Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tariffs'
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Wada, Ricardo. "Desenvolvimento e construção de nova estrutura tarifária para grupos de consumidores de média e baixa tensão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-14042015-154653/.
Full textThis dissertation presents a proposal for the construction of a new methodology for electricity distribution pricing, considering medium and low voltage consumer groups. The discussion shows the need for improvements in the current tariff structure for Brazilian consumers supplied by distribution systems. Also, main necessary aspects for a more efficient, fair and consistent rate design, based on the fundamentals of economic theory, are herein considered. In this context, a research on the pricing methods applied in different countries was carried out, identifying their key characteristics and potential applicability for this study. Regarding computer simulations, an algorithm was developed to determine the tariffs of consumers supplied by a certain distribution company, considering the social, economic and operational characteristics of its concession area. Finally, the results obtained from the simulation of new tariffs are presented, based on a case study for a company located in the southeast of Brazil. Thus, it was proved the applicability and efficiency of the methodology developed in this work, regarding the utility market segmentation on the proposed tariff options and potential applications in pilot projects.
Fink, Gerhard. "New protectionism in Central Europe. Exchange rate adjustment, customs tariffs and non-tariff measures." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/970/1/document.pdf.
Full textSeries: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
Hargreaves, Joan Mildred, and joan hargeaves@deakin edu au. "Tariff protection and politics: Castlemaine 1870-1901." Deakin University. School of Australian and International Studies, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071012.152659.
Full textKraus, Christiane. "Import tariffs as environmental policy instruments /." Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer Acad. Publ, 2000. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0821/00039111-d.html.
Full textFranks, Lana. "The impact of rising electricity tariffs on tariffs on the urban poor : a South African case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9136.
Full textHistorically, South Africans have benefited from relatively cheap electricity where tariffs have not been cost reflective and kept below inflation. Tariff structures have not fully accounted for the cost of investing in new infrastructure for generating, transmitting and finally distributing electricity to the end user. This has partly contributed to an inadequate and constrained electricity supply that is insufficient to meet the growing energy demand in South Africa e.g. the 2008 rolling blackouts (Tait 2011). Since 2004 the average electricity tariff has however increased above inflation to be able to invest in Eskom’s New Build Programme. The increases between 2008 and 2011 were particularly high, in the range of 16 – 22 in real terms. The National Electricity Regulator of South Africa approved an ‘above inflation’ annual average increase of 8 on the 1 April 2013 for Eskom customers and 1 July for municipal customers (NERSA 2013). The sectors however, do not experience the same degree of increase. This study aims to measure the increases experienced by urban poor households and determine the effect of the increases on their energy choices. It was initiated mainly to address concerns that Eskom’s tariff increases may affect the access and longterm affordability of electricity for the poor. Electricity is foundational to society’s ability to function well and without it essential services such as lighting, cooking and virtually anything electronic, will be negatively affected. Thus, any threat to service delivery on the side of the utility and affordability on the side of the customer should both be addressed by pro-poor policies. Eberhard and PDG (2010:2) made a compelling argument that if Eskom cannot extend their generation capacity, which is partly financed through a tariff, then this is not pro-poor. Increasing tariffs so that it is more cost reflective is essential to achieve the objective of meeting the growing electricity demand in the face of an ageing electricity network and a historically cheap electricity price. Tariff increases are inevitable. The real question therefore is how to balance the needs of the utility and the customer; the price of service delivery and the level of affordability, especially for the poor.
Zhang, Jingjing. "Taxes, tariffs and trade costs under oligopoly." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111146/.
Full textJoosten, Matthieu. "Restructuring telecommunication tariffs in Europe : an historical analysis of the political-economics of tariffs in four EC member states." Thesis, City University London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357936.
Full textMyšková, Marika. "Zhodnocení zavedení neomezených tarifů na český trh." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193754.
Full textPersarvet, Viktor. "Svenskt tullskydd. En studie av svensk protektionism under trettiotalet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179815.
Full textCollie, David Robert. "Strategic trade policy : export subsidies and countervailing tariffs." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1120/.
Full textSchittekatte, Tim. "Distribution network tariff design and active consumers : a regulatory impact analysis." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS054/document.
