Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tauira'

Clinical signs and lesions of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) infection in Penaeus monodon were investigated by histological and in situ hybridization (ISH) analyses. Mortality among P. monodon inoculated with 2 genotypic variants of TSV (Th04Pm and Th04Lv) appeared on Day 3, with 2 out of 10 shrimp dying. Severe necrosis of cuticular epithelial cells and lymphoid organ spheroids, indicative of acute and chronic phase lesions of TSV infection, respectively, were detected in the samples. Both Th04Pm and Th04Lv belonged to a phylogenetic family of Asian TSV isolates. The results demonstrate that both mortality and histological lesions are associated with TSV infection in P. monodon.Infection with 4 genotypic variants of TSV (Bz01, Th04, UsHi94, and Ve05) in TSV-resistant (TSR) and TSV-susceptible (Kona) Litopenaeus vannamei was investigated. Survival probabilities of TSR shrimp were higher than those for Kona shrimp with all 4 variants. Th04, UsHi94, and Ve05 gave no Taura syndrome lesions with TSR shrimp. In contrast, TSR shrimp challenged with Bz01 and Kona shrimp with all 4 TSV variants exhibited severe necrosis of cuticular epithelial cells and lymphoid organ spheroids. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that mean TSV copy numbers in TSR shrimp infected with Bz01, Th04, and UsHi94 were significantly (p < 0.0005) lower than those in Kona shrimp. In contrast, mean TSV copy numbers in TSR and Kona shrimp infected with Ve05 were not significantly different (p > 0.4). The results show that TSR L. vannamei are susceptible to infection but give high survival rates following challenge by all 4 variants of TSV.To identify the viral replication site within shrimp infected cells, the viral RNA was located in association with virus-induced membrane rearrangement by electron microscopic ISH. Ultrastructure in the infected cells, analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, included the induction and proliferation of intracellular vesicle-like membranes, while the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and pyknotic nuclei were frequently seen. TSV RNA and TSV particles were found to be associated with the membranous structures. The results suggest that the proliferating membranes carry the RNA replication complex and that they are the site of nascent viral RNA synthesis.

Tiivistelmä. Tämän työn aiheena on kohdunkaulan syöpä, joka on maailmanlaajuisesti naisten toisiksi yleisin syöpäsairaus. Työn tavoitteena oli koota yhteen kohdunkaulan syöpään vaikuttavia biologisia tekijöitä sekä siihen liittyviä muutoksia elimistössä. Työ on toteutettu kirjallisuuskatsauksen muodossa. Työssä käydään läpi yleisesti syövän syntyyn ja kehittymiseen vaikuttavia biologisia tekijöitä sekä tarkastellaan kohdunkaulan syövän taustoja biologisesta näkökulmasta. Työssä käsitellään myös HPV-virusta, joka on kohdunkaulan syövässä tärkein taustatekijä, sekä sen roolia kohdunkaulan syövän synnyssä. Ihmisen papilloomaviruksen biologiaa tutkimalla on pystytty kehittämään mm. HPV-testi ja HPV-rokote. Ne ovat suhteellisen uusia menetelmiä ja välineitä kohdunkaulan syövän esiintyvyyden laskemiseen. Perinteisempiä menetelmiä HPV-infektion ja kohdunkaulan syövän seulonnassa ja hoidossa ovat sytologia ja histologia, joiden avulla soluja ja niiden järjestäytymistä kudoksessa voidaan tarkastella mikroskooppisesti. Työssä käydään läpi näiden eri menetelmien taustoja biologian näkökulmasta. Lopuksi työssä esitellään HPV-infektion ja kohdunkaulan syövän eri vaiheiden aiheuttamia sytologisia ja histologisia muutoksia elimistössä. Syto- ja histologisia muutoksia on pyritty havainnollistamaan virtuaalimikroskooppikuvien avulla.Abstract. The topic of this thesis is cervical cancer which is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. The aim of this thesis was to review biological factors related to cervical cancer and the changes it causes in the human body. This thesis is in a form of literature review. Cancer in general, how it arises and develops and cervical cancer in specific are some of the themes of this thesis. One of the themes is the human papilloma virus which is the major cause of cervical cancer. Studying the biology of HPV has lead to some new approaches such as HPV-test and HPV-vaccine which are relatively new tools in prevention of cervical cancer. More traditional methods in HPV- and cancer screening are cytology and histology, which allow microscopic view of the cells and their organization in tissues. In this thesis these methods are elaborated from a biological point of view. Cytological and histological changes due to HPV-infection and cervical cancer together with its precursors are being discussed in the last chapter. In addition to description there are images from virtual microscope which aim to demonstrate these cytological and histological changes.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on lisätä ymmärrystä Menieren tautia sairastavien terveysinformaatiokäyttäytymisestä tarkastelemalla Meniere-potilaiden terveystiedontarpeita, -hankintaa, -lähteitä ja -käyttöä. Menieren tauti on krooninen, mutta ei hengenvaarallinen sairaus, jossa potilaalla on iso rooli sairauden päivittäisessä hoidossa. Tästä aiheesta ei ole aiempaa tutkimusta informaatiotutkimuksen tai -käyttäytymisen näkökulmasta. Laadullisena tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin teemahaastattelua. Haastateltavana oli 14 henkilöä. Aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysillä. Tutkimuksessa ilmeni, että Menieren tautiin liittyvää tietoa haetaan aktiivisesti. Passiivisesti tietoa ei löydy. Tiedontarpeet ovat saman suuntaisia kuin muita tauteja sairastavilla. Terveystiedonhankinta on monipuolista sairauden alussa ja sairauden aktiivisessa vaiheessa. Tietoa hankitaan myös sairauden passiivisessa vaiheessa. Oma kokemus, Suomen Meniere-liiton ja toisten Meniere-potilaiden jakama informaatio sairaudesta ja vertaistuki nähtiin tärkeinä. Lääkäreiltä koetaan saatavan liian niukasti tietoa. Poikkeuksena ovat Menieren tautiin erikoistuneet korvalääkärit. Asiantuntevan tiedon saannilla voi olla suuri merkitys taudin hallinnan saavuttamisessa. Terveystiedonkäyttöön saadaan vaikutteita monista terveystiedonlähteistä, mutta lopulta kokemus omasta voinnista saa muuttamaan käyttäytymistä. Meniere-potilaiden tiedonsaantiin ja tiedonlähteille ohjaamiseen kannattaa kiinnittää diagnosointivaiheessa tarkempaa huomiota. Tutkimus antaa alustavan kuvan aiheesta. Tarvitaan lisätutkimuksia, jotka voivat antaa yleistettävää tietoa kroonista, ei-hengenvaarallista, mutta potilaan kannalta ikävää tautia sairastavien terveysinformaationkäyttäytymisestä.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências da Saúde.
Studies are researching immune cell death mechanisms during the course of sepsis in response to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators that are involved in its pathophysiology. Taurine (Tau) is an abundant amino acid in polymorponuclear leucocytes (PMN) that reacts with hypochlorous acid to form taurine chloramine (TauCl) under inflammatory conditions. In this context, we investigated potential interactions between lymphocytes and TauCl in rats submitted to cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), analyzing cell viability and cytokine secretion profile (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-23 and IL-10). Adult male rats were divided in two groups (sham and CLP) and then were killed 24 or 120 hours after sepsis induction to isolate lymphocytes from blood and spleen. Lymphocytes (> 95,0% purity determined by differentiation with Giemsa staining) were cultured for 24 hours at a concentration of 1x106 cells/mL and activated by 2 μg/mL concanavalin A (Con-A). After 24 hours, Tau and TauCl were added at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 (mM) for 1 hour. After this time, cells were incubated with MTT (500 μg/mL) for 3 hours to evaluate cell viability and supernatants were used to determine cytokines levels. Cells incubated with Tau exhibited better viability than those incubated with TauCl, in both time and organs. TauCl, in a time and dose-dependent ratio, decreased cytokines secretion (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-23 and IL-10) when compared to untreated cells. These findings show a possible impairment in lymphocytes function promoted by TauCl, correlated with immunosuppression and cell death characteristic of the late stages of sepsis.
Estudos estão buscando mecanismos de morte celular durante o curso da sepse, em que respostas pró-inflamatórias e anti-inflamatórias estão envolvidas na sua complexa fisiopatologia. Taurina (Tau) é um aminoácido abundante em polimorfomucleares (PMNs) que reage com ácido hipocloroso para formar o oxidante cloramina taurina (TauCl) em condições inflamatórias. Neste contexto, foi investigado potenciais interações entre linfócitos e TauCl em ratos submetidos à ligação e perfuração cecal (CLP), por meio de análise de viabilidade celular e perfil de secreção de citocinas (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-23 e IL-10). Ratos adultos machos foram divididos em dois grupos (sham e CLP) e subsequentemente mortos 24 ou 120 horas após a indução da sepse para isolamento de linfócitos do sangue e do baço. Linfócitos (> 95,0% de pureza determinada por diferenciação com coloração de Giemsa) foram cultivados por 24 horas a uma concentração de 1x106 células/mL e ativadas com 2 μg/mL de concanavalina A (ConA). Após 24 horas, Tau e TauCl foram adicionadas a concentrações de 0,1, 0,2, 0,3, 0,4 e 0,5 (mM) por uma hora. Após este tempo, as células foram incubadas com MTT (500 μg/mL) por 3 horas para avaliar viabilidade celular e os sobrenatantes foram usados para determinar os níveis de citocinas. Células incubadas com Tau exibiram maior viabilidade do que as células incubadas com TauCl, em ambos tempos e órgãos. TauCl, por meio de relação dose-dependente, diminuiu a secreção de citocinas (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-23 e IL-10) quando comparadas às células não incubadas. Estes achados mostram um possível comprometimento na função de linfócitos promovido pelo efeito de TauCl, correlacionado com a imunossupressão e morte celular características dos estágios de sepse.

Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena oli tarkastella ja kuvata palvelutalossa asuvien muistisairaiden ihmisten vuorovaikutuksen muuttumista viiden viikon muistelutikun käyttämisen aikana yhdessä heidän omaistensa ja hoitajiensa kanssa. Toisena tavoitteena oli kartoittaa muistelutikun mahdollisuutta vuorovaikutusta tukevana menetelmänä. Muistelutikku on muisteluterapiaan perustuva digitaalinen apuväline, jonka vaikutuksia vuorovaikutuksen eri osa-alueille ei ole aikaisemmin tutkittu. Tarkastelen tässä tutkielmassani, miten muistelutikku vaikuttaa muistisairaiden ihmisten verbaalisen ja nonverbaalisen vuorovaikutuksen määrään ja laatuun. Lisäksi tarkastelen, miten muistelutikku toimii vuorovaikutusta tukevana menetelmänä. Pyrin tekemään johtopäätöksiä muistelutikun soveltumisesta muistisairaiden ihmisten heikkenevän vuorovaikutuksen aktivoimiseen, tukemiseen ja kuntouttamiseen. Tähän tutkimukseen osallistui kaksi tehostetussa palvelutalossa asuvaa keskivaikeaa Alzheimerin tautia sairastavaa henkilöä sekä kaksi heidän omaistaan ja kaksi hoitohenkilökunnan jäsentä. Tutkittavien muistisairaiden ihmisten keski-ikä oli 77,8 vuotta. Tutkimusaineisto koostui kahden arviointikerran tuloksista sekä hoitajien tekemistä muistiinpanoista. Tutkimus toteutettiin kaksivaiheisesti alkuarvioinnilla ja loppuarvioinnilla. Arviointi toteutettiin CETI- ja AKE-mittareilla, jotka omaiset ja hoitajat täyttivät tutkimuksen alussa ja lopussa. Tutkimuksen lopussa omaiset ja hoitajat osallistuivat lisäksi haastatteluun, joka toteutettiin puolistrukturoituna teemahaastatteluna. Kerätty aineisto analysoitiin käyttämällä systemaattista aineistolähtöistä teemahaastattelun analyysia. Tulokset esitettiin taulukoiden ja haastatteluiden katkelmien avulla. Tutkimuksessa hoitajan tekemien CETI-arvioinnin ja haastatteluiden tulosten perusteella voidaan päätellä, että muistelutikku vaikutti positiivisesti yhden tutkittavan verbaalisen ja nonverbaalisen vuorovaikutuksen määrään ja laatuun. Tutkimus osoitti, että muistelutikku voi toimia muistisairaiden ihmisten vuorovaikutusta aktivoivana ja lisäävänä välineenä, mikäli sitä käytetään säännöllisesti. Muistelutikku koettiin pääasiassa mieluisana kokemuksena ja konkreettisena välineenä, joka on helposti lähelle saatavissa. Hoitajien haastatteluiden mukaan muistelutikku auttoi vuorovaikutuksen tukemisessa ja etenkin muistisairaan ihmisen tuntemisessa paremmin. Muistelutikku voi auttaa hoitohenkilökuntaa näkemään muistisairauden takana olevan yksilöllisen ihmisen. Tämän työn havainnot olivat pääosin samansuuntaisia kuin aikaisemmassa kirjallisuudessa raportoidut tulokset. Tutkimuksen tulosten avulla ei voitu kuitenkaan tehdä yhteneviä johtopäätöksiä muistelutikun merkittävistä positiivista vaikutuksista muistisairaiden ihmisten vuorovaikutuksen muuttumiseen tai vuorovaikutuksen tukemiseen etenkään omaisten kanssa. Suurempi otoskoko ja pidempi tutkimusjakso voisivat antaa tarkempaa tieteellistä tutkimusnäyttöä muistelutikun vaikutuksista muistisairaiden ihmisten vuorovaikutuksen osa-alueisiin. Tulevaisuudessa muistisairaiden ihmisten vuorovaikutuksen tukemisesta ja toimivista menetelmistä olisi tärkeää saada laajempaa tieteellistä tutkimusta, jotta muistisairaiden ihmisten puheterapeuttiset käytänteet kehittyisivät ja muistisairaiden ihmisten vuorovaikutusta pystyttäisi tukemaan parhain päin sairauden edetessä.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Há evidências que pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca são deficientes em muitos micronutrientes, que representam importante papel na manutenção da homeostase do cálcio, no controle do estresse oxidativo e do metabolismo energético-protéico. Estes pacientes podem apresentar necessidades nutricionais que são diferentes daquelas de indivíduos com estado fisiológico normal. A taurina é um destes nutrientes e corresponde a 50% do total de aminoácidos livres do coração. Estudos in vivo mostraram que a deficiência de taurina está associada à cardiomiopatia, à degeneração da retina e ao retardo do crescimento. Foi realizado estudo experimental para analisar a estrutura e a função cardíaca de ratos Wistar com deficiência de taurina induzida por ß-alanina. Foram estudados 34 ratos machos, Wistar, pesando 100g, casualizados em 2 grupos: grupo controle (C), grupo deficiente em taurina (T (-)). O grupo T (-) recebeu 3% de beta-alanina na água para provocar a deficiência de taurina. Após 1 mês de tratamento os animais foram submetidos à avaliação ecocardiográfica, avaliação funcional pelo coração isolado, avaliação morfométrica, avaliação histopatológica, avaliação da atividade das metalloproteinasess e determinação da concentração de taurina no plasma e no tecido cardíaco. A deficiência de taurina por tratamento com solução de ß-alanina resultou em atrofia cardíaca verificada por afinamento da espessura da parede ventricular, menor peso seco do ventrículo esquerdo e por menores valores de área seccional dos miócitos. Outro achado em nosso estudo foi que o grupo deficiente em taurina apresentou remodelação excêntrica verificada por maior cavidade ventricular (diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo), menor espessura da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo e menor valor da geometria ventricula...
Micronutrients deficiency is observed in heart failure patients. These micronutrients play important role in maintaining calcium homeostasis, controlling oxidative stress and protein/energy metabolism. Heart failure patients may present different nutritional requirements than those individuals who are healthy. Taurine is one of these nutrients and represents 50% of total free amino acids of the heart. Additionally, in vivo studies have related taurine deficiency to poor growth, cardiomyopathy and retina degeneration. One study was conducted to evaluate the structure and cardiac function of rats with or without taurine deficiency. Thirty-four male Wistar rats (body weight = 100g) were weighed and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (d 0): Control (C) or taurine-deficient (T (-)). Betaalanine in a concentration of 3% was added to water to induce taurine deficiency in T (-). On d 30, rats were individually submitted to echocardiography, functional assessment of isolated heart, morphometrical, histopathological and metalloproteinase activity evaluation. At the same day individual blood and cardiac tissue samples were collected to determine taurine concentration in plasma and heart. Rats treated T (-) presented cardiac atrophy verified by lower ventricular wall thickness, lesser dry weight of left ventricle, lower myocytes sectional area, eccentric cardiac remodeling verified by larger ventricular cavity (systolic diameter of left ventricle), lower posterior wall thickness of left ventricle and lower ventricular geometry (ratio between the measurements of posterior wall thickness and diastolic diameter of left ventricle). In addition, diastolic function was affect in T (-) rats due to diastole impairment. Rats treated T (-) showed lower velocity of A wave, higher ratio between E and A wave, and tend to have lower isovolumetric relaxation time... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Há evidências que pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca são deficientes em muitos micronutrientes, que representam importante papel na manutenção da homeostase do cálcio, no controle do estresse oxidativo e do metabolismo energético-protéico. Estes pacientes podem apresentar necessidades nutricionais que são diferentes daquelas de indivíduos com estado fisiológico normal. A taurina é um destes nutrientes e corresponde a 50% do total de aminoácidos livres do coração. Estudos in vivo mostraram que a deficiência de taurina está associada à cardiomiopatia, à degeneração da retina e ao retardo do crescimento. Foi realizado estudo experimental para analisar a estrutura e a função cardíaca de ratos Wistar com deficiência de taurina induzida por ß-alanina. Foram estudados 34 ratos machos, Wistar, pesando 100g, casualizados em 2 grupos: grupo controle (C), grupo deficiente em taurina (T (-)). O grupo T (-) recebeu 3% de beta-alanina na água para provocar a deficiência de taurina. Após 1 mês de tratamento os animais foram submetidos à avaliação ecocardiográfica, avaliação funcional pelo coração isolado, avaliação morfométrica, avaliação histopatológica, avaliação da atividade das metalloproteinasess e determinação da concentração de taurina no plasma e no tecido cardíaco. A deficiência de taurina por tratamento com solução de ß-alanina resultou em atrofia cardíaca verificada por afinamento da espessura da parede ventricular, menor peso seco do ventrículo esquerdo e por menores valores de área seccional dos miócitos. Outro achado em nosso estudo foi que o grupo deficiente em taurina apresentou remodelação excêntrica verificada por maior cavidade ventricular (diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo), menor espessura da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo e menor valor da geometria ventricula... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Micronutrients deficiency is observed in heart failure patients. These micronutrients play important role in maintaining calcium homeostasis, controlling oxidative stress and protein/energy metabolism. Heart failure patients may present different nutritional requirements than those individuals who are healthy. Taurine is one of these nutrients and represents 50% of total free amino acids of the heart. Additionally, in vivo studies have related taurine deficiency to poor growth, cardiomyopathy and retina degeneration. One study was conducted to evaluate the structure and cardiac function of rats with or without taurine deficiency. Thirty-four male Wistar rats (body weight = 100g) were weighed and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (d 0): Control (C) or taurine-deficient (T (-)). Betaalanine in a concentration of 3% was added to water to induce taurine deficiency in T (-). On d 30, rats were individually submitted to echocardiography, functional assessment of isolated heart, morphometrical, histopathological and metalloproteinase activity evaluation. At the same day individual blood and cardiac tissue samples were collected to determine taurine concentration in plasma and heart. Rats treated T (-) presented cardiac atrophy verified by lower ventricular wall thickness, lesser dry weight of left ventricle, lower myocytes sectional area, eccentric cardiac remodeling verified by larger ventricular cavity (systolic diameter of left ventricle), lower posterior wall thickness of left ventricle and lower ventricular geometry (ratio between the measurements of posterior wall thickness and diastolic diameter of left ventricle). In addition, diastolic function was affect in T (-) rats due to diastole impairment. Rats treated T (-) showed lower velocity of A wave, higher ratio between E and A wave, and tend to have lower isovolumetric relaxation time... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Sergio A.R. de Paiva
Coorientador: Leonardo A.M. Zornoff
Banca: Paula Schmidt Azavedo Gaiolla
Banca: Anderson Marliere Navarro
Mestre

Tämän kandidaatintutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää logopenisen afasian kielellisiä ongelmia ja siihen liittyvää neuraalista taustaa. Kandidaatintutkielma tehtiin kirjallisuuskatsauksena, joka perustui kahdeksaan tieteelliseen aikakauslehdessä julkaistuun tutkimusartikkeliin vuosilta 2004–2014. Neljässä tutkimusartikkelissa tarkasteltiin kielellisiä ongelmia ja neljässä artikkelissa siihen liittyvää neuraalista taustaa. Tutkimusten tuloksista kävi ilmi, että ongelmia ilmeni niin puheen tuotossa kuin ymmärtämisessäkin. Puheen tuotossa fonologiset parafasiat ja sanahaun ongelmat olivat merkittäviä. Sanojen toistamiskyky oli myös heikkoa sekä puheen ymmärrys oli heikentynyt erityisesti lausetasolla, mutta sanatasollakin oli kohtalaisia vaikeuksia. Myös työmuistin kaventumista havaittiin. Neuraalisen taustan tutkimuksissa havaittiin vasemman hemisfäärin ohimolohkon- ja ohimo-päälakilohkon alueilla kortikaalista atrofiaa. Kortikaalista ohenemista eli atrofiaa löydettiin samoilta aivoalueilta lähes kaikissa tutkimuksissa paitsi yhdessä tutkimusartikkelissa, jossa huomio kiinnittyi valkean aineen atrofiaan. Valkean aineen kielellisessä verkostossa ilmeni vaurioita laajastikin. Kortikaalisella ohenemisella ja valkean aineen atrofialla oli selkeä korrelaatio sananlöytämisvaikeuksien, toistamiskyvyn ja puheen ymmärtämisen kanssa.

Taura syndrome (TS) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the shrimp farming industry worldwide. The causative virus, Taura syndrome virus (TSV), has been identified. My work is centred on the development of monoclonal antibodies against TSV. I have also characterized a novel variant of the virus from Venezuela and evaluated the effect of hyperthermia on TSV infection. This work has resulted in 3 manuscripts, which constitute the core of this dissertation. The taxonomy throughout this dissertation is done according to Holthuis (1980).The first manuscript describes the production of a monoclonal antibody reacting with the Belize strain of TSV. The antibody, MAb 2C4, exhibits good sensitivity and specificity for TSV in immunohistochemistry (IHC) and dot blot immunoassay. MAb 2C4 reacted with the TSV-HI94, TSV-SI98 and TSV-BZ02 variants, but not with the TSV-VE05 and TSV-TH05 variants. This antibody adds and improves tools to those available for TSV diagnosis.Chapter three describes a relatively novel variant of TSV from Venezuela, which was characterized by our laboratory. By genetic sequencing, this new isolate exhibits a 94% similarity with TSV-HI94. IHC, dot blot immunoassay and bioassays were also performed. While processed samples reacted only weakly with the TSV monoclonal antibody MAb 1A1, the virus in its native state reacted strongly with the antibody. In bioassays, TSV-VE05 presented mortality comparable to TSV-HI94 in Penaeus vannamei. These data confirm the presence of TSV in Venezuela and that a new variant of the virus was responsible for the outbreak of TS.In chapter four, the behavior of TSV infection under hyperthermic conditions was examined. I compared the susceptibility of Kona stock P. vannamei to the infection by two variants of TSV under hyperthermic conditions (32oC). Shrimp, infected with TSV-HI94, were resistant to infection at high temperature. However, under the same hyperthermic conditions, the challenged shrimp were fully susceptible to the infection by TSV-BZ02. This susceptibility to TSV-BZ02 at higher temperatures was independent both of the route of infection and of the salinity of water. I conjecture that TSV-BZ02 might be a temperature permissible mutant of TSV.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous analysons pour la première fois à l'aide de la technique d'imagerie doppler, les raies photosphériques de deux étoiles T Ttauri à faibles raies d'émission, pour cartographier leur brillance de surface et localiser ainsi les inhomogenéités en température, qui signent la présence de forts champs magnétiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé une méthode numerique fondée sur la paramétrisation de taches, dont les caractéristiques sont déterminées lors de la minimisation, de type moindres carrés, des différences entre les modèles de raie calculés et l'ensemble des raies (issues de divers éléments chimiques) observées à plusieurs phases rotationnelles. Nous étudions le type et l'amplitude de déformations engendrées par la présence de taches froides, ce qui nous permet d'en déduire les conditions optimales d'application de l'imagerie doppler. Nous etudions par ailleurs les limitations intrinséques de cette technique déterminées par la qualité des données (résolution instrumentale et rapport signal sur bruit). L'application à des étoiles T Tauri, jeunes étoiles en fin de formation, similaires au soleil dans sa jeunesse, nous permet de mettre en évidence la présence de larges taches froides, préférentiellement localisées aux latitudes élevées. La position de ces taches suggère une géometrie de type dipolaire pour le champ magnétique. Seule une étude exhaustive pourra déterminer si cette géometrie est commune à toute cette classe d'étoiles, ou si elle est liée à des caractéristiques particulières (fort taux de rotation 70km/s ; 80 km/s). cette réponse est cruciale pour déterminer l'origine du champ magnétique : fossile, engendré par un mecanisme particulier de type dynamo, peut-etre les deux à la fois. L'application future de cette technique aux etoiles T Tauri classiques, supposées etre entourées d'un disque d'accrétion, sera determinante pour comprendre l'interaction entre l'environnement circumstellaire et l'objet central.

