Academic literature on the topic 'Task expectation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Task expectation"
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Ren, Yanna, Zhihan Xu, Fengxia Wu, Yoshimichi Ejima, Jiajia Yang, Satoshi Takahashi, Qiong Wu, and Jinglong Wu. "Does Temporal Expectation Driven by Rhythmic Cues Differ From That Driven by Symbolic Cues Across the Millisecond and Second Range?" Perception 48, no. 6 (May 2, 2019): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006619847579.
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Temporal expectation relies on different predictive information, such as regular rhythms and symbolic cues, to direct attention to a future moment in time to optimize behaviour. However, whether differences exist between temporal expectations driven by regular rhythms and symbolic cues has not been clearly established. In this study, 20 participants performed two temporal expectation tasks in which a rhythmic cue or a symbolic cue indicated (70% expected) that the target would appear after an interval of 500 ms (short), 1,500 ms (medium), or 2,500 ms (long). We found larger cueing effects for the rhythmic cued task than for the symbolic cued task during the short interval, indicating that rhythmic cues were more effective in improving performance. Furthermore, no significant difference was found during the longer interval, reflect that the behavioural differences between the two forms of temporal expectations were likely to diminish as the time interval increased. Thus, we speculate that the temporal expectation driven by rhythmic cues differs from that driven by symbolic cues only in the limited time range; however, the mechanisms underlying the two forms of temporal expectations trend to become more similar over increasing temporal scales.
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Jin, Wen, Anna C. Nobre, and Freek van Ede. "Temporal Expectations Prepare Visual Working Memory for Behavior." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 12 (December 2020): 2320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01626.
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Working memory enables us to retain past sensations in service of anticipated task demands. How we prepare for anticipated task demands during working memory retention remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of time—asking how temporal expectations help prepare for ensuing memory-guided behavior. We manipulated the expected probe time in a delayed change-detection task and report that temporal expectation can have a profound influence on memory-guided behavioral performance. EEG measurements corroborated the utilization of temporal expectations: demonstrating the involvement of a classic EEG signature of temporal expectation—the contingent negative variation—in the context of working memory. We also report the influence of temporal expectations on 2 EEG signatures associated with visual working memory—the lateralization of 8- to 12-Hz alpha activity, and the contralateral delay activity. We observed a dissociation between these signatures, whereby alpha lateralization (but not the contralateral delay activity) adapted to the time of expected memory utilization. These data show how temporal expectations prepare visual working memory for behavior and shed new light on the electrophysiological markers of both temporal expectation and working memory.
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Rimmele, Johanna, Hajnal Jolsvai, and Elyse Sussman. "Auditory Target Detection Is Affected by Implicit Temporal and Spatial Expectations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 5 (May 2011): 1136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21437.
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Mechanisms of implicit spatial and temporal orienting were investigated by using a moving auditory stimulus. Expectations were set up implicitly, using the information inherent in the movement of a sound, directing attention to a specific moment in time with respect to a specific location. There were four conditions of expectation: temporal and spatial expectation; temporal expectation only; spatial expectation only; and no expectation. Event-related brain potentials were recorded while participants performed a go/no-go task, set up by anticipation of the reappearance of a target tone through a white noise band. Results showed that (1) temporal expectations alone speeded reaction time and increased response accuracy; and (2) implicit temporal expectations alone independently enhanced target detection at early processing stages, prior to motor response. This was reflected at stages of perceptual analysis, indexed by P1 and N1 components, as well as in task-related stages indexed by N2; and (3) spatial expectations had an effect at later response-related processing stages but only in combination with temporal expectations, indexed by the P3 component. Thus, the results, in addition to indicating a primary role for temporal orienting in audition, suggest that multiple mechanisms of attention interact in different phases of auditory target detection. Our results are consistent with the view from vision research that spatial and temporal attentional control is based on the activity of partly overlapping, and partly functionally specialized neural networks.
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Wagner, David G., and Joseph Berger. "Gender and Interpersonal Task Behaviors: Status Expectation Accounts." Sociological Perspectives 40, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389491.
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In this paper we argue for the utility of status characteristics theory (Berger et al. 1977) in accounting for research concerned with gender differences in interpersonal task situations. We state and defend a basic status argument that differences in stereotypical gender task behaviors are a direct function of status differences or of attempts to cope with status differences. We show support for this argument in several areas of research: the influence, participation and performer evaluations of group members; their relative performance-reactor profiles; the relation of these behavioral profiles to the assignment of personality traits; the correlation of status position with the gender typing of tasks (i.e., male-identified, female-identified, or neutral); the relationship between gender status and salient information about other statuses; the role of expectations for rewards; and the emergence of mechanisms for coping with the implication of a low gender status position. We conclude that status characteristics theory can provide a set of interrelated explanations of the relationship of gender to interpersonal task behaviors.
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Rowe, James B., Doris Eckstein, Todd Braver, and Adrian M. Owen. "How Does Reward Expectation Influence Cognition in the Human Brain?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 11 (November 2008): 1980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20140.
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The prospect of reward changes how we think and behave. We investigated how this occurs in the brain using a novel continuous performance task in which fluctuating reward expectations biased cognitive processes between competing spatial and verbal tasks. Critically, effects of reward expectancy could be distinguished from induced changes in task-related networks. Behavioral data confirm specific bias toward a reward-relevant modality. Increased reward expectation improves reaction time and accuracy in the relevant dimension while reducing sensitivity to modulations of stimuli characteristics in the irrelevant dimension. Analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data shows that the proximity to reward over successive trials is associated with increased activity of the medial frontal cortex regardless of the modality. However, there are modality-specific changes in brain activity in the lateral frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex. Analysis of effective connectivity suggests that reward expectancy enhances coupling in both early visual pathways and within the prefrontal cortex. These distributed changes in task-related cortical networks arise from subjects' representations of future events and likelihood of reward.
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Rungratsameetaweemana, Nuttida, Sirawaj Itthipuripat, and John Serences. "Task-irrelevant contextual expectation impairs orientation discrimination performance." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.1013.
