Academic literature on the topic 'Taste gene'
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Journal articles on the topic "Taste gene"
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Fernández-Carrión, Rebeca, Jose V. Sorlí, Oscar Coltell, Eva C. Pascual, Carolina Ortega-Azorín, Rocío Barragán, Ignacio M. Giménez-Alba, et al. "Sweet Taste Preference: Relationships with Other Tastes, Liking for Sugary Foods and Exploratory Genome-Wide Association Analysis in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome." Biomedicines 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010079.
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Taste perception and its association with nutrition and related diseases (type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, etc.) are emerging fields of biomedicine. There is currently great interest in investigating the environmental and genetic factors that influence sweet taste and sugary food preferences for personalized nutrition. Our aims were: (1) to carry out an integrated analysis of the influence of sweet taste preference (both in isolation and in the context of other tastes) on the preference for sugary foods and its modulation by type 2 diabetes status; (2) as well as to explore new genetic factors associated with sweet taste preference. We studied 425 elderly white European subjects with metabolic syndrome and analyzed taste preference, taste perception, sugary-foods liking, biochemical and genetic markers. We found that type 2 diabetic subjects (38%) have a small, but statistically higher preference for sweet taste (p = 0.021) than non-diabetic subjects. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in preferences for the other tastes (bitter, salty, sour or umami) were detected. For taste perception, type 2 diabetic subjects have a slightly lower perception of all tastes (p = 0.026 for the combined “total taste score”), bitter taste being statistically lower (p = 0.023). We also carried out a principal component analysis (PCA), to identify latent variables related to preferences for the five tastes. We identified two factors with eigenvalues >1. Factor 2 was the one with the highest correlation with sweet taste preference. Sweet taste preference was strongly associated with a liking for sugary foods. In the exploratory SNP-based genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified some SNPs associated with sweet taste preference, both at the suggestive and at the genome-wide level, especially a lead SNP in the PTPRN2 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type N2) gene, whose minor allele was associated with a lower sweet taste preference. The PTPRN2 gene was also a top-ranked gene obtained in the gene-based exploratory GWAS analysis. In conclusion, sweet taste preference was strongly associated with sugary food liking in this population. Our exploratory GWAS identified an interesting candidate gene related with sweet taste preference, but more studies in other populations are required for personalized nutrition.
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Feeney, E., S. O'Brien, A. Scannell, A. Markey, and E. R. Gibney. "Genetic variation in taste perception: does it have a role in healthy eating?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110003976.
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Taste is often cited as the factor of greatest significance in food choice, and has been described as the body's ‘nutritional gatekeeper’. Variation in taste receptor genes can give rise to differential perception of sweet, umami and bitter tastes, whereas less is known about the genetics of sour and salty taste. Over twenty-five bitter taste receptor genes exist, of which TAS2R38 is one of the most studied. This gene is broadly tuned to the perception of the bitter-tasting thiourea compounds, which are found in brassica vegetables and other foods with purported health benefits, such as green tea and soya. Variations in this gene contribute to three thiourea taster groups of people: supertasters, medium tasters and nontasters. Differences in taster status have been linked to body weight, alcoholism, preferences for sugar and fat levels in food and fruit and vegetable preferences. However, genetic predispositions to food preferences may be outweighed by environmental influences, and few studies have examined both. The Tastebuddies study aimed at taking a holistic approach, examining both genetic and environmental factors in children and adults. Taster status, age and gender were the most significant influences in food preferences, whereas genotype was less important. Taster perception was associated with BMI in women; nontasters had a higher mean BMI than medium tasters or supertasters. Nutrient intakes were influenced by both phenotype and genotype for the whole group, and in women, the AVI variation of the TAS2R38 gene was associated with a nutrient intake pattern indicative of healthy eating.
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Williams, Derek. "Good taste gene." New Scientist 216, no. 2896-2897 (December 2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(12)63259-x.
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Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Elena Gigli, Marco de la Rasilla, Javier Fortea, and Antonio Rosas. "Bitter taste perception in Neanderthals through the analysis of the TAS2R38 gene." Biology Letters 5, no. 6 (August 12, 2009): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0532.
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The bitter taste perception (associated with the ability or inability to taste phenylthiocarbamide) is mediated by the TAS2R38 gene. Most of the variation in this gene is explained by three common amino-acid polymorphisms at positions 49 (encoding proline or alanine), 262 (alanine or valine) and 296 (valine or isoleucine) that determine two common isoforms: proline–alanine–valine (PAV) and alanine–valine–isoleucine (AVI). PAV is the major taster haplotype (heterozygote and homozygote) and AVI is the major non-taster haplotype (homozygote). Amino acid 49 has the major effect on the distinction between tasters and non-tasters of all three variants. The sense of bitter taste protects us from ingesting toxic substances, present in some vegetables, that can affect the thyroid when ingested in large quantities. Balancing selection has been used to explain the current high non-taster frequency, by maintaining divergent TAS2R38 alleles in humans. We have amplified and sequenced the TAS2R38 amino acid 49 in the virtually uncontaminated Neanderthal sample of El Sidrón 1253 and have determined that it was heterozygous. Thus, this Neanderthal was a taster individual, although probably slightly less than a PAV homozygote. This indicates that variation in bitter taste perception pre-dates the divergence of the lineages leading to Neanderthals and modern humans.
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Hirai, Ryoji, and Minoru Ikeda. "Bitter Taste Receptor Gene in Patients with Taste Disorders." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 145, no. 2_suppl (August 2011): P147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811415823a41.
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Lush, Ian E., and Gail Holland. "The genetics of tasting in mice: V. Glycine and cycloheximide." Genetical Research 52, no. 3 (December 1988): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300027671.
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SummaryGlycine tastes both bitter and sweet to mice but there are differences between strains in their ability to detect each taste. With respect to the bitter taste, fifteen strains were classified as tasters and twelve strains as non-tasters. The difference is due to a single gene, Glb (glycine bitterness). Cycloheximide tastes bitter to all mice at a concentration of 8 μM, but strain differences in sensitivity to the taste of cycloheximide can be detected at lower concentrations. The BXD RI strains can be classified into two groups with respect to sensitivity to cycloheximide. This is probably due to the segregation of two alleles of a single gene, Cyx. A comparison of the distribution in RI strains of alleles of four bitterness-tasting genes shows that the loci are all closely linked and are probably in the order Cyx–Qui–Rua–Glb.