Dans ce travail de these, nous analysons pour la premiere fois a l'aide de la technique d'imagerie doppler, les raies photospheriques de deux etoiles t tauri a faibles raies d'emission, pour cartographier leur brillance de surface et localiser ainsi les inhomogeneites en temperature, qui signent la presence de forts champs magnetiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons developpe une methode numeriaue fondee sur la parametrisation de taches, dont les caracteristiques sont determinees lors de la minimisation, de type moindres carres, des differences entre les modeles de raie calcules et l'ensemble des raies (issues de divers elements chimiques) observees a plusieurs phases rotationnelles. Nous etudions le type et l'amplitude de deformations engendrees par la presence de taches froides, ce qui nous permet d'en deduire les conditions optimales d'application de l'imagerie doppler. Nous etudions par ailleurs les limitations intrinseques de cette technique determinees par la qualite des donnees (resolution instrumentale et rapport signal sur bruit). L'application a des etoiles t tauri, jeunes etoiles en fin de formation, similaires au soleil dans sa jeunesse, nous permet de mettre en evidence la presence de larges taches froides, preferentiellement localisees aux latitudes elevees. La position de ces taches suggere une geometrie de type dipolaire pour le champ magnetique. Seule une etude exhaustive pourra determiner si cette geometrie est commune a toute cette classe d'etoiles, ou si elle est liee a des caracteristiques particulieres (fort taux de rotation 70km/s ; 80 km/s). Cette reponse est cruciale pour determiner l'origine du champ magnetique : fossile, engendre par un mecanisme particulier de type dynamo, peut-etre les deux a la fois. L'application future de cette technique aux etoiles t tauri classiques, supposees etre entourees d'un disque d'accretion, sera determinante pour comprendre l'interaction entre l'environnement circumstellaire et l'objet central.

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Taurine is an essential amino acid in several physiological processes in the animal body. Its biosynthesis, from methionine and cystine, differs among the different species of fish and is also affected by their presence or not in the ingredients used in the manufacture of animal feed, so supplementation can improve feed efficiency and protect cells against oxidative damage of reactive oxygen species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of taurine on performance, metabolic and antioxidant potential parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Three experiments were conducted on UFSM Fish Farming Laboratory: the first two, lasting 54 days, evaluated the productive performance and metabolic parameters of silver catfish (5g) fed with diet based on plant ingredients or fish meal as a source of protein, both being supplemented with taurine (0, 0.5, 1.5 or 2%). In these experiments, the design was completely randomized, with four levels of supplementation with four replications. In the third experiment, which lasted 24 days, it was evaluated the antioxidant potential of taurine in silver catfish (7g) when supplemented with methionine in semipurified diet. In the latter, the design was completely randomized in a factorial 3x4 (three levels of methionine and four taurine). The results obtained in the experiment with the addition of taurine in the diet with fish meal as protein source indicate that supplementation with this amino acid did not improve the growth of the animals compared to the unsupplemented diet. It was also observed that a higher level of taurine (2%) showed a decrease in growth, rates of protein deposition and consumption, and an increase in feed conversion. For the animals fed with plant diets there was no effect of taurine on growth and consumption. However, the addition of 0.5% taurine in the diet yielded higher protein retention, lower catabolism and better feed conversion, compared to treatment with 2% taurine. Metabolic parameters of the animals in both experiments were not affected by medium supplementation representative of taurine in the diet. In the third experiment, the evaluation of the antioxidant taurine and methionine action showed that with level of 1.5 and 2% taurine and 3.5% methionine had lower protein carbonyl formation and increased activity of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and decreased protein catabolism. Both growth studies showed that juvenile silver catfish did not require taurine supplementation even when fed with diets containing vegetable sources such as protein-based, though the third experiment showed that taurine has antioxidant action, with respect to the methionine level used.
A taurina é um aminoácido fundamental em vários processos fisiológicos no organismo animal. Sua biossíntese, a partir da metionina e cistina, difere entre as diversas espécies de peixes e também é afetada pela sua presença ou não nos ingredientes utilizados na confecção das rações, de modo que sua suplementação pode melhorar a eficiência alimentar e proteger as células contra os danos oxidativos das espécies reativas de oxigênio. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a suplementação de taurina sobre parâmetros zootécnicos, metabólicos e potencial antioxidante em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Foram conduzidos três experimentos no Laboratório de Piscicultura da UFSM: nos dois primeiros, com duração de 54 dias, avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo e parâmetros metabólicos de jundiás (5g) alimentados com dieta à base de ingredientes vegetais ou com farinha de peixe como fonte proteica, sendo ambas suplementadas com taurina (0, 0,5, 1,5 ou 2%). Nestes experimentos, o delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro níveis de suplementação com quatro repetições. No terceiro, com duração de 24 dias, avaliou-se o potencial antioxidante da taurina em jundiás (7g) quando suplementada juntamente com a metionina em dieta semipurificada. Neste último, o delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3×4 (três níveis de metionina e quatro de taurina). Os resultados obtidos no experimento com adição de taurina em dietas com farinha de peixe como fonte protéica indicaram que a suplementação com esse aminoácido não melhorou o crescimento dos animais em relação à dieta não suplementada. Foi observado ainda que no nível mais elevado de taurina (2%) houve diminuição no crescimento, nos índices de deposição proteica e no consumo, além de aumentar a conversão alimentar aparente. Para os animais alimentados com as dietas vegetais não se verificou efeito da taurina no crescimento e no consumo. Entretanto, a adição de 0,5% de taurina nas dietas proporcionou maior retenção protéica, menor catabolismo e melhor conversão alimentar, comparado ao tratamento com de 2% de taurina. Os parâmetros metabólicos dos animais, de ambos os experimentos, não foram afetados de forma representativa pela suplementação de taurina nas dietas. No terceiro experimento, de avaliação da ação antioxidante da taurina e da metionina, foi observado que com nível de 1,5 e 2% de taurina e 3,5% de metionina houve menor formação de proteína carbonil e aumento na atividade da enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase, além de menor catabolismo protéico. Os dois estudos de crescimento mostraram que os juvenis de jundiá não necessitam de suplementação de taurina, mesmo quando alimentados com dietas contendo fontes vegetais como base protéica, entretanto o terceiro experimento mostrou que a taurina apresenta ação antioxidante, tendo relação com o nível de metionina utilizado.

These studies were begun during the summer of 1994, W2 years after the recognition of Taura Syndrome (TS), a lethal disease of farm-raised Penaeus vannamei in Ecuador of then unknown etiology. Utilizing specific pathogen free (SPF) P. vannamei test shrimp, the combined results of four initial TS bioassays suggested that the disease had an infectious instead of a toxic etiology as originally reported. The hypothesis that TS was virus-caused prompted the application of a shrimp parvovirus (IHHNV) purification protocol, which resulted in the discovery of Taura Syndrome virus (TSV), a previously unrecognized virus that was isolated from TS diseased shrimp tissues. Three serial infectivity studies were performed in which purified cell-free extracts of TSV were injected into SPF P. vannamei test shrimp and the criteria of Rivers' postulates were fulfilled, establishing that TS has a viral etiology. In situ hybridization assays for the detection of TSV resulted in frequent false negative gene probe results. This problem was due to fixative-induced acid hydrolysis of the TSV RNA genome resulting from tissue fixation with Davidson's solution (pH 3.5-4). Development and use of a neutral fixative, R-F (RNA-Friendly) fixative, was shown to prevent this problem. The pathogenesis of TSV lesions was analyzed in experimentally infected, time course sampled SPF P. vannamei. The TSV disease cycle was found to consist of three clinically and histologically distinct overlapping phases; an W7 d acute phase, an W5 d transition phase and a long term cyclic chronic phase of at least 8 months duration. TSV susceptibility studies of two endemic North American (P. setiferus and P. aztecus) and one Asian penaeid species (P. chinensis) showed that P. aztecus and P. chinensis juveniles were susceptible, whereas, P. setiferus appeared refractory to TSV infection. The geographic range of TSV within the Americas was documented based on gene probe and histological findings of archived P. vannamei samples dating from 1992 to 1996. TSV was detectable within P. vannamei submitted from Ecuador when the disease was first recognized (1992) and has since spread into 12 other countries. The causes and effects of the international controversy of a viral versus a toxic etiology for TS are discussed and a solution offered to prevent similar disputes in the future.

Hidromazgų taurų būklę, ilgaamžiškumą lemia juos veikiantys poveikiai ir apkrovos, susidarantys veikiant klimato sąlygoms, agresyviai aplinkai bei kitiems įvairiems veiksniams. Tyrimų tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos tvenkiniuose susidarančias ledo apkrovas ir jų įtaką taurų gelžbetoninėms konstrukcijoms. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo atlikta literatūros analizė, siekiant nustatyti ledo apkrovų tipus. 2007 – 2010 m. mokslinių ekspedicijų metu natūriniais tyrimais įvertinta 10 hidromazgų taurų gelžbetoninių konstrukcijų būklė pagal STR.1.12.03:2006. Remiantis literatūros ir natūrinių tyrimų rezultatų analize, nustatyta, kad hidromazgų taurų gelžbetoninės konstrukcijos labiausiai ardomos dėl ledo poveikio. Detalesniam tyrinėjimui parinkti 6 hidromazgų taurai, kurių pažaidos leidžia teigti, kad taurų paviršinis betoninis sluoksnis buvo suardytas veikiant ledo apkrovoms. Darbe ledo poveikis analizuotas vertinant: 1) judančiųjų ledo laukų poveikio jėgą atskirai stovinčiai atramai; 2) sustojusiojo ledo lauko, atsirėmusio į statinį ir veikiamo tėkmės ir vėjo, poveikio jėgą; 3) jėgą, susidarančią atramai prarėžiant ledokamšą; 4) jėgą susidarančią dėl ledokamšos atsirėmimo į statinį statmenai jo frontui; 5) jėgą, kuria atrama pjauna ledogrūdą. Nustatyta, kad tvenkinių ledo apkrovos labiausiai priklauso nuo tauro pločio – didėjant tauro pločiui bendruoju atveju ir ledo apkrovos didėja.
Technical state of hydroschemes, durability leads to them acting and the effects of load resulting from operation of weather conditions, aggressive environment, and other various factors. The aim of this work - to evaluate ice loads formed in the ponds of Lithuania and their impact on the reinforced concrete piers structures. The state of 10 reinforced concrete structures were evaluated by field investigations in accordance with STR.1.12.03: 2006 during the scientific expeditions in 2007 - 2010. On the basis of literature analysis and field investigations it was found that piers in hydroschemes suffer most from the ice impacts. More detailed investigation were selected 6 hydroschemes, in witcth were noticed the deterioration and it is posssibillity of concrete covering layer breaking due the impacts of ice loads. The ice loads were analyzed in this work: 1) the force of moving ice fields in contact with single pier; 2) the force of standing ice field, in the impact due wind and water drag forces; 3) the force from ice jam cutting by pier; 4) the force of ice jam in the perpendicular contact with stucture front, 5) the force, which is cutting support of the ice plug. It was found that the pond ice load is dependent on ice thickness - increases the overall thickness of the ice and the ice load increases. 5) the force from breakup jam cutting by pier.