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Ma, Yuliang, Yinghua Han, Jinkuan Wang, and Qiang Zhao. "A Constrained Static Scheduling Strategy in Edge Computing for Industrial Cloud Systems." International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach 14, no. 1 (January 2021): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitsa.2021010103.
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With the development of industrial internet, attention has been paid for edge computing due to the low latency. However, some problems remain about the task scheduling and resource management. In this paper, an edge computing supported industrial cloud system is investigated. According to the system, a constrained static scheduling strategy is proposed to over the deficiency of dynamic scheduling. The strategy is divided into the following steps. Firstly, the queue theory is introduced to calculate the expectations of task completion time. Thereupon, the task scheduling and resource management problems are formulated and turned into an integer non-linear programming (INLP) problem. Then, tasks that can be scheduled statically are selected based on the expectation of task completion and constrains of various aspects of task. Finally, a multi-elites-based co-evolutionary genetic algorithm (MEB-CGA) is proposed to solve the INLP problem. Simulation result shows that the MEB-CGA significantly outperforms the scheduling quality of greedy algorithm.
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Tremblay, Léon, Jeffrey R. Hollerman, and Wolfram Schultz. "Modifications of Reward Expectation-Related Neuronal Activity During Learning in Primate Striatum." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): 964–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.964.
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Tremblay, Léon, Jeffrey R. Hollerman, and Wolfram Schultz. Modifications of reward expectation-related neuronal activity during learning in primate striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 964–977, 1998. This study investigated neuronal activity in the anterior striatum while monkeys repeatedly learned to associate new instruction stimuli with known behavioral reactions and reinforcers. In a delayed go-nogo task with several trial types, an initial picture instructed the animal to execute or withhold a reaching movement and to expect a liquid reward or not. During learning, new instruction pictures were presented, and animals guessed and performed one of the trial types according to a trial-and-error strategy. Learning of a large number of pictures resulted in a learning set in which learning took place in a few trials and correct performance exceeded 80% in the first 60–90 trials. About 200 task-related striatal neurons studied in both familiar and learning conditions showed three forms of changes during learning. Activations related to the preparation and execution of behavioral reactions and the expectation of reward were maintained in many neurons but occurred in inappropriate trial types when behavioral errors were made. The activations became appropriate for individual trial types when the animals' behavior adapted to the new task contingencies. In particular, reward expectation-related activations occurred initially in both rewarded and unrewarded movement trials and became subsequently restricted to rewarded trials. These changes occurred in parallel with the visible adaptation of reward expectations by the animals. The second learning change consisted in decreases of task-related activations that were either restricted to the initial trials of new learning problems or persisted during the subsequent consolidation phase. They probably reflected reductions in the expectation and preparation of upcoming task events, including reward. The third learning change consisted in transient or sustained increases of activations. These might reflect the increased attention accompanying learning and serve to induce synaptic changes underlying the behavioral adaptations. Both decreases and increases often induced changes in the trial selective occurrence of activations. In conclusion, neurons in anterior striatum showed changes related to adaptations or reductions of expectations in new task situations and displayed activations that might serve to induce structural changes during learning.
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Daneau, Catherine, Charles Tétreau, Thomas Deroche, Camille Mainville, Vincent Cantin, and Martin Descarreaux. "Impact of load expectations on neuromuscular and postural strategies during a freestyle lifting task in individuals with and without chronic low back pain." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): e0246791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246791.
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Objective This study aimed to investigate how load expectations modulate neuromuscular and postural strategies in the anticipation of a freestyle lifting task with varying expected loads in individuals with and without chronic low back pain (cLBP). Methods Forty-seven participants, 28 with cLBP pain and 19 without, were recruited and completed a series of freestyle lifting trials (3 sets of box lifted for a total of 36 lifts). Verbal cues were used to modulate their expectations about the boxes’ weight: no expectation, lighter or heavier load expectations. Following each set, participants rated their perceived exertion on a visual analog scale. During the lifting protocol, kinematics (time to maximal flexion, angular velocity and joint angles), electromyography muscle activity (erector spinae and quadriceps) and center of pressure displacement were simultaneously recorded. Results Results showed that time to maximal knee flexion was modulated by load expectations in both groups (mean lighter load expectations = 1.15 ± 0.32 sec.; mean heavier load expectations = 1.06 ± 0.31 sec.). Results also showed a load expectations X group interaction for that time to maximal hip and lumbar flexion. Time to maximal hip flexion decreased with heavier load expectations (mean lighter load expectations = 1.20 ± 0.36; mean heavier load expectations = 1.16 ± 0.33) for cLBP only. Time to maximal lumbar flexion increased with heavier load expectation (mean lighter load expectations = 1.41 ± 0.27 sec.; mean lighter load expectations = 1.46 ± 0.29 sec.) for participants without LBP. However, no difference in lumbar, hip nor knee angles were observed between groups or conditions. Results highlighted significant load expectation effects for erector spinae electromyography activity, as lower muscle activations was observed for both groups with heavier load expectations (mean = 0.32 ± 0.15), compared to lighter load expectations (mean = 0.52 ± 0.27). Force plates analyses did not reveal any significant load expectation effects. Conclusion Present findings showed that load expectations modulate movement strategies and muscle activation similarly but not identically in individuals with chronic low back pain and healthy adults during freestyle lifting. Results of the present study partially differ from previous studies and suggest only minor differences in lifting strategies between healthy individuals and individuals with cLBP experiencing low level of pain and disability. More studies are needed to investigate the potential role of load expectations in the development and persistence of chronic low back pain.
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Denessen, Eddie, Annelies Keller, Linda van den Bergh, and Paul van den Broek. "Do Teachers Treat Their Students Differently? An Observational Study on Teacher-Student Interactions as a Function of Teacher Expectations and Student Achievement." Education Research International 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2471956.