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Montmayeur, Jean-Pierre, Stephen D. Liberles, Hiroaki Matsunami, and Linda B. Buck. "A candidate taste receptor gene near a sweet taste locus." Nature Neuroscience 4, no. 5 (May 2001): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/87440.
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Tordoff, Michael G., and Hillary T. Ellis. "Taste dysfunction in BTBR mice due to a mutation of Itpr3, the inositol triphosphate receptor 3 gene." Physiological Genomics 45, no. 18 (September 15, 2013): 834–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00092.2013.
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The BTBR T+ tf/J (BTBR) mouse strain is indifferent to exemplars of sweet, Polycose, umami, bitter, and calcium tastes, which share in common transduction by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To investigate the genetic basis for this taste dysfunction, we screened 610 BTBR × NZW/LacJ F2 hybrids, identified a potent QTL on chromosome 17, and isolated this in a congenic strain. Mice carrying the BTBR/BTBR haplotype in the 0.8-Mb (21-gene) congenic region were indifferent to sweet, Polycose, umami, bitter, and calcium tastes. To assess the contribution of a likely causative culprit, Itpr3, the inositol triphosphate receptor 3 gene, we produced and tested Itpr3 knockout mice. These were also indifferent to GPCR-mediated taste compounds. Sequencing the BTBR form of Itpr3 revealed a unique 12 bp deletion in Exon 23 (Chr 17: 27238069; Build 37). We conclude that a spontaneous mutation of Itpr3 in a progenitor of the BTBR strain produced a heretofore unrecognized dysfunction of GPCR-mediated taste transduction.
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Kang, Byung-Jun, Jin-Woo Park, Sang-Yen Geum, Un-Kyung Kim, Seung-Heon Shin, and Mi-Kyung Ye. "Role of the TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Patients With Taste Disorders." Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 64, no. 11 (November 21, 2021): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2021.00486.
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Background and Objectives Several studies have shown that three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the <i>TAS2R38</i> gene demonstrate a strong association with the ability to sense the bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in. We have previously reported about <i>TAS2R38</i> genotypes in normal volunteers. The aim of this study was to investigate the role <i>TAS2R38</i> gene plays in taste disorder by examining SNPs in the <i>TAS2R38</i> gene in taste disorder patients.Subjects and Method Ninety-four patients with taste dysfunction from multiple etiologies were enrolled. The genotypes were defined by identifying SNPs on the <i>TAS2R38</i> gene. The proportion of different <i>TAS2R38</i> genotypes in the group was compared with that in the normal volunteers of our previous study. The whole mouth taste threshold tests were performed and the thresholds were compared among the three different genotypic groups.Results The proportion of each diplotype in taste disorder patients were as follows: PAV/ PAV 36.2% (34/94), PAV/AVI 34.0% (32/94), and AVI/AVI 29.8% (28/94). The proportion of AVI/AVI type was higher in the group than in the normal volunteers (<i>p</i>=0.031). The detection and recognition thresholds of all four basic tastes were increased in the order of PAV/PAV, PAV/AVI, and AVI/AVI genotypes.Conclusion The proportion of AVI/AVI homozygous was significantly higher in taste disorder patients than in the normal volunteers. Our findings suggest that the genotypes of <i>TAS2R38</i> may represent one of the risk factors responsible for the development of taste disorders.
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Isono, Kunio, Kohei Ueno, Masayuki Ohta, and Hiromi Morita. "Drosophila sweet taste receptor." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 7 (January 1, 2002): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274071159.
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Like the Sac locus controlling sugar sensitivity in mice, the taste gene Tre of the fruitfly Drosophila was discovered in wild populations as a genetic dimorphism controlling gustatory sensitivity to a sugar trehalose. By activating a P-element transposon near the gene locus we obtained induced Tre mutations and analyzed the associated changes in gene organizations and the mRNA expressions. The analysis showed that Tre is identical to Gr5a, a gene that belongs to a novel seven-transmembrane receptor family expressed in chemosensory neurons and predicted to encode chemosensory receptors. Thus, Gr5a is a candidate sweet taste receptor in the fly. An amino acid substitution in the second intracellular loop domain was identified to be functionally correlated with the genetic dimorphism of Tre. Since Tre controls sweet taste sensitivity to a limited subset of sugars, other Gr genes phylogenetically related to Tre may also encode sweet taste receptors. Those candidate sweet taste receptors, however, are phylogenetically distinct from vertebrate sweet taste receptors, suggesting that the sweet taste receptors in animals do not share a common origin.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Taste gene"
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Laura, Crifasi. "THE ROLE OF TASTE RECEPTORS IN MALE AND FEMALE FERTILITY." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1036011.
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Fertility is decreasing worldwide and male infertility factors contribute to approximately 30% of all infertility cases. The causes of this condition are often unknown, and about 40% of infertile men are oligozoospermic or azoospermic despite normal reproductive hormonal profile, presenting a condition of idiopathic infertility. Several studies have demonstrated the expression of taste receptors and their signaling transduction cascade in the male reproductive system, highlighting the potential role of response to chemical stimuli of taste receptors and their possible involvement in sperm maturation as well as in sperm behavior and fertilization. Considering the strong genetic component in male infertility, and the evidence that polymorphic variant in the gene are often functional, this thesis investigates the possible role of taste receptors in spermatogenesis, as well as the functional effect of selected taste receptor polymorphisms in male fertility. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in taste receptors genes might influence sperm functionality, in term of sperm parameters, as well as sperm behavior and fertilization. To this end we conducted a study to identify possible novel markers of susceptibility in human infertility within the taste receptor clusters. We selected 19 SNPs in 12 taste related genes that have been reported to be expressed in human and or mice testis or sperm and analyzed a possible correlation with different types and degrees of male infertility. For this purpose we enrolled 494 male patients, undergoing spermiogram at the Centre of Couple Sterility, Siena University Hospital. All patients were characterized for main sperm parameters, according to WHO (2010) guidelines, and were genotyped for 19 SNPs in taste receptors genes, using the KASPar SNP genotyping system. To assess the possible functional associations between SNPs and sperm parameters, different bioinformatic tools were used. Among the 19 SNPs investigated in this study for their potential association with male infertility, we found that TAS2R14-rs3741843, TAS1R2-rs4920566 and TAS2R3-rs11763979 showed the strongest significant association with specific sperm parameters. In particular, the homozygous carriers of the minor (G) allele of the TAS2R14-rs3741843 SNP showed a decreased sperm progressive motility compared to common (A) homozygous (coefficient= -0.46; P=0.003). Moreover, GTEx we showed that TAS2R14-rs3741843 has a plethora of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in various tissues, and in the testicular tissue the SNP has one of the biggest effect size, suggesting its importance in this tissue.