On the basis of observational data it is argued that RV Tauri variables, and probably yellow semiregular (SRd) variables, are closely related in every way to type II cepheid stars. Assuming that a single mass (~O.6 M~) is applicable to all three classes of star linear, nonadiabatic pulsation models are calculated. Using these models, the observed effective temperatures, and periods for these stars new luminosities are calculated and compared with the observed luminosities. This comparison appears to confirm the relationships between the three classes implied by the observations for the globular cluster stars. It is shown that an interaction of two or more pulsation modes could be responsible for the characteristic light curves of the RV and SRd stars but it is argued that this is unlikely. One RV star and a high luminosity F star both exhibit pulsations with two periods. The periods together with the observed effective temperatures and linear pulsation calculations yield masses and luminosities for the two stars. On the basis of the linear pulsation calculations the peculiar characteristics of the pulsations are explained. A sequence of nonlinear pulsation models based on the "standard" physics is presented. The light curves for some of these models show features characteristic of the RV stars. Strange behaviour found in the luminosity at the surface of some models is shown to be a product of an inadequate boundary condition. An alternative is suggested which cures the problem. Nonlinear models calculated with the new boundary condition eject matter, form very extended atmospheres, exhibit semiregular RV - like light curves with a (possibly) cyclic variation of the phase of light minima, and show long term variations of mean effective temperature. strong shock waves exhibiting properties like those found in RV stars are found. It is suggested that the equilibrium diffusion approximation is inappropriate for these models and the consequences of its use discussed.

In 1964, Tauer gave examples of countably many masas inside the hyperfinite II₁von Neumann factor R. These masas were shown to be pairwise non-conjugate in R using a length invariant for the normalisers of semi-regular masas. A class of masas, the Tauer masas, is introduced consisting of all those masas obtained using her basic method of construction. The main body of this thesis is then concerned with examining the properties of these Tauer masas. In particular, the concepts of singularity, strong singularity and the weak asymptotic homomorphism property coincide for Tauer masas, and all Tauer mass have Pukánszky invariant {1}. Modern methods for calculating von Neumann algebras generated by normalisers are used to examine Tauer’s original examples, leading to shorter proofs of all of her results. Her initial example of a singular masa is studied in further detail. A generalisation of her semi-regular masas leads to the construction of an uncountable family of semi-regular masas of infinite length inside R. Examination of the Jones index of inclusions of the iterated normaliser algebras demonstrates that no pair of these masas can be conjugate by an automorphism of R. Centralising sequences for R lying inside masas are examined, with examples given to show that singular masas can be found containing non-trivial centralising sequences. An invariant, Γ(A), for a masa inside a II₁ factor is introduced as the size of a maximal cut-down for which the resulting masa contains non-trivial centralising sequences. This invariant is then used to exhibit a d_∞,2-continuous path of uncountably many strongly singular masas in R with the same Pukánszky invariant, no pair of which is conjugate by an automorphism of R. Various issues arising from these concepts are discussed, such as possible masas in R_ω and the relationship between A-valued centralising sequences and automorphisms of R fixing A pointwise. Possible connections between this relative automorphism group and the Pukánskzy invariant will also be touched upon.

Orientador: Lício Augusto Velloso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade EStadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a prevalência da obesidade teve um expressivo aumento no mundo, tornando-se um dos mais importantes fenômenos clínicos-epidemiológicos da atualidade. Fatores como o alto consumo calórico e diminuição no gasto energético, associados a determinantes genéticos, desempenham papel relevante na patogênese desta doença. A taurina (Tau) é conhecida por modular diversos parâmetros metabólicos, como ação e secreção da insulina e os níveis sanguíneos de colesterol. Dados recentes sugerem que Tau também pode reduzir a adiposidade corpórea em C. elegans e roedores. Desde que a adiposidade corpórea é principalmente regulada por neurônios hipotalâmicos responsivos à insulina e envolvidos no controle da fome e termogênese, nós hipotetizamos que algumas das atividades da Tau, relacionadas ao controle da gordura corpórea, pode exercer efeitos através da sua ação direta no hipotálamo de ratos. Aqui, nós mostramos que a infusão intracerebrocentricular de doses agudas de Tau reduzem a ingestão alimentar e ativam a transdução de sinal através das vias de sinalização Akt/FOXO1, JAK2/STAT3 e mTOR/AMPK/ACC. Esses efeitos são acompanhados pela modulação da expressão de NPY. Além disso, Tau pode melhorar o efeito anorexigênico da ação da insulina. Assim, o aminoácido Tau exerce uma potente ação anorexigênica no hipotálamo e melhora o efeito da insulina no controle da ingestão alimentar
Abstract: In the last decades, the obesity prevalence have a expressive increase in the world, been one of the most important actual phenomenon clinical-epidemiological. The high caloric intake and decrease of energy expenditure, associated with genetics factors play a relevant role in this disease. Taurine (Tau) is known to modulate a number of metabolic parameters such as insulin secretion and action and blood cholesterol levels. Recent data have suggested that Tau can also reduce body adiposity in C. elegans and in rodents. Since body adiposity is mostly regulated by insulin-responsive hypothalamic neurons involved in the control of feeding and thermogenesis, we hypothesized that some of the activity of Tau in the control of body fat would be exerted through a direct action in rat hypothalamus. Here, we show that the intracerebroventricular injection of an acute dose of Tau reduces food intake and activates signal transduction through the Akt/FOXO1, JAK2/STAT3 and mTOR/AMPK/ACC signaling pathways. These effects are accompanied by the modulation of expression of NPY. In addition, Tau can enhance the anorexigenic action of insulin. Thus, the aminoacid, Tau, exerts a potent anorexigenic action in the hypothalamus and enhances the effect of insulin on the control of food intake
Mestrado
Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento
Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, miten subtalaamisen tumakkeen stimulaatio vaikuttaa Parkinsonin tautia sairastavien äänen voimakkuuteen, intonaatioon, äänenlaatuun, artikulaatioon, puhenopeuteen sekä puhunnoksen pituuteen. Lisänäkökulma tutkimukseen oli myös tarkastella elektrodien sijaintien yhteyttä STN-stimulaation vaikutukseen. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhdeksän Parkinson-potilasta, jotka olivat käyneet subtalaamisen tumakkeen stimulaatioleikkauksessa (STN-DBS) vuonna 2015. Näistä kahdeksan tutkittavan (n = 8) tulokset sisällytettiin tähän tutkimukseen. Tutkittavilta äänitettiin pitkää vokaaliääntöä (fonaatiota), luentaa (sanat ja teksti) sekä spontaanipuhetta. Aineistonkeruu toteutettiin samoilla tutkittavilla asetelmassa: stim-on (stimulaatio aktiivinen) ja stim-off (stimulaatio kytkettynä pois päältä). Aineiston akustinen analysointi toteutettiin Praat-ohjelmalla. Lisäksi tutkittavilta kerättiin itsearvioinnit ennen tutkimusta (VHI) ja heti tutkimusasetelmien jälkeen (äänioire-lomake). Tässä tutkimuksessa STN-stimulaatiolla saavutettiin ryhmätasolla tilastollisesti merkitsevä kasvu tutkittavien puheen keskiarvoisessa perustaajuudessa stim-on -tilassa verrattuna stim-off -tilaan. Lisäksi stimulaatio kasvatti tilastollisesti merkitsevästi puhenopeutta tutkittavilla, joilla oli tutkimushetkellä stimulaation rinnalla Parkinson-lääkitys. Ainoastaan puhunnoksen pituuden tuloksissa havaittiin sukupuolella olevan merkitystä stimulaation tilastollisesti merkitsevään puhunnoksen pituutta kasvattavaan vaikutukseen. Muilta osin tutkimustulokset eivät olleet tilastollisesti merkitseviä. Yksilötasoisen tarkastelun perusteella stimulaatiolla oli vaihtelevia vaikutuksia niin tutkittavien välillä kuin tehtävien välillä. Elektrodien sijaintien yhteys positiivisiin tai negatiivisiin STN-stimulaation vaikutuksiin vaihtelivat tutkittavilla tehtävien välillä, paitsi kahdella tutkittavalla positiiviset vaikutukset olivat johdonmukaisia. Tutkimuksesta saadut tulokset olivat yhdenmukaisia aikaisemmin julkaistujen tutkimusten kanssa tulosten vaihtelevuuden ja ristiriitaisuuksien vuoksi. Tulosten perusteella STN-stimulaatiolla näyttäisi olevan enemmissä määrin myönteinen vaikutus tai ei laisinkaan vaikutusta tutkittavien ääneen ja erityisesti puheeseen. Negatiiviset vaikutukset ilmenivät eniten äänenlaadussa. Tutkimustuloksia voidaan pitää suuntaa antavina pienen otoskoon (n = 8) vuoksi. Yksilöllisten tekijöiden, kuten kielellisten taitojen, henkilökohtaisen historian sekä elektrodien sijainnin subtalaamisessa tumakkeessa, merkitys tutkimustuloksiin jää kaipaamaan jatkotutkimusta. Aihetta olisi hyvä tutkia lisäksi suuremmalla tutkittavajoukolla verrattaen terveeseen joukkoon ennen STN-leikkausta ja leikkauksen jälkeen.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo do nosso estudo foi de avaliar a influência da administração de taurina sobre a remodelação após o infarto em ratos, por meio de análise de sobrevida e de variáveis morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas, celulares e intersticiais cardíacas. Foram utilizados ratos wistar, machos, entre 200 – 250g foram submetidos ao infarto experimental. Após 48hs do procedimento, os animais sobreviventes foram alocados em dois grupos aleatoriamente: grupo IAM (n=31), o qual recebeu água potável e grupo IAM-T (n=30), que recebeu 3% de taurina diluída na água. O grupo controle (n=10) foi composto por animais não infartados e recebeu água potável. Após 3 meses de acompanhamento foi realizado estudo morfológico e funcional pelos seguintes métodos: coração isolado, ecocardiograma, morfometria e histologia. O estudo bioquímico foi realizado por HPLC (para determinar as concentrações e taurina no plasma e no tecido cardíaco). A imunohistoquímica foi utilizada para avaliar a conexina 43 e apoptose. Por meio da zimografia avaliou-se as metaloproteases, por espectrofotometria foram avaliados estresse oxidativo e metabolismo energético e por western blot avaliou-se a resposta antioxidante. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de ANOVA de uma via, t de Student, curva de Kaplan Méier e long – rank. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. A concentração de taurina plasmática (C = 49 (38 – 54,2) (μmol/L); IAM = 74,6 (58,7 – 83) (μmol/L); IAM-T = 363 (157 - 477,4) (μmol/L); p = 0,004) e no tecido cardíaco (C = 0,100 ± 0,04 (μmol/g); IAM = 0,175 ± 0,07 (μmol/g); IAM-T = 0,419± 0,187 (μmol/g); p = 0,022) foi maior no grupo IAM-T quando comparado com controle e IAM. Com relação ao estudo ecocardiográfico, o grupo IAM-T apresentou valores intermediários, quando comparado com os grupos C e IAM, nas variáveis AE (C = 5,3 ± 0,7 mm; IAM = 6,8 ± 1,0 mm; IAM-T = 6,8...
The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of taurine administration on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats by survival analysis and morphological, functional, biochemical, cellular and interstitial evalluation. Methods: Wistar male rats, weighting 200 - 250g were subjected to experimental myocardial infarction. 48 hours after the procedure, the surviving animals were randomly allocated into two groups: IAM group (n = 31), who received drinking tap water and T-IAM group (n = 30), who received 3% of taurine diluted in tap water. The control group (n = 10) was composed of non infarcted animals, who received drinking tap water. After 3 months of follow-up, morphological and functional study was conducted by the following. Isolated heart, echocardiography, histology and morphometry. Biochemical analysis was performed by HPLC (to determine the concentrations of taurine in plasma and heart tissue). Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate connexin 43 and apoptosis. Metalloproteases was evaluated by zymography, oxidative stress and energy metabolism were evaluated by spectrophotometry and the antioxidant response, by western blot. Statistical analysis was performed by oneway ANOVA, Student t test, Kaplan Meier and long – rank tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Concentration of taurine in plasma (C = 49 (38 - 54.2) (mmol / L), IAM = 74.6 (58.7 - 83) (mmol / L), T-IAM = 363 (157 - 477.4) (mmol / L), p = 0.004) and in heart tissue (C = 0.100 ± 0.04 (mmol / g), AMI = 0.175 ± 0.07 (mmol / g), T-IAM = 0.419 ± 0.187 (mol / g), p = 0.022) were higher in the T-IAM group compared with control and IAM groups. Regarding the echocardiographic study, the T-IAM group showed intermediate values when compared with C and IAM groups, variables LA (C = 5.3 ± 0.7 mm; IAM = 6.8 ± 1.0 mm; T-IAM = 6.1 ± 0.8 mm, p = <0.001), LA / tibia (C = 1.29 ± 0.18 mm / cm; IAM = 1.64 ± 0.25 mm / cm; ...