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Through classroom interactions, teachers provide their students with different opportunities to learn. Some kinds of interactions elicit more learning activities than others. With differential treatment of students, teachers may exacerbate or reduce achievement differences in their classroom. In addition, differential interactions may contribute to teacher expectation effects, with teachers treating their high-expectation students more favourably. This study investigated how differential teacher-student interactions are related to students’ mathematics achievement and teachers’ expectations. In eight fourth-grade classrooms in the Netherlands, interactions between teachers and students (N = 152) were observed in maths lessons. Data regarding teachers’ expectations about their students and mathematics achievement tests scores were collected. Analyses indicated that there were relations between teacher expectations and teachers’ classroom interactions. Teachers gave more direct turns and more directive feedback to their low-expectation students, who were also the students who performed low in maths. After controlling for actual achievement, it appeared that students for whom the expectations were lower than could be expected based on their performance received more direct turns and directive task-related feedback. These results point to the existence of teacher expectation effects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Task expectation"
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Paasch, Georg-Friedrich [Verfasser], Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Galuske, Laube [Akademischer Betreuer] Bodo, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Wibral. "Investigating the Predictive Code of Predictive Coding Theory via Face Identity Expectation in a Learning Task / Georg-Friedrich Paasch ; Ralf Galuske, Laube Bodo, Michael Wibral." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1170872719/34.
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Recker, Jan Christof. "Understanding process modelling grammar continuance : a study of the consequences of representational capabilities." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16656/.
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The graphical modelling of processes is of growing popularity and high relevance to organisations that seek to document, analyse and improve their business operations. This research investigates the phenomenon of continued user acceptance of the grammars that are used to build process models. It develops and tests a theory that can be used to explain and predict why users would opt to continue working with certain grammars in their process modelling efforts. This study builds on established theories, including the Technology Acceptance Model, Expectation-Confirmation Theory, Task-Technology Fit Theory and Representation Theory. These theories suggest that end users typically strive for tools that are useful and easy to use, which confirm their expectations through firsthand utility, and which match task requirements and individual abilities. Representation theory suggests that modelling grammars should be complete and clear in their capabilities to represent real-world domains. The research model has been designed by combining conceptual studies of acceptance and continuance theories with a representational analysis of the BPMN grammar, which is a recently ratified industry standard for process modelling and thereby of high practical relevance to process modelling practice. It further incorporates findings from nineteen semi-structured interviews with process modellers in Australia. The research model has been tested and validated by means of a web-based survey with 590 process modellers world-wide. This thesis contributes to the body of knowledge in a number of ways: First, it presents an empirically validated model of the factors determining a user's intention to continue using a process modelling grammar. Second, it measures the impact that grammar characteristics as well as user and task characteristics have on user evaluations of a process modelling grammar. Third, it presents empirical evidence on the consequences that perceived representational deficiencies entail on user perceptions of a process modelling grammar.
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Kemper, Maike. "Self-generated and Cue-induced Expectations: Differences and Interactions." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21000.
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Erwartungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der menschlichen Handlungssteuerung. Trotz ihrer Rolle in verschiedenen psychologischen Theorien, werden Erwartungen unterschiedlich operationalisiert (was zu teilweise widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen führt) und dabei oft nur indirekt über Hinweisreize(Cues) gemessen bzw. induziert.
Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie sich selbst-generierte und cue-induzierte Erwartungen qualitativ unterscheiden, wie die beiden Erwartungsformen interagieren und welche Art der Operationalisierung zur Messung von Erwartungen zielführender ist. In den beschriebenen Experimenten hatten Proband_innen die Aufgabe, eine Erwartung zu verbalisieren und so schnell und akkurat wie möglich auf einen Stimulus zu reagieren, der diese Erwartung entweder erfüllt(match) oder davon abweicht(mismatch). Die Erwartung konnte dabei durch Vorlesen eines Cues oder die Benennung einer selbst-generierten Erwartung verbalisiert werden. Dabei wurden das Abstraktionslevel der Erwartung, die Art der Reaktion und der Vergleich der beiden Erwartungsformen (innerhalb vs. zwischen verschiedenen Trials) variiert.
Bei einem Experiment, das einen genaueren Vergleich von cue-induzierten zu selbst-generierten Erwartungen erlaubt, konnte der größere Effekt von selbst-generierten Erwartungen bestätigt werden. Es wird gezeigt und diskutiert, dass und wie sich selbst-generierte Erwartungseffekte qualitativ von cue-induzierten Effekten unterscheiden. Am konkreten Beispiel von Konflikterwartungen können verbalisierte selbst-generierte Erwartungen eine zuvor widersprüchliche Forschungslage zum Einfluss von Erwartungen auf sequentielle Konflikteffekte konsolidieren. Die Effekte von selbst-generierten und cue-induzierten Erwartungen sind nicht additiv und der Effekt eines Cues wird nicht durch eine abweichende selbst-generierte Erwartung zunichte gemacht. In Anbetracht dieser Ergebnisse diskutiere ich kritisch die Operationalisierung von Erwartungen als Cues.Expectations help to guide human behavior. For example, responses to expected events/stimuli are faster and less error prone than to unexpected events. In spite of their role in different psychological theories and corresponding experiments the operationalization of expectations is heterogeneous (which can lead to contradictory results) and very often conducted indirectly via cues. The research summarized in this dissertation dealt with the question how cue-induced and self-generated expectations differ qualitatively, how both types of expectations interact and which operationalization of measuring expectations is more adequate. In the summarized experiments participants had the task to verbalize an expectation and then respond accurately as fast as possible to a presented stimulus which could match or mismatch the expectation. The verbalization could either consist of reading aloud a cue or verbalize a self-generated expectation. In the different studies the features/abstraction of the expectations (and stimuli), the type of response, and the way how the effects of the two types of expectation were measured (within or between trials) were varied. In a setting that allows a stricter comparison of cue-induced and self-generated expectations than in previous studies the larger effect of self-generated expectations could be replicated. I confirm and discuss that and how verbalized self-generated expectation effects differ qualitatively from cue-induced effects. On the specific example of conflict expectations, the use of verbalized self-generated expectations can consolidate previous contradictory findings, e.g. about the influence of expectations on the sequential congruency effect. The effects of self-generated and cue-induced expectations are not additive and the effect of a cue is not cancelled if a diverging self-generated expectation is verbalized. In view of these results I critically discuss the operationalization of expectations as cues.
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Leroy, Arthur. "Multi-task learning models for functional data and application to the prediction of sports performances." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7089.