In addition, we analyzed, in human ejaculated sperm, the gene expression profile of the selected taste receptors, as well as of several genes involved in the signal transduction cascade elicited by these receptors. We partially confirmed the obtained data from the gene expression analysis at the protein level both in human sperm as well as in mouse sperm and testis (this study has been carried out during my training period at the Walther Straub Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich). In particular, by using the Western blot and immunohistochemical techniques, we focused on the bitter receptor TAS2R4, TAS2R14, and the umami receptor TAS1R1 and the G proteins α-gustducin and α-transducin.
Since we observed the expression of the detected proteins in the male reproductive system, we carried out the same analysis in the female somatic follicular cells, namely cumulus and granulosa cells, that play an important role in the oocyte competence acquiring and fertilization process .
Immunofluorescence assay revealed a cytoplasmic localization in cumulus cells and granulose cells, in particular around the nucleus, probably in the transition region between rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, where the protein concentration inside vesicles prelude to an active transport/release from these cells.
In conclusion, our results suggest a role of genetic variability of taste receptors in human male infertility, as indicated by the significant correlation with the main sperm, and the expression of several components of taste receptor transduction cascade in male and female gametes
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Huang, Angela Lilly. "Tales of one gene discovery of a novel candidate receptor in mammalian taste." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3284248.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 10, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-140).
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Töle, Jonas Claudius. "Über die Arc-catFISH-Methode als neues Werkzeug zur Charakterisierung der Geschmacksverarbeitung im Hirnstamm der Maus." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7049/.
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Intensive Forschung hat in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zu einer sehr detaillierten Charakterisierung des Geschmackssystems der Säugetiere geführt. Dennoch sind mit den bislang eingesetzten Methoden wichtige Fragestellungen unbeantwortet geblieben. Eine dieser Fragen gilt der Unterscheidung von Bitterstoffen. Die Zahl der Substanzen, die für den Menschen bitter schmecken und in Tieren angeborenes Aversionsverhalten auslösen, geht in die Tausende. Diese Substanzen sind sowohl von der chemischen Struktur als auch von ihrer Wirkung auf den Organismus sehr verschieden. Während viele Bitterstoffe potente Gifte darstellen, sind andere in den Mengen, die mit der Nahrung aufgenommen werden, harmlos oder haben sogar positive Effekte auf den Körper. Zwischen diesen Gruppen unterscheiden zu können, wäre für ein Tier von Vorteil. Ein solcher Mechanismus ist jedoch bei Säugetieren nicht bekannt.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Verarbeitung von Geschmacksinformation in der ersten Station der Geschmacksbahn im Mausgehirn, dem Nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), mit besonderem Augenmerk auf der Frage nach der Diskriminierung verschiedener Bitterstoffe. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine neue Untersuchungsmethode für das Geschmackssystem etabliert, die die Nachteile bereits verfügbarer Methoden umgeht und ihre Vorteile kombiniert. Die Arc-catFISH-Methode (cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescent in situ hybridization), die die Charakterisierung der Antwort großer Neuronengruppen auf zwei Stimuli erlaubt, wurde zur Untersuchung geschmacksverarbeitender Zellen im NTS angewandt.
Im Zuge dieses Projekts wurde erstmals eine stimulusinduzierte Arc-Expression im NTS gezeigt. Die ersten Ergebnisse offenbarten, dass die Arc-Expression im NTS spezifisch nach Stimulation mit Bitterstoffen auftritt und sich die Arc exprimierenden Neurone vornehmlich im gustatorischen Teil des NTS befinden. Dies weist darauf hin, dass Arc-Expression ein Marker für bitterverarbeitende gustatorische Neurone im NTS ist. Nach zweimaliger Stimulation mit Bittersubstanzen konnten überlappende, aber verschiedene Populationen von Neuronen beobachtet werden, die unterschiedlich auf die drei verwendeten Bittersubstanzen Cycloheximid, Chininhydrochlorid und Cucurbitacin I reagierten. Diese Neurone sind vermutlich an der Steuerung von Abwehrreflexen beteiligt und könnten so die Grundlage für divergentes Verhalten gegenüber verschiedenen Bitterstoffen bilden.Intense research in the past decades has led to a detailed understanding of the mammalian taste system. Some important issues, however, have remained unanswered with the established methods that have been applied so far. One of these questions is whether different bitter substances can be distinguished. There are thousands of compounds which taste bitter to humans and elicit innate aversive behavior in animals. Moreover, these bitter substances are very heterogeneous regarding their structure as well as their effect on the organism. While many bitter tastants are potent poisons, others are harmless or even have beneficial effects in the amounts that are typically ingested. The ability to discriminate between those groups of bitter tastants could be an evolutionary advantage. Such a mechanism, however, is not known for mammals. The aim of this thesis was to study the processing of taste information in the first station of gustatory processing in the mouse brain, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Of particular interest was the question concerning discrimination of bitter tastants. To this end a new method was established for the taste system combining the advantages of methods used before while circumventing their disadvantages. The Arc catFISH method (cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescent in situ hybridization), which allows the characterization of responses of large neuron populations to two stimuli, was used to analyze taste-processing cells in the NTS. In the course of this project a stimulus-induced Arc expression in the NTS was shown for the first time. The results demonstrated that Arc expression in the NTS appears specifically after stimulation with bitter tastants and that the Arc expressing neurons are located primarily in the gustatory part of the NTS. This indicates that Arc expression is a marker for bitter-processing gustatory neurons in the NTS. Upon stimulating twice with bitter compounds, distinct, yet overlapping neuron populations were identified, that reacted differently to the three bitter substances cycloheximide, quinine hydrochloride, and cucurbitacin I. Presumably these neurons are involved in the regulation of aversive reflexes and could form a basis for divergent behavior towards different bitter substances.
