Journal articles: 'Task expectation'

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Ren, Yanna, Zhihan Xu, Fengxia Wu, Yoshimichi Ejima, Jiajia Yang, Satoshi Takahashi, Qiong Wu, and Jinglong Wu. "Does Temporal Expectation Driven by Rhythmic Cues Differ From That Driven by Symbolic Cues Across the Millisecond and Second Range?" Perception 48, no. 6 (May 2, 2019): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006619847579.

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Temporal expectation relies on different predictive information, such as regular rhythms and symbolic cues, to direct attention to a future moment in time to optimize behaviour. However, whether differences exist between temporal expectations driven by regular rhythms and symbolic cues has not been clearly established. In this study, 20 participants performed two temporal expectation tasks in which a rhythmic cue or a symbolic cue indicated (70% expected) that the target would appear after an interval of 500 ms (short), 1,500 ms (medium), or 2,500 ms (long). We found larger cueing effects for the rhythmic cued task than for the symbolic cued task during the short interval, indicating that rhythmic cues were more effective in improving performance. Furthermore, no significant difference was found during the longer interval, reflect that the behavioural differences between the two forms of temporal expectations were likely to diminish as the time interval increased. Thus, we speculate that the temporal expectation driven by rhythmic cues differs from that driven by symbolic cues only in the limited time range; however, the mechanisms underlying the two forms of temporal expectations trend to become more similar over increasing temporal scales.

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Jin, Wen, Anna C. Nobre, and Freek van Ede. "Temporal Expectations Prepare Visual Working Memory for Behavior." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 12 (December 2020): 2320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01626.

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Working memory enables us to retain past sensations in service of anticipated task demands. How we prepare for anticipated task demands during working memory retention remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of time—asking how temporal expectations help prepare for ensuing memory-guided behavior. We manipulated the expected probe time in a delayed change-detection task and report that temporal expectation can have a profound influence on memory-guided behavioral performance. EEG measurements corroborated the utilization of temporal expectations: demonstrating the involvement of a classic EEG signature of temporal expectation—the contingent negative variation—in the context of working memory. We also report the influence of temporal expectations on 2 EEG signatures associated with visual working memory—the lateralization of 8- to 12-Hz alpha activity, and the contralateral delay activity. We observed a dissociation between these signatures, whereby alpha lateralization (but not the contralateral delay activity) adapted to the time of expected memory utilization. These data show how temporal expectations prepare visual working memory for behavior and shed new light on the electrophysiological markers of both temporal expectation and working memory.

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Rimmele, Johanna, Hajnal Jolsvai, and Elyse Sussman. "Auditory Target Detection Is Affected by Implicit Temporal and Spatial Expectations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 5 (May 2011): 1136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21437.

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Mechanisms of implicit spatial and temporal orienting were investigated by using a moving auditory stimulus. Expectations were set up implicitly, using the information inherent in the movement of a sound, directing attention to a specific moment in time with respect to a specific location. There were four conditions of expectation: temporal and spatial expectation; temporal expectation only; spatial expectation only; and no expectation. Event-related brain potentials were recorded while participants performed a go/no-go task, set up by anticipation of the reappearance of a target tone through a white noise band. Results showed that (1) temporal expectations alone speeded reaction time and increased response accuracy; and (2) implicit temporal expectations alone independently enhanced target detection at early processing stages, prior to motor response. This was reflected at stages of perceptual analysis, indexed by P1 and N1 components, as well as in task-related stages indexed by N2; and (3) spatial expectations had an effect at later response-related processing stages but only in combination with temporal expectations, indexed by the P3 component. Thus, the results, in addition to indicating a primary role for temporal orienting in audition, suggest that multiple mechanisms of attention interact in different phases of auditory target detection. Our results are consistent with the view from vision research that spatial and temporal attentional control is based on the activity of partly overlapping, and partly functionally specialized neural networks.

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Wagner, David G., and Joseph Berger. "Gender and Interpersonal Task Behaviors: Status Expectation Accounts." Sociological Perspectives 40, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389491.

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In this paper we argue for the utility of status characteristics theory (Berger et al. 1977) in accounting for research concerned with gender differences in interpersonal task situations. We state and defend a basic status argument that differences in stereotypical gender task behaviors are a direct function of status differences or of attempts to cope with status differences. We show support for this argument in several areas of research: the influence, participation and performer evaluations of group members; their relative performance-reactor profiles; the relation of these behavioral profiles to the assignment of personality traits; the correlation of status position with the gender typing of tasks (i.e., male-identified, female-identified, or neutral); the relationship between gender status and salient information about other statuses; the role of expectations for rewards; and the emergence of mechanisms for coping with the implication of a low gender status position. We conclude that status characteristics theory can provide a set of interrelated explanations of the relationship of gender to interpersonal task behaviors.

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Rowe, James B., Doris Eckstein, Todd Braver, and Adrian M. Owen. "How Does Reward Expectation Influence Cognition in the Human Brain?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 11 (November 2008): 1980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20140.

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The prospect of reward changes how we think and behave. We investigated how this occurs in the brain using a novel continuous performance task in which fluctuating reward expectations biased cognitive processes between competing spatial and verbal tasks. Critically, effects of reward expectancy could be distinguished from induced changes in task-related networks. Behavioral data confirm specific bias toward a reward-relevant modality. Increased reward expectation improves reaction time and accuracy in the relevant dimension while reducing sensitivity to modulations of stimuli characteristics in the irrelevant dimension. Analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data shows that the proximity to reward over successive trials is associated with increased activity of the medial frontal cortex regardless of the modality. However, there are modality-specific changes in brain activity in the lateral frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex. Analysis of effective connectivity suggests that reward expectancy enhances coupling in both early visual pathways and within the prefrontal cortex. These distributed changes in task-related cortical networks arise from subjects' representations of future events and likelihood of reward.

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Rungratsameetaweemana, Nuttida, Sirawaj Itthipuripat, and John Serences. "Task-irrelevant contextual expectation impairs orientation discrimination performance." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.1013.

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Ma, Yuliang, Yinghua Han, Jinkuan Wang, and Qiang Zhao. "A Constrained Static Scheduling Strategy in Edge Computing for Industrial Cloud Systems." International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach 14, no. 1 (January 2021): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitsa.2021010103.