Full textThe uptake of affordable solar PV panels challenges the way in which costs of distribution networks are recuperated from consumers. Historically, consumers were charged for the use of the distribution network mainly according to their (net) volume of electricity consumed over a period of time. With such volumetric network charges, consumers installing PV panels contribute a lot less towards the recuperation of network costs. However, these consumers (prosumers) still rely on the network as much as they did before. The question investigated in this thesis is how to re-design the distribution network tariff in this changing context. Different game-theoretical models are developed to conduct this analysis. In the models, not only investments in solar PV but also investments in batteries at the consumer-side are considered. The thesis consists of a brief overview followed by four standalone chapters and a conclusion
Bolech, Filip. "Srovnání vnitrostátních a mezinárodních železničních tarifů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75263.
Full textChehade, Youssef. "Present and Future Status of Power-Based Tariffs : Study on the effect of the energy transition on power tariffs and their applicability." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447062.
Full textGiang, Do Truong. "Tariffs and export subsidies in a spatial economic model." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1407/.
Full textPieterse, Duncan E. "Have falling tariffs raised wage inequality in South Africa?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5714.
Full textThis paper comments on a possible relationship between wage inequality and trade liberalisation in South Africa. Several unique contributions are made here: first, the above-mentioned relationship is tested using mandated-wage regressions that were based on the zero-profit condition; second, the impact of falling tariffs on factor returns is analysed directly; and third, the indirect impact of trade liberalisation on factor returns, through its effect on technology, is examined.
Cheng, Junheng. "Multi-criteria batch scheduling under time-of-use tariffs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLE035.
Full textThe industrial sector is the largest consumer of the world's total energy and most of its consumption form is electricity. To strengthen the grid's peak load regulation ability, time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing policy has been implemented in many countries to encourage electricity users to shift their consumption from on-peak periods to off-peak periods. This strategy provides a good opportunity for manufacturers to reduce their energy bills, especially for energy-intensive ones, where batch scheduling is often involved. In this thesis, several bi-objective batch scheduling problems under TOU tariffs are studied. We first investigate a single machine batch scheduling problem under TOU tariffs with the objectives of minimizing total electricity cost and makespan. This primary work is extended by further considering machine on/off switching. Finally, a parallel batch machines scheduling problem under TOU tariffs with non-identical job sizes to minimize total electricity cost and number of enabled machines is studied. For each of the considered problems, appropriate mathematical models are established, their complexities are demonstrated. Different bi-objective resolution methods are developed, including knapsack problem heuristic based ɛ-constraint method, multiple knapsack problem heuristic based ɛ-constraint method, bin packing heuristic based ɛ-constraint method and two-stage heuristic based iterative search algorithm. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated by randomly generated instances. Extensive numerical results show that the proposed algorithms are more efficient and/or effective for the studied problems than the commercial software CPLEX
Bittencourt, Mauricio Vaz Lobo. "The impacts of trade liberalization and macroeconomic instability on the Brazilian economy." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1101328593.
Full textTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 262 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-262).
Chongbunwatana, Komkrich. "Theories of tariffs : trade wars, trade agreements, and political economy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12505/.
Full textSheikh, Abdi Mohamed. "Residential electricity network tariffs in Sweden : A Survey and Commentary." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286833.
Full textElnätspriser är avgifter som betalas för drift av eldistributionsnät. Elnätspriser (tariffer) kan debiteras så att den inte beror den totala överförda energin som används utan när denna energi används eller den högsta genomsnittliga effektkonsumptionen under en viss period. Detta för att göra elnätsavgifterna mer relaterade till kostnaden till att driva nätverket och uppmuntra förändringar av belastningsmönster för att minska nätverksbegränsningar. I Sverige finns en tradition att basera de fasta kostnaderna i nätavgifter på huvudsäkringsstorlek. Nyare metoder använder uppmätt förbrukning för att debitera efter när energin har använts eller toppförbrukning. Detta arbete kartlägger de nuvarande tarifferna för bostadsnätkunder i 141 elnätsföretag i Sverige, vilket visar några stora skillnader i principer och kostnader. Därefter övervägs hur dessa relaterar till faktiska nätverkskostnader och lastmönster hos kunder och huvudsäkringarnas lämplighet för den effektbaserade komponenten i en nätverksavgift. Företag har skillnader i tariffstrukturer och priser p.g.a. olika anledningar som t.ex. att välja enkelhet i skapande av tariffer, antal kunder som el levereras till, månads- eller timmätning för kunder etc. Granskade belastningsmönster visar också att kunder har en synkroniserad toppförbrukning på 20 minuter. Kundengagemang måste vara fokus för en framgångsrik implementering av mer dynamiska tariffer baserat på elanvändningstid och toppförbrukning.