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Gigli, Elena. "Evolutionary genetics of homo neanderthalensis :adaptive traits and methodological problems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/77656.
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The evolutionary history of H. neanderthalensis, interwoven with that of H. sapiens, has always fascinated the scientific world. Recent adavncess in paleogenetics shedds new light on the phylogenetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans. The studies developed in this thesis intend principally to control the contaminants through the development of an anti-contamination protocol for decreasing the human contamination in pre-laboratory phases. We designed a PCR-based method specific for reducing human contamination during the laboratory analysis, and we analyzed the fragmentation pattern of the ancient sequences by massively parallel sequencing technologies. Furthermore, we studied two nuclear genes, TAS2R38 -associated to bitter taste perception- and ABO blood group system –involved in natural immunity- that provide specific information on aspects of the Neanderthal phenotype and adaptation.La historia evolutiva d’H. neanderthalensis, imbricada amb la d’H. sapiens, ha fascinat sempre el món científic. Avenços recents en paleogenètica aporten una nova llum sobre la rel•lació filogenètica entre els neandertals i els humans moderns. Els treballs d’aquesta tesi intenten principalment controlar els contaminants mitjançant el desenvolupament d’un protocol d’anti-contaminació que disminueixi la contaminació humana de les mostres en la fase de pre-laboratori. Hem desenvolupat un mètode basat en la PCR específic per a reduïr els contaminants humans durant l’anàlisi en el laboratori, i hem analitzat el patró de fragmentació de les seqüències antigues amb tècniques de seqüenciació massiva en paral•lel. A més a més, hem estudiat dos gens nuclears, el TAS2R38 –associat a la percepció del gust amarg- i el grup sanguini ABO –implicat en la immunitat natural- que proporcionen informació específca sobre aspectes del fenotip i de les adaptacions dels neandertals.
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Chew, Bee Lynn. "The identification of tomato fruit taste QTL and their underlying genes using human taste receptor cells." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605155.
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The taste of foods is perceived as one or a combination of five sensations which are sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami. The umami taste is best described as a savoury sensation (Ikeda, 2002) and it is of central importance in food flavour. The mammalian taste receptors TIRs form two heteromeric G-protein-coupled receptor complexes and taste receptors T 1 R 1 and T 1 R3 function together as an umami taste detector on the tongue (Nelson et al., 2002; Li et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2003). It is already well established that monosodium glutamate and L-aspartate evoke the umami sensation and are highly detected by these taste receptors (Li et aI., 2002). Yamaguchi (1991) and Ninomiya (1998) reported that umami flavour is enhanced in the presence of inosine monophosphate (IMP). This project aims to develop an in vitro assay that could mimic human perception of umami so that it will be possible to screen extracts of the tomato introgression lines (ILs) for novelumami compounds. A functional umami calcium assay based on G-protein coupled receptor signaling was used to test pure compounds of monosodium glutamate (MSG), inosine-5'monophosphate (IMP) and the ctude tomato IL extracts. The calcium assay was not suitable for use on ctude tomato extracts because the crude samples elicited non specific responses. This led to the development of another high-throughput assay based on a different principle known as the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET2). This assay was designed to study interactions between proteins through resonance energy transfer between the donor molecule (Rluc) and the acceptor molecule (GFp2). Umami receptors were cloned into an expression vector with the reporter constmcts and then transfected into Flp-In T -Rex cells. Stably transformed cells were challenged with MSG, IMP and crude tomato IL extracts. Additionally transgenic plants were generated with altered expression of GAD and AMP deaminase to modulate the levels of umami compounds in tomato. The BRET2 assay demonstrated the ability of this system to respond to different levels of MSG and IMP through reproducible dose response curves and also established a good correlation with the in vivo sensory panel results. Tests on the ctude tomato IL lines generated umami responses. Lines with low levels of glutamic acid showed high BRET2 response values which suggest the presence of enhancers in the tomato extracts that contributed to the umami taste intensity. The knockout of the GAD gene to increase glutamate levels in plants was unsuccessful. However, overexpression of AMP deaminase produced plants at To generation, which will be the subject of future analysis. Future work will involve the optimization of the newly developed umami BRET2 assay to improve robustness and reproducibility. This assay then can be utilized as a universal umami screen for complex samples, including those from the AMP deaminase plants.
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MELIS, MELANIA. "Sensitivity to chemical stimuli plays a fundamental role in the food preferences. Examples in the evolutionary scale: 1. Role of the walking leg chemoreceptors in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus Clarkii 2. PROP bitter taste sensitivity and its nutritional implications in Humans." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266417.
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In this thesis, we studied two examples of the sensitivity to chemical stimuli and its role in the food preferences in two models of the evolutionary scale.