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With the development of industrial internet, attention has been paid for edge computing due to the low latency. However, some problems remain about the task scheduling and resource management. In this paper, an edge computing supported industrial cloud system is investigated. According to the system, a constrained static scheduling strategy is proposed to over the deficiency of dynamic scheduling. The strategy is divided into the following steps. Firstly, the queue theory is introduced to calculate the expectations of task completion time. Thereupon, the task scheduling and resource management problems are formulated and turned into an integer non-linear programming (INLP) problem. Then, tasks that can be scheduled statically are selected based on the expectation of task completion and constrains of various aspects of task. Finally, a multi-elites-based co-evolutionary genetic algorithm (MEB-CGA) is proposed to solve the INLP problem. Simulation result shows that the MEB-CGA significantly outperforms the scheduling quality of greedy algorithm.

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Tremblay, Léon, Jeffrey R. Hollerman, and Wolfram Schultz. "Modifications of Reward Expectation-Related Neuronal Activity During Learning in Primate Striatum." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): 964–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.964.

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Tremblay, Léon, Jeffrey R. Hollerman, and Wolfram Schultz. Modifications of reward expectation-related neuronal activity during learning in primate striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 964–977, 1998. This study investigated neuronal activity in the anterior striatum while monkeys repeatedly learned to associate new instruction stimuli with known behavioral reactions and reinforcers. In a delayed go-nogo task with several trial types, an initial picture instructed the animal to execute or withhold a reaching movement and to expect a liquid reward or not. During learning, new instruction pictures were presented, and animals guessed and performed one of the trial types according to a trial-and-error strategy. Learning of a large number of pictures resulted in a learning set in which learning took place in a few trials and correct performance exceeded 80% in the first 60–90 trials. About 200 task-related striatal neurons studied in both familiar and learning conditions showed three forms of changes during learning. Activations related to the preparation and execution of behavioral reactions and the expectation of reward were maintained in many neurons but occurred in inappropriate trial types when behavioral errors were made. The activations became appropriate for individual trial types when the animals' behavior adapted to the new task contingencies. In particular, reward expectation-related activations occurred initially in both rewarded and unrewarded movement trials and became subsequently restricted to rewarded trials. These changes occurred in parallel with the visible adaptation of reward expectations by the animals. The second learning change consisted in decreases of task-related activations that were either restricted to the initial trials of new learning problems or persisted during the subsequent consolidation phase. They probably reflected reductions in the expectation and preparation of upcoming task events, including reward. The third learning change consisted in transient or sustained increases of activations. These might reflect the increased attention accompanying learning and serve to induce synaptic changes underlying the behavioral adaptations. Both decreases and increases often induced changes in the trial selective occurrence of activations. In conclusion, neurons in anterior striatum showed changes related to adaptations or reductions of expectations in new task situations and displayed activations that might serve to induce structural changes during learning.

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Daneau, Catherine, Charles Tétreau, Thomas Deroche, Camille Mainville, Vincent Cantin, and Martin Descarreaux. "Impact of load expectations on neuromuscular and postural strategies during a freestyle lifting task in individuals with and without chronic low back pain." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): e0246791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246791.

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Objective This study aimed to investigate how load expectations modulate neuromuscular and postural strategies in the anticipation of a freestyle lifting task with varying expected loads in individuals with and without chronic low back pain (cLBP). Methods Forty-seven participants, 28 with cLBP pain and 19 without, were recruited and completed a series of freestyle lifting trials (3 sets of box lifted for a total of 36 lifts). Verbal cues were used to modulate their expectations about the boxes’ weight: no expectation, lighter or heavier load expectations. Following each set, participants rated their perceived exertion on a visual analog scale. During the lifting protocol, kinematics (time to maximal flexion, angular velocity and joint angles), electromyography muscle activity (erector spinae and quadriceps) and center of pressure displacement were simultaneously recorded. Results Results showed that time to maximal knee flexion was modulated by load expectations in both groups (mean lighter load expectations = 1.15 ± 0.32 sec.; mean heavier load expectations = 1.06 ± 0.31 sec.). Results also showed a load expectations X group interaction for that time to maximal hip and lumbar flexion. Time to maximal hip flexion decreased with heavier load expectations (mean lighter load expectations = 1.20 ± 0.36; mean heavier load expectations = 1.16 ± 0.33) for cLBP only. Time to maximal lumbar flexion increased with heavier load expectation (mean lighter load expectations = 1.41 ± 0.27 sec.; mean lighter load expectations = 1.46 ± 0.29 sec.) for participants without LBP. However, no difference in lumbar, hip nor knee angles were observed between groups or conditions. Results highlighted significant load expectation effects for erector spinae electromyography activity, as lower muscle activations was observed for both groups with heavier load expectations (mean = 0.32 ± 0.15), compared to lighter load expectations (mean = 0.52 ± 0.27). Force plates analyses did not reveal any significant load expectation effects. Conclusion Present findings showed that load expectations modulate movement strategies and muscle activation similarly but not identically in individuals with chronic low back pain and healthy adults during freestyle lifting. Results of the present study partially differ from previous studies and suggest only minor differences in lifting strategies between healthy individuals and individuals with cLBP experiencing low level of pain and disability. More studies are needed to investigate the potential role of load expectations in the development and persistence of chronic low back pain.

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Denessen, Eddie, Annelies Keller, Linda van den Bergh, and Paul van den Broek. "Do Teachers Treat Their Students Differently? An Observational Study on Teacher-Student Interactions as a Function of Teacher Expectations and Student Achievement." Education Research International 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2471956.

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Through classroom interactions, teachers provide their students with different opportunities to learn. Some kinds of interactions elicit more learning activities than others. With differential treatment of students, teachers may exacerbate or reduce achievement differences in their classroom. In addition, differential interactions may contribute to teacher expectation effects, with teachers treating their high-expectation students more favourably. This study investigated how differential teacher-student interactions are related to students’ mathematics achievement and teachers’ expectations. In eight fourth-grade classrooms in the Netherlands, interactions between teachers and students (N = 152) were observed in maths lessons. Data regarding teachers’ expectations about their students and mathematics achievement tests scores were collected. Analyses indicated that there were relations between teacher expectations and teachers’ classroom interactions. Teachers gave more direct turns and more directive feedback to their low-expectation students, who were also the students who performed low in maths. After controlling for actual achievement, it appeared that students for whom the expectations were lower than could be expected based on their performance received more direct turns and directive task-related feedback. These results point to the existence of teacher expectation effects.