Orientador: Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff
Coorientador: Sérgio Alberto Riupp de Paiva
Banca: Katashi Okoshi
Banca: Marcos F. Minicucci
Banca: Daniela R. D. Mksmczuk
Banca: Wilson Nadruz Junior
Resumo: O objetivo do nosso estudo foi de avaliar a influência da administração de taurina sobre a remodelação após o infarto em ratos, por meio de análise de sobrevida e de variáveis morfológicas, funcionais, bioquímicas, celulares e intersticiais cardíacas. Foram utilizados ratos wistar, machos, entre 200 - 250g foram submetidos ao infarto experimental. Após 48hs do procedimento, os animais sobreviventes foram alocados em dois grupos aleatoriamente: grupo IAM (n=31), o qual recebeu água potável e grupo IAM-T (n=30), que recebeu 3% de taurina diluída na água. O grupo controle (n=10) foi composto por animais não infartados e recebeu água potável. Após 3 meses de acompanhamento foi realizado estudo morfológico e funcional pelos seguintes métodos: coração isolado, ecocardiograma, morfometria e histologia. O estudo bioquímico foi realizado por HPLC (para determinar as concentrações e taurina no plasma e no tecido cardíaco). A imunohistoquímica foi utilizada para avaliar a conexina 43 e apoptose. Por meio da zimografia avaliou-se as metaloproteases, por espectrofotometria foram avaliados estresse oxidativo e metabolismo energético e por western blot avaliou-se a resposta antioxidante. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de ANOVA de uma via, t de Student, curva de Kaplan Méier e long - rank. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. A concentração de taurina plasmática (C = 49 (38 - 54,2) (μmol/L); IAM = 74,6 (58,7 - 83) (μmol/L); IAM-T = 363 (157 - 477,4) (μmol/L); p = 0,004) e no tecido cardíaco (C = 0,100 ± 0,04 (μmol/g); IAM = 0,175 ± 0,07 (μmol/g); IAM-T = 0,419± 0,187 (μmol/g); p = 0,022) foi maior no grupo IAM-T quando comparado com controle e IAM. Com relação ao estudo ecocardiográfico, o grupo IAM-T apresentou valores intermediários, quando comparado com os grupos C e IAM, nas variáveis AE (C = 5,3 ± 0,7 mm; IAM = 6,8 ± 1,0 mm; IAM-T = 6,8 ...
Abstract: The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of taurine administration on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats by survival analysis and morphological, functional, biochemical, cellular and interstitial evalluation. Methods: Wistar male rats, weighting 200 - 250g were subjected to experimental myocardial infarction. 48 hours after the procedure, the surviving animals were randomly allocated into two groups: IAM group (n = 31), who received drinking tap water and T-IAM group (n = 30), who received 3% of taurine diluted in tap water. The control group (n = 10) was composed of non infarcted animals, who received drinking tap water. After 3 months of follow-up, morphological and functional study was conducted by the following. Isolated heart, echocardiography, histology and morphometry. Biochemical analysis was performed by HPLC (to determine the concentrations of taurine in plasma and heart tissue). Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate connexin 43 and apoptosis. Metalloproteases was evaluated by zymography, oxidative stress and energy metabolism were evaluated by spectrophotometry and the antioxidant response, by western blot. Statistical analysis was performed by oneway ANOVA, Student t test, Kaplan Meier and long - rank tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Concentration of taurine in plasma (C = 49 (38 - 54.2) (mmol / L), IAM = 74.6 (58.7 - 83) (mmol / L), T-IAM = 363 (157 - 477.4) (mmol / L), p = 0.004) and in heart tissue (C = 0.100 ± 0.04 (mmol / g), AMI = 0.175 ± 0.07 (mmol / g), T-IAM = 0.419 ± 0.187 (mol / g), p = 0.022) were higher in the T-IAM group compared with control and IAM groups. Regarding the echocardiographic study, the T-IAM group showed intermediate values when compared with C and IAM groups, variables LA (C = 5.3 ± 0.7 mm; IAM = 6.8 ± 1.0 mm; T-IAM = 6.1 ± 0.8 mm, p = <0.001), LA / tibia (C = 1.29 ± 0.18 mm / cm; IAM = 1.64 ± 0.25 mm / cm; ...
Doutor

Le but de ce mémoire est de poser les jalons qui permettront d'identifier les sources d'énergie et les mécanismes physiques qui sont responsables de l'activité manifestée par les étoiles T Tauri. Dans le contexte offert par l'étude de l'activité des étoiles de type solaire, il s'agit ici de déterminer dans quelle mesure l'analogie solaire peut être appliquée à l'activité manifestée par les étoiles T Tauri. Cette démarche qui consiste à différencier les sources d'énergie dont disposent ces étoiles constitue une première étape vers leur identification. Le Chapitre 1 constitue un rappel des propriétés des étoiles T Tauri (1.2), des modèles théoriques qui s'y rapportent (1.3), et des sources d'énergie dont elles peuvent bénéficier (104). L'existence de champs magnétiques à la surface des étoiles T Tauri est établie dans le Chapitre II : en premier lieu, la détection de variations périodiques dans les courbes de lumière de 11 étoiles T Tauri y est rapportée (II.2.1) ; les variations photométriques périodiques sont interprétées en terme d'une distribution de température hétérogène à la surface des étoiles (11.2.2, 11.2.3) ; le développement (II.2A) et l'application (II.2.5) d'un modèle théorique visant à reproduire les courbes de lumière observées permettent ensuite de déduire les propriétés physiques et géométriques de cette distribution; finalement, la présence de champs magnétiques photosphériques à la surface des étoiles T Tauri, premier indice de l'existence d'un processus dynamo, est déduite de la comparaison des propriétés de cette distribution avec celles des taches magnétiques couvrant la surface des systèmes RS CVn (II.2.6). Le rôle du processus dynamo dans le chauffage non-radiatif de l'atmosphère des étoiles T Tauri est étudié dans le Chapitre III : pour ce faire, après avoir discuté les paramètres qui semblent au mieux refléter le niveau d'activité stellaire et l'efficacité du processus dynamo (III.2), le comportement des étoiles T Tauri est analysé dans des diagrammes activité-rotation et comparé à celui des étoiles de type solaire (III.3) , L'existence du processus dynamo y est établie et ses limites cernées, Les implications de ces résultats sur la physique du processus dynamo dans les étoiles complétement convectives sont abordées (III.4.1) et, après une analyse détaillée des différences existant entre l'atmosphère des étoiles T Tauri et celle des étoiles de type solaire (III.4.2), les résultats obtenus sont confrontés aux prévisions des modèles théoriques (III.4.3) ; finalement, l'accrétion de matière circumstellaire à la surface des étoiles est présentée comme une source d'énergie susceptible de suppléer le processus dynamo (III.4.4). Deux appendices, présentés sous la forme de publications parues dans Astronomy and Astrophysics, complètent cette étude. L'appendice A décrit l'analyse et l'interprétation de la courbe de lumière périodique de l'étoile DN Tauri, un membre représentatif de la classe des étoiles T Tauri. Cette appendice se rapporte directement au Chapitre II. L'ensemble de l'étude présentée dans ce mémoire repose sur la détermination précise des taux de rotation d'un échantillon statistiquement significatif d'étoiles T Tauri. Cette détermination, qui fut notre première tache, est décrite dans l'appendice B. Le lecteur y trouvera un exposé détaillé des différentes méthodes utilisées pour mesurer les taux de rotation de ces étoiles peu lumineuses. En outre, les résultats obtenus y sont analysés dans le cadre du problème de l'évolution du moment angulaire durant les phases pré-séquence principale.

Étude de l'évolution du moment angulaire par la détermination du taux de rotation de 28 étoiles jeunes du type T Tauri. Recherche des signes d'une activité d'origine magnétique dans ces étoiles de faible masse. Les variations lumineuses périodiques peuvent être interprétées par des taches à leur surface créées par la présence de champs magnétiques photosphériques. L’accrétion de matière interstellaire à leur surface est susceptible d'expliquer d'autres aspects de l'activité manifestée par ces étoiles.

La arquitectura moderna en Lima recorrió el centro de la ciudad antes de expandirse a otros distritos. Este contexto experimental dio lugar a una serie de proyectos abordados por arquitectos de la época, entre los cuales se encuentra el cine Tauro, diseñado por el arquitecto Walter Weberhofer en 1959 y con una tipología de sala única. Con el paso de las décadas, se ha convertido en un contenedor obsoleto sin vigencia con respecto a su uso original. Por este motivo, se propone la recuperación del edificio y cine en abandono, a partir de una estructura contemporánea que permita resaltar las cualidades del proyecto original. Asimismo, utilizarlo como pieza esencial para devolver el carácter cultural a la zona y reintegrarlo a su entorno, a partir del tratamiento del nivel cero, utilizando los lotes baldíos contiguos y creando espacios públicos que respondan al uso de la nueva intervención. Esto se logra a partir de tres acciones principales. Primero, se crea un nuevo programa compatible con las necesidades actuales del centro histórico y con la estructura del cine. Luego, se diseñan espacios intermedios, en los cuales se insertan las actividades recreativas, culturales y comerciales, tomando como base la esencia del jirón Quilca. Finalmente, se busca generar un recorrido continuo dentro del edificio y permitir el ingreso de la calle dentro del cine para revertir la inaccesibilidad actual. Se incorpora un elemento unificador de un carácter más suelto, que nace del edificio existente y se transforma en un circuito que da cabida al programa del segundo piso y articula la zona de creación y difusión. Por otro lado, se completa la torre de manera contemporánea, teniendo siempre al volumen del cine como protagonista. A partir de estas intervenciones, se busca poder darle un nuevo ciclo de vida a una pieza emblemática de la ciudad.