The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) (Crustacea: Decapoda) is an invasive species of freshwater habitats that has spread worldwide. In crayfish, like in other decapod crustaceans, reception of chemical cues occurs by way of peripheral chemoreceptors grouped within sensory hairs and typically located on the cuticle of cephalothoracic appendages. Antennules and pereopods (walking legs), in particular, have been reported to be olfactory organs involved in a number of behavioral responses, such as, sex recognition and localization of food sources in the environment. By way of extracellular nerve recordings coupled with behavioral bioassays, we investigated the sensitivity spectra of the walking leg chemoreceptors in the crayfish P. clarkii in response to different compounds of feeding significance and related to its omnivorous habits. Our results confirmed a marked sensitivity of the legs to trehalose, cellobiose, sucrose, maltose, glycine and leucine. Some sensitivity to glucose, fructose, asparagine (all food indicators) and taurocholic acid was also found, the sugar-sensitive chemoreceptor units resulting as broadly tuned to the carbohydrates. Responses were highly phasic to trehalose (hemolymph sugar in the body fluid of many invertebrates), phasic to glycine and leucine and phasic-tonic to the other compounds. This suggests that chemoreceptor phasicity is an additional property for better discrimination of the protein components in the diet from other stimuli. The behavioral bioassays excluded, at least under confined experimental conditions, any involvement of antennules in the detection of food-related compounds, thus emphasizing the role of the crayfish legs as the main short-distance, broad-spectrum sensors for feeding. Such information may be valuable for the identification of key chemicals aimed at the future development of strategies for crayfish population control programs.
Taste sensitivity varies greatly in humans, influencing eating behavior and therefore may play a role in body composition. PROP bitter taste sensitivity is the most studied example of the individual variability of taste sensitivity. Some studies show that PROP bitter taste sensitivity may be correlated with sensitivity to other oral stimuli, food preferences and BMI, while other studies did not confirm this association. It is known that PROP phenotype is associated with variant in bitter taste receptors TAS2R38 and with density of fungiform papillae on tongue surface. Although most of PROP phenotypic variations are explained by the allelic diversity of the bitter receptor TAS2R38, they cannot explain the PROP taster status-related differences above all that in the perception to different oral stimuli. The aim of this study was identify and characterize other factors that may contribute to differences in the genetic predisposition to taste PROP and identify confounding variables which may explain the controversial data in the literature about the relationship between PROP taste sensitivity and BMI. 1) We investigated the possible relationship between PROP bitter taste responsiveness and salivary proteins by using HPLC-ESI-MS on saliva sample before and after PROP taste stimulation. 2) We evaluated the role of proteins and free amino acids in modulating bitter taste responsiveness. Subjects rated PROP bitterness after supplementation of two salivary proteins (Ps-1 and II-2), and the free form of constituent amino acids of the two proteins sequences (L-Arg and L-Lys) whose interaction with PROP was demonstrated by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 3) We investigate the role of polymorphism rs2274333 (A/G) in the gene that codify for the salivary trofic factor gustin protein, in PROP sensitivity and fungiform papilla density and morphology and in vitro we investigate the effect of this gustin gene polymorphism on cell proliferation and metabolic activity, following treatment with saliva of individuals with and without the gustin gene mutation, and with isolated protein, in the two iso-forms. 4) We investigated whether the endocannabinoid system, which modulates hunger/satiety and energy balance, plays a role in modulating eating behaviour influenced by a sensitivity to PROP which could explain the controversial data in literature. In particular we determined the plasma profile of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA) and congeners in normal-weight PROP super-tasters and non-tasters, also we assessed the cognitive eating behavior disorder by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire.
The results showed that: 1) Basal levels of II-2 and Ps-1 proteins, belonging to the basic proline-rich protein (bPRPs) family, were significantly higher in PROP super-taster than in non-taster unstimulated saliva, and PROP stimulation elicited a rapid increase in the levels of these same proteins only in PROP super-taster saliva. 2) Supplementation of Ps-1 protein in individuals lacking it in saliva enhanced their PROP bitter responsiveness. 1H-NMR results showed that the interaction between PROP and L-Arg is stonger than that involving L-Lys, and taste experiments confirmed that oral supplementation with L-Arg increase more PROP bitterness intensity than L-Lys. 3) Gustin and TAS2R38 genotypes were associated with PROP threshold, while bitterness intensity was mostly determined by TAS2R38 genotypes. Fungiform papillae densities were associated with both genotypes (with a stronger effect for gustin), but papilla morphology was a function of gustin alone. In vitro experiment, the treatment of isolated cells with saliva from individuals with AA form, and direct application of the active iso-form of gustin protein, increased cell proliferation and metabolic activity. 4) The disinhibition score of non-taster was higher than those of super-tasters. In addition, we found that the concentration
of endocannabinoid AEA (anandamide) and 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) was lower in the plasma of non taster compared with super-tasters subjects.
In conclusion, among the factors contributing to individual differences of PROP sensitivity, in addition to the TAS2R38 variants with its different affinity for the stimulus, we found: 1-2) the specific salivary proteins of bPRP family (Ps-1) and L-Arg that could be involved in twist and turn of the PROP molecule, thus facilitating its binding with the receptor. 3) A gustin gene polymorphism that, by modulating the protein activity, controls the growth and maintenance of taste buds and 4) the higher disinhibition behaviour in non-tasters may be compensated in part, in normal-weight subjects, by the decrease of peripheral endocannabinoids to downregulate the hunger-energy intake circuitry.
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Fuller, Sean. "“Quality TV”: The reinvention of U.S. television." Thesis, Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9556.
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This thesis examines the rise to prominence of a new form of “quality television” that has appeared in the U.S. since the 1990s. There are competing and sometimes conflicting ways to define “quality television”, depending on different histories and prioritising different characteristics - sometimes production methods, sometimes viewing and distribution practices, and sometimes genre hybridity and transformation. For each, however, the 1990s is a watershed decade. The mainstreaming of cable television, the new dominance of video and then DVD collections of series, a decline in broadcast television’s audience share and the rapid expansion of the internet as an entertainment media option together created new opportunities for a more ‘cinematic’ television that hailed an active audience interested in formally and narratively challenging television. Every account of quality television turns on claims to exceed and subvert the expectations of existing television formats and genres while also using those to attract an audience. This is famously exemplified by the 90s HBO slogan “It’s not TV. It’s HBO” (since 2011 just “it’s HBO”). This apparent difference is only partly about heightened production values. Quality television tends to foreground genre hybridity, genre self-reflexivity, and intertextuality, and its viewers have become associated with dedicated fandom and new viewing practices such as “binge viewing”, the increasing frequency of watching “off-air”, and torrent culture. The quality television viewer is appealed to by, and not in spite of, their status as a niche audience, and the cultural value accruing to their niche status has transformed investment in casting, scripting, acting directing, producing and critically evaluating television. Quality television has not only become a dominant television format but the benchmark against which “mainstream” television is measured. To develop this argument I employ textual and discourse analysis and critical theory, and refer to a range of series produced between 1990 and 2013. These include Twin Peaks (1990-91), The X-Files (1993-2002), The Sopranos (1999-2007), The Wire (2002-2008), Breaking Bad (2008—), Game of Thrones (2011—), Girls (2012—) and House of Cards (2013—). These examples offer an historical range of U.S. television since 1990 with emphasis on developments that I argue have brought quality television to its current visibility.