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Dewi, Nurul Hasanah Uswati, Putri Wulanditya, Dian Oktarina, and Herwin Ardianto. "Banking sector lack detection: Expectation gap between auditors and bankers." Accounting 7, no. 6 (2021): 1353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.4.002.

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This study aims to identify the determinants of the expectation gap in fraud detection between internal auditors and bankers in Indonesia. The shift in the internal audit task in the banking sector can cause the hole in audit expectations to widen. This research uses qualitative methods with an interpretive paradigm which is rarely done by previous research. The results of interviews with internal audit work units and bank managers from 4 state-owned and private banks indicate a gap in audit expectations regarding the responsibilities between internal auditors and bankers, especially in carrying out the function of examining and detecting fraud. This study recommends the financial services authorities and bank leaders be able to improve education regarding anti-fraud policies to stakeholders, especially in terms of a clear division of tasks in fraud detection in the banking sector.

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Plessner, Henning. "Expectation Biases in Gymnastics Judging." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.21.2.131.

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Several studies have found that gymnasts’ placement in within-team order affects their scores (e.g., Scheer & Ansorge, 1975). This effect has been explained in terms of judges’ expectations yielding a cognitive confirmation. In the present study, the influence of expectations on gymnastics judging was conceptualized within the schema approach of social cognition research. Three factors are addressed that contribute to the understanding of the placement effect: task difficulty, social situation, and process stages. In an experiment, 48 gymnastics judges scored videotaped routines of a men’s team competition. Target routines appeared either in the first or the fifth position of within-team order. Depending on the difficulty of the judgment task, a significant placement effect was found. This effect resulted from biased encoding of single elements, as well as from heuristic judgment strategies. Results are discussed in reference to the practice of gymnastics judging.

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Körmendi, János, Eszter Ferentzi, and Ferenc Köteles. "Expectation predicts performance in the mental heartbeat tracking task." Biological Psychology 164 (September 2021): 108170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108170.

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Bianchi, Alison J., and Robert K. Shelly. "Sentiments as Status Processes? A Theoretical Reformulation from the Expectation States Tradition." Sociological Theory 38, no. 3 (September 2020): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735275120941176.

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Do the ties that bind also create social inequality? Using an expectation states theoretical framework, we elaborate status characteristics and behavior-status theories to explore how sentiments, network connections based on liking and disliking, may affect processes entailing status, the prestige based on one’s differentially valued social distinctions. Within task groups, we theorize that positive and negative sentiments may themselves be status elements capable of evoking performance expectations within dyadic configurations typically modeled by expectation states theorists. Having a reputation for being liked or disliked “imported” into the group may enact status generalization. Alternatively, a status element based on sentiments may emerge during task group interaction as group members ascertain if alters are liked or disliked. Finally, we conclude by discussing how our theorizing motivates future theories and empirical studies.

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Schevernels, Hanne, Ruth M. Krebs, Patrick Santens, Marty G. Woldorff, and C. Nicolas Boehler. "Task preparation processes related to reward prediction precede those related to task-difficulty expectation." NeuroImage 84 (January 2014): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.039.

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Oswal, A., Miriam Ogden, and R. H. S. Carpenter. "The Time Course of Stimulus Expectation in a Saccadic Decision Task." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 4 (April 2007): 2722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01238.2006.

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Because the time to respond to a stimulus depend markedly on expectation, measurements of reaction time can, conversely, provide information about the brain's estimate of the probability of a stimulus. Previous studies have shown that the quantitative relationship between reaction time and static, long-term expectation or prior probability can be explained economically by the LATER model of decision reaction time. What is not known, however, is how the neural representation of expectation changes in the short term, as a result of immediate cues. Here, we manipulate the foreperiod—the delay between the start of a trial and the appearance of the stimulus—to see how saccadic latency, and thus expectation, varies with different delays. It appears that LATER can provide a quantitative explanation of this relationship, in terms both of average latencies and of their statistical distribution. We also show that expectancy appears to be subject to a process of low-pass filtering, analogous to the spatial blur that degrades visual acuity.

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Perkins, Heidi Y., Andrew J. Waters, George P. Baum, and Karen M. Basen-Engquist. "Outcome Expectations, Expectancy Accessibility, and Exercise in Endometrial Cancer Survivors." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 31, no. 6 (December 2009): 776–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.6.776.

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Studies have shown that expectations about exercise outcomes are associated with exercise behavior. Outcome expectations can be assessed by self-report questionnaires, but a new method—the expectancy accessibility task—may convey unique information about outcome expectations that is less subject to respondent biases. This method involves measuring the reaction time to endorse or reject an outcome We examined the relationship of self-reported outcome expectations and expectancy accessibility tasks in a pilot study of sedentary endometrial cancer survivors (N = 20). After measuring outcome expectations and expectancy accessibility, participants were given an exercise program and asked to monitor exercise for 7 days using diaries and accelerometers. Analyses revealed no relationship between outcome expectation scores and exercise, but shorter response times to endorse positive exercise outcomes was related to more exercise in the next week (p = .02).

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Zuanazzi, Arianna, and Uta Noppeney. "The Intricate Interplay of Spatial Attention and Expectation: a Multisensory Perspective." Multisensory Research 33, no. 4-5 (March 17, 2020): 383–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20201482.

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Abstract Attention (i.e., task relevance) and expectation (i.e., signal probability) are two critical top-down mechanisms guiding perceptual inference. Attention prioritizes processing of information that is relevant for observers’ current goals. Prior expectations encode the statistical structure of the environment. Research to date has mostly conflated spatial attention and expectation. Most notably, the Posner cueing paradigm manipulates spatial attention using probabilistic cues that indicate where the subsequent stimulus is likely to be presented. Only recently have studies attempted to dissociate the mechanisms of attention and expectation and characterized their interactive (i.e., synergistic) or additive influences on perception. In this review, we will first discuss methodological challenges that are involved in dissociating the mechanisms of attention and expectation. Second, we will review research that was designed to dissociate attention and expectation in the unisensory domain. Third, we will review the broad field of crossmodal endogenous and exogenous spatial attention that investigates the impact of attention across the senses. This raises the critical question of whether attention relies on amodal or modality-specific mechanisms. Fourth, we will discuss recent studies investigating the role of both spatial attention and expectation in multisensory perception, where the brain constructs a representation of the environment based on multiple sensory inputs. We conclude that spatial attention and expectation are closely intertwined in almost all circumstances of everyday life. Yet, despite their intimate relationship, attention and expectation rely on partly distinct neural mechanisms: while attentional resources are mainly shared across the senses, expectations can be formed in a modality-specific fashion.

