8.

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The microprobe-determined glass shard major element chemistry of tephras derived from five North Island, New Zealand volcanoes (Mayor Island, Okataina, Taupo, Tongariro, and Mount Egmont) and younger than ca. 20,000 yr B.P. was subjected to discriminant function analysis. Four separate approaches were adopted to test the match of the tephras with their known sources: (1) an analysis of raw microprobe data; (2) an analysis of normalized data; (3) an analysis of the data transformed by calculating the log10 of oxide scores divided (arbitrarily) by the chlorine content; and (4) a repeat of (3) with multivariate outlier scores, as determined by principal components analysis, deleted. All yielded excellent classification functions (efficiencies of 91–100%), with the eruptives associated with each of the five volcanoes being chemically distinct from one another. In each approach, the first two canonical discriminant functions accounted for >90% of the variation between groups. The removal of multivariate outliers from the data set had only minor effects on the performance of the discriminant function procedures. Separate discriminant function analysis of the relatively alike Taupo and Okataina eruptives gave a greater degree of multivariate separation. The numerical classifications generated should enable unidentified tephras erupted since ca. 20,000 yr B.P. from the five volcanoes to be provisionally matched with their sources.

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White, Brian R., and Isabelle Chambefort. "Geothermal development history of the Taupo Volcanic Zone." Geothermics 59 (January 2016): 148–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.10.001.

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24

Wilson, C. J. N., B. F. Houghton, M. O. McWilliams, M. A. Lanphere, S. D. Weaver, and R. M. Briggs. "Volcanic and structural evolution of Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a review." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 68, no. 1-3 (October 1995): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00006-g.

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25

Villamor, P., K. R. Berryman, I. A. Nairn, K. Wilson, N. Litchfield, and W. Ries. "Associations between volcanic eruptions from Okataina volcanic center and surface rupture of nearby active faults, Taupo rift, New Zealand: Insights into the nature of volcano-tectonic interactions." Geological Society of America Bulletin 123, no. 7-8 (January 28, 2011): 1383–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30184.1.

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26

Smale, Mark C., Susan K. Wiser, Michael J. Bergin, and Neil B. Fitzgerald. "A classification of the geothermal vegetation of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 48, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2017.1322619.

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27

Bibby, H. M., G. F. Risk, T. G. Caldwell, W. Heise, and S. L. Bennie. "Resistivity structure of western Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 51, no. 3 (September 2008): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288300809509862.

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28

McLellan, J. G., N. H. S. Oliver, B. E. Hobbs, and J. V. Rowland. "Convection stability in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 101, no. 1 (April 2009): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2008.12.002.

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29

Darby, Desmond J., Kathleen M. Hodgkinson, and Graeme H. Blick. "Geodetic measurement of deformation in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: The north Taupo network revisited." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 43, no. 2 (June 2000): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2000.9514878.

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30

BLAKE, S., C. J. N. WILSON, I. E. M. SMITH, and G. P. L. WALKER. "Petrology and dynamics of the Waimihia mixed magma eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand." Journal of the Geological Society 149, no. 2 (March 1992): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.2.0193.

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31

Graham, I. J., J. W. Cole, R. M. Briggs, J. A. Gamble, and I. E. M. Smith. "Petrology and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from the Taupo Volcanic Zone: a review." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 68, no. 1-3 (October 1995): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00008-i.

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32

Saha, Sriparna, Sylvia Tapuke, Ben Kennedy, Kelvin Tapuke, Shelley Hersey, Fiona Wright, Sara Tolbert, et al. "Towards ethical curriculum development: Perspectives from the interface of mātauranga Māori and Western science." Set: Research Information for Teachers, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18296/set.0211.

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Abstract:

In 2019, the Earthquake Commission (EQC) New Zealand with a stake to raise awareness of natural disasters and their impacts, commissioned the LEARNZ1 Our Supervolcanoes virtual field trip (VFT) to teach about volcanoes around Lake Taupō in Aotearoa New Zealand. The involvement of kaupapa Māori researchers in the project facilitated an authentic opportunity to develop bicultural educational resources. We share insights from this collaboration that can inform the engagement process with local iwi. The key findings from this study can support teachers, researchers, and scientists willing to collaborate in culturally appropriate ways when engaging with local iwi leaders for the development of bicultural educational resources through an authentic partnership approach. These findings can serve as good practices when engaging with the local iwi for development of bicultural educational resources.

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33

Price, R. C., M. T. McCulloch, I. E. M. Smith, and R. B. Stewart. "Pb-Nd-Sr isotopic compositions and trace element characteristics of young volcanic rocks from Egmont Volcano and comparisons with basalts and andesites from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, no. 3 (March 1992): 941–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90038-k.

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34

Mering, John A., Shaun L. L. Barker, Katharine W. Huntington, Stuart Simmons, Gregory Dipple, Benjamin Andrew, and Andrew Schauer. "Taking the Temperature of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Using Clumped Isotope Thermometry." Economic Geology 113, no. 8 (December 1, 2018): 1671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2018.4608.