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Johnston, Derek. "Genre, taste and the BBC : the origins of British television science fiction." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/10565/.
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This thesis examines the earliest science fiction dramas on the BBC, broadcast during the period between 1936 and 1955 when the BBC had the monopoly on television within Britain. These dramas were not originally identified as "science fiction", although their fantastic nature was recognised and provided early television writers and producers the opportunity to engage with social concerns and to experiment with the formal possibilities of the new medium. As the American term "science fiction" became more familiar in Britain after the war, the approaches and responses to these productions changed as the audience responded to the connotations of the genre as well as to the individual programmes, and the BBC had to consider these probable responses with regard to its programming. This coincided with the expansion of the television audience, and the increased possibility of a rival television broadcaster being established. These factors required close consideration with regard to the way that the BBC handled genre on television if it was to successfully adapt to these changing circumstances The dangers of making wrong choices with regard to genre were demonstrated by the controversy surrounding Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954), which connected with concerns over loss of British culture. The benefits of making the right choices regarding genre were shown by the success of Tile Quatermass Experiment (1953). Science fiction production expanded across the BBC, continuing to engage with social concerns, but also helping the BBC to develop a particular identity for its television service based on past successes as it prepared for the arrival of its competitor.
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Roberts, Gillian. "Making spectacle of taste, the cultural implications of the Academy and Genie Awards." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0028/MQ52364.pdf.
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Roberts, Gillian (Gillian Marie) Carleton University Dissertation Film Studies. "Making spectacle of taste: the cultural implications of the Academy and Genie Awards." Ottawa, 2000.
Find full textBooks on the topic "Taste gene"
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Pin wei ji yin: Taste gene. Taibei Shi: Da tian chu ban you xian gong si, 1999.
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Garnishing Made Easy: Crafting Tasty & Spectacular Food Decorations. New York, USA: Sterling Publishing Company, 1993.
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Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen, and Robert Biegler. Conflicting Tastes. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.31.
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Shared genes give relatives shared interests in each other’s evolutionary success, yet differences in patterns of relatedness can create conflicts. In a monogamous relationship, parents are equally related to all their children and also equally related to all their grandchildren. However, their children are more closely related to their own children and take greater interest in them than in their nieces and nephews. Various types of parent–offspring conflict can be explained in terms of such patterns of genetic relatedness. The authors extend this principle to mother–daughter conflict over choice of the daughter’s partner and to competition between sisters by considering how parental influence causes increased competition among same-sex siblings. The authors conclude that females wish family members to choose partners with traits that may provide more direct benefits and potentially improve their fitness, that individuals choose sexier partners for themselves, and that parental influence may theoretically drive sister competition.
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Albany Institute of History and Art (Corporate Author), ed. Matters of Taste: Food and Drink in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art and Life. Syracuse University Press, 2002.
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Schling, Petra. Taste: Of Genes, Molecules and the Fascinating Biology of One of the Most Fundamental Senses. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 2021.
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Church, David. Post-Horror. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474475884.001.0001.
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Horror’s longstanding reputation as a popular but culturally denigrated genre has been challenged by a new wave of films mixing arthouse minimalism with established genre conventions. Variously dubbed “elevated horror” and “post-horror” in popular film criticism, texts such as The Babadook, It Follows, The Witch, It Comes at Night, Get Out, The Invitation, Hereditary, Midsommar, A Ghost Story, and mother! represent an emerging nexus of taste, politics, and style that has often earned outsized acclaim from high-minded critics and populist rejection by wider audiences. Post-Horror is the first full-length study of one of the most important and divisive movements in twenty-first-century horror cinema. It argues that the affect produced by these films’ minimalist aesthetic has fueled taste-based disagreements between professional film critics, genre fans, and more casual viewers about whether the horror genre can or should be upheld as more than a populist entertainment form, especially as the genre turned away from the post-9/11 debates about graphic violence that consumed the first decade of the twenty-first century. The book thus explores the aesthetic qualities, historical precursors, affective resonances, and thematic concerns of this emerging cycle by situating these texts within revived debates between over the genre’s larger artistic, cultural, and entertainment value. Chapters include thematic analyses of trauma, gaslighting, landscape, existential dread, and political identity across a range of films straddling the line between art-horror and multiplex fare since approximately 2013.
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May, Scarlett. Sirtfood Diet: The Revolutionary Guide to Activate Your Skinny Gene, Lose Weight Safely and Burn Fat with Tasty Recipes. Independently Published, 2020.
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May, Scarlett. Sirtfood Diet: The Revolutionary Guide to Activate Your Skinny Gene, Lose Weight Safely and Burn Fat with Tasty Recipes. Independently Published, 2020.
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Silverman, Buffy. Unusual Traits: Tongue Rolling, Special Taste Sensors, and More (Lightning Bolt Books ® ― What Traits Are in Your Genes?). LernerClassroom, 2012.
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Muller, Marianne, Erik Pratsch, Huber Krieg, and Amy Texido. Garnishing Made Easy: Crafting Tasty & Spectacular Food Decorations. Sterling, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Taste gene"
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Boatright, J., and N. Dudareva. "RNA Gel Blot Analysis to Determine Gene Expression of Floral Scents." In Analysis of Taste and Aroma, 249–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04857-3_13.
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Hasegawa, K., T. Nakamura, and H. Ogawa. "Effects of Substance P and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptides on Cortical Taste Neurons in Rats." In Olfaction and Taste XI, 416. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68355-1_168.
