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Williams, Petra S. "Neural Mechanisms of Task Failure During Sustained Submaximal Contractions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1367330801.
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Remedios, Richard. "The effects of success on task enjoyment and persistence." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1874.
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This thesis explored two issues. Firstly, how participants would respond,in terms of task persistence and task enjoyment, to differing levels of success, when a task was presented to them with a mastery-focus (Experiments 1-5). Secondly, whether improving at task caused participants to enjoy tasks more than achieving a constant level of success (Experiments 6-10). Experiments 1-3 provided evidence that when participants were given the opportunity to persist with a task for as long as they wanted, they persisted longer after performing poorly. However, despite persisting longer, they did not enjoy the task. Experiments 4-5 adopted the same paradigm as Experiments 1-3, but included a second free-choice persistence phase where participants were unaware their behaviour was being monitored. In Experiments 4 and 5, participants who performed poorly persisted longer initially, but less during the subsequent free-choice phase. Again, those who performed poorly during the initial phase reported that they did not enjoy the task. It was suggested that neither the achievement-goal theories of Nicholls (1984) and Dweck (1986) nor Deci's (1975) theory of intrinsic motivation could adequately account for the persistence behaviours observed in the second persistence phase in Experiments 4 and 5. Instead, it was suggested that participants persisted because of the pleasure derived from solving the problems. Experiments 6-10 examined the role of improvement in task enjoyment. Experiments 6 and 7 were control studies intended to establish wheter the paradigm was appropriate to examine improvement. Experiments 8-9 showed that relative to achieving a consistent level of performance, improvement increased task enjoyment. However, this result was found only when participants did well; when they did poorly at a task, improvemenpt produced less enjoyment(Experiment 10). Both results can be explained if participants' expectations are taken into account as well as their rate of success. The final conclusions chapter discusses the types of achievement targets individuals might set themselves when what constitutes good performance at a task is ambiguous, and relates this analysis to the findings from all ten experiments.
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Rahayu, Puji. "Productive Failure in Virtual Language Learning for English." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25939.
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Vocabulary and syntax are challenges for English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners when they want to communicate in English. Task-based Language Teaching is commonly used in EFL teaching of vocabulary and syntax, which is a type of Direct Instruction (DI) that involves the initial use of explicit language instruction followed by a language learning activity. This study compared the efficacy for language learning of a different type of pedagogical approach, Productive Failure (PF), which delays instruction until after a language learning activity, to Direct Instruction (DI). There were three main language learning assessment areas: (a) students' declarative and procedural knowledge in the written production of the target language, (b) students' declarative and procedural knowledge in the spoken production of the target language, and (c) students' cognitive and metacognitive strategies in learning. English language education department freshmen in an Indonesian university (N=112) participated in the study by performing language learning activities in Second Life (SL), which is a 3-D virtual learning environment. They were randomly assigned to two language learning treatment groups. The PF group finished a communicative task on describing places prior to receiving explicit instruction. In contrast, the DI group watched an instructional video before completing a communicative task on describing places. This was followed by students in both groups finishing a similar communicative task in SL. Data from pre-and post-tests were analysed quantitatively, and video captures were transcribed and analysed qualitatively. The quantitative results found that PF group students performed significantly higher on the English syntax written assessment and both groups performed equally on the written vocabulary assessment. However, both groups performed equally on the spoken assessments of syntax and vocabulary. In the qualitative analysis, the PF students were found to use more self-regulated learning strategies and study tactics than DI students. The pattern of these findings is discussed in terms of previous research and theory. Overall, these findings suggest further research is warranted to investigate the use of PF language learning activities that involve the use of a virtual learning environment.
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Boccia, Angelo. "The associations among perfectionism, rumination, and affect after participation in a cognitive failure task." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32206.
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Yang, Lily. "Interaction Between Multiculturalism and Framing on Creative Task Performance." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1120.
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Research has consistently demonstrated the benefits of multicultural experiences for individual creativity (e.g. Çelik, Forthmann, & Storme, 2016; Saad, Damian, Martinez, Moons, & Robins, 2012). The present study will explore the interaction between framing and multiculturalism on creativity. Seven hundred and eighty eight participants who identify as multicultural will be randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups looking at framing (success/failure) and culture priming (present/not present). After being primed with an oral prompt, participants will complete the Alternative Uses Test to measure two aspects of creativity: originality and idea generation. Success framing is expected to be associated with higher creativity scores compared to failure framing. Presence of culture priming will be associated with higher creativity scores compared to no presence of culture. And success framing paired with presence of culture will have the highest creativity scores compared to other groups. Implications for creativity, identity and multicultural experiences are discussed.
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Boullé, Charlotte. "Prise en charge des personnes vivant avec le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine en zone décentralisée au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T027/document.
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L'infection par le VIH représente toujours un problème de santé publique majeur, en particulier en Afrique sub-saharienne. Le passage à l'échelle des traitements antirétroviraux est un enjeu majeur, et implique une véritable cascade de soins, c'est à dire un continuum entre l'infection, son dépistage, sa prise en charge, son suivi clinique et biologique au long cours et l'obtention d'une charge virale indétectable – marqueur du contrôle de l'infection –. Seule la décentralisation des programmes de prise en charge permet d'élargir l'accès à ce continuum de soins. Dans cette thèse, nous explorerons certains des écueils rencontrés dans le cadre de la décentralisation de l'accès aux antirétroviraux, en nous appuyant sur des études menées de 2006 à 2013 dans la région du Centre du Cameroun. Dans un premier article, l'impact de la délégation des tâches des médecins vers les infirmiers est évalué au travers de la cohorte de patients suivis dans les 9 hôpitaux de District ruraux de l'essai clinique Stratall. Notre analyse montre que cette solution pour pallier le déficit de médecins préserve les résultats cliniques et biologiques des patients sur les deux premières années de traitement. Dans un deuxième article, la pertinence de différents critères définissant l'échec thérapeutique est évaluée pour prédire l'apparition de résistance du VIH aux antirétroviraux. Nonobstant les difficultés de déploiement des outils du suivi biologique, nos résultats soulignent l'importance de l'évaluation de la charge virale pour prédire l'apparition de cette résistance, et en particulier d'une deuxième mesure rapide après la première notion de détectabilité pour effectuer un changement pour une seconde ligne de traitement dans les meilleurs délais. Le troisième volet de la thèse s'intéresse aux difficultés liées aux individus, en particulier liées au sexe. Nos résultats montrent que les hommes sont plus vulnérables à l'échec thérapeutique que les femmes malgré une observance similaire. Enfin le quatrième volet fait le bilan d'une prise en charge de routine, à l'hôpital de District de Mfou au Cameroun. Nos résultats s'ajoutent à ceux déjà publiés pour permettre de formuler des recommandations de santé publique sur la délégation des tâches et la définition de l'échec. Ils soulèvent également des perspectives de recherche en mettant à mal le paradigme de l'observance pour expliquer une différence d'efficacité thérapeutique entre hommes et femmes en zone décentraliséeHIV infection remains a major public health concern, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Scaling up antiretroviral treatment is a major challenge, and requires a genuine cascade of care, i.e. a continuum between infection, diagnosis, care, clinical and laboratory follow-up and achievement of an undetectable viral load – the proxy for infection control -. Decentralization of programs is a prerequisite to widen access to this continuum of care. In this thesis, we will explore some of the pitfalls encountered in the context of decentralization of antiretroviral treatment, through the analysis of data retrieved from 2006 to 2013 in studies performed in the Center Region of Cameroon. In a first article, the impact of task shifting from doctors to nurses is assessed using data from the cohort of patients followed in the nine rural district hospitals of the Stratall trial. Our analysis shows that this solution to address the shortage of physicians preserves the clinical and biological outcomes of patients in the first two years of antiretroviral treatment. In a second article, the accuracy of several criteria for identifying treatment failure is assessed for predicting the onset of HIV drug resistance. Notwithstanding the difficulties of deploying biological monitoring tools, our results highlight the importance of evaluating viral load to predict the emergence of resistance, and particularly rapid re-testing after the first notion of detectability to switch patients to second line in a timely manner. The third part of the thesis handles individual issues, and more specifically the gender issue. Our results show that men and women followed in decentralized areas reach similar levels of adherence, but that men's vulnerability under treatment - especially through higher failure rate- is independent of adherence. Finally, the fourth part focuses on routine care provided in the District Hospital of Mfou, Cameroon. Our results add to the growing body of evidence to enable the formulation of public health recommendations on task shifting and definition of treatment failure. They also raise research perspectives as they impair the paradigm of adherence to explain a difference in treatment efficiency between men and women
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Kan, Benjamin. "Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on maximal voluntary isometric strength and endurance of the elbow flexors." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/375.
