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Wada, Ricardo. "Desenvolvimento e construção de nova estrutura tarifária para grupos de consumidores de média e baixa tensão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-14042015-154653/.
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Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de construção de uma nova metodologia voltada à estrutura tarifária de sistemas elétricos, considerando grupos de consumidores de média e de baixa tensão. A discussão mostra a necessidade de aprimoramento da atual estrutura tarifária brasileira para os consumidores atendidos pelos sistemas de distribuição de energia. Também os principais aspectos necessários para uma estrutura mais eficiente, justa e consistente, baseada nos fundamentos da teoria econômica, são aqui considerados. Nesse contexto, realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre as tarifações praticadas em diversos países, identificando suas principais características e potenciais aplicabilidades neste estudo. Em relação às simulações computacionais, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo para determinação dos preços das tarifas dos consumidores atendidos por uma dada distribuidora, considerando as características socioeconômicas e operacionais de sua área de concessão. Por fim, apresentam-se os resultados obtidos a partir da simulação de novas tarifas, baseados em um estudo de caso de uma concessionária da região Sudeste do Brasil. Assim, foram comprovadas a aplicabilidade e eficiência da metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho, no que diz respeito à segmentação do mercado da distribuidora nas opções tarifárias propostas e a potenciais aplicações em projetos piloto.This dissertation presents a proposal for the construction of a new methodology for electricity distribution pricing, considering medium and low voltage consumer groups. The discussion shows the need for improvements in the current tariff structure for Brazilian consumers supplied by distribution systems. Also, main necessary aspects for a more efficient, fair and consistent rate design, based on the fundamentals of economic theory, are herein considered. In this context, a research on the pricing methods applied in different countries was carried out, identifying their key characteristics and potential applicability for this study. Regarding computer simulations, an algorithm was developed to determine the tariffs of consumers supplied by a certain distribution company, considering the social, economic and operational characteristics of its concession area. Finally, the results obtained from the simulation of new tariffs are presented, based on a case study for a company located in the southeast of Brazil. Thus, it was proved the applicability and efficiency of the methodology developed in this work, regarding the utility market segmentation on the proposed tariff options and potential applications in pilot projects.
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Fink, Gerhard. "New protectionism in Central Europe. Exchange rate adjustment, customs tariffs and non-tariff measures." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/970/1/document.pdf.
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Many of the 10 Central European candidate member countries for EU accession entered into the transition period with strongly undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993-1995 real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms governments applied high third country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the USA increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, the CE-10 more and more brought exchange rate policies in line with the changes in purchasing power parity. However, petty protection and harassment of importers prevails. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Hargreaves, Joan Mildred, and joan hargeaves@deakin edu au. "Tariff protection and politics: Castlemaine 1870-1901." Deakin University. School of Australian and International Studies, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071012.152659.
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This study, set within the contextual background of Victorian politics, seeks to identify the economic, political and social implications of tariff protection for the Castlemaine region from 1870-1901.
The introduction of the Victorian tariff in 1865 precipitated a reversal of earlier attitudes towards protection by politicians and their constituents. Reasons are sought for changes in the perceptions of the Castlemaine electorate and its political representatives towards the tariff between 1870 and Federation.
An examination has been made of the role of the tariff in the creation of employment in the regions primary and secondary industries together with its influence on politicians, primary and secondary industry leaders and workers. Also explored is the relative impact of the tariff on the economic performance of Castlemaine industries, whether producing for export or domestic markets.
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Kraus, Christiane. "Import tariffs as environmental policy instruments /." Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer Acad. Publ, 2000. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0821/00039111-d.html.
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Franks, Lana. "The impact of rising electricity tariffs on tariffs on the urban poor : a South African case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9136.
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Includes bibliographical referencesHistorically, South Africans have benefited from relatively cheap electricity where tariffs have not been cost reflective and kept below inflation. Tariff structures have not fully accounted for the cost of investing in new infrastructure for generating, transmitting and finally distributing electricity to the end user. This has partly contributed to an inadequate and constrained electricity supply that is insufficient to meet the growing energy demand in South Africa e.g. the 2008 rolling blackouts (Tait 2011). Since 2004 the average electricity tariff has however increased above inflation to be able to invest in Eskom’s New Build Programme. The increases between 2008 and 2011 were particularly high, in the range of 16 – 22 in real terms. The National Electricity Regulator of South Africa approved an ‘above inflation’ annual average increase of 8 on the 1 April 2013 for Eskom customers and 1 July for municipal customers (NERSA 2013). The sectors however, do not experience the same degree of increase. This study aims to measure the increases experienced by urban poor households and determine the effect of the increases on their energy choices. It was initiated mainly to address concerns that Eskom’s tariff increases may affect the access and longterm affordability of electricity for the poor. Electricity is foundational to society’s ability to function well and without it essential services such as lighting, cooking and virtually anything electronic, will be negatively affected. Thus, any threat to service delivery on the side of the utility and affordability on the side of the customer should both be addressed by pro-poor policies. Eberhard and PDG (2010:2) made a compelling argument that if Eskom cannot extend their generation capacity, which is partly financed through a tariff, then this is not pro-poor. Increasing tariffs so that it is more cost reflective is essential to achieve the objective of meeting the growing electricity demand in the face of an ageing electricity network and a historically cheap electricity price. Tariff increases are inevitable. The real question therefore is how to balance the needs of the utility and the customer; the price of service delivery and the level of affordability, especially for the poor.
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Zhang, Jingjing. "Taxes, tariffs and trade costs under oligopoly." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111146/.