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Abstract Better tools are needed to map the thermal structure of ore deposits. Here, carbonate clumped isotope thermometry is applied for the first time in epithermal, skarn, and carbonate-hosted deposits to identify the conditions involved in metal transport and deposition. Clumped isotope temperature calibrations were tested by measurement of carbonates from three geothermal fields in the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand, that record growth temperatures between 130° and 310°C. Results for modern Taupo volcanic zone calcites were paired with known fluid δ18O values and these indicate precipitation in equilibrium with produced geothermal waters. Measurements carried out at the Waihi low sulfidation deposit in New Zealand, the Antamina polymetallic skarn in Peru, and the Mount Isa sediment hosted Pb-Zn and Cu deposit in Queensland, Australia, demonstrate that clumped isotope values are sensitive to temperature gradients defined using other methods. At Waihi, an andesite-hosted deposit, temperature controls the majority of variation in carbonate mineral δ18O. At Mount Isa, ~300° to 400°C temperatures were recorded in a 1.5 Ga orebody, which are consistent with fluid inclusion values, highlighting the longevity of clumped isotope archives in dolomite minerals. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential for clumped isotopes to delineate the heat footprint around deposits that contain carbonates, and to more effectively disentangle magmatic and meteoric fluid δ18O signals.

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35

Ingham, Malcolm. "Deep electrical structure of the Central Volcanic Region and Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Earth, Planets and Space 57, no. 7 (July 2005): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03351838.

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36

Tenzer, Robert, and Ali Fadil. "Tectonic classification of vertical crustal motions – a case study for New Zealand." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2016-0007.

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Abstract We investigate the relationship between vertical crustal motion and tectonic block configuration. The study is conducted along the active tectonic margin between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates in New Zealand with a well-defined tectonic block configuration. For this purpose, the rates of vertical crustal motions relative to the ITRF2008 reference frame are estimated based on processing the GPS data (provided by the GeoNET project) collected at 123 continuous and semi-continuous GPS sites. The numerical results confirmed the uplift of the central Southern Alps at the current rate of 4.5 mm/yr. This tectonic uplift is coupled in the South Island by the subsidence on both sides of the Southern Alps. The detected rates of subsidence in the eastern South Island are typically less than 1 mm/yr. The subsidence in the Buller Region (in the northwest South Island) is 1.4–1.5 mm/yr. Except for the Taupo Volcanic Zone and the upper Raukumara Block (in the central and northeast North Island), the subsidence is prevailing in the North Island. The systematic subsidence up to 9 mm/yr is detected along the Dextral Fault Belt (in the lower North Island). The largest localized vertical displacements (between −10 and 17 mm/yr) in the Taupo Volcanic Zone are attributed to active tectonics, volcanisms and geothermal processes in this region. A classification of these vertical tectonic motions with respect to the tectonic block configuration reveals that most of tectonic blocks are systematically uplifted, subsided or tilted, except for regions characterized by a complex pattern of vertical motions attributed to active geothermal and volcanic processes.

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37

Risk, G. F., H. M. Bibby, and T. G. Caldwell. "Resistivity structure of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 90, no. 3-4 (June 1999): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00026-8.

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38

Simmons, Stuart F., Kevin L. Brown, Patrick R. L. Browne, and Julie V. Rowland. "Gold and silver resources in Taupo Volcanic Zone geothermal systems." Geothermics 59 (January 2016): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.07.009.

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39

Acocella, V., K. Spinks, J. Cole, and A. Nicol. "Oblique back arc rifting of Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Tectonics 22, no. 4 (August 2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002tc001447.

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40

Smith, Victoria C., Phil Shane, and Ian A. Nairn. "Trends in rhyolite geochemistry, mineralogy, and magma storage during the last 50 kyr at Okataina and Taupo volcanic centres, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 148, no. 3-4 (December 2005): 372–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.05.005.

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41

Nairn, I. A. "The Te Rere and Okareka eruptive episodes — Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 35, no. 1 (March 1992): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1992.9514503.

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42

MANVILLE, V., and C. J. N. WILSON. "Interactions between volcanism, rifting and subsidence: implications of intracaldera palaeoshorelines at Taupo volcano, New Zealand." Journal of the Geological Society 160, no. 1 (January 2003): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-764902-103.

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43

Bannister, Stephen, and Anne Melhuish. "Seismic scattering and reverberation, Kaingaroa plateau, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 40, no. 3 (September 1997): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1997.9514768.

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44

Zachariasen, Judith, and Russ Van Dissen. "Paleoseismicity of the northern Horohoro Fault, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 44, no. 3 (September 2001): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2001.9514946.

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45

Robertson, Edwin I., and Frederick J. Davey. "The basement morphology under Tongariro National Park, southern Taupo Volcanic Zone." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 61, no. 4 (September 16, 2018): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2018.1518247.

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46

Timperley, M. H., and R. J. Vigor‐Brown. "Water chemistry of lakes in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 20, no. 2 (June 1986): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1986.9516141.

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47

Tretkoff, Ernie. "Research Spotlight: Understanding the magma distribution in the Taupo Volcanic Zone." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 91, no. 25 (June 22, 2010): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo091i025p00228-01.

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48

Tanaka, H., G. M. Turner, B. F. Houghton, T. Tachibana, M. Kono, and M. O. McWilliams. "Palaeomagnetism and chronology of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Geophysical Journal International 124, no. 3 (March 1996): 919–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1996.tb05645.x.

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49

Hurst, Tony, Wiebke Heise, Sigrun Hreinsdottir, and Ian Hamling. "Geophysics of the Taupo Volcanic Zone: A review of recent developments." Geothermics 59 (January 2016): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.09.008.

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50

Wilson, C. J. N., and I. E. M. Smith. "A basaltic phreatomagmatic eruptive centre at Acacia Bay, Taupo Volcanic Centre." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 15, no. 3 (September 1985): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1985.10416836.

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