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Ce manuscrit de thèse est consacré à l’analyse de données fonctionnelles et la définition de modèles multi-tâches pour la régression et la classification non supervisée. L’objectif de ce travail est double et trouve sa motivation dans la problématique d’identification de jeunes sportifs prometteurs pour le sport de haut niveau. Ce contexte, qui offre un fil rouge illustratif des méthodes et algorithmes développés par la suite, soulève la question de l’étude de multiples séries temporelles supposées partager de l’information commune, et généralement observées à pas de temps irréguliers. La méthode centrale développée durant cette thèse, ainsi que l’algorithme d’apprentissage qui lui est associé, se concentrent sur les aspects de régression fonctionnelle à l’aide d’un modèle de processus Gaussiens (GPs) multi-tâche. Ce cadre probabiliste non-paramétrique permet de définir une loi a priori sur des fonctions, supposées avoir généré les données de plusieurs individus. Le partage d’informations communes entre les différents individus, au travers d’un processus moyen, offre une modélisation plus complète que celle d’un simple GP, ainsi qu’une pleine prise en compte de l’incertitude. Unprolongement de ce modèle est par la suite proposé via la définition d’un mélange de GPs multi-tâche. Cette approche permet d’étendre l’hypothèse d’un unique processus moyen sousjacent à plusieurs, chacun associé à un groupe d’individus. Ces deux méthodes, nommées respectivement Magma et MagmaClust, offrent de nouvelles perspectives de modélisation ainsi que des performances remarquables vis-à-vis de l’état de l’art, tant sur les aspects de prédiction que de clustering. D’un point de vue applicatif, l’analyse se concentre sur l’étude des courbes de performances de jeunes nageurs, et une première exploration des données réelles met en évidence l’existence de différents patterns de progression au cours de la carrière. Par la suite, l’utilisation de l’algorithme Magma, entrainé sur la base de données, attribue à chaque sportif une prédiction probabiliste de ses performances futures, offrant ainsi un précieux outil d’aide à la détection. Enfin, l’extension via l’algorithme MagmaClust permet de constituer automatiquement des groupes de nageurs de part les ressemblances de leurs patterns de progression, affinant de ce fait encore les prédictions. Les méthodes détaillées dans ce manuscrit ont également été entièrement implémentées et sont partagées librementThe present document is dedicated to the analysis of functional data and the definition of multi-task models for regression and clustering. The purpose of this work is twofold andfinds its origins in the problem of talent identification in elite sports. This context provides a leading thread illustrative example for the methods and algorithms introduced subsequently while also raising the problem of studying multiple time series, assumed to share information and generally observed on irregular grids. The central method and the associated algorithm developed in this thesis focus on the aspects of functional regression by using multi-task Gaussian processes (GPs) models. This non-parametric probabilistic framework proposes to define a prior distribution on functions, generating data associated with several individuals. Sharing information across those different individuals, through a mean process, offers enhanced modelling compared to a single-task GP, along with a thorough quantification of uncertainty. An extension of this model is then proposed from the definition of a multi-task GPs mixture. Such an approach allows us to extend the assumption of a unique underlying mean process to multiple ones, each being associated with a cluster of individuals. These two methods, respectively called Magma and MagmaClust, provide new insights on GP modelling as well as state-of-the-art performances both on prediction and clustering aspects. From the applicative point of view, the analyses focus on the study of performance curves of young swimmers, and preliminary exploration of the real datasets highlights the existence of different progression patterns during the career. Besides, the algorithm Magma provides, after training on a dataset, a probabilistic prediction of the future performances for each young swimmer, thus offering a valuable forecasting tool for talent identification. Finally, the extension proposed by MagmaClust allows the automatic construction of clusters of swimmers, according to their similarities in terms of progression patterns, leading once more to enhanced predictions. The methods proposed in this thesis have been entirely implemented and are freely available
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Merrick, Bradley Maxwell School of Music & Music Education UNSW. "The relationship between self-efficacy and self-regulated behaviour within a secondary school music technology based creative learning environment." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Music and Music Education, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25768.
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This study employed the theoretical framework of Albert Bandura???s social cognitive theory, to investigate how differing levels of self-efficacy impact on both the type and degree of self-regulatory behaviour employed by the students when composing music in a high school music program. The literature review revealed an abundance of related research suggesting a strong relationship between self-efficacy and self-regulated behaviour in the ???core??? academic domains of education. In contrast, there was no specific research found that had examined self-efficacy and self-regulation in the context of students composing music. An independent school in Sydney served as the research site, with sixty-eight students of varied year levels and musical experience participating in the study. Students used stand alone computers, the software ???Cubase??? and MIDI keyboards as they completed a task that involved creating an original piece of music in a genre of their own choice, over a series of four composition sessions. A mixed methodology was employed to determine if the influence of the students??? self-efficacy beliefs upon their self-regulation in a creative activity were consistent with existing research. Data were collected using a mixture of weekly measures and self-report scales, combined with a variety of questionnaires, logs, tally sheets and interviews. Eight variables, including the self-regulatory sub-processes of goal setting-strategic planning, intrinsic motivation, goal orientation, task expectation, time on task, task completion, monitoring were analysed together with an additional variable, defined as creative ability, to determine if evidence could be found of a relationship between self-efficacy and these specific behaviours while composing. The results suggest that the pre-task (Week 1) measure of self-efficacy was closely associated with the students??? use of the eight self-regulatory dimensions as well as their perceived level of creative ability. Weekly self-efficacy measures also suggested that students??? employ self-regulated sub-processes proportionally to their respective levels of self-efficacy. Importantly, the more efficacious students employed a wider and more sophisticated repertoire of self-regulated behaviour when composing in contrast to the less efficacious students. Self-efficacy was also identified as a key factor amongst students who were initially identified as being naive self-regulators, but who through the duration of the task, modified their behaviour to become more skilful self-regulators. Throughout the study, the consistent level of interaction between self-efficacy and the use of self-regulated behaviours were aligned with findings in the core ???academic??? disciplines of education.
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Wang, Shanshan. "Factors impacting the uptake of mobile banking in China : integrating UTAUT, TTF and ECM models." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/factors-impacting-the-uptake-of-mobile-banking-in-china-integrating-utaut-ttf-and-ecm-models(ff1db469-c9a1-446d-bd72-411f35b24894).html.