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The present study investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on maximal voluntary contraction strength (MVC) and the time to failure (TTF) of an isometric muscle endurance test of the elbow flexors. Prior to the main study, the test-retest reliability of MVC and TTF measures was investigated using 10 men (33.2 ± 9.4 y) for the measurements separated by 60 min (within-day) and one week (between-day). Coefficient of variation (CV), Intraclass correlation (ICC, R), a paired t-test and the Bland-Altman plots revealed that TTF at 30% MVC task was reliable, and was able to detect a possible effect of tDCS on TTF, if the magnitude of effect was greater than 11%. Based on the reliability study results, it was hypothesised that tDCS would increase TTF from the first test to the second test separated by 60 min, when a tDCS treatment was administered immediately before the second test. Fifteen men (27.7 ± 8.4 y) were tested for MVC and TTF at 30%-MVC before and immediately after tDCS or sham intervention (10 min) in three separate sessions. In two sessions direct current (2 mA) was delivered through saline-soaked sponge electrodes, with the anode placed on the scalp overlying the right motor cortical representation of the left arm and the cathode secured over the right shoulder. One session was a sham intervention (current delivery for the first 30s). The order of the intervention sessions was randomised and counterbalanced amongst the subjects and subjects who were blinded to intervention type. Changes in MVC strength and TTF from pre to post intervention were compared between the interventions by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. No significant differences were evident for the two tDCS sessions. MVC strength (baseline: 66.0 ± 11.4 Nm) decreased by 5.9 ± 4.2 % (P
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Overton, Amanda Julie. "Neuromuscular Fatigue and Biomechanical Alterations during High-Intensity, Constant-Load Cycling." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/612.
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Neuromuscular fatigue is an inevitable process at play during prolonged exercise, and may be caused by multiple alterations within the central nervous system and peripheral musculature. As fatigue develops, the neuromuscular system must adapt to these changes by making compensatory movement pattern adjustments so as to use motor pathways that are less fatigued in an effort to maintain task performance; motor variability is thus increased. The primary purpose of the four studies contained within this doctoral thesis was to detail the progression of exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, and to improve our understanding of the muscle activation and joint kinematic alterations that occur as fatigue accumulates. Within this context, cycling was used as the exercise model, and the relationship between physiological and biomechanical aspects of high-intensity, moderate duration (<10 >min) cycling were specifically examined. The first two studies of this thesis were aimed at understanding the progression of neuromuscular fatigue as well as the associated motor control and biomechanical (i.e. muscle activation and kinematic) changes that occur during exhaustive cycling. Specifically, the time course and relative contributions of central and peripheral fatigue mechanisms, and the associated changes in muscle activation and both lower (i.e. hip, knee and ankle joint) and upper (i.e. trunk) limb kinematics were examined during a high-intensity cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) test. This was performed at 90% maximal aerobic power (Pmax) with nine well-trained cyclists. Temporal relationships between joint kinematics and changes in markers of central and peripheral fatigue were also examined. Peripheral fatigue (i.e. impaired contractile function: reduced peak twitch torque, −39.9%; twitch contraction time, −10.7%; and the average rates of twitch torque development −34.7% and relaxation −36.7% at task failure i.e., T100) developed early in the exercise bout from 60% of the time to task failure (p < 0.05). However, a central facilitation, measured as an increase in peak vastus medialis (38.9%) and gluteus maximus electromyogram (87.2%) amplitudes at T100, rather than central fatigue, occurred towards the end of the exercise task (p < 0.05). Thus, neuromuscular fatigue development was associated with an increase in the magnitude of lower limb muscle activity, which may have represented an attempt to increase muscle force to maintain the required power output of the cycling task. Increases in trunk flexion were observed from 60% of the time to task failure (p < 0.05), and were therefore notable at or after the point of significant peripheral fatigue. Conversely, increases in trunk medio-lateral sway (lateral flexion), hip abduction/adduction and knee valgus/varus were observed only from 80% of the time to task failure (p < 0.05), which paralleled the increase in central motor drive. The results of this study therefore indicate that significant trunk kinematic changes in the sagittal plane occurred at or after the point of significant peripheral fatigue development, whereas, significant changes at the trunk, hip and knee joints in the coronal plane occurred later in the exercise task and paralleled the facilitation of central motor drive during the cycling task. In the third study, the effects of real-time, kinematic feedback provision for trunk flexion (TTETflex), trunk medio-lateral sway (TTETsway) and hip abduction/adduction (TTEHabd/add) during a high-intensity TTE cycling test (90% Pmax) in nine well-trained cyclists were examined. The times taken to reach task failure were compared to a TTE test completed with no feedback. The times taken to reach task failure were not significantly different when provided with trunk flexion (TTETflex) and hip abduction/adduction (TTEHabd/add) feedback compared to the non-feedback condition (p > 0.05). There was, however, a significant decrease in the time to task failure during the TTETsway test (p < 0.05). Not all participants could maintain trunk and/or hip movement within a set movement pattern criteria; and three participants were therefore excluded from the kinematic analyses for both the TTETflex and TTETsway tests (n = 6) as were two participants from the TTEHabd/add test (n = 7). For participants who correctly used the kinematic feedback, no differences in the times taken to reach failure were observed in between the feedback (TTETflex, TTETsway and TTEHabd/add) and nonfeedback test conditions (p > 0.05). Despite being given feedback, changes in joint kinematics were similar across all test conditions; significant alterations were observed at the trunk and knee joints in the sagittal plane and at the hip and knee joints in the coronal plane (p < 0.05). Given trunk flexion feedback (TTETflex), significant increases in left hip flexion and trunk medio-lateral sway ROM were observed (p < 0.05), whereas given trunk medio-lateral sway feedback (TTETsway), increases in right hip flexion ROM also occurred (p < 0.05). These results indicate that, regardless of whether or not well-trained cyclists are able to control the level of kinematic variability when fatigued, acute exposure to real-time kinematic feedback to limit trunk or hip movement during high-intensity cycling may influence cycling kinematics (i.e. technique) and, in some cases (e.g. trunk medio-lateral sway), may reduce performance. The final study examined the relationship between joint kinematics, measured in non-fatigued and fatigued high-intensity cycling, and the cyclists’ physiological profiles (i.e., physiological attributes indicative of successful cycling ability, including both maximal oxygen consumption and peak power output relative to body mass, maximal heart rate, both power output and heart rate at the first and second ventilatory thresholds and cycling economy at 100 W) and the time taken to reach task failure. Submaximal physiological attributes were correlated with hip (abduction/adduction angle and ROM), knee (flexion angle) and ankle (flexion ROM) kinematics measured in a non-fatigued state at the start of the trial (r > 0.40; p < 0.05). However, both physiological attributes associated with maximal exercise capacity and cycling economy were correlated with trunk (flexion angle) and ankle (flexion angle and ROM) kinematics measured in a fatigued state at the end of the test (r > 0.40; p < 0.05). Trunk flexion and medio-lateral sway ROM in a non-fatigued state, and trunk flexion angle in a fatigued state, were associated with the time to task failure (r > 0.50; p < 0.05). Thus, the degree of trunk flexion and medio-lateral sway may be important kinematic variables that are indicative of cycling performance. These findings reveal an interdependence between cycling kinematics and both the physiological attributes indicative of successful cycling performance and the time taken to reach task failure during high-intensity, constant-load cycling. In conclusion, the findings presented in this thesis indicate that the temporal patterns of central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue differ (Study 1; Chapter 3). Task failure during high intensity cycling appears to be associated with the development of peripheral fatigue despite the presence of an increase in central motor drive. Subsequent to the development of neuromuscular fatigue, muscle activation and joint kinematic alterations can be observed, which may represent compensatory mechanisms employed by the neuromuscular system to continue task performance (Studies 1 and 2; Chapters 3 and 4). Joint kinematic alterations in the sagittal plane were associated with the development of peripheral fatigue whereas coronal plane adjustments occurred in parallel with central facilitation, and/or when a more substantial level of peripheral fatigue accumulated. Such compensatory kinematic strategies are also associated with an athlete’s physiological attributes and their cycling performance (i.e., time to task failure) (Study 4; Chapter 6). Importantly, imposing specific joint kinematic restrictions (trunk flexion, trunk medio-lateral sway and hip abduction/adduction) during exhaustive cycling, influenced cycling kinematics (i.e. technique) and, in some cases (e.g. trunk medio-lateral sway), reduced the time taken to reach task failure for well-trained cyclists (Study 3; Chapter 5). Such findings enhance our understanding of how the neuromuscular system copes with fatigue development, and should assist coaches and/or occupational health practitioners to better understand the fatigue process and neuromuscular strategies utilised during exercise tasks with similar characteristics to that used in the current studies.