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This study compares ad valorem and per-unit taxes in public finance and international trade and examines the welfare effects of trade cost in general oligopolistic equilibrium (GOLE). In chapter two, following Grazzini (2006), the welfare comparison of ad valorem and per-unit taxation is conducted in an exchange economy under Cournot competition. It is shown that the exceptional result in Grazzini (2006) that a per-unit tax can be welfare superior to an ad valorem tax, entirely depends on the form of social welfare function. Furthermore, the possibility of the dominance of per-unit taxation is due to the effect of taxation on the redistribution of income rather than from any efficiency gain. In chapter three, assuming that the home government maximises the tariff revenue, the welfare with ad valorem tariff is higher than that with per-unit tariff given the constraint of FDI cost. The maximum revenue collected by the home government is always higher with ad valorem tariff under Cournot competition. However, under Bertrand competition with differentiated products, the maximum revenue with per-unit tariff is higher than that with ad valorem tariff if the FDI cost is sufficiently low. This is because the introduction of product differentiation and nature of Bertrand competition both intensify the competition and lower the prices. In chapter four, by using the general oligopolistic equilibrium (GOLE) model developed by J. Peter Neary, it is shown that social welfare is also U-shaped in the trade cost under Cournot competition. The result is in line with Brander (1981) and Brander and Krugman (1983). In particular, when the trade cost is sufficiently high, a reduction in trade cost will increase the competitive wage due to the redistribution of labour, and the equilibrium prices as a function of trade costs follows a hump-shaped pattern if the products are homogeneous.
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Joosten, Matthieu. "Restructuring telecommunication tariffs in Europe : an historical analysis of the political-economics of tariffs in four EC member states." Thesis, City University London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357936.
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Myšková, Marika. "Zhodnocení zavedení neomezených tarifů na český trh." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193754.
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The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the process of introducing unlimited tariffs by O2 Czech Republic a.s. as to the Czech telecommunications market. The focus of this topic has two perspectives, perspective of the innovative companies and competitors' view. In the assessment perspective, there is also the view of customers. In the first part, I have dealt mainly with the general theory of introducing innovative products to the market, which is related to business surveys that were conducted, in particular the analysis of competition and the market. In the practical part, I focused on the very process of implementation, including the initial assessment of the market situation, setting pricing policies or communication tools that were used. In conclusion, I compared previous expectations with real impacts.
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Persarvet, Viktor. "Svenskt tullskydd. En studie av svensk protektionism under trettiotalet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179815.
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This paper attempts to study the Swedish tariffs during the interwar period in order to asses the level of protectionism in Swedish tariff policy during the period. It is foremost the nominal tariffs that are studied, however an estimate of the effective rate of protection of the tariffs is also calculated for a number of goods. In order to asses the level of protectionism, the Swedish tariffs are also compared with Finnish tariff levels during the interwar period. The sample of Swedish tariffs that have been studied in this paper include the fifteen most important kinds of import goods and the fifteen most important kinds of export goods. The nominal tariff of each kind of goods have been weighted by their share of the total import value. The Swedish specific tariffs did not change much during the interwar period except for a few goods such as petroleum, coffee and automobiles. The fluctuation in nominal tariffs were in most cases the result of the steep fall in prices during the period. Compared to the Finnish tariffs, the Swedish tariffs seem to have been generally lower, especially in agricultural goods in which the Swedish tariffs are surprisingly immobile during the period. This paper finds that the Swedish tariff policy during the interwar period were inactive and relatively free-market oriented.
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Collie, David Robert. "Strategic trade policy : export subsidies and countervailing tariffs." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1120/.
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This thesis analyses the effect of retaliation with countervailing tariffs and/or production subsidies on the strategic argument for export subsidies, and also proves the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in the standard model of international trade under oligopoly. Retaliation will be modelled as a multistage game. At the first stage, the foreign country sets its export subsidy to maximise national welfare. Then, at the second stage, the domestic country sets its trade policy, import tariff and/or production subsidy, to maximise national welfare in response to the foreign export subsidy. The solution concept employed is the subgame perfect equilibrium. When the domestic country uses a tariff in response to a foreign export subsidy, then the optimal domestic response is a partially countervailing tariff, and the foreign country does not usually gain from an export subsidy. There is usually no profit shifting argument for an export subsidy when the foreign country faces retaliation with countervailing tariffs. When the domestic country uses a tariff and a production subsidy in response to a foreign export subsidy, then the surprising result is that an export subsidy may increase foreign welfare. In this case, the foreign export subsidy increases both foreign and domestic welfare. The domestic country will always gain from a foreign export subsidy when it sets its trade policy optimally.
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Schittekatte, Tim. "Distribution network tariff design and active consumers : a regulatory impact analysis." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS054/document.
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La diffusion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques à prix abordables nous amène à repenser à la manière avec laquelle les coûts des réseaux de distribution sont récupérés auprès des consommateurs. Historiquement, les consommateurs étaient facturés pour l'utilisation du réseau de distribution principalement sur la base de leur volume (net) d'électricité consommé. Avec tel type de tarif de réseau, les consommateurs qui installent des panneaux photovoltaïques contribuent beaucoup moins à la récupération du coût d’investissement réseau. Cependant, ces consommateurs (prosummeurs) dépendent autant du réseau qu’avant. La question examinée dans cette thèse est de savoir comment définir le tarif du réseau de distribution dans ce contexte changeant. Des différents modèles de théorie des jeux sont développés pour faire cette analyse. Dans ces modèles, en plus des investissements dans l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque, des investissements dans les batteries du côté des consommateurs sont aussi considérés. Ce rapport de thèse consiste en un bref aperçu suivi de quatre chapitres indépendants et d'une conclusionThe uptake of affordable solar PV panels challenges the way in which costs of distribution networks are recuperated from consumers. Historically, consumers were charged for the use of the distribution network mainly according to their (net) volume of electricity consumed over a period of time. With such volumetric network charges, consumers installing PV panels contribute a lot less towards the recuperation of network costs. However, these consumers (prosumers) still rely on the network as much as they did before. The question investigated in this thesis is how to re-design the distribution network tariff in this changing context. Different game-theoretical models are developed to conduct this analysis. In the models, not only investments in solar PV but also investments in batteries at the consumer-side are considered. The thesis consists of a brief overview followed by four standalone chapters and a conclusion
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Bolech, Filip. "Srovnání vnitrostátních a mezinárodních železničních tarifů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75263.