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Behrens, Maik, Simone Prandi, and Wolfgang Meyerhof. "Taste Receptor Gene Expression Outside the Gustatory System." In Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 1–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7355_2014_79.
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Saper, Clifford B. "Role of Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) as a Chemical Marker for the Thalamocortical Visceral Sensory System." In Olfaction and Taste XI, 393–95. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68355-1_158.
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Taruno, Akiyuki, and Makiko Kashio. "AAV-Mediated Gene Delivery to Taste Cells of the Tongue." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 299–307. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_18.
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Wang, Michael M., and Randall R. Reed. "Molecular Mechanisms of Olfactory Neuronal Gene Regulation." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 179 - The Molecular Basis of Smell and Taste Transduction, 68–75. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470514511.ch5.
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Ferreira, Ana M., Laura Restelli, Susana S. Araújo, Francesca Dilda, Elvira Sales-Baptista, Fabrizio Ceciliani, and André M. Almeida. "Bitter taste in water-buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): from T2R gene identification to expression studies." In Farm animal proteomics 2013, 199–203. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-776-9_51.
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Schestibratov, K. A., and S. V. Dolgov. "Genetic Engineering of Strawberry for Taste Improvement and Enhanced Disease Resistance by Introduction of thauII Gene." In Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture 2006 and Beyond, 279–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6635-1_42.
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Barber, Sian. "Production, Genre and Popular Taste." In The British Film Industry in the 1970s, 68–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137305923_8.
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Azen, Edwin A., and Lang Zhuo. "Molecular-Genetic Studies of Mouse Proline-Rich Protein Genes and Bitter Taste." In Olfaction and Taste XI, 231–32. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68355-1_88.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Taste gene"
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Schedl, Markus, and Bruce Ferwerda. "Large-Scale Analysis of Group-Specific Music Genre Taste from Collaborative Tags." In 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ism.2017.95.
Full textReports on the topic "Taste gene"
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Aharoni, Asaph, Zhangjun Fei, Efraim Lewinsohn, Arthur Schaffer, and Yaakov Tadmor. System Approach to Understanding the Metabolic Diversity in Melon. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593400.bard.
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Fruit quality is determined by numerous genetic factors that affect taste, aroma, color, texture, nutritional value and shelf life. To unravel the genetic components involved in the metabolic pathways behind these traits, the major goal of the project was to identify novel genes that are involved in, or that regulate, these pathways using correlation analysis between genotype, metabolite and gene expression data. The original and specific research objectives were: (1) Collection of replicated fruit from a population of 96 RI lines derived from parents distinguished by great diversity in fruit development and quality phenotypes, (2) Phenotypic and metabolic profiling of mature fruit from all 96 RI lines and their parents, (3) 454 pyrosequencing of cDNA representing mRNA of mature fruit from each line to facilitate gene expression analysis based on relative EST abundance, (4) Development of a database modeled after an existing database developed for tomato introgression lines (ILs) to facilitate online data analysis by members of this project and by researchers around the world. The main functions of the database will be to store and present metabolite and gene expression data so that correlations can be drawn between variation in target traits or metabolites across the RI population members and variation in gene expression to identify candidate genes which may impact phenotypic and chemical traits of interest, (5) Selection of RI lines for segregation and/or hybridization (crosses) analysis to ascertain whether or not genes associated with traits through gene expression/metabolite correlation analysis are indeed contributors to said traits. The overall research strategy was to utilize an available recombinant inbred population of melon (Cucumis melo L.) derived from phenotypically diverse parents and for which over 800 molecular markers have been mapped for the association of metabolic trait and gene expression QTLs. Transcriptomic data were obtained by high throughput sequencing using the Illumina platform instead of the originally planned 454 platform. The change was due to the fast advancement and proven advantages of the Illumina platform, as explained in the first annual scientific report. Metabolic data were collected using both targeted (sugars, organic acids, carotenoids) and non-targeted metabolomics analysis methodologies. Genes whose expression patterns were associated with variation of particular metabolites or fruit quality traits represent candidates for the molecular mechanisms that underlie them. Candidate genes that may encode enzymes catalyzingbiosynthetic steps in the production of volatile compounds of interest, downstream catabolic processes of aromatic amino acids and regulatory genes were selected and are in the process of functional analyses. Several of these are genes represent unanticipated effectors of compound accumulation that could not be identified using traditional approaches. According to the original plan, the Cucurbit Genomics Network (http://www.icugi.org/), developed through an earlier BARD project (IS-3333-02), was expanded to serve as a public portal for the extensive metabolomics and transcriptomic data resulting from the current project. Importantly, this database was also expanded to include genomic and metabolomic resources of all the cucurbit crops, including genomes of cucumber and watermelon, EST collections, genetic maps, metabolite data and additional information. In addition, the database provides tools enabling researchers to identify genes, the expression patterns of which correlate with traits of interest. The project has significantly expanded the existing EST resource for melon and provides new molecular tools for marker-assisted selection. This information will be opened to the public by the end of 2013, upon the first publication describing the transcriptomic and metabolomics resources developed through the project. In addition, well-characterized RI lines are available to enable targeted breeding for genes of interest. Segregation of the RI lines for specific metabolites of interest has been shown, demonstrating the utility in these lines and our new molecular and metabolic data as a basis for selection targeting specific flavor, quality, nutritional and/or defensive compounds. To summarize, all the specific goals of the project have been achieved and in many cases exceeded. Large scale trascriptomic and metabolomic resources have been developed for melon and will soon become available to the community. The usefulness of these has been validated. A number of novel genes involved in fruit ripening have been selected and are currently being functionally analyzed. We thus fully addressed our obligations to the project. In our view, however, the potential value of the project outcomes as ultimately manifested may be far greater than originally anticipated. The resources developed and expanded under this project, and the tools created for using them will enable us, and others, to continue to employ resulting data and discoveries in future studies with benefits both in basic and applied agricultural - scientific research.
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Wisniewski, Michael E., Samir Droby, John L. Norelli, Noa Sela, and Elena Levin. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the characterization of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600013.bard.