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Potgieter, Roelof Daniel. "Goal orientation, the growth mindset and coping strategies for success and failure in competitive sport." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30330.
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In today’s sport careers there is no room for error. This is why athletes should be “on top of their game” every time they compete. It is very important for athletes to keep their emotions under control, because emotions can sometimes determine success or failure. But more important is how the athlete reacts to success and failure. Therefore, in this study the aim was to establish an athlete’s reaction to success and failure. An athlete should have the ability or strategy to handle success and failure. According to this statement, it underlines the importance of the current study. The fact that there are limited resources in this field accentuates the need for this study. Each athlete experiences and reacts to success or failure differently. An athlete can use success or failure as a facilitator or as a debilitator. If an athlete sees success or failure as a facilitator, he or she will use success or failure as a method to enhance his or her performance. But if an athlete sees success and failure as a debilitator, it means that the athlete does not have the ability or skills to use success or failure to his or her advantage. It seems that elite athletes may have the skills or ability to use success and failure as a facilitator and not as a debilitator owing to the fact that in the elite arena there is no place for errors. In this study, the researcher examines how elite and beginner athlete’s handle success and failure and what their reaction is towards success and failure. Each athlete has a unique way to develop his or her talents. Athletes who believe that they are born with limited talent or ability and cannot improve this talent by more practice or more effort can be classified as having a static mindset. When athletes believe that they can improve their talent or ability, they could be seen as athletes with a growth mindset. This study made use of a combination of convenient and random sampling. Each athlete had to comply with the criterium to be part of the study. The criterium stipulated that each athlete should be an active participant in sport either at school-, provincial-, national- or international level. To determine what goal orientation each athlete had, they were asked to fill out the task- and ego orientation in sport questionnaire. To determine what their reactions to success and failure were, athletes completed an assessment of success and failure questionnaire that was self-developed by the present researcher Roelie Potgieter and his study leader professor Ben Steyn. The self-theory questionnaire that was completed by the athletes determined whether an athlete was in the fixed or growth mindset. Using the results determined through the questionnaires that were completed by the athletes, correlations could be made to motivate the study. Task orientation and the growth mindset is more predominant than ego orientation and the fixed mindset. Athletes in general react more constructively towards success and failure. A strong correlation was found between task orientation and positive reaction to success and failure. Partial correlation between ego orientation and positive reaction to success was found. Positive relations were discovered between task orientation and the growth mindset, as well as ego orientation and the fixed mindset. AFRIKAANS : In vandag se sportloopbane is daar geen ruimte vir foute nie. Vir hierdie rede moet ‘n atleet ten alle tye op sy of haar beste wees. Dit is baie belangrik vir ‘n atleet om sy emosies in toom te hou, want somtyds kan die atleet se emosies bepaal of hy of sy sukses of mislukking gaan ervaar. Daarom is die doel van die studie om die reaksie van atlete op sukses en mislukking te bepaal. Die feit dat daar ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid navorsing oor die tema van die studie is beklemtoon weereens die belangrikheid van die studie. Elke atleet ervaar en reageer verskillend op sukses en mislukking. ‘n Atleet kan sukses of mislukking gebruik as ‘n fasiliteerder of as ‘n debiliteerder. As ‘n atleet sukses of mislukking sien as ‘n fasiliteerder, sal die atleet sukses of mislukking gebruik as ‘n metode om sy of haar prestasie/s te verbeter. Indien ‘n atleet sukses en mislukking sien as ‘n debiliteerder, beteken dit dat die atleet nie die vermoë of vaardighede het om sukses of mislukking te gebruik tot sy of haar voordeel nie. Dit wil voorkom dat elite atlete die vermoë of vaardighede het om sukses en mislukking te gebruik tot hulle voordeel, as gevolg van die feit dat daar geen plek vir foute tydens die kompetisie is nie. In die studie probeer die navorser bepaal hoe elite- en beginner atlete sukses en mislukking hanteer en wat hulle reaksie op sukses en mislukking is. Elke atleet het ‘n unieke manier om sy of haar talente te ontwikkel. Atlete wat glo dat hulle gebore is met ‘n talent of vermoë en kan nie die talent verbeter met oefening of ‘n groter poging kan geklassifiseer word as statiese instelling. Indien die atleet glo dat hulle, hulle talent kan verbeter, kan dit gesien word as ‘n groeiende instelling. Hierdie studie maak van die gemaklike sowel as die ewekamsige steekproefmetode gebruik. Elke deelnemer moes voldoen aan sekere kriterium om deel te wees van die studie. Die studie se kriteria het beklemtoon dat elke atleet aktief betrokke in ‘n sekere sportsoort moet wees, mag dit wees op skool-, provinsiale-, nasionale- of internasionale vlak. Om te bepaal watter tipe doeloriëntering elke atleet is was hulle gevra om die taak en ego oriëntasie vraelys in te vul. Deur die verwysing kan bepaal word wat hulle reaksie is tot sukses en mislukking, was daar van die atlete verwag om die vrae oor sukses en mislukking te voltooi. Die selfteorie vraelys wat deur die atlete voltooi is, het bepaal of die atlleet ‘n statiese of groeinde instelling het. Deur gebruik te maak van die resultate van die vraelyste wat voltooi is deur die atlete kon daar korrelasies gemaak word. Taakoriëntasie en die groeiende instelling is meer dominant as die ego oriëntasie en die statiese instelling. Atlete in die algemeen reageer meer konstruktief teenoor sukses en mislukking. ‘n Sterk korrelasie was gevind deur taakoriëntasie en positiewe reaksie tot sukses en mislukking. Gedeeltelike korrelasie kon gemaak word tussen ego oriëntasie en positiewe reaksie tot sukses. ‘n Positiewe korrelasie kon gemaak word tussen taakoriëntasie en groeiende instelling, asook ego oriëntasie en statiese instelling.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences
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Shields, Lynne Marie. "The differential effects of single student responding and write- on response cards on the on-task/disruptive classroom behaviors of elementary students at-risk for academic failure during whole class science instruction /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487940308433016.