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The basis of this work is a description of the different tariff systems in both national and international rail transport. The section devoted to national tariffs compares the differences in fares between the periods 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2009/2010. The emphasis on ordinary fare is devoted to the transition from more than one kilometre zones to one kilometre zones. The conditions necessary to make the CD business offers convenient to purchase are also analyzed. International fares are compared by the price per tariff kilometre. Most discounts are available only if the return journey. The main product is the eTiket. Travelers from Czech Republic to the border regions of Germany and Poland can use several types of international ticket networks.
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Chehade, Youssef. "Present and Future Status of Power-Based Tariffs : Study on the effect of the energy transition on power tariffs and their applicability." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447062.
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Power and energy tariffs and their pricing are a vital component which form the main source of income for all actors in the energy industry. Different methods of how to price the energy have been proposed and implemented through the past century, each with its respective advantages and disadvantages. However, in the recent decades, interest has turned towards having power-based tariffs, since it’s the power dimensioning that counts for the majority of the costs. Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB is local, publicly-owned Swedish distribution system operator which has been using a power-based tariff system for the last 15 years. That being said, the company has an upper limit for their net income which should not be overpassed. With the ongoing energy transition, where the number of electric vehicles in circulation is going up, and more customers turning towards residential micro-production, such a tariff might require modifications. In addition, a look on how the demand will evolve will be needed to see if the grid could handle such a transition. In this paper, a thorough study is conducted on how the energy transition would look like in Sala, Sweden, and what Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB would expect. A simulation of the total residential load curve of the city is developed and ran via MATLAB and consumption data offered by Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB. It involved generating an average residence based on the fuse size, which would yield the annual consumption profile to be used. The simulations were also done for several scenarios of different electric vehicle charging routines. They also take into account several residential PV systems coverages in the said city. Depending on which scenario, a rise or a drop in the net income is recorded. Modifications to the power tariff are explored based on that would help counter the fluctuations in the income, and simulated to track their effect. Another aspect that is studied is the subscription capacity to the grid by the operator to the respective power generation. Depending also on the scenario, various excessive consumptions peaks are recorded, which could pave the way to more difficulty in handling the grid.
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Giang, Do Truong. "Tariffs and export subsidies in a spatial economic model." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1407/.
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In the recent years there are many researchs discussing the effects of trade policy (tariffs, subsidies etc.) in international trade. The results are manifold. Some authors show that trade policy has negative effects on welfare, some spatial economists demonstrate that trade policy can have positive effects on welfare. This paper considers the effects of the trade policy made by both countries participating in international trade in a spatial economic model. It can be showed that trade policy of both trade partners (tariffs of one country and export subsidies of the other country) can improve the world welfare in comparison with free trade.
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Pieterse, Duncan E. "Have falling tariffs raised wage inequality in South Africa?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5714.
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Includes bibliographical references.This paper comments on a possible relationship between wage inequality and trade liberalisation in South Africa. Several unique contributions are made here: first, the above-mentioned relationship is tested using mandated-wage regressions that were based on the zero-profit condition; second, the impact of falling tariffs on factor returns is analysed directly; and third, the indirect impact of trade liberalisation on factor returns, through its effect on technology, is examined.
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Cheng, Junheng. "Multi-criteria batch scheduling under time-of-use tariffs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLE035.
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L'industrie est le plus grand consommateur d'énergie dans le monde et la majeure partie de sa consommation est électrique. Pour moduler la consommation et équilibrer les périodes creuses et de pic, les producteurs d'électricité dans de nombreux pays pratiquent une tarification différenciée, en anglais "time-of-use (TOU) policy", afin d’encourager les industriels et les particuliers à adapter leur consommation. Cette stratégie incite les gros consommateurs industriels, en particulier le secteur semi-conducteur où la fabrication se fait souvent par lots, à réduire leurs factures d’électricité en adaptant leur production.Dans ce travail, nous étudions plusieurs problèmes d’ordonnancement de production par lots avec tarification différenciée d'électricité. Nous nous intéressons d’abord à l’ordonnancement d’une machine par lots pour minimiser le coût total d’électricité et le makespan. Le deuxième problème étudié généralise le premier en considérant le coût d’électricité pendant les périodes inactives de la machine telles que les périodes de réglage ou d'attente. Enfin, nous traitons l’ordonnancement sur machines parallèles par lots avec des pièces non identiques. Pour chacun de ces problèmes, nous construisons des modèles mathématiques appropriés, et évaluons sa complexité. Pour la résolution, nous proposons plusieurs méthodes de ɛ-contrainte dans lesquelles des sous-problèmes sont transformés en problèmes de sac-à-doc, de sacs-à-doc multiples et ou de bin packing. Nous développons aussi une méthode itérative à deux étapes. Les performances des méthodes développées sont évaluées à l'aide d'un grand nombre d'instances représentatives générées au hasard. Les résultats numériques montrent l'efficacité de ces méthodes par rapport au logiciel commercial CPLEXThe industrial sector is the largest consumer of the world's total energy and most of its consumption form is electricity. To strengthen the grid's peak load regulation ability, time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing policy has been implemented in many countries to encourage electricity users to shift their consumption from on-peak periods to off-peak periods. This strategy provides a good opportunity for manufacturers to reduce their energy bills, especially for energy-intensive ones, where batch scheduling is often involved. In this thesis, several bi-objective batch scheduling problems under TOU tariffs are studied. We first investigate a single machine batch scheduling problem under TOU tariffs with the objectives of minimizing total electricity cost and makespan. This primary work is extended by further considering machine on/off switching. Finally, a parallel batch machines scheduling problem under TOU tariffs with non-identical job sizes to minimize total electricity cost and number of enabled machines is studied. For each of the considered problems, appropriate mathematical models are established, their complexities are demonstrated. Different bi-objective resolution methods are developed, including knapsack problem heuristic based ɛ-constraint method, multiple knapsack problem heuristic based ɛ-constraint method, bin packing heuristic based ɛ-constraint method and two-stage heuristic based iterative search algorithm. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated by randomly generated instances. Extensive numerical results show that the proposed algorithms are more efficient and/or effective for the studied problems than the commercial software CPLEX
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Bittencourt, Mauricio Vaz Lobo. "The impacts of trade liberalization and macroeconomic instability on the Brazilian economy." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1101328593.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 262 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-262).