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The mobile banking is an increasingly popular service for customers of the traditional banking industry. On the surface, China has the highest adoption rate of this new technology, yet many users do not remain active or they only use mobile banking for the simplest tasks such as checking their balance. This research was designed to uncover the reasons for these two issues by identifying the major factors influencing users' intention to continue using mobile banking (continuance intention) as well as their behavioural intention to try new mobile banking functions. To do so, an integrated model was developed on the basis of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model (UTAUT), task-technology fit model (TTF) and expectation confirmation model (ECM). Empirical data were collected from China's mobile banking users and the integrated model was tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The results indicate that the main factors which positively influence the continuance intention include satisfaction, performance expectancy and effort expectancy. Continuance intention, in turn, influences behavioural intention to try new functionality, together with social influence, facilitating conditions and confirmation. Moreover, some mediating effects were discovered. For example, task-technology fit may indirectly affect the continuance intention through users' satisfaction. The research results have a number of theoretical contributions. Firstly, this research discovers that the impact of task-technology fit on users' continuance intention towards mobile banking is fully mediated by users' satisfaction. This enriches the extant literature that is mostly focused on the technology perceptions (e.g. performance expectancy and effort expectancy) of users. Secondly, this research identifies that satisfaction also mediates the impact of confirmation of expectations on continuance intention, also extending the literature on the continuance usage of information systems. Thirdly, this research fills the gap in extant research regarding users' intention to try new mobile banking functions, by proposing a new integrated model using constructs from UTAUT, TTF, and ECM, and demonstrating that continuance intention itself fully mediates the impact of performance expectancy and effort expectancy on behavioural intention. The new model has a high explanatory power than each individual model offers. The research results also have management implications in terms of how to improve the task-technology fit to support continuous use and extended the use of mobile banking. For instance, to improve continuance intention banks can improve satisfaction by optimising task-technology fit. This in turn will require better understanding of users' different task requirements in specific market segments. In addition, banks can also attract users' behavioural intention to try new functionality by timely updating corresponding technology and launching marketing campaigns to keep users informed of any new functions of their mobile banking application.
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Freeman, Sabrina Karen. "Inferior performance, standards, and expectations in task-oriented same-sex dyads." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26468.
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This research examines the role of standards in the formation of performance expectations. In particular, the formation of inferior performance expectations of an actor relative to a partner are examined. The theoretical framework used is that of expectation states theory which is concerned with the development, maintenance and modification of power and prestige hierarchies in task-oriented groups. Subjects in same-sex dyads were assigned at random to one of two experimental conditions. Two sets of standards defined the presence or absence of ability. In the first condition, subjects were given a lower score than their partners and were informed that it could not be determined from these scores whether they lacked ability at the task or whether the partner possessed the task ability. In the second condition, subjects were given the same scores as in condition one, but were told that they definitely lacked the task ability, and that the partner definitely possessed the ability. The hypothesis states that subjects in the first condition will reject less influence than those in the second. The hypothesis was supported for women, but not for men. Gender differences in rejection of influence rates cannot be attributed to manipulation failures or other variables also measured in the study. It is argued that lack of support for the hypothesis with respect to male subjects can be attributed to a greater degree of caution amongst males in the formation of expectations based upon evaluations of past performance. Reasons for male reluctance in generalizing from information provided are suggested and the importance of these findings to expectation states theory and to the general role of standards is discussed.Arts, Faculty of
Sociology, Department of
Graduate
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Piercy, Sheryl Wernsing Morreau Lanny E. "Teacher perceptions of task importance and expectations of independence in student learning." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1990. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9105741.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1990.Title from title page screen, viewed November 21, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Lanny E. Morreau (chair), Thomas E. Caldwell, E. Paula Crowley, Kenneth H. Strand, Alan C. Repp. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-142) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Brown, Carol. "What motivates A-level students to achieve? : the role of expectations and values." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f1bd6e5-5038-4a86-95d4-b3845d78485b.
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Eccles' expectancy-value model of achievement motivation suggests that beliefs about ability and expectations for success are a strong predictor of grades and differences in task value underlie differences in motivation and achievement. This model has not been previously investigated in the context of high stakes examinations in the UK and this study therefore explores the relationships between expectations, values and A-level achievement in 930 students. This is important given the significance of these qualifications for future life pathways. Furthermore, studies examining the subjective task value (STV) patterns across school subjects, rather than domain specific ones, are rare, highlighting the additional importance of this work. A mixed methods design was used. A questionnaire collected information on a student's background (SES, gender, ethnicity), the expectations and STV attached to A-levels, and their future and general life expectations and values. Some of these relationships were also explored using 20 semi-structured interviews. The qualitative data illustrated that studying A-levels confirmed aspects of students' identity but also facilitated changes to their goals and academic skills, having positive effects, contrary to the argument that high stakes assessment has a negative impact on individuals. Unsurprisingly parents and teachers were perceived to be influential. As predicted, expectations and values were related to A-level achievement. As there is a lack of research into the effects of these variables on A-level outcomes these findings are valuable. Eccles' original three factor model of STV could not, however, be supported. In this research the utility construct was removed. Further exploration of the STV construct is warranted. Socio-economic status was positively related to both achievement and expectations about achievement. Girls had lower expectations but placed higher value on their A-levels. There were, however, no gender differences in achievement. Employing the expectancy-value model in this UK context has been useful in explaining the motivational patterns underlying A-level qualifications and the findings have implications for enhancing outcomes and narrowing educational gaps in this student population.
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Lonnfors, Sara, and Jenny Lönnström. "Disconfirming pain specific expectations using social information – what is the impact on pain perception?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-55939.
Full textBooks on the topic "Task expectation"
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90s, American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers Task Force on the. Emerging issues, expectations, and tasks for the 90s: Report of the Task Force on the 90s. Washington, D.C. (One Dupont Circle, N.W., Suite 330, Washington 20036-1110): American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, 1988.
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Wagner, Laurie. Expectations: Thirty women talk about becoming a mother. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1998.
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Thompson, Colleen A. The effects of sex of audience member, task-oriented gender-role expectations, and gender on performance expectations and performance. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 2005.