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Guidetti, Oliver A. "Measuring and mitigating cyber vigilance decrement in network defence personnel." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2582.
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Vigilance decrement refers to a psychophysiological decline in the capacity to sustain attention to monotonous tasks after prolonged periods. Vigilance decrement was explored in the cyber security domain across two studies. The Western Australian Cyber Defence Task (WACDT) was designed, developed and validated as a network defence sustained attention task in Study 1. The WACDT is the only cyber vigilance task presented to the literature outside of antiquated products developed by the United States Air Force. The WACDT was then used in Study 2 as an experimental platform by which to explore psychophysiological indicators of cyber vigilance decrement. A functional near infrared spectrometer was used to identify several cerebral haemodynamic features that indicate when a network defence analyst is experiencing cyber vigilance decrement. A novel theoretical account was proposed in Study 2 to explain cerebral haemodynamic features associated with vigilance decrement known as Optimal Resource Control Failure Theory (ORCFT). Studies 1 and 2 collectively illustrate the divide between hardware, software and cyber-cognitive vulnerabilities in the network defence space.
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Trefilová, Helena. "Údržba malého dopravního letounu s využitím metodiky MSG-3." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228368.
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Master’s thesis deals with problems of maintenance of small transport aircraft with application MSG-3 methodology and maintenance plan development. It is aimed at systems and powerplant maintenance. This method is applied on L-410UVP-E20 aircraft. Other parts of this work are assessment of recent situation in maintenance of airplanes, used approaches to maintenance, methods and documentation for maintenance. Last part of this work is practical example of MSG-3 process on assign item and its interpretation.
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Sahindal, Boran. "Detecting Conversational Failures in Task-Oriented Human-Robot Interactions." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272135.
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In conversations between humans, not only the content of the utterances but also our social signals provide information on the state of communication. Similarly, in the field of human-robot interaction, we want the robots to have the capability of interpreting social signals given by human users. Such social signals can be operationalised in order to detect unexpected behaviours of robots. This thesis work aims to compare machine learning based methods to investigate robots’ recognition of their own unexpected behaviours based on human social signals. We trained support vector machine, random forest and logistic regression classifiers with a guided task human-robot interaction corpus that includes planned robot failures. We created features based on gaze, motion and facial expressions. We defined data points of different window lengths and compared effects of different robot embodiments. The results show that there is a promising potential in this field and also that the accuracy of this classification task depends on different variables that require careful tuning.I samtal mellan människor är det inte bara yttrandens innehåll utan också våra sociala signaler som bidrar till kommunikationstillståndet. Inom området människa-robot-interaktion vill vi på samma sätt att robotarna ska kunna tolka sociala signaler som ges av människor. Sådana sociala signaler kan utnyttjas för att upptäcka oväntade beteenden hos robotar. Detta examensarbete syftar till att jämföra maskininlärningsbaserade metoder för att undersöka robotars igenkänning av sina egna oväntade beteenden baserat på mänskliga sociala signaler. Vi tränade SVM, Random Forest- och Logistic Regression-klassificerare med en styrd människa-robot-interaktionskorpus som inkluderar planerade robotfel. Vi skapade attribut baserade på blick, rörelse och ansiktsuttryck. Vi definierade datapunkter med olika fönsterlängder och jämförde effekter av olika robotformer. Resultaten visar att det finns en lovande potential inom detta fält och att noggrannheten för denna klassificeringsuppgift beror på olika variabler som kräver noggrann inställning.
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Taylor, Richard. "Mechanical abortions? : the failure of British tank production 1936-1945." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505648.
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Leung, Shuk-kan, and 梁淑勤. "Gender difference in the causal attributions for success and failure in achievement-related tasks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31956592.
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Caldwell, Sloan. "Let's Talk About Sex: The Failure of Abstinence-Only Policies in America's Public Schools." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1035.
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Sexual education has been a much-debated topic in the United States since it was instated in light of the HIV/AID pandemic of the 1980s. The debate has always centered on the role of sexual education: should it act to objectively relay the facts about sexual health? Or should it be utilized as a moral purveyor of teen’s sexual behavior? During the second Bush Administration it seemed as if the conservative right had won and sexual education adopted a role policing teen’s morality with $1.5 billion in federal funding for abstinence-only education. This study aims to provide evidence against abstinence-only education by highlighting its ineffectiveness to meet its own standards of success (preventing teen pregnancy and STI infection), as well as its violation of legal human rights standards. As well, this study will provide an alternative to abstinence-only education, comprehensive sexual education, which provides students with accurate information about sexual health (including information about contraception, abortion, etc.) while still emphasizing abstinence as the preferred sexual behavior in teens.
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Leung, Shuk-kan. "Gender difference in the causal attributions for success and failure in achievement-related tasks." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13553951.
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Brown, D. J. "Children's perceptions of success and failure in academic achievement-related tasks : Causal cognitions and affective reactions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375380.
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Abell, Dixon Harold. "A Study of the Cause of Failure of Rotationally Molded, High-Density Polyethylene, Sodium Hypochlorite Storage Tanks." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2609.
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The topic of chemical oxidative degradation in rotational molded polyethylene (high-density cross-linked) chemical (sodium hypochlorite) storage tanks is an industry problem that ranks at the top of current business issues for manufacturers of chemical storage tanks. The degradation of these tanks not only compromises the physical and mechanical properties of the tank material, but reduces the life expectancy of the tank, eventually resulting in catastrophic tank failure. Premature tank failure comes at a hefty cost. The reputation of the manufacturer is questioned often resulting in immediate loss of customer satisfaction and future business. The leaking of the chemical from the failed tank serves as a liable environmental hazard that jeopardizes the safety and welfare of its surroundings – people and environment. And the associated manufacturer of the failed tank is almost certainly responsible for the repair or replacement of the tank. All these associated problems and many more related to chemical tank failure cost this relatively small industry millions of dollars annually. The need to determine the failure mechanisms of these tanks is critically important. Such an understanding will provide industry with useful knowledge that will open the door for improvements in tank performance. There is no question that a deeper understanding of failure mechanisms will improve a tank manufacturer's reputation, increase business sales, and assure environmental safety. The addition of this knowledge will also instill consumer confidence in an industry that is considered to lack refined manufacturing processes and proven quality controls. Such advancements are keys to making rotational molding a cutting-edge, technology-driven process that prepares industry for future growth and development. The purpose of this research is to provide tested empirical data and proven expert analysis that can be utilized by companies in understanding the failure mechanisms of these tanks. The information regarding this topic was collected from various tank samples taken from Poly Processing, a leading manufacturer of rotationally molded polyethylene chemical storage tanks and producer of the examined samples, and Odyssey Manufacturing, a manufacturer of bulk sodium hypochlorite and the end user of the examined samples. In the final chapter of this research, a summary is presented of the important findings regarding the purpose of the thesis study.
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Van, den Heuvel Claudia. "Inaction in action : how task and team uncertainty "derail" strategic decision making and produce implementation failures in critical and major incident management." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/4393/.