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Wei, Ping, Di Wang, and Liyan Ji. "Reward expectation regulates brain responses to task-relevant and task-irrelevant emotional words: ERP evidence." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (August 4, 2015): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv097.

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St. John-Saaltink, Elexa, Christian Utzerath, Peter Kok, Hakwan C. Lau, and Floris P. de Lange. "Expectation Suppression in Early Visual Cortex Depends on Task Set." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 22, 2015): e0131172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131172.

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Wei, Ping, and Guanlan Kang. "Task relevance regulates the interaction between reward expectation and emotion." Experimental Brain Research 232, no. 6 (February 20, 2014): 1783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-3870-8.

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Barnes, G. R., and C. J. S. Collins. "Evidence for a Link Between the Extra-Retinal Component of Random-Onset Pursuit and the Anticipatory Pursuit of Predictable Object Motion." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 2 (August 2008): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00060.2008.

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During pursuit of moving targets that temporarily disappear, residual smooth eye movements represent the internal (extra-retinal) component of pursuit. However, this response is dependent on expectation of target reappearance. By comparing responses with and without such expectation during early random-onset pursuit, we examined the temporal development of the extra-retinal component and compared it with anticipatory pursuit, another form of internally driven response. In an initial task (mid-ramp extinction), a moving, random-velocity target was initially visible for 100 or 150 ms but then extinguished for 600 ms before reappearing and continuing to move. Responses comprised an initial visually driven rapid rise in eye velocity, followed by a secondary slower increase during extinction. In a second task (short ramp), with identical initial target presentation but no expectation of target reappearance, the initial rapid rise in eye velocity was followed by decay toward zero. The expectation-dependent difference between responses to these tasks increased in velocity during extinction much more slowly than the initial, visually driven component. In a third task (initial extinction), the moving target was extinguished at motion onset but reappeared 600 ms later. Repetition of identical stimuli evoked anticipatory pursuit triggered by initial target offset. Temporal development and scaling of this anticipatory response, which was based on remembered velocity from prior stimuli, was remarkably similar to and covaried with the difference between mid-ramp extinction and short ramp tasks. Results suggest a common mechanism is responsible for anticipatory pursuit and the extra-retinal component of random-onset pursuit, a finding that is consistent with a previously developed model of pursuit.

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Gheorghe, Andreea, Oana Fodor, and Anișoara Pavelea. "Ups and downs on the roller coaster of task conflict: the role of group cognitive complexity, collective emotional intelligence and team creativity." Psihologia Resurselor Umane 18, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24837/pru.v18i1.459.

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This study explores the association between task conflict and team creativity and the role of group cognitive complexity (GCC) as a potential explanatory mechanism in a sample of 159 students organized in 49 groups. Moreover, we analyzed the moderating effect of collective emotional intelligence (CEI)in the relationship between task conflict and GCC.As hypothesized, we found that task conflict has a nonlinear relationship with GCC, but contrary to our expectations, it follows a U-shaped association, not an inversed U-shape. In addition,the moderating role of CEI was significant only at low levels. Contrary to our expectation, the mediating role of GCC did not receive empirical support. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.

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Simon, Alexander J., Jessica N. Schachtner, and Courtney L. Gallen. "Disentangling expectation from selective attention during perceptual decision making." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 1977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00639.2018.

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A large body of work has investigated the effects of attention and expectation on early sensory processing to support decision making. In a recent paper published in The Journal of Neuroscience, Rungratsameetaweemana et al. (Rungratsameetaweemana N, Itthipuripat S, Salazar A, Serences JT. J Neurosci 38: 5632–5648, 2018) found that expectations driven by implicitly learned task regularities do not modulate neural markers of early visual processing. Here, we discuss these findings and propose several lines of follow-up analyses and experiments that could expand on these findings in the broader perceptual decision making literature.

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Barquero, Beatriz, Elizabeth J. Robinson, and Glyn V. Thomas. "Children’s ability to attribute different interpretations of ambiguous drawings to a naive vs. a biased observer." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 5 (September 2003): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000064.

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In two experiments we investigated 5- to 7-year-olds’ ability to attribute to a naive or a biased observer an interpretation of ambiguous drawings (restricted views of a nondescript part of a depicted object) corresponding to that observer’s mental state: ignorance for the naive observer and expectation for the biased observer. In Experiment 1, in which the expectation was only based on the observer’s prior viewing experience, children mostly failed to infer a proper interpretation for both a biased and a naive observer; instead, they ascribed to this character an interpretation corresponding to the real identity of the target picture. In Experiment 2, in which the expectation was additionally based on a more stable characteristic of the observer, a high percentage of children succeeded in generating for the biased observer an interpretation according to that expectation. For the naive observer, children’s answers seemed to be at random. In addition, we used a replication of Gopnik and Astington’s “book” task (1988), obtaining different results. We conclude that children aged 5 to 7 years have a rudimentary understanding of the interpretive nature of external representations. Hence their varying performance on interpretive theory of mind tasks, depending on the details of the task or the context in which it is presented.

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Gallagher, Timothy J., Stanford W. Gregory, Alison J. Bianchi, Paul J. Hartung, and Sarah Harkness. "Examining Medical Interview Asymmetry Using the Expectation States Approach." Social Psychology Quarterly 68, no. 3 (September 2005): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250506800301.