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Chongbunwatana, Komkrich. "Theories of tariffs : trade wars, trade agreements, and political economy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12505/.
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This thesis is concerned with the general trade theoretic issue of what explains tariffs. Two possible theories are investigated: (i) the optimum tariff argument where countries exploit their market power to affect world prices, and (ii) the political economy argument, where well-organised interest groups who have a preference for the tariff protection level can influence their governments through lobbying. The main contribution of this thesis is the use of the many-country, two-good trade model, which can be found in the customs union literature, to investigate the importance of the (world) market structure on the welfare effects of tariffs. This model, where a good is exported by more than one country, allows us to examine the welfare effects of tariffs which vary with how the goods are divided initially among the countries. The theory of optimum tariffs and retaliation, usually in the two-country, two-good context, suggests that the country whose endowments of goods are relatively large tends to 'win' a trade war. Still, the analysis in this chapter shows that there is a greater possibility for a country to win even if the country's endowments are relatively small if the world market of its exportable moves closer to the monopolistic market, i.e. there are less countries exporting the same good and/or the world endowment of that good is divided more disproportionately among its exporters. An important feature of the many-country, two-good trade model is that tariffs are strategic complements between countries that have the same trade pattern and are strategic substitutes otherwise. Therefore, two possible trade agreements can be investigated: (i) an agreement between countries whose tariffs are strategic complements, and (ii) an agreement between countries whose tariffs are strategic substitutes. Since these trade agreements imply different sources of gain for a country (gain from an improvement in terms of trade for the former and gain from an increase in volume of trade for the latter), this thesis examines the choice of a country by comparing the welfare implications between the two possibilities. It is found that a country would prefer to have a trade agreement with the country whose endowments of goods are relatively large regardless of the strategic complementarity or substitutability of their tariffs. Finally, this thesis attempts to endogenise the lobby formation by modelling an individual's decision to participate in lobbying prior to the stages of interaction between a government and lobbies studied by Grossman and Helpman (1994). It is found that no one lobbies individually in equilibrium if the total population and/or the fixed cost of lobbying are too large. An incentive that leads individuals to form a lobby is the ability of the group to restrain the individuals' otherwise offsetting lobbying efforts. An interesting result is that, in equilibrium, some individuals might choose to join the lobbies that lobby against their interests to moderate their efforts rather than to join the lobbies that lobby in their favour. This result raises a question whether the standard industry-lobby in the literature might exaggerate the actual lobbying activities.
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Sheikh, Abdi Mohamed. "Residential electricity network tariffs in Sweden : A Survey and Commentary." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286833.
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Network charges need to paid for running electricity distribution networks. Network charges (tariffs) can be set to depend on not just total transferred energy, but on when it is transferred or the highest average power that is transferred over some period. This to make network charges more related to the cost of running the network, and to encourage changes of load patterns to reduce network congestion. In Sweden, there is a tradition of charging the fixed cost of network tariffs according to a fuse size. Newer methods use measured consumption to charge by time of use or peak consumption. This work surveys the current tariffs for residential network customers in 141 network companies in Sweden, showing some large differences in principle and cost. It then considers how these relate to network companies actual costs and to load patterns of customers, and the suitability of fuses for the power-based component of a network tariff. Companies have differences in tariff structures and prices because of various reasons such as opting for simplicity in creations of tariffs, amount of customers being supplied, monthly or hourly metering for customers etc. Examined load patterns also show that customers have a synchronized peak consumption of 20 minutes, although the data is a small number from another country. Customer engagement needs to be the focus for successful implementation of more dynamic tariffs based on time of use and peak consumption.Elnätspriser är avgifter som betalas för drift av eldistributionsnät. Elnätspriser (tariffer) kan debiteras så att den inte beror den totala överförda energin som används utan när denna energi används eller den högsta genomsnittliga effektkonsumptionen under en viss period. Detta för att göra elnätsavgifterna mer relaterade till kostnaden till att driva nätverket och uppmuntra förändringar av belastningsmönster för att minska nätverksbegränsningar. I Sverige finns en tradition att basera de fasta kostnaderna i nätavgifter på huvudsäkringsstorlek. Nyare metoder använder uppmätt förbrukning för att debitera efter när energin har använts eller toppförbrukning. Detta arbete kartlägger de nuvarande tarifferna för bostadsnätkunder i 141 elnätsföretag i Sverige, vilket visar några stora skillnader i principer och kostnader. Därefter övervägs hur dessa relaterar till faktiska nätverkskostnader och lastmönster hos kunder och huvudsäkringarnas lämplighet för den effektbaserade komponenten i en nätverksavgift. Företag har skillnader i tariffstrukturer och priser p.g.a. olika anledningar som t.ex. att välja enkelhet i skapande av tariffer, antal kunder som el levereras till, månads- eller timmätning för kunder etc. Granskade belastningsmönster visar också att kunder har en synkroniserad toppförbrukning på 20 minuter. Kundengagemang måste vara fokus för en framgångsrik implementering av mer dynamiska tariffer baserat på elanvändningstid och toppförbrukning.
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Kuevey, Folly Kuevey. "Tariffs Eliminations and Exchange Rate Fluctuations Relationships to Trade Elasticity." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3696.