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This thesis adopts the use of various simulation-based training exercises as research platforms for assessing the role of environmental, task, and team uncertainty on critical and major incident decision making. It illustrates that experienced uncertainty in these incidents has a significant detrimental “derailing” effect on strategic decision making. Task uncertainty occurs within critical incidents when decision makers face forced choice binary decisions with equally unattractive outcomes. Team uncertainty occurs due to the large, heterogeneous nature of any emergency response organization, often involving individuals from an array of agencies. The studies showed that these types of uncertainty induced derailments from preferred strategies or courses of action. These derailments were manifest as a variety of implementation failures, including omissions or temporary deferral of crucial actions, a failure to share crucial information with other emergency responders, and failing to coordinate or synchronize actions with those others involved in incident management. These findings are in accordance with the widely adopted definition of uncertainty in naturalistic decision making as “a sense of doubt that blocks or delays action” (Lipshitz & Strauss, 1997, p. 150). Moreover, they contribute to the existing literature by illustrating that errors omission, as opposed to actively committed mistakes, are a prevalent occurrence that may impede “optimal” incident management strategies in various types of high risk, uncertain critical incidents.
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Smith, Stephanie. "An evaluation of the physical and demographic characteristics contributing to on-site sewage management system failure in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/55041.
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When designed, installed, and maintained properly, septic systems provide a cost-effective and environmentally-sound method to treat domestic wastewater. However, poor installation, unsuitable site conditions, and infrequent maintenance can lead to system failure and the discharge of partially-treated effluent to local waterways. As many as 1%, or 4,000 systems, fail each year in the Atlanta area. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate what social and physical factors are significant to the location of on-site sewage management system failures in Cherokee County, Georgia. A regression analysis of the septic system failure rate, which was estimated with repair permit records from the local Board of Health, with Census demographics, soil, and septic system information found that the percent of soils in the “A” hydrologic group, unemployment rate, percent African-American population, population density, household size, percent of homes built between 1980 and 1989, percent built between 1970 and 1979, percent built between 1940 and 1949, and the average lot size of the parcels issued a repair permit were statistically-significant (p < 0.05) indicators of the failure rate at the Census block group level. The inclusion of socioeconomic, environmental, and physical characteristics suggests that the most effective response to reduce failures will incorporate actions to address these significant elements collectively. Despite restrictions on the ability of the Georgia Department of Public Health to regulate maintenance, many policy options are available to proactively identify areas with the greatest likelihood of failure and reduce the incidence of failure in those areas. Greater collaboration between stakeholders, including the county Board of Health and utility providers, improved record-keeping, and education and incentive programs provide the best opportunities to improve the management of septic systems in local jurisdictions.
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Hunt, Ginny. "The effect of the Texas student success initiative on grade 5 Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) failures." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Jearey-Graham, Nicola, and Catriona Macleod. "A discourse of disconnect : young people from the Eastern Cape talk about the failure of adult communications to provide habitable sexual subject positions." Perspectives in Education, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018864.
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Face-to-face adult communication with young people about sexuality is, for the most part, assigned to two main groups of people: educators tasked with teaching schoolbased sexuality education that is provided as part of the compulsory Life Orientation (LO) learning area, and parents. In this paper, we report on a study conducted with Further Education and Training College students in an Eastern Cape town. Using a discursive psychology lens, we analysed data from, first, a written question on what participants remember being taught about sexuality in LO classes and, second, focus group discussions held with mixed and same-sex groups. Discussions were structured around the sexualities of high school learners and the LO sexuality education that participants received at high school. We highlight participants’ common deployment of a ‘discourse of disconnect’ in their talk. In this discourse, the messages of ‘risk’ and ‘responsibility’ contained in adult face-to-face communications, by both parents and LO teachers, are depicted as being delivered through inadequate or nonrelational styles of communication, and as largely irrelevant to participants’ lives. Neither of these sources of communication was seen as understanding the realities of youth sexualities or as creating habitable or performable sexual subject positions. The dominance of this ‘discourse of disconnect’ has implications for how sexuality education and parent communication interventions are conducted.
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Kurt, Mehmet Can. "Fault-tolerant Programming Models and Computing Frameworks." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437390499.
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Marinelli, Pietro. "QRA for LNG storage tanks: a comparison of different technological solutions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Nell'elaborato è stato proposto un confronto in termini di rischio tra sei differenti soluzioni tecnologiche applicate alla zona di stoccaggio di impianti per la gestione di gas naturale liquefatto (LNG).
Si sono analizzate zone serbatoti con diverse tipologie di serbatoi tra cui single, double e full containment e differenti dimensioni e materiale del bacino di contenimento esterno. Sono state prese in considerazione anche le le tubazioni connesse ai serbatoi.
Per svolgere il confronto si è scelto di sviluppare un'analisi di rischio.
Come linee guida per l'analisi si è scelto di seguire le "Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis", CCPS.
La metodologia prevede una prima fase di definizione del sistema e di identificazione dei pericoli, per passare poi all'analisi delle conseguenze con relativa stima delle frequenze di accadimento dei guasti che danno origine ai rilasci di materiale pericoloso.
Una delle fasi più importanti nell'analisi di rischio è senza dubbio la definizione degli scenari che possono generarsi in seguito all'innesco di un rilascio di sostanza pericolosa.
Dopo un'attenta valutazione e valendomi del supporto tecnico di esperti del settore, sono state individuate prima le tipologie di rilascio (rottura di serbatoi e/o piping) e in seguito gli scenari incidentali principali (pool fire, flash fire, jet fire e vapor cloud explosion).
Per il calcolo delle conseguenze e del rischio (espresso come frequenza annua di morte) è stato utilizzato Phast Risk 6.7, software in grado di calcolare intensità dell'effetto e probabilità di morte attorno alla sorgente di rilascio di materiale pericoloso.
Le frequenze di guasto dei componenti (serbatoti, piping, valvole, flange e connessioni strumentali) sono state estratte a partire dall'analisi di alcuni database.
I risultati trovati sono molto interessanti e mettono in luce l'importanza delle proprietà del materiale e delle dimensioni del bacino di contenimento esterno.
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Darestani, Mostafa Yousefi. "Response of concrete pavements under moving vehicular loads and environmental effects." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16662/1/Mostafa_Yousefi_Darestani_Thesis.pdf.
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The need for modern transportation systems together with the high demand for sustainable pavements under applied loads have led to a great deal of research on concrete pavements worldwide. Development of finite element techniques enabled researchers to analyse the concrete pavement under a combination of axle group loadings and environmental effects. Consequently, mechanistic approaches for designing of concrete pavements were developed based on results of finite element analyses. However, unpredictable failure modes of concrete pavements associated with expensive maintenance and rehabilitation costs have led to the use of empiricalmechanistic approach in concrete pavement design. Despite progressive knowledge of concrete pavement behaviour under applied loads, concrete pavements still suffer from deterioration due to crack initiation and propagation, indicating the need for further research. Cracks can be related to fatigue of the concrete and/or erosion of materials in sub-layers. Although longitudinal, midedge and corner cracks are the most common damage modes in concrete pavements, Austroads method for concrete pavement design was developed based on traditional mid-edge bottom-up transverse cracking introduced by Packard and Tayabji (1985). Research presented in this thesis aims to address the most common fatigue related distresses in concrete pavements. It uses comprehensive finite element models and analyses to determine the structural behaviour of concrete pavements under vehicular loads and environmental effects. Results of this research are supported by laboratory tests and an experimental field test. Results of this research indicate that the induced tensile stresses within the concrete pavement are significantly affected by vehicle speed, differential temperature gradient and loss of moisture content. Subsequently, the interaction between the above mentioned factors and concrete damage modes are discussed. Typical dynamic amplifications of different axle groups are presented. A new fatigue test setup is also developed to take into consideration effects of pavement curvature on fatigue life of the concrete. Ultimately, results of the research presented in this thesis are employed to develop a new guide for designing concrete pavements with zero maintenance of fatigue damage.