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In this study we examine medical interview asymmetry using the expectation states approach. Physicians lead clinical interviews because of a feature inherent in those interviews, namely the status difference between doctor and patient. This power differential varies: it is greatest when the biomedical aspects of the interview are emphasized. These observations are consistent with status characteristics theory (SCT), which is based on the expectation states approach to understanding the emergence of power-prestige orders in groups facing shared tasks. From an SCT perspective, when the required scope conditions are met the status characteristics of doctor and patient trigger expectation states that result in inequalities relevant to the biomedical tasks of the interview. We examine interactions between medical students and standardized patients from the perspective of SCT. We observe the emergence of vocal spectrum inequalities when the interview task is biomedical. Other nonverbal behavioral outcomes emerge as well, which are consistent with the asymmetry literature.

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Ferreri, Nina, and Christopher B. Mayhorn. "Examining frustration and performance when priming user expectations and providing a technology malfunction." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641444.

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As digital technology develops, users create expectations for performance that may be violated when malfunctions occur. This project examined how priming expectations of technology performance (high v. low v. no) and experiences of technology malfunction (present v. not present) can influence feelings of frustration and performance on a task. A preliminary sample of 42 undergraduate participants completed a QR code scavenger hunt using the augmented reality mobile app, ARIS. Following the task, participants reported what they found for each scavenger hunt clue, their responses to failures in digital technology, and technology acceptance attitudes. Several factorial ANOVAs revealed a main effect for expectation on adaptive items of the RFDT scale and a main effect for malfunction on performance level. This suggests a potential contradiction between attitudes and behaviors when considering a common scenario involving technology.

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Nyhof, Melanie, and Justin Barrett. "Spreading Non-natural Concepts: The Role of Intuitive Conceptual Structures in Memory and Transmission of Cultural Materials." Journal of Cognition and Culture 1, no. 1 (2001): 69–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853701300063589.

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AbstractThe four experiments presented support Boyer's theory that counterintuitive concepts have transmission advantages that account for the commonness and ease of communicating many non-natural cultural concepts. In Experiment 1, 48 American college students recalled expectation-violating items from culturally unfamiliar folk stories better than more mundane items in the stories. In Experiment 2, 52 American college students in a modified serial reproduction task transmitted expectation-violating items in a written narrative more successfully than bizarre or common items. In Experiments 3 and 4, these findings were replicated with orally presented and transmitted stimuli, and found to persist even after three months. To sum, concepts with single expectation-violating features were more successfully transmitted than concepts that were entirely congruent with category-level expectations, even if they were highly unusual or bizarre. This transmission advantage for counterintuitive concepts may explain, in part, why such concepts are so prevalent across cultures and so readily spread.

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Takano, Yuji, Masatoshi Ukezono, Nobuaki Takahashi, and Naoyuki Hironaka. "Hippocampal theta rhythm related reward-expectation in operant lever-press task." Neuroscience Research 71 (September 2011): e371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1630.

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Maeda, Ryo, Takeshi Fukuoka, Yasutoshi Yoshioka, and Atsushi Harada. "Expectation for Smart Inverter & DERMS for Electric Power System Task." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 138, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.138.412.

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Ikeda, Toshiki, and Yuji Takeda. "Holding soft objects increases expectation and disappointment in the Cyberball task." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): e0215772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215772.

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Wong, Chui Yin, Rahimah Ibrahim, Tengku Aizan Hamid, and Evi Indriasari Mansor. "MISMATCH BETWEEN OLDER ADULTS’ EXPECTATION AND SMARTPHONE USER INTERFACE." MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjoc.v3i2.4889.

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Smartphones have become ubiquitous communication tools for everybody, including older adults to stay connected with their family and access to information. However, mobile operators and developers mainly target the youngster cohort in mobile industry. With the rising ageing population, smartphone user interface and some mobile apps are not designed to cater the needs of older adults. This could hinder them from fully utilizing the smartphone functions and its services. A mobile-user interaction study using mixed-methods (questionnaire, interview and observation) was conducted to examine usability and user interface design issues of smartphone and mobile apps among 80 older adults in Malaysia. Four tasks design were ‘making voice calls’, ‘using phonebook’, ‘installing a mobile app from Google Play Store’, and ‘using WhatsApp’. The results were analysed both quantitatively (for usability evaluation) and qualitatively (for interviews and observation). The usability result revealed that the ‘voice call’ task had the highest success task completion rate (83.44%), followed by ‘phonebook’ (70.16%), ‘mobile app download’ (63.13%) and ‘using WhatsApp’ (60.42%). Three themes were emerged from the qualitative thematic analysis, which showed a mismatch between older adults’ expectation and smartphone user interface. A majority had never downloaded a mobile app before, and they had problems downloading it from Play Store. They perceived the Play Store feature as a place for children playing games. To close the discrepancy between user expectation and mobile design, the mobile designers and developers are required to consider the older adults’ needs for better usability of smartphone user interface design

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Bubic, Andreja, D. Yves von Cramon, Thomas Jacobsen, Erich Schröger, and Ricarda I. Schubotz. "Violation of Expectation: Neural Correlates Reflect Bases of Prediction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21013.

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Setting perceptual expectations can be based on different sources of information that determine which functional networks will be involved in implementing preparatory top–down influences and dealing with situations in which expectations are violated. The goal of the present study was to investigate and directly compare brain activations triggered by violating expectations within two different task contexts. In the serial prediction task, participants monitored ordered perceptual sequences for predefined sequential deviants. In contrast, the target detection task entailed a presentation of stimuli which had to be monitored for predefined nonsequential deviants. Detection of sequential deviants triggered an increase of activity in premotor and cerebellar components of the “standard” sequencing network and activations in additional frontal areas initially not involved in sequencing. This pattern of activity reflects the detection of a mismatch between the expected and presented stimuli, updating of the underlying sequence representation (i.e., forward model), and elaboration of the violation. In contrast, target detection elicited activations in posterior temporal and parietal areas, reflecting an increase in perceptual processing evoked by the nonsequential deviant. The obtained results suggest that distinct functional networks involved in detecting deviants in different contexts reflect the origin and the nature of expectations being violated.

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Momen, Nausheen, and William E. Merriman. "Two-year-olds' expectation that lexical gaps will be filled." First Language 22, no. 3 (October 2002): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272370202206601.