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The enactment of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was intended to reduce tariffs on most goods by 2008 among Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and to create the largest regional market outside the European Union. Early research conducted to investigate the relationships between tariffs elimination and trade volume focused mainly on macrolevel effects with mixed results, without acknowledging the possible influence from exchange rate fluctuations. After 20 years, NAFTA has provided the opportunity to observe a significant reduction in tariffs between 1994 and 2013. Skepticism regarding the relationship between trade liberalization and the regional economy, and the controversy still surrounding NAFTA, suggests that other factors might influence trade, making the current study relevant. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible relationships between exchange rate fluctuations and trade volume during a period when tariffs were eliminated. This study focused on 2 basic theories of preferential trade and the exchange rate, and data were collected on imports-exports between Mexico and the United States. Regression analyses showed a relationship between exchange rate fluctuation and trade volume when tariffs are eliminated. The findings may help exporters and unions understand the implications of other factors affecting trade. The findings may also help union leaders understand how other economic factors may have implication on global economy rather than focusing solely on trade agreements, and to better strategize in addressing social issues of concern related to globalization.
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White, Sara Louise Batley. "The impact of domestic electricity supply competition on the application of renewable energy technologies in the UK." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4098.
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Akca, Alper. "An Examination Of The Legislative Framework For Supporting The Renewable Tariffs." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610072/index.pdf.
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Sustainability and environmental concerns are critical issues in energy sector. Limited availability of fossil resources, environmental pollution caused by the greenhouse gases emitted as a result of fossil fuel usage and safety issues of nuclear power plants cause the seek of new resources in energy industry. Renewable energy sources emerge as the alternative energy resources for the industry. The unlimited availability of most of the renewable resources meets the sustainability needs in the energy sector. Energy generation from renewable resources causes low greenhouse gas emissions, which eliminates the environmental concerns. Moreover, use of renewable resources does not involve risks like radioactive emissions. Despite all these factors, renewable energy resources are not competitive yet. The cost of energy generation from renewable resources is high compared to the cost of using conventional resources like coal for energy generation. This situation acts as a barrier for the development of renewable energy technologies and cost reduction. In order to bring renewable energy to a competitive level in the energy market, some supportive mechanisms have been developed and implemented in various countries. This thesis work examines the mechanisms in the EU, the USA and Turkey. An examination has been performed on the current laws and policies effective on renewable energy sector in Turkey. As a result of the examinations, recommendations have been made to improve the legislative framework for the promotion of renewable energy in Turkey.
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Soares, Henrique de Brito Aranha Machado. "Going with the wind: the time for time-of-use tariffs." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9619.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThis work project consists on the proposal of a product/service – Variable Time of Use Tariff – to enhance the innovativeness of the portfolio of EDP Comercial. This product/service is dependent on the simultaneous use of a smart meter, a home energy manager and a set of smart domestic appliances. To sustain my proposal I resorted to data about the wind energy, the use of smart meters together with time of use tariffs and the general characteristics of tariff structures in Europe. A SWOT analysis follows the description of the product/service, with one threat and one opportunity standing as major issues. The feasibility of the implementation of the tariff I propose depends entirely the future of these two factors, thus making this work project a future looking one.
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Ghasemi, Arvin. "Feed-in-Tariffs för solceller - ett europeiskt perspektiv applicerat på Sverige." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21618.
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Denna studie granskar tre länder; Tyskland, Spanien och Danmark, som använt feed-in-tariffs (FIT) under en längre tid för att främja elproduktion från solceller. Granskningen omfattar hur användningen sett ut och förändrats, samt om det resulterat i en ökning av solceller. I granskningen ingår också en genomgång av det nuvarande stödsystemet för solceller i Sverige, huruvida det främjat industrin för solceller och om FIT:s skulle kunna användas i Sverige. Granskningens resultat visar att det är svårt att härleda användningen av en viss sorts stödsystem till en ökning av solceller, då det ofta är många olika incitament som används samtidigt. Dessutom kan utformningen av FIT:s skilja sig så mycket att bara användningen av FIT inte garanterar att mängden solceller kommer öka. För att FIT:s ska kunna användas för att främja solcellskapaciteten måste tariffen vara relativt hög, jämfört med exempelvis vindkraft, samt reformeras allteftersom för att hantera de problem som dyker upp på vägen. I Sverige, som sedan 2003 använt elcertifikat och ett investeringsstöd (sedan 2005), har ingen stor ökning av solcellskapaciteten skett jämfört med de andra länderna. Teoretiskt sett kan FIT:s användas i Sverige, men det kräver politisk beslutsamhet, och en justering av elcertifikatssystemet skulle vara mindre komplicerad.This study analyses three cases where feed-in-tariffs (FIT) have been used, and whether it resulted in an increase of solar cells (PV). The cases were Germany, Spain and Denmark and the examination of these cases included how the use of FIT: s have appeared and changed. Then the current Swedish support system for PV was studied, to see whether the promotion has been successful, and lastly if an FIT-system could be brought into place in Sweden. The results showed that, firstly, it will be hard to trace the use of just one incentive to an increase of PV-installations since most often many incentives are used at once. Secondly, the design of a FIT-system can differ so much that the sole use of FIT: s doesn’t guarantee that PV will grow. For there to be a rise in PV, the tariff must be set relatively high, compared to wind power, and continuously reformed as new problems arise along the way. In Sweden, which since 2003 have used green certificates and an investment aid (since 2005), no significant increase of PV has occurred compared to the other countries. The discussion showed that even though a FIT-system theoretically can be used in Sweden it demands political determination, and that an adjustment or reformation of the certificate system would be less complicated.
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Giri, Jeeten Krishna. "REGIONAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, INTRA-NATIONAL TRADE, AND INDUSTRY-LEVEL INTERNATIONAL TRADE, IN INDIA." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1590.