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Darestani, Mostafa Yousefi. "Response of concrete pavements under moving vehicular loads and environmental effects." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16662/.
Full textAbstract:
The need for modern transportation systems together with the high demand for sustainable pavements under applied loads have led to a great deal of research on concrete pavements worldwide. Development of finite element techniques enabled researchers to analyse the concrete pavement under a combination of axle group loadings and environmental effects. Consequently, mechanistic approaches for designing of concrete pavements were developed based on results of finite element analyses. However, unpredictable failure modes of concrete pavements associated with expensive maintenance and rehabilitation costs have led to the use of empiricalmechanistic approach in concrete pavement design. Despite progressive knowledge of concrete pavement behaviour under applied loads, concrete pavements still suffer from deterioration due to crack initiation and propagation, indicating the need for further research. Cracks can be related to fatigue of the concrete and/or erosion of materials in sub-layers. Although longitudinal, midedge and corner cracks are the most common damage modes in concrete pavements, Austroads method for concrete pavement design was developed based on traditional mid-edge bottom-up transverse cracking introduced by Packard and Tayabji (1985). Research presented in this thesis aims to address the most common fatigue related distresses in concrete pavements. It uses comprehensive finite element models and analyses to determine the structural behaviour of concrete pavements under vehicular loads and environmental effects. Results of this research are supported by laboratory tests and an experimental field test. Results of this research indicate that the induced tensile stresses within the concrete pavement are significantly affected by vehicle speed, differential temperature gradient and loss of moisture content. Subsequently, the interaction between the above mentioned factors and concrete damage modes are discussed. Typical dynamic amplifications of different axle groups are presented. A new fatigue test setup is also developed to take into consideration effects of pavement curvature on fatigue life of the concrete. Ultimately, results of the research presented in this thesis are employed to develop a new guide for designing concrete pavements with zero maintenance of fatigue damage.
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朱素鑾. "The Effects of Achievement Motivation and Win-loss on the Selecction of Task Difficulty, Intrinsi Motivation Success-Failure Perception and Success-Failure Attribution." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52946580540383571163.
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碩士國立體育學院
運動科學研究所
84
The purposes of study were: (1)to explore Atkinson''''s dynamic theory of achievement motivation about the high and low achievers'''' subjective task difficulty of the first trial; (2)to compare the difference of the selection of objective task difficulty between high and low achievers; (3)to explore the effects of achievement motivation and win-loss on intrinsic motivation and success-failure perception; and (4)to analyze the success-failure attributions of high and low achievers. Sixty-four students (male 34, female 30) were drawn as the subjects from the Department of Athletic Training and Health of National College of Physical Education & Sport. Dart throwing was adopted as the experimental task. The subjects were divided to be high achievers group and low achievers group by the mean score of achievement motivation inventory. The main findings of this study were as follows: (1)The success probability task difficulty selected by high achievers at the first trial was 0.6, and low achievers selected 0.49. (2)There was no difference of objective task difficulty between high and low achievers, whereas the objective task difficulty of posttset was significantly higher than that of pretest. (3)There was no effect of achievement motivation and win-loss on intrnsic motivation and success-failure perception. (4)There was no effect of achievement motivation and success-failure on intrinsic motivation. (5)Weiner''''s two dimensional attribution model could not offer reasonable explanation for success-failure cause in sport situation. (6)The tendency of success-failure attribution foe high and low achievers was concordant with Weiner''''s viewpoints.
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Osborne, Salma. "The role of the diaphragm in task failure during inspiratory resistive loading in the rabbit." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7078.
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In experimental animal models, fatigue of the diaphragm has been implicated as the predominant determinant of hypercapnic ventilatory failure and ultimately as the cause of task failure of inspiratory muscles during inspiratory resistive breathing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increased inspiratory resistive loads on diaphragm function in the anesthetized rabbit
model to test three hypotheses: first, that task failure results from a decrease in
neural activation; second, that task failure results from a decrease in
neuromuscular transmission to the diaphragm; and third, that the development
of hypoventilation and hypercapnia precede task failure. We assessed central
motor output and neuromuscular transmission to the diaphragm by continuous
monitoring of phrenic nerve activity and electromyogram activity of the costal
diaphragm during both sustainable and exhaustive inspiratory resistive loads. We
found a linear relationship between the severity of the target inspiratory airway
pressure achieved with resistive loading and the indices of motor output to the
diaphragm and activity of this muscle. Central motor output to the diaphragm
remained elevated throughout resistive loading even at task failure.
Neuromuscular transmission, as assessed by evoked compound potentials of the
diaphragm, remained intact throughout inspiratory resistive loading including at
task failure. The activity of the diaphragm remained elevated and coupled to
central motor output throughout resistive loading, including at task failure. Hence, task failure did not result from either a decrease in neural activation nor
from a decrease in neuromuscular transmission to the diaphragm. We found
that despite substantial increases in inspiratory effort, rabbits hypoventilated
during both sustainable and exhaustive loads. Therefore, hypercapnia typically
accompanied inspiratory resistive loading. Furthermore, we found that the
elevated levels of arterial P2c0 associated with prolonged loading alone,
suppressed central drive to the diaphragm through a time-dependent reduction
in breathing frequency. We observed task failure only during intense loading at
target pressure close to the maximum strength of the rabbit diaphragm. The
activity of the inspiratory muscles (parasternal intercostal and diaphragm)
remained elevated and coupled despite severe arterial hypoxemia and
hypercapnia during task failure. In contrast, a susbstantial decay in expiratory
muscle activity and in abdominal pressure swings preceded task failure. In
conclusion, neural activation and impulse propagation to the diaphragm were
maintained during inspiratory resistive loading even at task failure. Task failure
followed a loss in abdominal muscle assist to the diaphragm.
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Edward, Lee, and 李榮豐. "The Effects of Goal orientations and Success/Failure on Self-efficacy, Satisfaction, Commitment and Task choice." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86913377284946750663.
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碩士國立體育學院
運動教練研究所
86
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of goal orientation and success/failure on self-efficacy, satisfaction, commitment and challenge level choice. Subjects were 80 female students （Age=17±0.82）selected from 486 senior high school students in Taipei-Prior to the experiment, 40 high task-/low ego-oriented subjects and 40 high ego -/low task-oriented subjects were randomly assigned to either success or failure group. Subjects were asked to choose different challenge levels and then to pform on Chen''s hand eye cognitive reaction test. Subjects were received 3 consecutive bogus feedback regarding success or failure after each trial. Subjects'' self-efficacy, satisfaction, commitment were assessed after each trial. The results of this study indicated that (1) There was significant interactive effect of goal orientations and success/failure on self-efficacy. Specifically, when experiencing failure, high task-/low ego-oriented subjects reported greater self-efficacy than high ego-/low task-oriented subjects. (2) There were main effects of goal orientations and success/failure on satisfaction. High task-/low ego-oriented subjects reported greater satisfaction then high ego -/low task-oriented subjects. In addition, Subjects who experienced success reported greater satisfaction than subjects who experienced failure. (3）High ego-/low task-oriented subjects tended to avoid choosing moderate challenge level after failure. (4) After failure, high ego-/Low task-oriented subjects who were high commitment chose extremely high challenge level. On the other hand, high ego-/low task-oriented subjects who were low commitment chose extremely low challenge level. The implications future directions of this study are discussed.