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Children tend to select unfamiliar rather than familiar kinds as the referents of novel names. This tendency has been hypothesized by some to derive from an expectation that unfamiliar kinds will be labelled. In Study 1, two-year-olds (N = 16) showed little evidence of such an expectation when they had to decide whether a visible picture of an unfamiliar object or a depicted object concealed in a box was the referent of a novel name. They tended to check the box before making a selection. This test was preceded by two tasks, the first requiring the same type of decision about familiar names and the second highlighting the status of unfamiliar objects as ‘new kinds of things’. In Study 2 (N = 16), the latter task was replaced by one in which toddlers had to decide whether unfamiliar kinds were more likely than familiar kinds to be the referents of novel names. After this experience, participants showed a moderately strong expectation that unfamiliar kinds would be labelled. In Study 3 (N = 60) this finding was replicated. In two other conditions, the task that preceded the test was replaced with direct teaching of novel names for unfamiliar kinds. These groups showed little expectation that lexical gaps would be filled. Although results are compatible with a restricted form of the lexical gap filling hypothesis, they do not support the broad form that has been advanced by some theorists.

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Vassena, Eliana, James Deraeve, and William H. Alexander. "Predicting Motivation: Computational Models of PFC Can Explain Neural Coding of Motivation and Effort-based Decision-making in Health and Disease." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 10 (October 2017): 1633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01160.

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Human behavior is strongly driven by the pursuit of rewards. In daily life, however, benefits mostly come at a cost, often requiring that effort be exerted to obtain potential benefits. Medial PFC (MPFC) and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) are frequently implicated in the expectation of effortful control, showing increased activity as a function of predicted task difficulty. Such activity partially overlaps with expectation of reward and has been observed both during decision-making and during task preparation. Recently, novel computational frameworks have been developed to explain activity in these regions during cognitive control, based on the principle of prediction and prediction error (predicted response–outcome [PRO] model [Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. Medial prefrontal cortex as an action-outcome predictor. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 1338–1344, 2011], hierarchical error representation [HER] model [Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. Hierarchical error representation: A computational model of anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neural Computation, 27, 2354–2410, 2015]). Despite the broad explanatory power of these models, it is not clear whether they can also accommodate effects related to the expectation of effort observed in MPFC and DLPFC. Here, we propose a translation of these computational frameworks to the domain of effort-based behavior. First, we discuss how the PRO model, based on prediction error, can explain effort-related activity in MPFC, by reframing effort-based behavior in a predictive context. We propose that MPFC activity reflects monitoring of motivationally relevant variables (such as effort and reward), by coding expectations and discrepancies from such expectations. Moreover, we derive behavioral and neural model-based predictions for healthy controls and clinical populations with impairments of motivation. Second, we illustrate the possible translation to effort-based behavior of the HER model, an extended version of PRO model based on hierarchical error prediction, developed to explain MPFC–DLPFC interactions. We derive behavioral predictions that describe how effort and reward information is coded in PFC and how changing the configuration of such environmental information might affect decision-making and task performance involving motivation.

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Kimura, Tsukasa, and Jun’ichi Katayama. "Expectation of subsequent events by task irrelevant information: The approach of visual stimuli influences expectations of somatosensory events." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): L—009—L—009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_l-009.

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Kok, Peter, Pim Mostert, and Floris P. de Lange. "Prior expectations induce prestimulus sensory templates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 39 (September 12, 2017): 10473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705652114.

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Perception can be described as a process of inference, integrating bottom-up sensory inputs and top-down expectations. However, it is unclear how this process is neurally implemented. It has been proposed that expectations lead to prestimulus baseline increases in sensory neurons tuned to the expected stimulus, which in turn, affect the processing of subsequent stimuli. Recent fMRI studies have revealed stimulus-specific patterns of activation in sensory cortex as a result of expectation, but this method lacks the temporal resolution necessary to distinguish pre- from poststimulus processes. Here, we combined human magnetoencephalography (MEG) with multivariate decoding techniques to probe the representational content of neural signals in a time-resolved manner. We observed a representation of expected stimuli in the neural signal shortly before they were presented, showing that expectations indeed induce a preactivation of stimulus templates. The strength of these prestimulus expectation templates correlated with participants’ behavioral improvement when the expected feature was task-relevant. These results suggest a mechanism for how predictive perception can be neurally implemented.

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Hung, Ming-Chien, Paul C. Talley, Kuang-Ming Kuo, and Mai-Lun Chiu. "Exploring Cloud-Based Bookstore Continuance from a Deconstructed Task–Technology Fit Perspective." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16030023.

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In an effort to help organizations understand consumers, our study deconstructs task–technology fit into two segments: ideal task–technology fit and individual use context–technology fit. Users’ continuous use of cloud-based bookstores is studied through survey methodology to collect consumer experience data related to the use of such cloud-based bookstores. In total, 185 samples were collected. Analytical results demonstrated that both ideal task–technology fit and individual use context–technology fit were significantly associated with the confirmation of users’ expectations as related to cloud-based bookstores. Expectation confirmation and ideal task–technology fit also have a significant link to users’ perceived usefulness and satisfaction, respectively. Furthermore, perceived usefulness significantly predicts satisfaction. Finally, perceived usefulness and satisfaction are also significantly associated with a users’ continuous use of cloud-based bookstores. As a result of this study’s findings, system administrators may foster suitable strategies for an improvement of users’ continuous use of cloud-based bookstores.

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de Oliveira, Simone Cardoso, Alexander Thiele, and Klaus-Peter Hoffmann. "Synchronization of Neuronal Activity during Stimulus Expectation in a Direction Discrimination Task." Journal of Neuroscience 17, no. 23 (December 1, 1997): 9248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.17-23-09248.1997.

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Croft, Jazz, Jon Heron, Christoph Teufel, Rick Adams, Anthony David, Paul Fletcher, David Linden, and Stanley Zammit. "O6.5. JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS ABOUT DECISION NOISE? A COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BELIEF UPDATING AND PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS IN A LARGE UK BIRTH COHORT." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.034.