Kuevey, Folly Kuevey. "Tariffs Eliminations and Exchange Rate Fluctuations Relationships to Trade Elasticity." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3696.
Full textWhite, Sara Louise Batley. "The impact of domestic electricity supply competition on the application of renewable energy technologies in the UK." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4098.
Full textAkca, Alper. "An Examination Of The Legislative Framework For Supporting The Renewable Tariffs." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610072/index.pdf.
Full textSoares, Henrique de Brito Aranha Machado. "Going with the wind: the time for time-of-use tariffs." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9619.
Full textThis work project consists on the proposal of a product/service – Variable Time of Use Tariff – to enhance the innovativeness of the portfolio of EDP Comercial. This product/service is dependent on the simultaneous use of a smart meter, a home energy manager and a set of smart domestic appliances. To sustain my proposal I resorted to data about the wind energy, the use of smart meters together with time of use tariffs and the general characteristics of tariff structures in Europe. A SWOT analysis follows the description of the product/service, with one threat and one opportunity standing as major issues. The feasibility of the implementation of the tariff I propose depends entirely the future of these two factors, thus making this work project a future looking one.
Ghasemi, Arvin. "Feed-in-Tariffs för solceller - ett europeiskt perspektiv applicerat på Sverige." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21618.
Full textThis study analyses three cases where feed-in-tariffs (FIT) have been used, and whether it resulted in an increase of solar cells (PV). The cases were Germany, Spain and Denmark and the examination of these cases included how the use of FIT: s have appeared and changed. Then the current Swedish support system for PV was studied, to see whether the promotion has been successful, and lastly if an FIT-system could be brought into place in Sweden. The results showed that, firstly, it will be hard to trace the use of just one incentive to an increase of PV-installations since most often many incentives are used at once. Secondly, the design of a FIT-system can differ so much that the sole use of FIT: s doesn’t guarantee that PV will grow. For there to be a rise in PV, the tariff must be set relatively high, compared to wind power, and continuously reformed as new problems arise along the way. In Sweden, which since 2003 have used green certificates and an investment aid (since 2005), no significant increase of PV has occurred compared to the other countries. The discussion showed that even though a FIT-system theoretically can be used in Sweden it demands political determination, and that an adjustment or reformation of the certificate system would be less complicated.
Giri, Jeeten Krishna. "REGIONAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, INTRA-NATIONAL TRADE, AND INDUSTRY-LEVEL INTERNATIONAL TRADE, IN INDIA." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1590.
Full textSbarai, Nathália. "Mensuração de tarifas equivalentes de medidas técnicas e sanitárias: um estudo para as exportações brasileiras de carne bovina para a UE." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-23032012-163349/.
Full textThis research aims at estimating the tariff equivalent of NTMs, especially of technical and sanitary measures, enforced by the European Union to the Brazilian beef exports. The analysis is implemented for the years 2000 to 2009, and we consider the trade of frozen and fresh beef, with bone and boneless, classified to the six-digit of the Harmonized System. The literature review points to a considerable number of technical and sanitary requirements that affect Brazilian beef trade, and therefore provides arguments to evaluate their impacts. Two models are estimated, assuming both homogeneity and heterogeneity of goods, and following, respectively, the methodology proposed by Deardorff and Stern (1997) and Yue, Beghin and Jensen (2005). In general, we observe high estimates for tariff equivalents, i.e., the European domestic prices and the world prices actually differ, which could indicate that the European market has been effectively protected by NTMs, besides tariffs. By modeling beef as an heterogeneous good and incorporating different levels of consumers preference in favor to domestic beef, negative estimates of tariff equivalents are found. The estimation of tariff equivalents is useful because they can be used as explanatory variable in other econometric models in order to evaluate their impacts on trade. However, this estimation faces difficulties in obtaining international prices detailed for beef categories, as well as domestic importing prices, and accurate data on freights and consumers preferences.