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Kapila, Bala Phani Neehar. "The Geometric Design of Spherical Mechanical Linkages with Differential Task Specifications: Experimental Set Up and Applications." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-9772.
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The thesis focuses on the development of an experimental set up for a recently developed failure recovery technique of spatial robot manipulators. Assuming a general configuration of the spatial robot arm, a task is specified. This task contains constraints on position, velocity and acceleration to be satisfied. These constraints are derived from contact and curvature specifications. The technique synthesizes the serial chain and tests if the task can be satisfied in case of a joint failure. An experimental set up was developed in order to validate the failure recovery technique. It includes a robot arm mounted on a movable platform. The arm and platform are controlled by NI sbRIO board and are programmed in LabVIEW. The experimental results of the failure recovery technique were obtained for the case of Elbow failure in robot manipulators.
The thesis considers two applications of the synthesis of spherical five –degree-of-freedom serial chains: Power assist for human therapeutic movement and Synthesis of Parallel Mechanical Linkages. A spherical TS chain has been synthesized for these two applications using the Mathematica software.
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Wang, I.-Ching, and 王薏晴. "The Influence of Other-customer Failure on Customer Satisfaction: An Effect of Tie strength, Group size and Task definition." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00821382560065565725.
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碩士國立中興大學
行銷學系所
98
While there is some evidences that customer-to-customer interaction has a negative impact on customer satisfaction with the firm (e.g. Bitner et al., 1994; Grove and Fisk, 1997; Harris and Reynolds, 2003), few of these studies have focused specifically on answering why customers are upset by other customers blame the firm rather than the specific misbehaving individuals, which in turn leads to customer dissatisfaction? The purpose of this study is to consider social surroundings and task definition in situational factor (Belk, 1975) into different situations interrupted by other customers, however, when other-customer failure happened, how consumers react to different kinds of tie strength(such as strong tie-best friend or weak tie-new friend knew for few days only),different purposes(such as celebrating or discussing specific issue), and how do consumers react to firm’s evaluation? A 2 (tie strength: strong vs. weak) × 2 (group sizes: 2 people vs. 7 people) × 2 (purposes: celebrating birthday vs. discuss specific issue) between-subject factorial design was used to test our predictions. Subjects were exposed to a written scenario describing other-customer misbehavior in a restaurant. A restaurant context was chosen as appropriate for this study since real-life dysfunctional customer behavior is common in this industry (Harris and Reynolds, 2003). The results of this study show that: Customers were less satisfied when the partners are beloning to strong tie and big group size, especially in utilitarian goal. People will get more confidence and support if their group is bigger and have strong tie relationship, when they suffered other-customer failure.
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Poboka, Dane Michael. "Preparation, interference and task switching: using distributional analysis and cognitive modelling estimates to extend the FTE theory." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1335830.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)For more than two decades, the processes involved in task switching have been extensively investigated and numerous theories proposed attempting to explain task switch phenomena, such as switch costs, preparation effects and residual switch costs (Grange & Houghton, 2014b). A range of experimental paradigms have been employed to demonstrate the key factors that influence performance; from endogenous mechanisms related to cognitive control and executive functioning, through to task priming, interference and decay processes. I begin this thesis by providing an overview of significant task switch theories, paradigms and findings to illustrate the breadth of existing task switch research. Following this, I present a series of experiments that employ distributional analysis to investigate anticipatory preparation and proactive interference effects on task switch performance. The experiments lead to the proposal of a descriptive, activation driven model of performance, which is tested using specific experimental manipulations. The results indicate the importance of design parameters and how these can affect responding based on strategic and structural task switch related processes. Finally, I investigate the Failure to Engage (FTE) account of residual switch costs (De Jong, 2000) and replicate research that challenges this theory (Brown, Lehmann & Poboka, 2006). The results guided an extension of FTE that was tested in a further experiment and shown to be able to accommodate the effects of interval manipulations as well as both task and cue switching. I then apply a new modelling approach to obtain direct estimates of the probability of preparation and conclude that De Jong’s insights about preparation failure provide a tractable framework for understanding many aspects of cognitive control, including explaining aspects of all of the four major task-switching phenomena identified by Monsell (2003).
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Griffin, Melissa Corinne. "Applying Human Factors and the Resident Assessment Instrument - Home Care: An Examination of Failure Modes, Causes, Effects and Recommendations in the Home Care Environment." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25606.
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Several analytical techniques including use case diagrams, process flow diagrams (PFDs), hierarchical task analysis (HTA), failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), systematic human error reduction and prediction approach (SHERPA), hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP), heuristics, the Safe Living Guide and the Resident Assessment Instrument – Home Care (RAI-HC) are applied to data obtained from two pilot home visits to determine whether common failure modes, causes, effects and recommendations are yielded by the techniques. The time required to apply each analytical technique to processes uncovered from the pilot data was measured and outputs of the techniques were reviewed for commonality. Of the tools considered, SHERPA was found to return the most failure modes, effects and recommendations, while FMEA was the only human factors tool to yield causes. Additionally, FMEA and SHERPA provided a means of ranking potential failure modes based on severity and probability.
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"High and low-achieving students' dispositional expectancy for success on an academic task, and causal attributions mediating differential sensitivity to success and failure and generalization to another academic domain." Tulane University, 1989.
Find full textAbstract:
Fifth and Sixth grade males were identified as High Achievers (n = 37) or Low Achievers (n = 34) based upon school test scores and grades. Students from both achievement levels were given either five solvable (success treatment) or five unsolvable (failure treatment) number or word problems. Initial expectancy was measured by students' estimate of the number of treatment problems they would correctly answer and by the persistence time of students who received unsolvable problems. Causal attributions were assessed by: (1) asking students to rate the similarity of the contrived success or failure to their typical performance in the same and the other academic subject area (domain), and to the perceived performance of classmates and (2) by asking students to attribute their performance to ability, effort, task difficulty, or luck. Expectancy measures were obtained for additional tasks in the same and other domains and solvable (test) number and word task were administered. No differences due to achievement level were found for initial expectancy or persistence measures. For both High and Low Achievers, expectancy for same domain tasks increased following success and decreased after failure. Generalization of treatment based expectancy to other domain tasks was found only for High Achievers. High Achievers rated success as more stable than failure and Low Achievers rated success as due more to external factors than failure. High Achievers also rated overall outcomes as more global than did Low Achievers, and students of both achievement levels rated success as more global than failure. Attributional choices did not correlate significantly with attributional ratings, and were not found to vary as a function of achievement level or treatment condition. Although the hypothesized difference in dispositional expectancy as a function of achievement level was not found, a predicted differential sensitivity to success and failure was shown. High Achievers perceived failure as arising from temporary, limited factors and success as due to lasting, comprehensive factors. Low Achievers viewed their overall performance as relatively situation-specific, with success resulting more from external factors and failure from relatively internal factors. Implications of these findings for educational remediation efforts with low achieving students were discussedacase@tulane.edu
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Gorski, Kimberly M. "Cognitive and task performance consequences for women who confront vs. fail to confront sexism." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4838.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Women who fail to confront sexism can experience negative intrapersonal consequences, such as greater negative self-directed affect (negself) and greater obsessive thoughts, particularly if they are highly committed to challenging sexism. Female undergraduates (N = 392) were sampled to investigate whether failing to confront past sexism influences future task performance and whether any effects on performance occur through the depletion of cognitive resources. Participants were randomly assigned to recall either confronting or failing to confront past sexism, then completed measures of affect, obsessive thoughts, working memory, and performance. Women who recalled failing to confront were expected to have greater negself and obsessive thoughts related to the situation and lower working memory and performance, and desire to respond to the situation was expected to moderate these effects. As predicted, compared with women who recalled confronting, women who recalled failing to confront reported greater negself. Contrary to predictions, there was no significant effect of confrontation condition on obsessive thoughts, working memory, or performance. However, condition interacted with desire to confront, such that the more women who recalled failing to confront wanted to respond to the situation, the more negself they reported and the lower their working memory. In addition, for women who recalled confronting, greater desire to respond was associated with higher performance, while desire to respond was unrelated to performance for women who recalled failing to confront. In contrast to predictions, neither obsessive thoughts nor working memory mediated the failure to confront-performance relationship, and there was no evidence of moderated mediation. In sum, although the cognitive variables of obsessive thoughts and working memory did not mediate the effect of failing to confront on performance, the results nevertheless demonstrate the importance of confronting sexism, particularly when one wants to do so, and have important implications for settings like the workplace where women may face discrimination and have to decide whether or not to confront.