Tesis de Magíster en Bioquímica área de Especialización en Bioquímica Ambiental y Memoria para optar al Título de Bioquímico
La búsqueda de nuevos métodos de síntesis de quantum dots que permitan generar nanopartículas con nuevas o mejores propiedades o métodos de síntesis mas eficientes a los utilizados actualmente, representa un desafío en materia de investigación. En los últimos años, la síntesis de este tipo de nanopartículas a través del uso de microorganismos ha tomado gran fuerza, lo que se debe principalmente a su alta escalabilidad, a sus bajos costos de producción y a la obtención de nanoparticulas con novedosas propiedades. Uno de los modelos más estudiados, es la síntesis de quantum dots de CdS utilizando Escherichia coli. No obstante, poco se sabe respecto a los procesos metabólicos implicados en la generación de estos nanocristales. Uno de los aspectos claves en estudio, es el rol del metabolismo del azufre en la generación de compuestos sulfurados como componentes de las nanopartículas, siendo la cisteína y el Na2S las fuentes de S más estudiadas. Basados en esto, el uso de fuentes de azufre alternativas abre la puerta a procesos metabólicos distintos, lo que supone la generación de compuestos sulfurados diferentes o una generación más eficiente de los mismos compuestos generados a partir de cisteína o Na2S durante la síntesis de quantum dots. Finalmente, en los últimos años, se ha relacionado el uso de taurina, una fuente no convencional de S, con la respuesta al estrés por cadmio en cultivos de E. coli (Helbig y cols. 2008). En este contexto, la presente Tesis se centró en el estudio del papel del metabolismo de la taurina en la tolerancia de E. coli a Cd2+ y en la biosíntesis de nanopartículas fluorescentes de CdS. Para ello, se evaluó la capacidad de E. coli de sintetizar quantum dots al ser expuesta a una sal de cadmio y utilizando taurina como única fuente de S. Bajo estas condiciones, se analizó la respuesta de la bacteria ante el metal mediante curvas de crecimiento y distribución de flujos metabólicos. Se identificó la generación de compuestos sulfurados (H2S y distintos COSVs) y finalmente se purificó y caracterizó las nanopartículas. Los resultados permitieron concluir que E. coli es capaz de sintetizar nanopartículas fluorescentes, las que en tamaño y características espectroscópicas se relacionan con quantum dots de CdS. La síntesis aparentemente, al utilizar taurina, no depende de H2S, otorgándole un rol no descrito en literatura a los COSVs, específicamente al MeSH, durante la síntesis de quantum dots de CdS y en la respuesta de E. coli a cadmio
The search for novel or more efficientes methods for quantum dots synthesis allowing the generation of nanoparticles with new or better properties, represent a great challange in nanotechnology research. In the last years, the synthesis of quantum dots by microorganisms has generated big expectations, mainly due of the high scalability, low production costs and the generation of nanoparticles with novel properties. The biosynthesis of CdS quantum dots using Escherichia coli is one of the most studied models. Nevertheless, little is known about the metabolic process implicated in nanocrystals generation. A relevant aspect which is currently under study, is the role of S metabolism in the generation of sulfured compounds as key components of nanoparticles structure, being cysteine and Na2S the most studied S sources. Based on this, the use of non-conventional S sources leads to unknown metabolic processes, which implicates the generation of different sulfured compounds or more efficient process for the generation of the same quantum dots production using cysteine or Na2S. Helbig et al. 2008 related a non-conventional S source such as taurine with the response of E. coli to cadmium stress. In this context, the present thesis focuses on the role of taurine metabolism in the tolerance of E. coli to Cd2+ and the role of taurine metabolism in the biosynthesis of fluorescent CdS nanoparticles. In order to achive this, the synthesis of quantum dots by E. coli cultures exposed to a cadmium salt and using taurine as the main sulfur source was evaluated. Under the same conditions, the bacterial reponse to the metal measured through growth curves and metabolic flux distributions was analyzed. Finally, the identification of sulfur compounds (H2S and different COSVs) and the purification with the respective characterization of produced nanoparticles was carried out. The results obtained allow to conclude that E. coli is able to synthesize fluorescent nanoparticles, related in size and spectroscopic characteristic to CdS quantum dots. Apparently, the synthesis using taurine, does not depends on H2S generation by a non-described role of COSVs, specifically MeSH, in the synthesis of CdS quantum dots and also in the E. coli response to cadmium
Fondecyt; Anillo Act 1107

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de taurine no tecido adipose em ratos obesos treinados. Métodos: Ratos machos Wistar foram alimentados com dieta controle e hipercalórica para induzir a obesidade, e divididos em 4 grupos: controle (CT, dieta controle, n =6); sedentário (SD, dieta hipercalórica, n=6); sedentátio taurina (SDTAU; dieta hipercalórica e suplementação de taurina; n=6); treinado (TR; dieta hipercalórica e exercício físico; n=6), treinado taurina (TRTAU; dieta hipercalórica, suplementação de taurina e exercício físico; n =6). Resultados: Foi observado um aumento significativo do peso dos animais dos grupos SD e SDTAU em comparação com grupos de TR e TRTAU. Observou-se que os grupos que foram suplementados com taurina (SDTAU e TRTAU) apresentaram um aumento significativo na concentração sérica de taurina. A área total do grupo de animais SDTAU foi 132% superior em relação ao grupo TRTAU (p <0,0073). Em relação à área de gordura foi observada diferença significativa no grupo SDTAU quando comparado com os grupos treinados associados ou não com a suplementação de taurina. O Os grupos SDTAU e SD apresentaram maior peso da gordura epididimal (p <0,0001), enquanto que o valor mais baixo foi observado no grupo TRTAU. Em relação ao tamanho dos adipócitos grupos houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre eles. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados apresentados, pode concluir-se que oito semanas de suplementação com taurina associado com exercício foi capaz de reduzir a gordura visceral e diminuir o peso da gordura epididimal. No entanto, a suplementação de taurina com e sem o exercício não causaram mudanças no tamanho do adipócito.
Pupose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of taurine supplementation in adipose tissue of obese trained mice. Methods: Male Wistar mice were fed with control or hypercaloric diet to induce obesity, and divided into 4 groups: control (CT, control diet, n =6); sedentary (SD, high calorie diet, n= 6); taurine sedentary (SDTAU, high calorie diet with taurine supplementation, n=6); trained (TR, high calorie diet and physical exercise, n=6), taurine trained (TRTAU, high calorie diet with taurine supplementation and physical exercise, n=6). Results: A significant increase in the weight of animals in SD and SDTAU groups compared to groups TR and TRTAU. It is observed that the groups that were supplemented with taurine (SDTAU and TRTAU) showed a significant increase in the blood taurine concentration. The total area of the animals SDTAU group was 132 % higher compared to TRTAU group (p< 0.0073). Regarding fat area was observed significant difference in SDTAU group when compared with to the trained groups associated or not with taurine supplementation. SDTAU and the SD group showed greater weight of epididymal fat (p< 0.0001), while the lowest value was observed in TRTAU group. Regarding the size of adipocytes groups there was significant statistically difference between them. Conclusion: Based on the results presented, it can be concluded that eight weeks of supplementation with taurine associated with exercise was able to reduce visceral fat and decrease the weight of epididymal fat. However, taurine supplementation with and without exercise have not caused changes in the size of the adipocyte.

O oídio do pimentão e pimenteiras, causado pelo fungo Leveillula taurica, tem sido considerado atualmente a doença mais séria do cultivo protegido, causando perdas de até 75%. O uso de fungicidas é ineficaz sendo a melhor maneira de controle através da resistência genética. As fontes de resistência ao oídio encontradas em Capsicum annuum L., não tem sido satisfatórias por apresentarem resistência parcial e as melhores fontes ocorrem nas espécies C. baccatum e C. chinense. Existem poucos estudos sobre a herança da resistência nessas espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de triar os acessos da coleção de Capsicum da ESALQ/USP, identificando possíveis fontes de resistência nas espécies C. annuum, C. baccatum e C. chinense e obter informações sobre a herança da reação de pimentão e pimentas ao oídio. Para isso 156 acessos de Capsicum foram triados e posteriormente cruzamentos entre progenitores resistentes versus suscetíveis e resistentes versus resistentes foram obtidos. As gerações F2 e alguns retrocruzamentos foram obtidos. As avaliações das reações ao oídio foram feitas na fase de frutificação, através de uma escala de notas de acordo com a severidade da doença de 1 (resistente) a 5 (altamente suscetível). Foram estimados: o número de locos segregantes, os coeficientes de herdabilidade, os progressos esperados na seleção e o tipo de ação gênica envolvida. Foram avaliadas também as reações dos híbridos entre progenitores resistentes. Dentre os materiais triados em C. annuum apenas 5% foram considerados resistentes, em C. baccatum 84% e em C. chinense 85%. A herança da resistência aooídio em Capsicum mostrou ser poligênica. As herdabilidades e ganhos de seleção estimados foram altos, indicando boas perspectivas de progresso seletivo. Os progenitores resistentes em Capsicum annuum possuem diferentes mecanismos genéticos e expressões de resistência. Enquanto em C. baccatum e C. chinense os mecanismos de resistência mostraram ser os mesmos, havendo alelismo entre as fontes. A fonte de resistência do pimentão HV-12 foi a melhor para o uso no melhoramento.
Powdery mildew caused by the fungus Leveillula taurica, is considered the most serious greenhouse sweet pepper disease, causing losses up to 75%. Its control by fungicide is ineffective, and the best way to control would be by genetic resistance. Powdery mildew resistance sources identified in Capsicum annuum L. have been unsatisfactory because they have partial resistance. The best resistant sources seem to be found in the species C. baccatum and C. chinense. However, the resistance inheritance has not been studied in these hot pepper species, except for C. annuum, with few published pappers. The present study aimed to screen the Capsicum ESALQ/USP collection accesses, to identify potential resistance sources in C. annuum, C. baccatum and C. chinense and elucidate the reaction inheritance to powdery mildew in sweet pepper and hot pepper. A total 156 Capsicum access were tested. Crosses among resistant and susceptible progenitors and among resistant ones were carried out. F2 and backcrosses generations were obtained. Reactions evaluations to powdery mildew were carried out during the fruit production using rating system based on score disease severity using scale varying from 1 (resistant) to 5 (highly susceptible). Estimation of segregating loci number, heritability and expected selection gains was made, to investigate the gene action and to evaluate the reaction to powdery mildew from resistant versus resistant single hybrids. Only 5% of the C. annuum accesses evaluated were considered to be resistant, in contrast with 84% and 85% obtained for C. baccatum and C. chinense, respectively. Resistance inheritance to powdery mildew in Capsicum spp. was found to be polygenic. In view of the high heritability and selection gains estimates, good selection progresses are expected. The genetic systems controlling resistance in the Capsicum annuum progenitors have different genetic mechanisms and expressions of resistance, while in C. baccatum and C. chinense showed to be the same in each ones with allelism between the sources. The sweet pepper HV-12 was the best source to use in breeding.

Orientador: Ellen Cristini de Freitas
Banca: Julio Sergio Marchini
Banca: Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de taurine no tecido adipose em ratos obesos treinados. Métodos: Ratos machos Wistar foram alimentados com dieta controle e hipercalórica para induzir a obesidade, e divididos em 4 grupos: controle (CT, dieta controle, n =6); sedentário (SD, dieta hipercalórica, n=6); sedentátio taurina (SDTAU; dieta hipercalórica e suplementação de taurina; n=6); treinado (TR; dieta hipercalórica e exercício físico; n=6), treinado taurina (TRTAU; dieta hipercalórica, suplementação de taurina e exercício físico; n =6). Resultados: Foi observado um aumento significativo do peso dos animais dos grupos SD e SDTAU em comparação com grupos de TR e TRTAU. Observou-se que os grupos que foram suplementados com taurina (SDTAU e TRTAU) apresentaram um aumento significativo na concentração sérica de taurina. A área total do grupo de animais SDTAU foi 132% superior em relação ao grupo TRTAU (p <0,0073). Em relação à área de gordura foi observada diferença significativa no grupo SDTAU quando comparado com os grupos treinados associados ou não com a suplementação de taurina. O Os grupos SDTAU e SD apresentaram maior peso da gordura epididimal (p <0,0001), enquanto que o valor mais baixo foi observado no grupo TRTAU. Em relação ao tamanho dos adipócitos grupos houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre eles. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados apresentados, pode concluir-se que oito semanas de suplementação com taurina associado com exercício foi capaz de reduzir a gordura visceral e diminuir o peso da gordura epididimal. No entanto, a suplementação de taurina com e sem o exercício não causaram mudanças no tamanho do adipócito.
Abstract: Pupose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of taurine supplementation in adipose tissue of obese trained mice. Methods: Male Wistar mice were fed with control or hypercaloric diet to induce obesity, and divided into 4 groups: control (CT, control diet, n =6); sedentary (SD, high calorie diet, n= 6); taurine sedentary (SDTAU, high calorie diet with taurine supplementation, n=6); trained (TR, high calorie diet and physical exercise, n=6), taurine trained (TRTAU, high calorie diet with taurine supplementation and physical exercise, n=6). Results: A significant increase in the weight of animals in SD and SDTAU groups compared to groups TR and TRTAU. It is observed that the groups that were supplemented with taurine (SDTAU and TRTAU) showed a significant increase in the blood taurine concentration. The total area of the animals SDTAU group was 132 % higher compared to TRTAU group (p< 0.0073). Regarding fat area was observed significant difference in SDTAU group when compared with to the trained groups associated or not with taurine supplementation. SDTAU and the SD group showed greater weight of epididymal fat (p< 0.0001), while the lowest value was observed in TRTAU group. Regarding the size of adipocytes groups there was significant statistically difference between them. Conclusion: Based on the results presented, it can be concluded that eight weeks of supplementation with taurine associated with exercise was able to reduce visceral fat and decrease the weight of epididymal fat. However, taurine supplementation with and without exercise have not caused changes in the size of the adipocyte.
Mestre