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Task Force on Admission Standards. Educating for tomorrow: New expectations for college admissions : report of the Task Force on Admission Standards. [Boston, Mass.]: Massachusetts Higher Education Coordinating Council, 1995.
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National Task Force on Federal Legislation Imposing Reporting Requirements and Expectations on the Criminal Justice System (U.S.). Report of the National Task Force on Federal Legislation Imposing Reporting Requirements and Expectations on the Criminal Justice System. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.
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National Task Force on Federal Legislation Imposing Reporting Requirements and Expectations on the Criminal Justice System (U.S.). Report of the National Task Force on Federal Legislation Imposing Reporting Requirements and Expectations on the Criminal Justice System. Washington, D.C. (810 7th St. N.W., Washington 20531): U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.
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Carroll, Michael Francis. Gene ric tasks of supervision:an analysis of supervisee expectations, supervisor interviews and supervisory audio-taped sessions. Guildford: University of Surrey, 1994.
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Dan, Bloom, Butler David 1949-, Cross-State Study of Time-Limited Welfare., and Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, eds. The view from the field: As time limits approach, welfare recipients and staff talk about their attitudes and expectations. New York, NY: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 1997.
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Kobozeva, Nadezhda, and Vera Dunaeva. The quality of audit services: concept, methodology, tools. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1016909.
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In the monograph developed a scientifically grounded concept and methodological quality assurance of audit services. Used in the Russian practice the system of indicators of audit quality are not sufficiently effective due to the lack of a uniform conceptual apparatus in the field of audit quality, allowing you to combine the expectations of users, requirements of regulatory bodies and public auditing. The most urgent task of the present stage of development of audit activities is the development of holistic, taking account of national features of the concept of audit quality.
For students undergraduate and graduate, auditors, specialists of bodies of state financial control and supervision of University teachers.
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Nobre, Anna C. (Kia), and Gustavo Rohenkohl. Time for the Fourth Dimension in Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.036.
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This chapter takes attention into the fourth dimension by considering research that explores how predictive information in the temporal structure of events can contribute to optimizing perception. The authors review behavioural and neural findings from three lines of investigation in which the temporal regularity and predictability of events are manipulated through rhythms, hazard functions, and cues. The findings highlight the fundamental role temporal expectations play in shaping several aspects of performance, from early perceptual analysis to motor preparation. They also reveal modulation of neural activity by temporal expectations all across the brain. General principles of how temporal expectations are generated and bias information processing are still emerging. The picture so far suggests that there may be multiple sources of temporal expectation, which can bias multiple stages of stimulus analysis depending on the stages of information processing that are critical for task performance. Neural oscillations are likely to provide an important medium through which the anticipated timing of events can regulate neuronal excitability.
Book chapters on the topic "Task expectation"
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Hernández-Lobato, Daniel, José Miguel Hernández-Lobato, Thibault Helleputte, and Pierre Dupont. "Expectation Propagation for Bayesian Multi-task Feature Selection." In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 522–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15880-3_39.
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Minin, Luca, Lorenzo Fantesini, Roberto Montanari, and Fabio Tango. "Effects of Distraction and Traffic Events Expectation on Drivers’ Performances in a Longitudinal Control Task." In Human Modelling in Assisted Transportation, 241–48. Milano: Springer Milan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1821-1_26.
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Barwell, Richard. "Loose Talk: Guiding Interest Rate Expectations Lower." In Macroeconomic Policy after the Crash, 159–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51592-6_6.
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Elstad, Eyvind, Thomas Arnesen, and Knut-Andreas Christophersen. "What Explains Pupils’ Perceived Motivational Conflict between Academic Work and Off-Task Behaviour in Technology-Rich Classrooms?" In Digital Expectations and Experiences in Education, 59–75. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-648-4_4.
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Ćulum, Bojana, Nena Rončević, and Jasminka Ledić. "Facing New Expectations—Integrating Third Mission Activities into the University." In The Academic Profession in Europe: New Tasks and New Challenges, 163–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4614-5_9.
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Murray, Kenneth R., and M. R. Haberfeld. "Unrealistic Beliefs: When All Expectations Go Wrong—Talk, Fight, Shoot, or Leave?" In SpringerBriefs in Criminology, 17–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59880-8_3.
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Nedzinskaitė-Mačiūnienė, Rasa, and Gerda Šimienė. "A Strategic and Goal-Directed Student: Expectations vs. Reality." In Inclusive Learning and Educational Equity, 187–215. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80658-3_8.
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AbstractThe characteristic of an expert learner has recently been widely discussed in the research literature. The expert learner is a learner who is self-directed, self-governed, motivated, resourceful, knowledgeable, able to learn effectively and efficiently, approaches academic tasks with diligence and confidence and employs appropriate strategies to reach the desired academic goals. The act of goal setting is often associated with students’ learning-to-learn skills and deeper engagement in their learning process, whereas the choice of appropriate learning strategies increases their capacity to manage their learning. In this respect, the latter aspect – strategic and goal-directed learning of an expert learner – necessitates deeper investigation and analysis. Hence, this chapter presents how we can guide students to become strategic and goal-directed in their learning while striving for the attainment of knowledge and skills, as well as incorporating and applying a variety of learning strategies to optimise their academic performance.
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Nancy, Jean-Luc. "The Poet’s Calculation." In Expectation, translated by Robert Bononno. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823277599.003.0010.
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1. Two hypotheses—partial and limited—will serve as axioms for a brief incursion into Hölderlin’s poetics. The first: for Hölderlin, the poet is more important than the poetry. The second: above all else, the task of the poet is to calculate. These two hypotheses are connected: calculation relates to the poet’s activity and decision-making before it relates to the disposition of the poem, in which only its result is inscribed. This makes Hölderlin’s poetics something other than a “poetic art,” other than a literary and aesthetic theory. And yet, at the same time, it gives pride of place, in Hölderlin, to the ...
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Wagner, David G., and Joseph Berger. "Gender and Interpersonal Task Behaviors: Status Expectation Accounts." In Status, Power and Legitimacy, 229–62. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351291125-13.
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Sandhu, Kamaljeet. "Case Study Findings from Human Interaction with Web E-Services." In Virtual Work and Human Interaction Research, 257–76. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0963-1.ch016.