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Locke, Abigail. "Accounting for success and failure: a discursive psychological approach to sport talk." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7785.
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YesIn recent years, constructionist methodologies such as discursive psychology (Edwards & Potter, 1992) have begun to be used in sport research. This paper provides a practical guide to applying a discursive psychological approach to sport data. It discusses the assumptions and principles of discursive psychology and outlines the stages of a discursive study from choice of data through to transcription and analysis. Finally, the paper demonstrates a discursive psychological analysis on sport data where athletes are accounting for success and failure in competition. The analysis demonstrates that for both success and failure, there is an apparent dilution of personal agency, to either maintain their modesty in the case of success or to manage blame when talking about failure. It is concluded that discursive psychology has much to offer sport research as it provides a methodology for in-depth studies of supporting interactions.
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Robus, Donovan, and Catriona Macleod. "‘White excellence and black failure’: the reproduction of racialised higher education in everyday talk." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007872.
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Since the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994, much effort has been expended on overcoming the institutionalised racism that characterised apartheid. The transformation of higher education, particularly with regard to the merging and incorporation of institutions, is such an example. This article is an analysis of discourses on race emerging in the talk of students and staff during the incorporation of a historically white satellite campus (Rhodes University East London) into a historically black university (University of Fort Hare). The argument, which relies on Essed’s notion of everyday racism, infused with insights from discursive psychology, is that higher education institutions areracialised through the intricate interweaving of macro-level processes and discourses that recur in everyday talk and practices. In their talk, the participants in the study persistently assigned racialised identities to the institutions (Rhodes is white and Fort Hare is black) and invoked a ‘white excellence/black failure’ discourse. ‘White excellence’ folds in on, and is reproduced by, the desirable, modern, urban space and an appeal to Euro-American standards. Institutions and individuals are positioned as being able to overcome ‘black failure’ by moving into white space and through intense personal labour.
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Paulitzki, Jeffrey. "Procrastination as Self-regulatory Failure: Habitual Avoidance and Inhibitory Control Moderate the Intention-Behaviour Relation for Unpleasant Tasks." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5374.
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Recent conceptualizations of procrastination suggest that procrastination is akin to self-regulatory failure wherein the effect of good intentions is attenuated for individuals who tend to procrastinate. Some researchers speculate that this effect is due to subtle neurological deficits that make it more difficult for procrastinators to follow through with completing tasks. The present work examines this claim while also investigating two factors that should theoretically weaken the effect of intentions for engaging unpleasant, but important, tasks – namely habitual avoidance and the executive function of inhibition.
Study 1 investigated the question of whether chronic avoidance patterns may become so entrenched that they take on the qualities of a habit. This is important because habits are known to be less reliant on intentions because they are triggered in a relatively automatic fashion. Habit indices were created which assessed the degree to which the experience of avoiding particular tasks was automatic and self-descriptive in nature (Verplanken & Orbell, 2003). The results confirmed the expectation that more frequent avoidance patterns are experienced as occurring relatively automatically. Habit-like avoidance can be measured reliably and is related to other constructs in expected ways. For example, habit-level predicts reduced task quality and lower rates of task completion above-and-beyond motivational variables (e.g. intentions). Finally, habit-like avoidance patterns were more often associated with stable features identified by participants as being present in the environment. Using a prospective design, Study 2 assessed the degree to which existing habitual-avoidance patterns weakened the effect of good intentions to carry out unpleasant tasks over the course of a week. Several computer tasks at Time 1 were also used to assess inhibitory control or the degree to which participants could inhibit prepotent responses. In addition to personality traits which purportedly moderate the intention-behaviour relation (e.g. trait procrastination), the moderating effects of habitual avoidance and inhibitory control were also tested. Trait-level procrastination did not weaken the effect of one’s intentions to carry out unpleasant tasks. However, habitual avoidance and inhibitory control jointly moderated the effect of intentions on behaviour such that poor inhibitors had difficulty overcoming previous avoidance habits in order to complete unpleasant tasks during the week. In contrast, good inhibitors were able to behave according to their intentions irrespective of habit-like avoidance patterns. These findings point to the importance of recognizing the joint influence of avoidance patterns and regulatory capacities involved in self-control when understanding procrastination behaviour.
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Faille, Flore [Verfasser]. "Illumination invariant interest point detection for vision based recognition tasks / Flore Faille." 2007. http://d-nb.info/985104597/34.
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"The Difference in Attributions of Success and Failure, Out-of- Class Engagement, and Predictions of Future Success of Middle School Band Students in Open and Closed Composition Tasks." Doctoral diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.24829.
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abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare perceptions of success and failure, attributions of success and failure, predictions of future success, and reports of out-of-class engagement in composition among middle school band students composing in open task conditions (n = 32) and closed task conditions (n = 31). Two intact band classes at the same middle school were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Both treatment groups composed music once a week for eight weeks during their regular band time. In Treatment A (n = 32), the open task group, students were told to compose music however they wished. In Treatment B (n = 31), the closed task group, students were given specific, structured composition assignments to complete each week. At the end of each session, students were asked to complete a Composing Diary in which they reported what they did each week. Their responses were coded for evidence of perceptions of success and failure as well as out-of-class engagement in composing. At the end of eight weeks, students were given three additional measures: the Music Attributions Survey to measure attributions of success and failure on 11 different subscales; the Future Success survey to measure students' predictions of future success; and the Out-of-Class Engagement Letter to measure students' engagement with composition outside of the classroom. Results indicated that students in the open task group and students in the closed task group behaved similarly. There were no significant differences between treatment groups in terms of perceptions of success or failure as composers, predictions of future success composing music, and reports of out-of-class engagement in composition. Students who felt they failed at composing made similar attributions for their failure in both treatment groups. Students who felt they succeeded also made similar attributions for their success in both treatment groups, with one exception. Successful students in the closed task group rated Peer Influence significantly higher than the successful students in the open task group. The findings of this study suggest that understanding individual student's attributions and offering a variety of composing tasks as part of music curricula may help educators meet students' needs.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Music Education 2014
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Hanson, Brian L. "The Spatial Relationship Between Septic System Failure and Environmental Factors in Washington Township, Marion County, Indiana." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/19510.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Underground septic systems thrive or fail based on the relationship with their local environment. This paper explores ways environmental variables such as soil type, tree roots, degree of slope, and impervious surfaces affect on-site wastewater treatment systems. It also discusses the effects each of these variables may have on a septic system, and the resulting impact a compromised system may have on the surrounding environment. This research focuses on an approximately 20 square mile area of central Washington Township in Marion County, Indiana. This area of central Indiana contains a large septic system owning population in a sampling of different environments such as wooded areas, hilly areas, and a variety of different soil types.