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Abstract Background A number of studies show that people with psychotic disorders have abnormal belief-updating processes. In a commonly-used decision-making task, the beads task, participants infer which of two jars, each with a different ratio of coloured beads, a presented bead is drawn from, with an option to request further beads before reaching a decision. Previous studies suggest that people with psychotic symptoms request fewer beads (draws to decision; DTD) indicative of a ‘Jumping to conclusion’ (JTC) bias. In a modified version of this task, participants estimate the probability that beads have been drawn from one of the two jars on a sliding scale over a sequence of beads and are also told that the jar the beads are drawn from may switch. In this task, people with psychotic symptoms revise their estimations disproportionately in response to a change in colour of beads in a sequence (overadjustment bias). It is not clear what specific belief-updating processes drive these biases, how they arise, or if their association with psychotic symptoms is independent of confounding. We examined whether abnormal belief-updating processes are associated with psychotic experiences in a large, population-based sample, and whether they mediate the association between trauma and psychotic symptoms. Methods We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort (n=2,879). Past-year frequent or distressing psychotic experiences (PEs) were assessed using the semi-structured PLIKS interview at age 24. Performance on the DTD and probability estimation tasks at age 24 were assessed using behavioural indices and computational modelling parameters (using ‘costed Bayesian’ and Hidden Markov Models respectively). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between belief-updating parameters (DTD task: cost of sampling, decision noise; Probability estimation task: adjustment rate, inference length, decision confidence, prior expectation of reversal, decision noise) and PEs. Estimates were adjusted for confounders (genetic risk for schizophrenia, socio-economic status, cognitive function). Mediation analysis tested abnormal belief-updating processes as a mediator between exposure to trauma (assessed ages 0–17 years) and age-24 PEs. Results In the DTD task, increased decision noise was associated with PEs (adjusted OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.14, 3.13, p=0.014). There was little evidence of an association between the JTC bias and PEs (OR= 1.13; 95% CI: 0.45, 2.82). For the probability estimation task, there was an association between a higher prior expectation that the jars that will switch during the sequence (expectation of reversal) and PEs (adjusted OR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.39, 3.74, p=0.001). Our findings were minimally attenuated by confounding (<10%). Exposure to trauma was also associated with greater decision noise in the DTD task, but there was little evidence that this abnormal belief-updating parameter mediated the relationship between trauma and PEs (<1% mediated). Discussion Our results suggest that abnormal belief-updating processes (increased decision noise; greater prior expectation of reversal) are associated with PEs, and that this is not explained by general cognitive ability, shared genetic risk, or social background. Previous observations of association between the JTC bias and psychosis may be due to sub-optimal performance rather than a bias for making a decision on less evidence. The results also suggest that an increased expectation of change is associated with the early stages of psychosis symptom development. Our mediation result does not support the hypothesis that the belief-updating processes examined here lie on the causal pathway between trauma exposure and PEs.

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Sun, Yunfeng, Yinling Zhang, Ning He, Xufeng Liu, and Danmin Miao. "Caffeine and Placebo Expectation." Journal of Psychophysiology 21, no. 2 (January 2007): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.21.2.91.

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Abstract. Caffeine placebo expectation seems to improve vigilance and cognitive performance. This study investigated the effect of caffeine and placebo expectation on vigilance and cognitive performance during 28 h sleep deprivation. Ten healthy males volunteered to take part in the double-blind, cross-over study, which required participants to complete five treatment periods of 28 h separated by 1-week wash-out intervals. The treatments were no substance (Control); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 (C200); placebo 200 mg at 00:00 (P200); twice caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and 04:00 (C200-C200); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and placebo 200 mg at 04:00 (C200-P200). Participants were told that all capsules were caffeine and given information about the effects of caffeine to increase expectation. Vigilance was assessed by a three-letter cancellation test, cognitive functions by the continuous addition test and Stroop test, and cardiovascular regulation by heart rate and blood pressure. Tests were performed bihourly from 00:00 to 10:00 of the second day. Results indicated that C200-P200 and C200-C200 were more alert (p < .05) than Control and P200. Their cognitive functions were higher (p < .05) than Control and P200. Also, C200-P200 scored higher than C200 in the letter cancellation task (p < .05). No test showed any significant differences between C200-P200 and C200-C200. The results demonstrated that the combination of caffeine 200 mg and placebo 200 mg expectation exerted prolonged positive effects on vigilance and cognitive performance.

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FLETCHER, P. C. "Functional neuroimaging of psychiatric disorders: exploring hidden behaviour." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 4 (April 21, 2004): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002430.

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From the outset, people have had high expectations of functional neuroimaging. Many will have been disappointed. After roughly a decade of widespread use, even an enthusiastic advocate must be diffident about the impact of the two most frequently used techniques – positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) – upon clinical psychiatry. Perhaps this disappointment arises from an unrealistic expectation of what these techniques are able to tell us about the workings of the normal and the disordered brain. Anyone who hoped for intricate and unambiguous region-to-function mapping was always going to be disappointed. This expectation presupposes, among other things, a thorough understanding of the cognitive functions that are to be mapped onto the brain regions. This understanding, however, while developing, is still rudimentary. Mapping disorder along comparable lines is even more complex since it demands two levels of understanding. The first is of the healthy region-to-function mapping, the second of the disordered region-to-function mapping, which immediately demands a consideration of the nature of the function in the disordered state. After all, someone with schizophrenia, when confronted with a psychological task, might tackle it in a very different way, in terms of the cognitive strategies used, from a healthy person confronted with the same task. The observation that brain activity differs across the two individuals would only be interpretable insofar as one thoroughly understood the processes that each individual invoked in response to the task demands.

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Weis, Tina, André Brechmann, Sebastian Puschmann, and Christiane M. Thiel. "Feedback that confirms reward expectation triggers auditory cortex activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2013): 1860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00128.2013.

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Associative learning studies have shown that the anticipation of reward and punishment shapes the representation of sensory stimuli, which is further modulated by dopamine. Less is known about whether and how reward delivery activates sensory cortices and the role of dopamine at that time point of learning. We used an appetitive instrumental learning task in which participants had to learn that a specific class of frequency-modulated tones predicted a monetary reward following fast and correct responses in a succeeding reaction time task. These fMRI data were previously analyzed regarding the effect of reward anticipation, but here we focused on neural activity to the reward outcome relative to the reward expectation and tested whether such activation in the reward reception phase is modulated by l-DOPA. We analyzed neural responses at the time point of reward outcome under three different conditions: 1) when a reward was expected and received, 2) when a reward was expected but not received, and 3) when a reward was not expected and not received. Neural activity in auditory cortex was enhanced during feedback delivery either when an expected reward was received or when the expectation of obtaining no reward was correct. This differential neural activity in auditory cortex was only seen in subjects who learned the reward association and not under dopaminergic modulation. Our data provide evidence that auditory cortices are active at the time point of reward outcome. However, responses are not dependent on the reward itself but on whether the outcome confirmed the subject's expectations.