Tomé, Mauricio de Castro 1980. "Análise do impacto do chuveiro elétrico em redes de distribuição no contexto da tarifa horossazonal." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259504.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T04:17:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tome_MauriciodeCastro_M.pdf: 1294997 bytes, checksum: 7f957ff745612ef36a77596912782f07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: O presente trabalho procura analisar o aquecimento elétrico de água no setor residencial e seu impacto no perfil de tensão, perdas e energia total acumulada. Por meio de simulações computacionais com uma rede de teste, juntamente com dados de uso dos eletrodomésticos mais comuns no ambiente residencial (separados por região, devido às diferentes condições e padrões de consumo das mesmas), foi possível estimar a quantidade de energia utilizada referente ao chuveiro elétrico, bem como o impacto no perfil de tensão e as perdas na distribuição decorrentes do uso do mesmo. Além disso, também foram analisadas as propostas de tarifação branca da ANEEL e as propostas homologadas pelas concessionárias, e seu impacto na conta de luz do consumidor residencial, para três padrões de consumo: consumo total não modificado, consumo do chuveiro deslocado e consumo do chuveiro eliminado. Na parte de impactos na rede de distribuição, confirmou-se que a utilização do chuveiro elétrico, que é praticamente uma exclusividade brasileira, representa uma parcela significativa do consumo total de uma residência, além de ser um dos maiores responsáveis pelo pico de consumo no setor residencial, o que causa um afundamento no perfil de tensão e aumento nas perdas na distribuição, características indesejadas na operação do sistema elétrico. Já na parte do consumo residencial, foi visto que os postos tarifários homologados pelas concessionárias reduzem em muito os ganhos possíveis com o deslocamento do horário de carga do chuveiro, de forma que a chance de uma adoção significativa da tarifa branca pelos consumidores é baixa. Por outro lado, uma adesão maciça dos consumidores poderia fazer com que o consumo do chuveiro fosse deslocado do horário de ponta e se concentrasse no horário imediatamente posterior, o que pode agravar a situação atual em termos de pico de consumo
Abstract: This thesis presents an analysis of the electricity based water heating in the Brazilian residential sector and its impacts on the electric grid voltage profile, losses and total energy consumption. Using computer simulation through a test network, and considering the most common household appliances' usage data, it was possible to estimate the total energy used by the electric shower, as well as its impact on voltage profile and distribution losses. Moreover, it is also analysed the time of use (TOU) tariff proposed by ANEEL and the consolidated tariffs proposed by the Brazilian utilities, and its impacts in the customers' energy bill, for three load patterns: unmodified, electric shower demand moved off-peak, and without electric shower. Results about the impact on distribution networks confirmed that the electric shower usage (which is almost exclusive to Brazil) represents a large amount of the electric energy used by the residential customers, and, in addition, it is a major contributor to the peak loading of the residential sector, causing voltage drop and increased distribution losses, which are undesired in electric distribution systems. In terms of household consumption, it was possible to conclude that the utilities' approved time-of-use tariffs give little margin for possible savings in the electricity bill in comparison with ANEEL's initial tariff proposal, so that TOU adoption will probably be very low. On the other hand, a massive adoption of the off-peak shower usage by the customers could cause a concentration in its usage in a later time, which would eventually worsen the actual peak hour scenario
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
Norden, Ryan Henri. "Persepectives on market processes followed in setting South African water services tariffs." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018929.
Full textEssa, Fagmie. "The effectiveness of electricity time of use tariffs in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10432.
Full textIn South Africa, Time of Use (TOU) tariffs have been available to Eskom's customers since 1986. TOU tariffs are intended to encourage users to avoid using electrical energy during the periods at which the national electricity system is stressed during normal operating conditions, i.e. peak periods. It has not always been clear how customers were responding to the different types of Eskom tariffs. A study was done of Eskom's Large Power Users (LPUs) in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Customers were categorised into City of Cape Town (CCT), 2 types of KSACS customers, Agricultural, Non-Agricultural and Rural Municipalities. At least 30 customers within a category were selected as a sample of that category.