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Blue mold of apple caused by Penicilliumexpansumis a major postharvest disease. Selection for postharvest disease resistance in breeding programs has been ignored in favor of fruit quality traits such as size, color, taste, etc. The identification of postharvest disease resistance as a heritable trait would represent a significant accomplishment and has not been attempted in apple. Furthermore, insight into the biology of the pathogenicity of P. expansumin apple could provide new approaches to postharvest decay management. Hypothesis: Postharvest resistance of apple to P. expansumcan be mapped to specific genetic loci and significant quantitative-trait-loci (QTLs) can be identified that account for a major portion of the population variance. Susceptibility of apple fruit to P. expansumis dependent on the ability of the pathogen to produce LysM effectors that actively suppress primary and/or secondary resistance mechanisms in the fruit. Objectives: 1) Identify QTL(s) and molecular markers for blue mold resistance in GMAL4593 mapping population (‘Royal Gala’ X MalussieversiiPI613981), 2) Characterize the transcriptome of the host and pathogen (P. expansum) during the infection process 3) Determine the function of LysM genes in pathogenicity of P. expansum. Methods: A phenotypic evaluation of blue mold resistance in the GMAL4593 mapping population, conducted in several different years, will be used for QTL analysis (using MapQTL 6.0) to identify loci associated with blue mold resistance. Molecular markers will be developed for the resistance loci. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq will be used to conduct a time course study of gene expression in resistant and susceptible apple GMAL4593 genotypes in response to P. expansum, as well as fungal responses to both genotypes. Candidate resistance genes identified in the transcriptomic study and or bioinformatic analysis will be positioned in the ‘Golden Delicious’ genome to identify markers that co-locate with the identified QTL(s). A functional analysis of LysM genes on pathogenicity will be conducted by eliminating or reducing the expression of individual effectors by heterologous recombination and silencing technologies. LysMeffector genes will also be expressed in a yeast expression system to study protein function. Expected Results: Identification of postharvest disease resistance QTLs and tightly-linked genetic markers. Increased knowledge of the role of effectors in blue mold pathogenic
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Katzir, Nurit, James Giovannoni, and Joseph Burger. Genomic approach to the improvement of fruit quality in melon (Cucumis melo) and related cucurbit crops. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587224.bard.
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Fruit quality is determined by numerous genetic traits that affect taste, aroma, texture, pigmentation, nutritional value and duration of shelf-life. The molecular basis of many of these important traits is poorly understood and it’s understanding offers an excellent opportunity for adding value to agricultural products. Improvement of melon fruit quality was the primary goal of the project. The original objectives of the project were: The isolation of a minimum of 1000 fruit specific ESTs. The development of a microarray of melon fruit ESTs. The analysis of gene expression in melon using melon and tomato fruit enriched microarrays. A comprehensive study of fruit gene expression of the major cucurbit crops. In our current project we have focused on the development of genomics tools for the enhancement of melon research with an emphasis on fruit, specifically the first public melon EST collection. We have also developed a database to relay this information to the research community and developed a publicly available microarray. The release of this information was one of the catalysts for the establishment of the International Cucurbit Genomic Initiative (ICuGI, Barcelona, Spain, July 2005) aimed at collecting and generating up to 100,000 melon EST sequences in 2006, leveraging a significant expansion of melon genomic resources. A total of 1000 ESTs were promised under the original proposal (Objective 1). Non-subtracted mature fruit and young fruit flesh of a climacteric variety in addition to a non-climacteric variety resulted in the majority of additional EST sequences for a total of 4800 attempted reads. 3731 high quality sequences from independent ESTs were assembled, representing 2,467 melon unigenes (1,873 singletons, 594 contigs). In comparison, as of June 2004, a total of 170 melon mRNA sequences had been deposited in GENBANK. The current project has thus resulted in nearly five- fold the number of ESTs promised and ca. 15-fold increase in the depth of publicly available melon gene sequences. All of these sequences have been deposited in GENBANK and are also available and searchable via multiple approaches in the public database (http://melon.bti.cornell.edu). Our database was selected as the central location for presentation of public melon EST data of the International Cucurbit Genomic Initiative. With the available unigenes we recently constructed a microarray, which was successfully applied in hybridizations (planned public release by August 2006). Current gene expression analyses focus on fruit development and on comparative studies between climacteric and non-climacteric melons. Earlier, expression profiling was conducted using macroarrays developed at the preliminary stage of the project. This analysis replaced the study of tomato microarray following the recommendations of the reviewers and the panel of the original project. Comparative study between melon and other cucurbit crops have begun, mainly with watermelon, in collaboration with Dr. Amnon Levi (USDA-ARS). In conclusion, all four objectives have been addressed and achieved. In the continuation project that have been approved we plan to apply the genomic tools developed here to achieve detailed functional analyses of genes associated with major metabolic pathway.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling, and Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.
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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.
Full textAbstract:
There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.
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Lurie, Susan, David R. Dilley, Joshua D. Klein, and Ian D. Wilson. Prestorage Heat Treatment to Inhibit Chilling Injury and Delay Ripening in Tomato Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568108.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The research had two specific goals; (1) to develop and optimize a postharvest heat treatment and characterize the response of tomato to the heat and subsequent cold storage, and (2) to investigate the involvement of heat shock proteins (HSP) in resistance to chilling injury. For the first goal we have investigated many time-temperature treatments using dry heat and found that 48 h at 38oC is optimum for Israeli cultivars, while 48 h at 42oC worked better for American cultivars in preventing chilling injury. We have also compared hot water to hot air and found hot water to be effective, but less so than hot air. Membrane lipid composition in relation to chilling injury was investigated after hot water and hot air treatments. Investigation of fruit ripening found that mRNAs of ripening-related genes were inhibited by high temperature, but recovered during the subsequent storage period and allowed normal ripening to proceed. Sensory studies showed no difference in the taste of heated or nonheated fruit. Following the production of HSP in heated and stored fruit allowed us to determine that during low temperature storage the HSP remained present in the fruit tissue, and their presence was correlated with resistance to chilling injury. HSP clones have been isolated by both differential screening of a cDNA library of heated and chilled tomatoes (Israel) and by mRNA differential display (United States). These clones are being characterized.