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Case study findings may provide a deeper insight into human interaction with web e-services. The qualitative data that was captured in this study suggests that human interaction with web e-services may make the user task difficult, and that the user expectation about the system not meeting user requirements may downgrade the system’s use. Introducing an e-services system without integrating the user-friendly characteristics may have the effect of introducing complexity. Initial staff impressions of the system were formed on the basis of their expectations. When task outcomes did not meet their expectations, staff tried and then avoided its use.
Conference papers on the topic "Task expectation"
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Tang, Feilong. "Optimal Complex Task Assignment in Service Crowdsourcing." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/217.
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Existing schemes cannot assign complex tasks to the most suitable workers because they either cannot measure skills quantitatively or do not consider assigning tasks to workers who are the most suitable but unavailable temporarily. In this paper, we investigate how to realize optimal complex task assignment. Firstly, we formulate the multiple-skill based task assignment problem in service crowdsourcing. We then propose a weighted multi-skill tree (WMST) to model multiple skills and their correlations. Next, we propose the acceptance expectation to uniformly measure the probabilities that different categories of workers will accept and complete specified tasks. Finally, we propose an acceptance-expectation-based task assignment (AE-TA) algorithm, which reserves tasks for the most suitable workers even unavailable temporarily. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate that our WMST model and AE-TA algorithm significantly outperform related proposals.
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Molano-Mazon, Manuel, Guangyu Robert Yang, Ainhoa Hermoso-Mendizabal, and Jaime de la Rocha. "RNNs develop history biases in an expectation-guided two-alternative forced choice task." In 2019 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2019.1272-0.
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Ouyang, Yuanxin, CUI Tang, Wenge Rong, Long Zhang, Chuantao Yin, and Zhang Xiong. "Task-technology Fit Aware Expectation-confirmation Model towards Understanding of MOOCs Continued Usage Intention." In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2017.020.
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Di Blasi, Martin, and Zhan Li. "Pipeline Rupture Detection Based on Machine Learning and Pattern Recognition." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64471.
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Pipeline ruptures have the potential to cause significant economic and environmental impact in a short period of time, therefore it is critical for pipeline operators to be able to promptly detect and respond to them. Public stakeholder expectations are high and an evolving expectation is that the response to such events be automated by initiating an automatic pipeline shutdown upon receipt of rupture alarm. These types of performance expectations are challenging to achieve with conventional, model-based, leak-detection systems (i.e. CPM–RTTMs) as the reliability measured in terms of the false alarm rate is typically too low. The company has actively participated on a pipeline-industry task force chaired by the API Cybernetics committee, focused on the development of best practices in the area of Rupture Recognition and Response. After API’s release of the first version of a Rupture Recognition and Response guidance document in 2014, the company has initiated development of its own internal Rupture Recognition Program (RRP). The RRP considers several rupture recognition approaches simultaneously, ranging from improvements to existing CPM leak detection to the development of new SCADA based rupture detection system (RDS). This paper will provide an overview of a specific approach to rupture detection based on the use of machine learning and pattern recognition techniques applied to SCADA data.
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Wu, Aming, Yahong Han, and Yi Yang. "Video Interactive Captioning with Human Prompts." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/135.
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Video captioning aims at generating a proper sentence to describe the video content. As a video often includes rich visual content and semantic details, different people may be interested in different views. Thus the generated sentence always fails to meet the ad hoc expectations. In this paper, we make a new attempt that, we launch a round of interaction between a human and a captioning agent. After generating an initial caption, the agent asks for a short prompt from the human as a clue of his expectation. Then, based on the prompt, the agent could generate a more accurate caption. We name this process a new task of video interactive captioning (ViCap). Taking a video and an initial caption as input, we devise the ViCap agent which consists of a video encoder, an initial caption encoder, and a refined caption generator. We show that the ViCap can be trained via a full supervision (with ground-truth) way or a weak supervision (with only prompts) way. For the evaluation of ViCap, we first extend the MSRVTT with interaction ground-truth. Experimental results not only show the prompts can help generate more accurate captions, but also demonstrate the good performance of the proposed method.
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Runge, Gundula B., Al Ferri, and Bonnie Ferri. "Frequency-Weighted Variable-Length Controllers Using Anytime Control Strategies." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64491.
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This paper considers an anytime strategy to implement controllers that react to changing computational resources. The anytime controllers developed in this paper are suitable for cases when the time scale of switching is in the order of the task execution time, that is, on the time scale found commonly with sporadically missed deadlines. This paper extends the prior work by developing frequency-weighted anytime controllers. The selection of the weighting function is driven by the expectation of the situations that would require anytime operation. For example, if the anytime operation is due to occasional and isolated missed deadlines, then the weighting on high frequencies should be larger than that for low frequencies. Low frequency components will have a smaller change over one sample time, so failing to update these components for one sample period will have less effect than with the high frequency components. An example will be included that applies the anytime control strategy to a model of a DC motor with deadzone and saturation nonlinearities.
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Safarkhani, Salar, Ilias Bilionis, and Jitesh H. Panchal. "Understanding the Effect of Task Complexity and Problem-Solving Skills on the Design Performance of Agents in Systems Engineering." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85941.
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Systems engineering processes coordinate the efforts of many individuals to design a complex system. However, the goals of the involved individuals do not necessarily align with the system-level goals. Everyone, including managers, systems engineers, subsystem engineers, component designers, and contractors, is self-interested. It is not currently understood how this discrepancy between organizational and personal goals affects the outcome of complex systems engineering processes. To answer this question, we need a systems engineering theory that accounts for human behavior. Such a theory can be ideally expressed as a dynamic hierarchical network game of incomplete information. The nodes of this network represent individual agents and the edges the transfer of information and incentives. All agents decide independently on how much effort they should devote to a delegated task by maximizing their expected utility; the expectation is over their beliefs about the actions of all other individuals and the moves of nature. An essential component of such a model is the quality function, defined as the map between an agent’s effort and the quality of their job outcome. In the economics literature, the quality function is assumed to be a linear function of effort with additive Gaussian noise. This simplistic assumption ignores two critical factors relevant to systems engineering: (1) the complexity of the design task, and (2) the problem-solving skills of the agent. Systems engineers establish their beliefs about these two factors through years of job experience. In this paper, we encode these beliefs in clear mathematical statements about the form of the quality function. Our approach proceeds in two steps: (1) we construct a generative stochastic model of the delegated task, and (2) we develop a reduced order representation suitable for use in a more extensive game-theoretic model of a systems engineering process. Focusing on the early design stages of a systems engineering process, we model the design task as a function maximization problem and, thus, we associate the systems engineer’s beliefs about the complexity of the task with their beliefs about the complexity of the function being maximized. Furthermore, we associate an agent’s problem solving-skills with the strategy they use to solve the underlying function maximization problem. We identify two agent types: “naïve” (follows a random search strategy) and “skillful” (follows a Bayesian global optimization strategy). Through an extensive simulation study, we show that the assumption of the linear quality function is only valid for small effort levels. In general, the quality function is an increasing, concave function with derivative and curvature that depend on the problem complexity and agent’s skills.