Ghaleb, Joey Raymond. "The European-Mediterranean Free Trade Agreement with Lebanon : tariffs, taxes and welfare /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full textOnjala, Joseph Oginga. "Managing water scarcity in Kenya : industrial response to tariffs and regulatory enforcement /." Roskilde : Roskilde University, Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1800/470.
Full textCosta, Pedro Campos Rodrigues da. "Ambiente e sector eléctrico gestão da procura, uma solução." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1540.
Full textTal como no passado a consciência relativa às questões sociais ganhou relevância, hoje as questões ambientais começam a ser consideradas um parceiro das outras políticas, assumindo o seu carácter de horizontalidade. O sector energético, tanto mais porque está entre os principais responsáveis por muitos dos actuais problemas ambientais, tais como a acidificação ou o aquecimento global e consequentes alterações climáticas, não pode ser excepção. Dentro do sector energético encontra-se o eléctrico, foco deste trabalho, responsável em Portugal por cerca de 50% das emissões de SO2 e 30% das emissões de CO2. Neste trabalho identificam-se diversas soluções que permitem melhorar o desempenho ambiental do sector eléctrico, tais como a utilização de determinados combustíveis, o aproveitamento de energias renováveis, a instalação de medidas de fim-de-linha ou a adopção de políticas de gestão da procura. A gestão da procura, cujo objectivo é alterar o padrão de consumo (diminuindo-o ou deslocando-o no tempo), apresenta na maioria das situações vantagens económicas para o consumidor. Apesar disso, é conhecido um conjunto de obstáculos a este tipo de medidas, destacando-se os problemas de informação, a "prioridade" dada a outras utilizações do capital e a diferente dimensão e estrutura entre a oferta e a procura. As soluções também são conhecidas, mas para terem sucesso necessitam de apoios financeiros. Onde recolher estes fundos? Neste trabalho sugere-se um esquema de financiamento, gerido pelo regulador do sector, em que os fundos são recolhidos através das tarifas de energia eléctrica e entregues pelo regulador a uma outra instituição, especialista em questões de gestão da procura, que seleccionaria projectos envolvendo medidas de utilização racional da energia no lado da procura. São ainda ensaiadas duas soluções para recolha destes fundos: encargo volumétrico físico ($/kWh) e encargo fixo ($/cliente), tendo sido feita uma análise em termos de influência no preço médio de diversos tipos de clientes.
Likewise the social questions took their place in the society, nowadays environmental concerns start to be a partner to the other policies. Environmental policies have moved from a sectorial policy to an horizontal policy. As energy sector is responsible for several environmental problems, like acidification or global warming and consequently climate changes, the environmental concerns can not be forgotten. Electric sector is a sub-sector of the energy sector and is responsible, in Portugal, for about 50% of SO2 emissions and 30% of CO2 emissions. Several measures to improve the environmental performance of the electric sector are pointed out, like fuel switching, renewable generation, end of pipe measures or demand side management (DSM) policies. Reducing or shifting the consumption are the objectives of DSM, usually bringing economical advantages to the customer. Although, several barriers to DSM implementation are identified, like incomplete information, financial questions or asymmetry between the supply and the demand side. The mechanisms to remove these barriers are known, but they usually need financial support to be successful. Where does this money can be collected from? In this work, a scheme managed by the electric sector regulator is suggested. The money is collected from the electricity customers, through electricity tariffs and goes to a fund managed by the regulator. This fund supports DSM projects selected by a DSM expert entity, an "outsourcing" to the regulator. Two solutions to collect this fund are tested: physical volumetric charge ($/kWh) and fixed charge ($/customer). The influence in the average price of several customers is analysed.
Hoops, Eduard Christiaan. "The impact of increasing electricity tariffs on the automative industry in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1436.
Full textMcDonald, James R. "On spot-pricing based electricity tariffs and the modelling of consumer load response." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506615.
Full textBoecking, Felix Albrecht. "Tariffs, power, nationalism and modernity : fiscal policy in Guomindang-controlled China 1927-1945." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612495.
Full textKarli, Mehmet. "Regulatory regionalism and article xxiv of the general agreement on tariffs and trade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530042.