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This dissertation addresses specific issues on domestic and foreign trade in India. The three chapters of the dissertation are summarized as follows. In the first chapter, we analyze the existence of regional wage differences across Indian states, and how domestic trade affects those premiums. We follow a two-step estimation process used in the literature on Labor Economics. Our empirical results show that higher level of domestic imports tends to reduce the state premiums, and higher domestic exports increase those premiums, which is consistent with a specific factor Ricardo-Viner model. Thus, promoting domestic trade by with states specializing in certain industries may lead to higher welfare within the country. In addition, we find, state premiums depend negatively on state-level amenities measured by per-capita power availability, and does not depend on the richness of the State measured by per-capita Net State Domestic Product. In the second chapter, we look at the pattern and determinants of inter-state manufacturing trade in India. In the paper, we use information on 12 manufacturing industries categorized under 5 sectors from 2005 to 2013 with two-year intervals in between. We find that a 1\% decrease in income ratio between importing state net state domestic product and exporting state net domestic product has significantly varying effects on trade flows across the different sectors. For coal and minerals, the effect is 36.8%, for chemical it is 105%, for metals it is 31.5% and for cement, it is 36.8%. In all these case a decrease in income ratio increases exports. For machinery, a 1% decrease in income ratio lead to approximately 9.3% reduction in trade. This suggests that machineries which are capital goods are more imported by richer states, whereas the other goods which can be classified as intermediate inputs are more imported by poorer states. We also find that infrastructure promotes trade and on average infrastructure reduces the effect of contiguity by around 28.6% and promotes trade even between non-contiguous states. Therefore, infrastructure in the form of roadways, highways, and railways must be built and maintained to promote facilitate trade in India. In chapter three, we compare the effects of tariffs and non-tariff barriers on Indian exports. We use Indian HS-96 four-digit industry level export data from COMTRADE and tariff data from TRAINS database for the study. The overall result suggests that input tariffs have the largest effect on exports, followed by final tariff and foreign tariffs. A 1% reduction in input tariff leads to around 8.6% increase in exports. A similar reduction in final tariffs and foreign tariffs lead to 3.6% and 2.8% increase, respectively in exports. Thus, we conclude that the supply side effect of exports dominates the demand side effects. From a policy perspective, if countries try to improve trade balance by imposing high tariffs, it may lead to a negative effect on exports through the input tariff effects.
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Sbarai, Nathália. "Mensuração de tarifas equivalentes de medidas técnicas e sanitárias: um estudo para as exportações brasileiras de carne bovina para a UE." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-23032012-163349/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo estimar as tarifas equivalentes de medidas nãotarifárias, em especial de medidas sanitárias e técnicas, impostas pela União Européia às exportações brasileiras de carne bovina. O período de análise compreende os anos de 2000 a 2009, e consideram-se carnes com e sem osso, frescas e congeladas, classificadas a seis dígitos do Sistema Harmonizado. A revisão de literatura identifica um número considerável de exigências técnicas e sanitárias, incidentes sobre o comércio da carne bovina brasileira, justificando a necessidade de mensurar o impacto dessas medidas. Estimam-se dois modelos, assumindo homogeneidade e heterogeneidade dos bens, seguindo a metodologia proposta, respectivamente, por Deardorff e Stern (1997) e Yue, Beghin e Jensen (2005). Em geral, a partir dessa estimação são observadas tarifas equivalentes elevadas, i.e., observa-se que os preços domésticos europeus e os preços mundiais, no mercado de carne bovina, diferem entre si, o que pode indicar que o mercado da UE está sendo, de fato, protegido por medidas nãotarifárias além das tarifárias. Ao se considerar diferentes níveis de preferência dos consumidores europeus pela carne doméstica, verificam-se estimativas negativas para as tarifas equivalentes. A estimação de tarifas equivalentes é útil, pois estas podem ser incluídas como variáveis explicativas em outros modelos econométricos visando analisar seus impactos sobre o comércio. Contudo, essa estimação enfrenta a dificuldade de obtenção de dados suficientemente detalhados para preços internacionais e domésticos dos países compradores de carne, bem como de informações mais acuradas sobre fretes e grau de preferência dos consumidores.This research aims at estimating the tariff equivalent of NTMs, especially of technical and sanitary measures, enforced by the European Union to the Brazilian beef exports. The analysis is implemented for the years 2000 to 2009, and we consider the trade of frozen and fresh beef, with bone and boneless, classified to the six-digit of the Harmonized System. The literature review points to a considerable number of technical and sanitary requirements that affect Brazilian beef trade, and therefore provides arguments to evaluate their impacts. Two models are estimated, assuming both homogeneity and heterogeneity of goods, and following, respectively, the methodology proposed by Deardorff and Stern (1997) and Yue, Beghin and Jensen (2005). In general, we observe high estimates for tariff equivalents, i.e., the European domestic prices and the world prices actually differ, which could indicate that the European market has been effectively protected by NTMs, besides tariffs. By modeling beef as an heterogeneous good and incorporating different levels of consumers preference in favor to domestic beef, negative estimates of tariff equivalents are found. The estimation of tariff equivalents is useful because they can be used as explanatory variable in other econometric models in order to evaluate their impacts on trade. However, this estimation faces difficulties in obtaining international prices detailed for beef categories, as well as domestic importing prices, and accurate data on freights and consumers preferences.
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Tomé, Mauricio de Castro 1980. "Análise do impacto do chuveiro elétrico em redes de distribuição no contexto da tarifa horossazonal." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259504.