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Lin, Chung-Yen, Wenjie Chen, and Masayoshi Tomizuka. "Automatic Sensor Frame Identification in Industrial Robots With Joint Elasticity." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3836.
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For robots with joint elasticity, discrepancies exist between the motor side information and the load side (i.e., end-effector) information. Therefore, high tracking performance at the load side can hardly be achieved when the estimate of load side information is inaccurate. To minimize such inaccuracies, it is desired to calibrate the load side sensor (in particular, the exact sensor location). In practice, the optimal placement of the load side sensor often varies due to the task variation necessitating frequent sensor calibrations. This frequent calibration need requires significant effort and hence is not preferable for industries which have relatively short product cycles. To solve this problem, this paper presents a sensor frame identification algorithm to automate this calibration process for the load side sensor, in particular the accelerometer. We formulate the calibration problem as a nonlinear estimation problem with unknown parameters. The Expectation-Maximization algorithm is utilized to decouple the state estimation and the parameter estimation into two separated optimization problems. An overall dual-phase learning structure associated with the proposed approach is also studied. Experiments are designed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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Nassajian Moghadam, Mohamadreza, Kamiar Aminian, Mohsen Asghari, and Mohammad Parnianpour. "Muscle Synergies Based on a Biomechanical Biaxial Isometric Shoulder Model Minimizing Fatigue." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-25230.
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In this study we utilize the concept of synergy formation as a simplifying control strategy to manage the high number of degrees of freedom presented in the maintenance of the posture of the shoulder joint. We address how to find the muscle synergy recruitment map to the biomechanical demands (biaxial external torque) during an isometric shoulder task. We use a numerical optimization based shoulder model to obtain muscle activation levels when a biaxial external isometric torque is exposed at the shoulder glenohumeral joint. In the numerical simulations, different shoulder torque vectors parallel to the horizontal plane are considered. For each selected direction for the torque, the resulting muscle activation data are calculated and then used for grouping muscles in some fixed element synergies by nonnegative matrix factorization method Next, the muscle synergies are converted from activation level to the torque space to see how muscle synergy recruitment addresses the torque production in a specific direction at the shoulder joint. The results confirmed our expectation that the few dominant synergies are sufficient to address the torque vectors in directions which coincide to the basic vectors of torque space, such that each muscle contributed to more than one synergy.
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Wu, Xin, Yaoyu Li, and Thomas R. Consi. "Life Extending Minimum-Time Path Planning for a Hexapod Robot." In ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4295.
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This paper presents a life extending minimum-time path planning algorithm for legged robots, with application for a six-legged walking robot (hexapod). The leg joint fatigue life can be extended by reducing the constraint on the dynamic radial force. The dynamic model of the hexapod is built with the Newton Euler Formula. In the normal condition, the minimum-time path planning algorithm is developed through the bisecting-plane (BP) algorithm with the constraints of maximum joint angular velocity and acceleration. According to the fatigue life model for ball bearing, its fatigue life increases while the dynamic radial force on the bearing decreases. The minimum-time path planning algorithm is thus revised by reinforcing the constraint of maximum radial force based on the expectation of life extension. A symmetric hexapod with 18 degree-of-freedom is used for simulation study. As a simplified treatment, the magnitudes of dynamic radial force on proximal joints at the pair of supporting legs are set identical to achieve similar degradation rates on each joint bearing and obtain the dynamic radial force on each joint. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed idea. This scheme can extend the operating life of robot (joint bearing fatigue life) by modifying the joint path only without affecting the primary task specifications.
Reports on the topic "Task expectation"
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Holtzscheiter, E. W. Product Delivery Expectations: Hanford LAW Product Performance and Acceptance Tanks Focus Area Task. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6759.
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Butyrina, Maria, and Valentina Ryvlina. MEDIATIZATION OF ART: VIRTUAL MUSEUM AS MASS MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11075.
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The research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mediatization of art on the example of virtual museums. Main objective of the study is to give communication characteristics of the mediatized socio-cultural institutions. The subject of the research is forms, directions and communication features of virtual museums. Methodology. In the process of study, the method of communication analysis, which allowed to identify and characterize the main factors of the museum’s functioning as a communication system, was used. Among them, special emphasis is put on receptive and metalinguistic functions. Results / findings and conclusions. The need to be competitive in the information space determines the gradual transformation of socio-cultural institutions into mass media, which is reflected in the content and forms of dialogue with recipients. When cultural institutions begin to function as media, they take on the features of media structures that create a communication environment localized by the functions of communicators and audience expectations. Museums function in such a way that along with the real art space they form a virtual space, which puts the recipients into the reality of the exhibitions based on the principle of immersion. Mediaization of art on the example of virtual museum institutions allows us to talk about: expanding of the perceptual capabilities of the audience; improvement of the exposition function of mediatized museums with the help of Internet technologies; interactivity of museum expositions; providing broad contextual background knowledge necessary for a deep understanding of the content of works of art; the possibility to have a delayed viewing of works of art; absence of thematic, time and space restrictions; possibility of communication between visitors; a huge target audience. Significance. The study of the mediatized forms of communication between museums and visitors as well as the directions of their transformation into media are certainly of interest to the scientific field of “Social Communications”.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.