Full textDahlin, Hedqvist Kristin, and Cornelia Reifeldt. "FEED-IN TARIFFS AND SUBSIDIES FOR SOLAR-PV : EUROPEAN OUTLOOK AND SWEDISH POTENTIAL." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170872.
Full textWhy should we invest in renewable energy? One fact that is certain is that fossil fuels are a finite resource. Whether some believes that the resource will run out in a few decades, or that it will last for hundreds of years, eventually the time will come when it will become necessary to find alternative energy sources (Skye J., 2014). This means that renewable energy sources will become even more important in the future. Sweden is among the leading countries when it comes to the share of renewable energy where by far the most important energy sources for Sweden is bioenergy and hydropower (Ekonomifakta, 2013). However, it is conceivable that more energy sources may be required in the future. In Sweden solar power has started to grow in a small amount. Solar cells are seen as a renewable energy technology that is beneficial from a climate perspective. Though has they not become commercially competitive in comparison with the renewable techniques that are already established on the market. Therefore, the aim of this report is to find out what kind of financial incentives that are required to increase the growth of solar power in Sweden. To carry out this study, six European countries have been studied and compared in terms of financial incentives. These countries are Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Greece and Romania. By comparing the installed capacity of solar power, produced amount of solar power, geographic positioning and financial incentives for each country, analysis have been made to find solutions for Sweden in the future. In Sweden today tradable certificates depending on supply and demand are used as subsidy. Unlike Sweden most of the countries in this study uses a fixed price system called Feed-in tariff, FIT. This has been an important parameter in the analysis connected to the financial incentives. The results of the study showed that even if a country's geographical location is important when it comes to solar energy, it is also possible for countries with fewer hours of sunlight per year to succeed with solar power. In addition to the importance of geographic location the key factors for a country to succeed with the growth of solar power have been proven to be direct financial incentives and distinct and long term policies and decisions. This is to encourage more people to dare to invest in solar PV systems and feel secure to receive a stable compensation for the electricity they sell. A conclusion that has been distinguished is that Green certificates are best suited for countries with a low total installation of solar power because the cost per capita will be less than compared with Feed-in tariff, FIT. Though in the future if Sweden increase the amount of solar power the use of Feed-in tariff, FIT might be more suitable. This study provides a good basis for further work and research regarding this subject. Because this study is related to the project from The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, IVA, it could contribute to further research regarding how Sweden in the future have to raise and take care of the power generation. In addition to this great project, this study can be used for future research in the field of higher solar power use. The report includes both a local and a global outlook, which therefor not only can be used to further research in Sweden but also for further research for increased solar energy use in Europe.
Häggqvist, Henric. "On the Ocean of Protectionism : The Structure of Swedish Tariffs and Trade 1780–1830." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-264482.
Full textKöhler, Philip [Verfasser], and J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Krämer. "Perception, Choice and Design of Tariffs with Cost Caps / Philip Köhler. Betreuer: J. Krämer." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037776151/34.
Full textFugimoto, Sérgio Kinya. "Estrutura de tarifas de energia elétrica - análise crítica e proposições metodológicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-10012011-140522/.
Full textCurrently, the electric energy sector is preparing for the third round of the distributors tariff revisions. Since the regulatory environment is more consolidated in terms of required revenue, the agents are turning their attention to the necessary adjustment and correction of the tariff structure. In fact, ANEEL (regulatory agency) set topics for R&D projects considered strategic for the development of national energy sector, among them, the Tariff Structure Project. Recently, the regulatory agency also announced public hearings dealing with the costs allocation, price signals and tariffs for low-voltage consumers. In line with this debate, the thesis finds to analyze the methodology for calculating tariffs, systematizing knowledge dispersed in various references. For this, it discusses the major aspects of peak pricing theory, including American, British and French approaches, and researches the connection between the logic built into the costs allocation by hour and the criteria for electricity distribution system planning. Aiming to reflect the costs of each customer type, indicating a better utilization of the distribution system, are proposed improvements and innovation whose highlights are: shifting the idea that expansion costs should be only allocated in peak time of the system, setting the periods after calculating the costs, changing how to derive the reference charges by average aggregation of the costs and applying the methodology on altered load curves. Finally, this thesis seeks to prove that the current methodology, although designed by the time in which the electricity sector was aggregated, can be adapted according to the proposed improvements and innovations, and thus applied to the current environment in which electric energy businesses and tariffs are separated in generation, transmission, and distribution and retail areas.