O consumo de bebidas energéticas cresce a cada ano e atinge um grupo cada vez maior de adolescentes e adultos jovens, porém, o impacto destas bebidas no desenvolvimento e na saúde ainda não tem resultados concretos. Diante do aumento no consumo de bebidas energéticas, principalmente associadas ao álcool, e considerando que o impacto toxicológico deste consumo excessivo é desconhecido, este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer uma avaliação da neurotoxicidade induzida por bebida energética, e seus principais componentes, cafeína e taurina em ratos Wistar machos. Os animais (n= 5/grupo) foram tratados em dose única para avaliação da toxicidade aguda (OECD 420) em dois experimentos. Experimento 1: os animais foram tratados por via oral com soluções contendo: água, bebida energética nas doses de 5 mL/kg (ED 5), 7,5 mL/kg (ED 7,5) e 10 mL/kg (ED 10), cafeína 3,2 mg/kg, taurina 40 mg/kg e associação de cafeína 3,2 mg/kg e taurina 40 mg/kg. Foram observados comportamentos indicativos de atividade depressora ou estimulante do SNC e manifestações autonômicas. Durante 14 dias a variação de massa corporal e letalidade foram observadas. Ao fim deste período todos os animais foram anestesiados, eutanasiados e necropsiados, sendo determinada a massa relativa dos órgãos. Os resultados revelaram sinais de toxicidade pelo aumento da ambulação, taquipnéia e alguns comportamentos associados à ansiedade, principalmente nas doses intermediárias do energético (ED 7,5). Experimento 2: Os ratos foram tratados por via oral com soluções contendo: água, energético (ED 10), álcool 20% (2 g/kg e álcool 20% (2 g/kg) associado à energético (ED 10), cafeína 3,2 mg/kg, taurina 40 mg/kg e associação de cafeína 3,2 mg/kg mais taurina 40 mg/kg. A avaliação da toxicidade aguda foi realizada conforme descrito anteriormente. Entretanto, neste protocolo os animais foram anestesiados, eutanasiados, necropsiados 24h após os tratamentos. A massa relativa dos órgãos foi determinada. Os resultados mostraram que quando o álcool foi associado ao energético ou a taurina e cafeína, os sinais de toxicidade observados foram mais intensos. Dando continuidade à avaliação da neurotoxicidade, procedeu-se a avaliação da toxicidade subcrônica dos energéticos e dos padrões(cafeína e taurina) (OECD 407). Os animais (n= 10/grupo) foram tratados por via oral durante 28 dias com ED 5, ED 7,5, ED 10, cafeína 3,2 mg/kg, taurina 40 mg/kg e a associação de cafeína 3,2 mg/kg + taurina 40 mg/kg. Demonstrou-se que nos testes de memória (OX Maze e reconhecimentos de objetos) os grupos tratados com cafeína e taurina isoladamente ou em associação tiveram um melhor desempenho nos parâmetros avaliados. Estes resultados são independentes de alterações na atividade locomotora, avaliada através do teste de Rota Rod e atividade locomotora espontânea. No 290 dia após o início dos tratamentos os animais foram eutanasiados e medidos os biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo (atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e a produção de espécies reativas através da medida de diclorofluoresceína (DCFH) e conteúdo de tióis) nas estruturas córtex pré-frontal, hipocampo e estriado. Os resultados obtidos com a associação de cafeína e taurina foram os mais relevantes demonstrando que houve diminuição da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes com consequências. Em todos os testes foi evidente que a associação de cafeína e taurina, mesmo nas concentrações presentes na maior dose de energético, diferiu dos efeitos da administração apenas do energético. Considerando que os efeitos dos energéticos são normalmente associados à presença de cafeína e taurina, sugere-se que os resultados podem estar relacionados com a presença de outros componentes nos energéticos, que interferem na modulação dos efeitos causados apenas pela associação de cafeína e taurina.
Consumption of energy drinks is growing every year and reaches a growing number of teenagers and young adults, however, the impact of these drinks in the development and health does not have concrete results. Due to the increase in the consumption of energy drinks, mainly associated with alcohol, and considering that the toxicological impact of this excessive consumption is unknown, to aim of this study was to evaluate the neurotoxicity induced by energy drink, and its main components, caffeine and taurine in male Wistar rats. The animals (n= 5/group) were treated in a single dose for evaluation of acute toxicity (OECD 420) in two experiments. Experiment 1: The animals were treated by oral route with water (control), energy drink in doses of 5 mL/kg (ED 5), 7.5 mL/kg (ED 7,5) and 10 mL/kg (ED 10), caffeine 3.2 mg/kg, taurine 40 mg/kg and the combination of 3.2 mg/kg caffeine and 40 mg/kg taurine. It were observed indicative behaviors of depressant or stimulant activity of the CNS and autonomic manifestations. During 14 days the body weight change and mortality were observed. At the end of this period all animals were anesthetized, euthanized and necropsied, and determined the relative organ weights. The results showed signs of toxicity by increased ambulation, tachypnea, and some behaviors associated with anxiety, especially in intermediate energy dose (ED 7.5). Experiment 2: The rats were orally treated with water (control), energy (ED 10), 20% alcohol (2 g/kg) and ethanol 20% (2 g/kg) associated with the energy drink (ED 10), caffeine 3.2 mg/kg, taurine 40 mg/kg and the combination of 3.2 mg/kg caffeine and 40 mg/kg taurine. The assessment of acute toxicity was performed as described above. However, in this protocol, the animals were anesthetized, euthanized, necropsied 24 after the treatments. The relative organ weights were determined. The results showed that when ethanol was associated to the energy drink or taurine and caffeine, the signs of toxicity were more intense. Continuing evaluation of neurotoxicity was carried out to evaluate subchronic toxicity of energy drink and components (caffeine and taurine) (OECD 407). The animals (n= 10/group) were treated orally for 28 days with ED 5, ED 7,5, ED 10, caffeine 3,2 mg/kg , taurine 40 mg/kg, and the combination of caffeine 3,2 mg/kg + taurine 40 mg/kg. It has been shown that in the memory tests (OX Maze and recognition of objects), the groups treated with caffeine and taurine alone or in combination had a best performance in the evaluated parameters. These results are independent of changes in locomotor activity as measured by Rota Rod test and spontaneous locomotor activity. In 29th day after the start of treatment, the animals were euthanized and oxidative stress biomarkers such as the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the total thiol content and the production of reactive species were measured in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. The results obtained with the combination of caffeine and taurine were the most relevant, demonstrating that there was decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes. In all tests it was evident that caffeine and taurine mixture, even at the same concentration present in the largest amount of energy drink, differed from the effects of the administration of energy drink only. Whereas the effects of energy are usually associated with the presence of caffeine and taurine, it is suggested that these results may be related to the presence of other components in energy drink, which interfere with the modulation of the effects caused by the combination of caffeine and taurine only.

This thesis explores aspects of the theory of accretion discs in two astrophysical environments; around young low-mass stars - T Tauri stars, and in mass transfer binaries. A particular aim is to consider the role that magnetic fields - including fields within the disc and those of the central star - may play in controlling the evolution of the star-disc system. T Tauri stars are known to be magnetically active, and the first part of the thesis considers the structure and evolution of discs around magnetic T Tauri stars. I extend prior models to examine the effect of time-varying magnetic fields on the disc, and show that some of the long-term photometric variability in T Tauri systems could be caused by the influence of magnetic cycles on the accretion disc. The evolution of the star-disc system on much longer timescales is then investigated by combining pre-main-sequence stellar evolution models with those for the disc. The resulting model is used to examine the rotation rates of magnetically braked T Tauri stars, and the possible influence of close binary companions on those rotation rates. The second part of the thesis considers accretion discs in interacting binary systems. A magnetic dynamo within the disc is a promising candidate mechanism for the origin of the viscosity in accretion discs, and I discuss the implications of an operating dynamo for observations of dwarf novae. A simple model is presented in which the prominent outbursts seen in these systems have a direct origin in the physics of the underlying disc dynamo. I also present the results of three dimensional simulations of the interaction between the gas stream from the mass-donating star and the accretion disc. The hydrodynamic calculations show that a significant fraction of the stream gas can ricochet off the outer rim of the disc and overflow towards smaller radii, and the implications of this for models and observations of Cataclysmic variables and low-mass X-ray binaries are discussed.

Young low mass stars that show signs of accretion, the classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs), present a significant number of emission lines in their spectra. These emission lines, thought to be produced in accretion columns, are often modelled in order to obtain physical parametersof the star-disk system, such as the mass accretion rate. However, the temperature structure of accretion columns is still poorly understood. In this work, we present a study of the temperature profile of accretion columns found around CTTSs. We consider young stellar objects (~106 year) of low mass (M* ~ 2 M), which have accretion disks in keplerianrotation. We adopt a magnetospheric accretion model, where the central star has a dipole magnetic field that disrupts the disk at a distance from the star (rtr 0.1 AU) near the co-rotation point. The accreting gas follows stellar magnetic field lines from rtr to the central star. In order to determine the temperature profile in the accretion column, weuse the first law of thermodynamics, solved for the hydrogen atom in a steady state. This result gives us the heat equation, which was solved with the rate equation for the hydrogen atom, considering the processes of collisional excitation and de-excitation (with protons and electrons), radiative recombination, spontaneous transition, collisional ionization and photoionization. We use adiabatic compression as a heating mechanism, following Martin (1996), but we also analyze heating by X-rays, coming from the star. We consider as cooling mechanisms emission by Ca II and Mg II lines and bremsstrahlung. We then obtain thetemperature structure for acrretion funnels and the main physical processes which heat and cool the gas. We also found that the accretion rate of mass and the X-ray luminosity, are the most important parameters for the thermal structure of gas.
Estrelas jovens de baixa massa que ainda mostram sinais de acreção, ou seja, estrelas T Tauri clássicas (ETTCs), apresentam um número significativo de linhas de emissão em seu espectro. Essas linhas de emissão são produzidas em colunas de acreção e são modeladas para obter parâmetros físicos do sistema disco-estrela, tal como a taxa de acreção de massa. No entanto, a estrutura de temperatura das colunas de acreção ainda está em aberto. Apresentamos neste trabalho um estudo do perfil de temperatura destas colunas encontradas em torno de ETTCs. Consideramos objetos estelares jovens (~10? anos) e de baixa massa (M* 2 Msol, que têm disco de acreção em rotação kepleriana. Adotamos um modelo de acreção magnetosférica, onde a estrela central tem um campo magnético de dipolo que interrompe o disco em uma distância de alguns raios estelares (rtr 0.1 UA) desde a estrela, perto do raio de co-rotação. A acreção do gás segue as linhas de campo magnético estelar desde rtr até a estrela. Para determinarmos o perfil de temperatura no funil, usamos a primeira lei da termodinâmica resolvida para o átomo de hidrogênio em um estado estacionário. Este resultado nos fornece a equação de calor que foi resolvida, juntamente com as equações de taxas para o átomo de hidrogênio, considerando os mecanismos de excitação e desexcitação colisional (com prótons e elétrons), recombinação radiativa, transição espôntanea, ionização colisional e fotoionização. Usamos como processos de aquecimento, a compressão adiabática estudada por Martin (1996) e também o aquecimento por raios-X, proveniente da estrela central, e como mecanismo de resfriamento consideramos as linhas de CaII e MgII e bremsstrahlung. Com esses mecanismos, determinamos a estrutura de temperatura para as colunas de acresção e os principais processos físicos que aquecem e resfriam o gás. Encontramos também que a taxa de acreçõo de massa e a luminosidade de raios-X, são os parâmetros de maior importância para o perfil de temperatura.