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Melamed, David, Will Kalkhoff, Siqi Han, and Xiangrui Li. "The Neural Bases of Status-Based Influence." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3 (January 1, 2017): 237802311770969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023117709695.

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Status characteristics theory provides a theoretical explanation for why social status promotes social influence in collectively oriented task groups. It argues that status differences produce differences in expectation states, which are anticipations of task-related contributions. Those with an expectation advantage are more influential, contribute more often to group discussions, and so on. The authors conducted the first experimental test of status characteristics theory while participants were in a magnetic resonance imaging machine. This permitted the measurement of neural activity in brain regions found to be associated with processing social status. The results indicate that neural activity does not explain the effect of status on behavior.

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Elijah, Ruth B., Mike E. Le Pelley, and Thomas J. Whitford. "Act Now, Play Later: Temporal Expectations Regarding the Onset of Self-initiated Sensations Can Be Modified with Behavioral Training." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 8 (August 2018): 1145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01269.

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Mechanisms of motor-sensory prediction are dependent on expectations regarding when self-generated feedback will occur. Existing behavioral and electrophysiological research suggests that we have a default expectation for immediate sensory feedback after executing an action. However, studies investigating the adaptability of this temporal expectation have been limited in their ability to differentiate modified expectations per se from effects of stimulus repetition. Here, we use a novel, within-participant procedure that allowed us to disentangle the effect of repetition from expectation and allowed us to determine whether the default assumption for immediate feedback is fixed and resistant to modification or is amenable to change with experience. While EEG was recorded, 45 participants completed a task in which they repeatedly pressed a button to produce a tone that occurred immediately after the button press (immediate training) or after a 100-msec delay (delayed training). The results revealed significant differences in the patterns of cortical change across the two training conditions. Specifically, there was a significant reduction in the cortical response to tones across delayed training blocks but no significant change across immediate training blocks. Furthermore, experience with delayed training did not result in increased cortical activity in response to immediate feedback. These findings suggest that experience with action–sensation delays broadens the window of temporal expectations, allowing for the simultaneous anticipation of both delayed and immediate motor-sensory feedback. This research provides insights into the mechanisms underlying motor-sensory prediction and may represent a novel therapeutic avenue for psychotic symptoms, which are ostensibly associated with sensory prediction abnormalities.

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Premereur, Elsie, Wim Vanduffel, and Peter Janssen. "Local Field Potential Activity Associated with Temporal Expectations in the Macaque Lateral Intraparietal Area." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 6 (June 2012): 1314–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00221.

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Oscillatory brain activity is attracting increasing interest in cognitive neuroscience. Numerous EEG (magnetoencephalography) and local field potential (LFP) measurements have related cognitive functions to different types of brain oscillations, but the functional significance of these rhythms remains poorly understood. Despite its proven value, LFP activity has not been extensively tested in the macaque lateral intraparietal area (LIP), which has been implicated in a wide variety of cognitive control processes. We recorded action potentials and LFPs in area LIP during delayed eye movement tasks and during a passive fixation task, in which the time schedule was fixed so that temporal expectations about task-relevant cues could be formed. LFP responses in the gamma band discriminated reliably between saccade targets and distractors inside the receptive field (RF). Alpha and beta responses were much less strongly affected by the presence of a saccade target, however, but rose sharply in the waiting period before the go signal. Surprisingly, conditions without visual stimulation of the LIP-RF-evoked robust LFP responses in every frequency band—most prominently in those below 50 Hz—precisely time-locked to the expected time of stimulus onset in the RF. These results indicate that in area LIP, oscillations in the LFP, which reflect synaptic input and local network activity, are tightly coupled to the temporal expectation of task-relevant cues.

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Kalkhoff, Will, David Melamed, Josh Pollock, Brennan Miller, Jon Overton, and Matthew Pfeiffer. "Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519868988.

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A fundamental task for sociology is to uncover the mechanisms that produce and reproduce social inequalities. While status characteristics theory is the favored account of how social status contributes independently to the maintenance of inequality, it hinges on an unobserved construct, expectation states, in the middle of the causal chain between status and behavior. Efforts to test the mediation mechanism have been complicated by the implicit, often unconscious, nature of status expectations. To solve this “black box” problem, we offer a new conceptualization and research approach that capitalizes on the accuracy and precision of neurological measurement to shed new light on the biasing role of expectations in the status–behavior relationship. Results from an experimental study provide a unique illustration of ways in which social status is inscribed in the brain and how, in turn, these inscriptions are related to behavioral inequalities that emerge during interaction.

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Kubota, Yasuo, Jun Liu, Dan Hu, William E. DeCoteau, Uri T. Eden, Anne C. Smith, and Ann M. Graybiel. "Stable Encoding of Task Structure Coexists With Flexible Coding of Task Events in Sensorimotor Striatum." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 2142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00522.2009.

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The sensorimotor striatum, as part of the brain's habit circuitry, has been suggested to store fixed action values as a result of stimulus-response learning and has been contrasted with a more flexible system that conditionally assigns values to behaviors. The stability of neural activity in the sensorimotor striatum is thought to underlie not only normal habits but also addiction and clinical syndromes characterized by behavioral fixity. By recording in the sensorimotor striatum of mice, we asked whether neuronal activity acquired during procedural learning would be stable even if the sensory stimuli triggering the habitual behavior were altered. Contrary to expectation, both fixed and flexible activity patterns appeared. One, representing the global structure of the acquired behavior, was stable across changes in task cuing. The second, a fine-grain representation of task events, adjusted rapidly. Such dual forms of representation may be critical to allow motor and cognitive flexibility despite habitual performance.

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Aguiar, Andréa, and Renée Baillargeon. "Perseverative responding in a violation-of-expectation task in 6.5-month-old infants." Cognition 88, no. 3 (July 2003): 277–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00044-1.

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Carri??n, Ricardo Estevan, and Benjamin Martin Bly. "Event-related potential markers of expectation violation in an artificial grammar learning task." NeuroReport 18, no. 2 (January 2007): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e328011b8ae.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Task expectation'

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