Robba, Tatiana de Matos. "Como compensar as perdas decorrentes do livre comércio : o caso do Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20714.
Full textApesar dos seus benefícios, o comércio livre implica inevitavelmente a existência de perdedores, que, devido aos custos que incorrem aquando da abertura comercial, são mais suscetíveis de apoiar a implementação de medidas protecionistas. O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program enquanto mecanismo do governo federal norte-americano para compensar os trabalhadores prejudicados pelo aumento das importações, resultante da liberalização. A análise permitiu concluir que, apesar das suas limitações, o programa ainda é uma importante alternativa ao protecionismo e uma crucial componente da política comercial norte-americana.
Despite its benefits, free trade inevitably implies the existence of losers, who, due to the costs they incur at the time of trade opening, are more likely to support the implementation of protectionist measures. The paper's objective is to analyze the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program as a mechanism of the U.S. federal government to compensate workers harmed by increased imports resulting from liberalization. The analysis allowed to conclude that, regardless of its limitations, the program is still an important alternative to protectionism and a key component of the U.S. trade policy.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Brdjar, Jaroslav. "Analýza a návrh dátových služieb pre zákazníkov na základe dostupných dátových zdrojov v podniku. (V spoločnosti Vodafone)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162711.
Full textShepero, Mahmoud. "Modelling the Penetration Effect of Photovoltaics and Electric Vehicles on Electricity Demand and Its Implications on Tariff Structures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295426.
Full textDias, Helena Magda Agostinho. "Smart metering consumer behavior study in the Republic of Ireland: Further analyses on the consumers’ electricity consumptions and usage perceptions." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9601.
Full textWith the disclosure of the conclusions of the Republic of Ireland’s Smart Metering Trials, this report intends to summarize the experience and the Consumer Behavior results. I also complement the Irish report by examining the effect of demographic and attitudinal variables in the change of electricity consumption during the trial and by studying the accuracy of the participants’ perception of the change in their consumptions and bills during the experience. The main conclusion is that the participants were not able to take full advantage of the potentiality of the Time-of-Use tariffs to reduce bills and did not have a clear perception of their consumptions and spending, which may have prevented them of achieving better results.
Meijer, Nicklas, and Johan Herbst. "Distribution Grid Tariff Design : Transition to a demand based distribution grid tariff design to manage future trends of electric vehicles and peak demand." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-35158.
Full textO, Reilly Gerard. "An analysis of tariffs, taxes, initial conditions and transitional dynamics in models of economic growth." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27847.pdf.
Full textManeschijn, Raynard. "The development of a system to optimise production costs around complex electricity tariffs / R. Maneschijn." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9675.
Full textThesis (MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
Mutyaba, Vianney. "The impact of the capital structure of electricity generation projects on electricity tariffs in Uganda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96175.
Full textThe recent transformation in the Ugandan energy sector has led to a significant surge in private electricity generation companies in the country. These companies have a heterogeneous capital structure and they tend to charge different tariff rates for the electricity generated. While the capital structure might have an important role to play in differential tariff setting, it is not clear to what extent it influences the tariff structure of electricity generation projects. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of capital structure on the tariff of electricity generation projects in Uganda after controlling for other factors such as operation and maintenance costs, technology used for generation, project development costs, and installed capacity of generation plants on the generation tariffs. Using cross-sectional data from 29 companies as at September 2014, a bootstrap linear regression analysis was used for estimation. The results of the study indicated that the higher the debt portion in the capital structure, the lower the generation tariff. However, the impact of debt in the capital structure was not statistically significant. What stood out is that renewable technologies have a much lower generating tariff than non-renewable technologies.
Alhawari, Omar Ibrahim Salem. "Global Supply Chain Design Under Stochastic Demand Considering Manufacturing Operations and the Impact of Tariffs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565388377821285.
Full textWilliams, Brett Gerard. "The importance of disciplining the choice of policy instrument to the effectiveness of the GATT as international law disciplining agricultural trade policies /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw72122.pdf.
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