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Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: O presente trabalho procura analisar o aquecimento elétrico de água no setor residencial e seu impacto no perfil de tensão, perdas e energia total acumulada. Por meio de simulações computacionais com uma rede de teste, juntamente com dados de uso dos eletrodomésticos mais comuns no ambiente residencial (separados por região, devido às diferentes condições e padrões de consumo das mesmas), foi possível estimar a quantidade de energia utilizada referente ao chuveiro elétrico, bem como o impacto no perfil de tensão e as perdas na distribuição decorrentes do uso do mesmo. Além disso, também foram analisadas as propostas de tarifação branca da ANEEL e as propostas homologadas pelas concessionárias, e seu impacto na conta de luz do consumidor residencial, para três padrões de consumo: consumo total não modificado, consumo do chuveiro deslocado e consumo do chuveiro eliminado. Na parte de impactos na rede de distribuição, confirmou-se que a utilização do chuveiro elétrico, que é praticamente uma exclusividade brasileira, representa uma parcela significativa do consumo total de uma residência, além de ser um dos maiores responsáveis pelo pico de consumo no setor residencial, o que causa um afundamento no perfil de tensão e aumento nas perdas na distribuição, características indesejadas na operação do sistema elétrico. Já na parte do consumo residencial, foi visto que os postos tarifários homologados pelas concessionárias reduzem em muito os ganhos possíveis com o deslocamento do horário de carga do chuveiro, de forma que a chance de uma adoção significativa da tarifa branca pelos consumidores é baixa. Por outro lado, uma adesão maciça dos consumidores poderia fazer com que o consumo do chuveiro fosse deslocado do horário de ponta e se concentrasse no horário imediatamente posterior, o que pode agravar a situação atual em termos de pico de consumo
Abstract: This thesis presents an analysis of the electricity based water heating in the Brazilian residential sector and its impacts on the electric grid voltage profile, losses and total energy consumption. Using computer simulation through a test network, and considering the most common household appliances' usage data, it was possible to estimate the total energy used by the electric shower, as well as its impact on voltage profile and distribution losses. Moreover, it is also analysed the time of use (TOU) tariff proposed by ANEEL and the consolidated tariffs proposed by the Brazilian utilities, and its impacts in the customers' energy bill, for three load patterns: unmodified, electric shower demand moved off-peak, and without electric shower. Results about the impact on distribution networks confirmed that the electric shower usage (which is almost exclusive to Brazil) represents a large amount of the electric energy used by the residential customers, and, in addition, it is a major contributor to the peak loading of the residential sector, causing voltage drop and increased distribution losses, which are undesired in electric distribution systems. In terms of household consumption, it was possible to conclude that the utilities' approved time-of-use tariffs give little margin for possible savings in the electricity bill in comparison with ANEEL's initial tariff proposal, so that TOU adoption will probably be very low. On the other hand, a massive adoption of the off-peak shower usage by the customers could cause a concentration in its usage in a later time, which would eventually worsen the actual peak hour scenario
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Norden, Ryan Henri. "Persepectives on market processes followed in setting South African water services tariffs." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018929.
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South Africa’s private sector and the practice of using market processes are often dismissed by the government as service providing options, because they increase costs and fail the poor population. There is some substance to the government’s position, given that there is a natural monopoly advantage in water service provision. Under these circumstances it could be expected that a single firm would emerge as dominant in the provision of these services to urban customers. Were this firm a private one, and unregulated, it could be expected to practice exploitative pricing, make excess profits, and undersupply waste water management service. A private firm would also not provide services to the poor unless their service was subsidised. However most of these deficiencies can be regulated (as shown in Chapter Four), and also occur under public sector provision (as shown in Chapter Five) Are the private sector failures sufficient reason to abandon the market and private sector as mechanisms to deliver water service in South Africa? This dissertation finds little use is made of market processes and the private sector in water service provision (Chapter One), despite there being legal provision for such involvement (Chapter Two). It also finds that public water service providers are not subject to competition policy and consumer protection provisions, whereas private sector providers would be (Chapter Three). The administration of questionnaires to municipalities and the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) show that the various water service providers often operate under unique circumstances, making it difficult to extrapolate management insights from one municipality to another (Chapter Six). A case study on Nelson Mandela Bay Municipal tariff setting reveals a mismatch between economic principle and policy practice, and suggests that economic principle plays a lesser role in the design of tariff structures than other factors (Chapter Seven). Given the problems that are occurring in public sector water service provision, the dissertation concludes the case for dismissing private sector or public utility models for water service delivery may be weaker than is believed by the South African government.
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Essa, Fagmie. "The effectiveness of electricity time of use tariffs in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10432.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-185).In South Africa, Time of Use (TOU) tariffs have been available to Eskom's customers since 1986. TOU tariffs are intended to encourage users to avoid using electrical energy during the periods at which the national electricity system is stressed during normal operating conditions, i.e. peak periods. It has not always been clear how customers were responding to the different types of Eskom tariffs. A study was done of Eskom's Large Power Users (LPUs) in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Customers were categorised into City of Cape Town (CCT), 2 types of KSACS customers, Agricultural, Non-Agricultural and Rural Municipalities. At least 30 customers within a category were selected as a sample of that category.
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Ghaleb, Joey Raymond. "The European-Mediterranean Free Trade Agreement with Lebanon : tariffs, taxes and welfare /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Onjala, Joseph Oginga. "Managing water scarcity in Kenya : industrial response to tariffs and regulatory enforcement /." Roskilde : Roskilde University, Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1800/470.
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Costa, Pedro Campos Rodrigues da. "Ambiente e sector eléctrico gestão da procura, uma solução." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1540.