Set within New Zealand, and against a colonial backdrop that has shaped New Zealand's social fabric, this thesis explores the complex and contradictory relationship between a group of indigenous students and a mainstream institution of higher learning. Presented as 'stories within stories' it tells the stories of eleven Maori students' experiences at the University of Canterbury between 1996 and 1998. In doing so it tells of the struggles they faced and the strategies they employed to realise their dreams in an institution that did not reflect who they were. This thesis then, despite the diverse ways in which they grew up Maori, is a victory narrative of the students' struggles to maintain their own sense of being Maori in a mono-cultural institution. The topic arose out of my own experience of being a Maori student in a mainstream university and my endeavors to make sense of our institutional invisibility on campus and the silencing of our voices. Indeed, the questions that I was left asking spurred me on to become a research student. Therefore, this thesis is as much about my journey to becoming a kaupapa Maori researcher as it is about the journeys of the students into and within the University of Canterbury. Positioned outside of the prevailing scientific traditions, the kaupapa Maori phenomenological based study I conducted took for granted Maori cultural practices, values and aspirations. I drew on traditional ways of knowing and being, as well as contemporary narratives to understand the lived realities of the students. When I began to write my thesis it became clear that an orthodox account of Maori students' experiences was inconsistent with the way I had conducted the research, and the values and practices that underpinned it. I began to rewrite my thesis, and in the process wrote back to the academy in a way that better reflected not only who I am but also the Maori community within which the research was conducted. The stories speak for themselves.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM
“Tauaris” are trees which belong to Lecythidaceae and are among the most logged timber species of Amazonia. However, their auto-ecology is poorly known, partly due to the use of only a few local names for all the species. This study defines, firstly, tauari species that occur in non-flooded forests of Amazonia and their patterns of abundance and geographic distribution. Then it characterizes regeneration aspects through functional morphology and biometry of fruits and seeds and germination physiology. Finally, the study defines the growth strategies of trees (DBH>10 cm). Data from herbaria and from >400 ha of inventory throughout the Amazonian biome were used to characterize the geographic ranges and the species abundances. Morpho-functional descriptions of fruits and seeds were based on material collected from trees of Central Amazonia (Manaus and Belterra, Brazil). The morphology of germination was described from experiments in the nursery. The physiology of germination was based on tests of seed tolerance to dessication, photoblastism and germination at different constant temperatures between 15 and 35 ° C. Growth strategies were defined through anual growth rates (average and maximum) based on 25-years monitoring in two forests logged under several cutting intensities (Paracou, French Guina; Belterra-Pará, Brazil). The tauari group consists of 14 species of the three genus. Nine were invetoried in the study areas. Couratari guianensis has the largest geographic range and is most frequent in inventories, however always with low densities (<1 tree/ha). Couratari stellata, C. multiflora, C. oblongifolia and Cariniana micrantha showed large geographical ranges (>1.10^6 km2), high frequencies and medium/high densities. Couratari atrovinosa, C. longipedicellata and C. tauari showed low abundances and regional or restricted ranges. The study provides new information about carpologia of poorly collected species (C. atrovinosa, C. tauari, C. longipedicellata) and the first description of the fruit of C. atrovinosa. For five simpatric Couratari species fo Central Amazonia, biometric measurements pointed out the need for a revision of the sections and / or a the variables of the fruit that determine each section. The slow drying of the fruit allows a gradual dispersal of seeds, unique among Lecythidaceae. Seedlings of the five Couratari species with foliaceous cotyledons and photosynthetic reserves in the hypocotyl are a rare morpho-functional type. The hypocotyl, folded below the insertion of the cotyledons, is a type that was still not documented. The seeds of each species showed desiccation tolerance, since germinated after reaching 7.9%, or less, of seed water content. Germination occurred in light and dark. C. guianensis and C. stellata had high germination rates at constant temperatures between 15 to 35 °C while C. longipedicellata and C. atrovinosa germinated significantly less below 20 °C and above 25 °C. The five species can be separated by the seed dispersal period (dry or rainy season). Temperature of 25 °C was appropriate for evaluation of seed quality of the five species. The group has characteristics that help management of seeds and species propagation species such as desiccation tolerance, fast germination, in every light conditions and temperature of 25 °C appropriate for seed quality evaluation. Growth strategies, described for Couratari guianensis, C. multiflora and C. stellata, were specific to each one and related to wood density and maximum size of the adults. C. stellata, emergent, had a weak growth potential (GP) in sub-canopy and much higher above (DAP 10-19 cm: 4 mm/ano; >30 cm: 16 mm/ano) and high growth rates for the largest adults (dbh>30 cm; 4,6-5,9 cm/year). In contrast, C. multiflora, lower canopy species, had a GP negatively correlated to tree size and the lowest average growth rate for adults (dbh>30 cm; 1,8-2,3 mm/year). Logging stimulated the growth of the three species during 15 years and growth increased with logging intensity. The growth of C. multiflora was positively correlated to the intensity of the dry season. The different growth strategies of the three species have consequences on the forest management. This work allowed to classify the species studied of Couratari as late secondary species.
Tauari é a denominação popular das madeiras provenientes de várias espécies de Lecythidaceae e estão entre as mais exploradas na Amazônia. A auto-ecologia destas espécies é mal conhecida devido, em parte, ao agrupamento sob o mesmo nome vernacular. Este estudo determina as espécies de tauari ocorrentes nas florestas de terra firme do bioma Amazônia e os seus padrões de abundância e de distribuição geográfica; caracteriza aspectos da regeneração pela morfo-biometria funcional dos frutos e sementes e pela fisiologia da germinação e define as estratégias de crescimento das árvores (DAP>10 cm). Dados de herbários e inventários (>400 ha) no bioma Amazônia foram usados para caracterizar as abundâncias e distribuições geográficas específicas. Descrições morfo-funcionais e medições de frutos e sementes foram feitas a partir de coletas em árvores da Amazônia Central (Manaus e Belterra, Brasil). A morfologia da germinação foi descrita a partir de experimentos em viveiro. A fisiologia da germinação foi analisada a partir de ensaios de tolerância das sementes ao dessecamento, o fotoblastimo e a capacidade de germinar em diferentes temperaturas constantes entre 15 e 35 °C. Estratégias de crescimento foram definidas com base nas taxas de crescimento diamétrico anual (médias e máximas) das árvores durante ~25 anos em florestas exploradas sob diversas intensidades (Paracou, Guiana Francesa; Belterra- PA, Brasil). O nome vernacular tauari agrupa 14 espécies dos gêneros Couratari, Cariniana e Allantoma. Nove foram inventariadas no estudo. Couratari guianensis se destacou por sua maior área de distribuição e alta freqüência nos inventários, porém sempre com abundância baixa (<1 árvore/ha). Cariniana micrantha, Couratari stellata, C. multiflora, C. oblongifolia apresentaram ampla distribuição (>1.10 6 km2), alta freqüência e densidades localmente altas. Couratari atrovinosa, C. longipedicellata e C. tauari mostraram abundâncias baixas e distribuição regional ou restrita. O estudo traz novas informações sobre a carpologia de espécies pouco coletadas (C. atrovinosa, C. tauari, C. longipedicellata) e a primeira descrição do fruto de C. atrovinosa. A biometria apontou a necessidade de uma revisão das seções infragenéricas e/ou das variáveis dos frutos que determinam cada seção para cinco espécies simpátricas da Amazônia Central. A secagem lenta do fruto permite a dispersão gradual das sementes, única entre as Lecythidaceae. As plântulas das cinco espécies de Couratari com os cotilédones foliáceos fotossintetizantes e reservas no hipocótilo constituem um tipo morfo- funcional raro. O hipocótilo, dobrado abaixo da inserção dos cotilédones, era um tipo ainda não documentado. As sementes destas cinco espécies são tolerantes ao dessecamento, pois germinaram com teor de água abaixo de 7,9%. A germinação ocorreu na luz e no escuro. Couratari guianensis e C. stellata apresentavam germinação máxima entre 15 a 35 °C enquanto C. longipedicellata e C. atrovinosa germinaram menos, abaixo de 20 °C e acima de 25 °C. A época de dispersão das sementes (estação seca ou chuvosa) permite separar as espécies. O manejo das sementes e a propagação destas espécies são facilitados pela tolerância ao dessecamento, a germinação rápida, sem necessidade de luz, e a temperatura de 25 °C adequada para avaliação da qualidade das sementes. A estratégia de crescimento definida para C. guianensis, C. multiflora e C. stellata, foi intrínseca da espécie e relacionada à densidade da madeira e tamanho máximo das adultas. Couratari stellata, emergente, teve um potencial de crescimento (PC) fraco no sub-dossel e muito maior acima (DAP 10-19 cm: 4 mm/ano; >30 cm: 16 mm/ano), com altas taxas de crescimento das maiores adultas (DAP>30 cm; 4,6-5,9 cm/ano). Ao contrário, C. multiflora, espécie de dossel inferior, teve um PC negativamente correlato ao tamanho das árvores e o menor crescimento médio para as adultas (DAP>30 cm: 1,8-2,3 mm/ano). O estímulo do crescimento pela exploração durou ~15 anos e foi maior nas áreas mais exploradas. O crescimento de C. multiflora foi positivamente correlato à intensidade da estação seca. As diferentes estratégias de crescimento têm conseqüências sobre o manejo florestal. Este trabalho permitiu classificar as espécies de Couratari estudadas como segundárias tardias na sucessão florestal.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O consumo excessivo de etanol está relacionado a diminuição da neurogênese hipocampal e a diversas patologias cardiovasculares, como a hipertensão. A taurina é um aminoácido não-essencial encontrado principalmente em estruturas cujos tecidos são mais excitáveis, como músculo esquelético, tecido cardíaco, vasos sanguíneos e sistema nervoso central. Níveis normais deste nutriente são essenciais para o correto funcionamento do organismo e sua depleção pode precipitar diversos quadros patológicos. A taurina tem apresentado resultados promissores tanto no sistema cardiovascular quanto no sistema nervoso central. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da taurina na função cardiovascular bem como na neurogênese hipocampal de ratos submetidos ao modelo de consumo forçado de etanol. Dessa forma, ratos Wistar de aproximadamente 250 gramas receberam soluções crescentes de etanol (5% na primeira semana, 10% na segunda semana e 20% na terceira e quarta semana), sem a oferta de água; o grupo controle recebeu apenas água. A taurina foi administrada (i.p., 300 mg/kg) diariamente durante 28 dias e os animais do grupo controle receberam injeção apenas do veículo. O presente trabalho foi dividido em dois experimentos. No primeiro, a taurina foi administrada juntamente com a oferta de etanol. Já o segundo experimento, os animais foram expostos ao etanol e depois, receberam a taurina. Os resultados do Experimento 1 não mostraram alterações significativas na função cardiovascular em resposta ao consumo de etanol ou à administração de taurina. A análise da neurogênese hipocampal mostrou que a taurina promoveu significativa atividade neuroprotetora contra os efeitos deletérios do etanol tanto na proliferação como na sobrevivência celular, neurogênese e apoptose. Estes resultados mostraram também que a taurina não provocou efeito tóxico no sistema cardiovascular. Já os resultados do Experimento 2 não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes na quantidade de etanol consumido, peso corporal, volume hipocampal, neurogênese e apoptose. Na análise da proliferação celular, os animais que receberam água e depois taurina apresentaram diminuição significante no número de células imunorreativas ao Ki-67. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com taurina pode ter importantes correlações clínicas positivas na prevenção dos efeitos do etanol no sistema nervoso central.
Excessive ethanol consumption is related with decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis and various cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension. Taurine is a non-essential amino acid and is found primarily in structures which are more excitable tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart tissue, blood vessels and central nervous system. Normal levels of this compound are essential for the correct functioning of the body and its depletion may precipitate various pathological conditions. Among the various compounds studied to reverse or protect against the effects of ethanol, taurine have shown promising results both in the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. Thus, the objectives of this study was to investigate the effects of taurine on cardiovascular function and hippocampal neurogenesis in rats submitted to the model of forced consumption of ethanol. Wistar rats of 250g of body weight received ethanol solution (5% in the first week, 10% in the second week and 20% in the third and fourth week) without the offer of water. Taurine was administered (i.p., 300 mg / kg) daily for 28 days. This study was divided into two experiments. In the first one, to analyze the protective effects of taurine on the cardiovascular system and hippocampal neurogenesis against the effects of ethanol consumption, taurine was administered along with the ethanol consumption model. In the second experiment, to analyze the effects of taurine in reversing the effects of ethanol consumption, the animals were exposed to the ethanol consumption model and then received taurine. The results of Experiment 1 showed no significant changes in cardiovascular function in response to ethanol consumption or administration of taurine. The analysis of hippocampal neurogenesis has shown that taurine promoted a significant neuroprotective effect against the effects of ethanol in both cell proliferation and survival, neurogenesis and apoptosis. The results of Experiment 2 showed no statistically significant differences in the amount of ethanol consumed, body weight, hippocampal volume, neurogenesis and apoptosis. In the analysis of cell proliferation, the animals received water and after taurine showed a significant decrease in the number of immunopositive cells Ki-67. The results showed that treatment with taurine could have important clinical correlations in the prevention of the effects of ethanol on the central nervous system.