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Mestrado em Economia e Política da Energia e do AmbienteTal como no passado a consciência relativa às questões sociais ganhou relevância, hoje as questões ambientais começam a ser consideradas um parceiro das outras políticas, assumindo o seu carácter de horizontalidade. O sector energético, tanto mais porque está entre os principais responsáveis por muitos dos actuais problemas ambientais, tais como a acidificação ou o aquecimento global e consequentes alterações climáticas, não pode ser excepção. Dentro do sector energético encontra-se o eléctrico, foco deste trabalho, responsável em Portugal por cerca de 50% das emissões de SO2 e 30% das emissões de CO2. Neste trabalho identificam-se diversas soluções que permitem melhorar o desempenho ambiental do sector eléctrico, tais como a utilização de determinados combustíveis, o aproveitamento de energias renováveis, a instalação de medidas de fim-de-linha ou a adopção de políticas de gestão da procura. A gestão da procura, cujo objectivo é alterar o padrão de consumo (diminuindo-o ou deslocando-o no tempo), apresenta na maioria das situações vantagens económicas para o consumidor. Apesar disso, é conhecido um conjunto de obstáculos a este tipo de medidas, destacando-se os problemas de informação, a "prioridade" dada a outras utilizações do capital e a diferente dimensão e estrutura entre a oferta e a procura. As soluções também são conhecidas, mas para terem sucesso necessitam de apoios financeiros. Onde recolher estes fundos? Neste trabalho sugere-se um esquema de financiamento, gerido pelo regulador do sector, em que os fundos são recolhidos através das tarifas de energia eléctrica e entregues pelo regulador a uma outra instituição, especialista em questões de gestão da procura, que seleccionaria projectos envolvendo medidas de utilização racional da energia no lado da procura. São ainda ensaiadas duas soluções para recolha destes fundos: encargo volumétrico físico ($/kWh) e encargo fixo ($/cliente), tendo sido feita uma análise em termos de influência no preço médio de diversos tipos de clientes.
Likewise the social questions took their place in the society, nowadays environmental concerns start to be a partner to the other policies. Environmental policies have moved from a sectorial policy to an horizontal policy. As energy sector is responsible for several environmental problems, like acidification or global warming and consequently climate changes, the environmental concerns can not be forgotten. Electric sector is a sub-sector of the energy sector and is responsible, in Portugal, for about 50% of SO2 emissions and 30% of CO2 emissions. Several measures to improve the environmental performance of the electric sector are pointed out, like fuel switching, renewable generation, end of pipe measures or demand side management (DSM) policies. Reducing or shifting the consumption are the objectives of DSM, usually bringing economical advantages to the customer. Although, several barriers to DSM implementation are identified, like incomplete information, financial questions or asymmetry between the supply and the demand side. The mechanisms to remove these barriers are known, but they usually need financial support to be successful. Where does this money can be collected from? In this work, a scheme managed by the electric sector regulator is suggested. The money is collected from the electricity customers, through electricity tariffs and goes to a fund managed by the regulator. This fund supports DSM projects selected by a DSM expert entity, an "outsourcing" to the regulator. Two solutions to collect this fund are tested: physical volumetric charge ($/kWh) and fixed charge ($/customer). The influence in the average price of several customers is analysed.
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Hoops, Eduard Christiaan. "The impact of increasing electricity tariffs on the automative industry in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1436.
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South African electricity tariffs were relatively low compared to the rest of the world. The average South African business has for long taken this advantage for granted and is now surprised to realise that electricity is becoming an expensive and scarce commodity. The South African electricity supply industry is far more complex than the average person may think. The infrastructure supporting this industry is extremely costly; takes long to develop and build and requires careful planning and management. There are many sources of energy and many technologies for generating electricity. However, many of these do not appear quite ready to serve the needs of the industry. The manufacturing industry depends heavily on electricity. The recent power outages and tariff increases have served as a cruel reminder of this fact. The automotive sector has lost many days of production and the increasing electricity costs erode the profitability of the affected companies. The automotive suppliers and vehicle manufacturers have expressed their concerns. Indications are that some have reduced the number of employees and may even face bankruptcy. This research aims to gain the perspective of senior managers in the automotive industry regarding the impact of the increased electricity tariffs on their manufacturing costs. Naturally, all electricity consumers will be affected by this. However, this research aims to investigate the significance of the effect on the automotive industry as well as obtain some indication of which factors determine the level of dependency. Each company has to react strategically to the situation and apply those measures which are available to them. This research determines how strongly the industry feels about reacting and which strategic measures they will apply. The outcome is descriptive of the circumstances in the industry and indisputably serves as an indication of the financial impact of electricity tariff increases.
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McDonald, James R. "On spot-pricing based electricity tariffs and the modelling of consumer load response." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506615.
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Boecking, Felix Albrecht. "Tariffs, power, nationalism and modernity : fiscal policy in Guomindang-controlled China 1927-1945." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612495.
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Karli, Mehmet. "Regulatory regionalism and article xxiv of the general agreement on tariffs and trade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530042.
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Dahlin, Hedqvist Kristin, and Cornelia Reifeldt. "FEED-IN TARIFFS AND SUBSIDIES FOR SOLAR-PV : EUROPEAN OUTLOOK AND SWEDISH POTENTIAL." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170872.
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Varför ska vi investera i förnybar energi? En sak som är säker är att fossila bränslen är en ändlig resurs. Vissa anser att de fossila resurserna kommer att ta slut inom ett par decennier, medan andra menar att de kommer finnas tillgängliga i hundratals år. Det vi dock vet är att det i framtiden kommer bli nödvändigt att finna alternativa energiresurser (Skye J., 2014). Detta kommer att innebära att de förnybara energikällorna kommer att bli ännu viktigare i framtiden. Sverige är ett av de ledande länderna när det kommer till andel förnybar energi. För Sverige är de överlägset viktigaste energikällorna bioenergi och vattenkraft (Ekonomifakta, 2013). Det är emellertid tänkbart att fler energikällor kan krävas i framtiden. I Sverige har nyligen tillväxten av solenergi börjat ta fart, men dock ännu i en liten skala. Solceller ses som en förnybar energiteknik som är bra ur ett klimatperspektiv. Dock har dessa inte blivit kommersiellt konkurrenskraftiga i jämförelse med andra förnybara tekniker som redan är etablerade på marknaden. Därför är syftet med denna rapport att ta reda på vilken typ av ekonomiska incitament som krävs för att öka tillväxten av solenergi i Sverige. För att genomföra denna studie har sex europeiska länder undersökts och jämförts utifrån ekonomiska incitament. Dessa länder är Tyskland, Italien, Spanien, Storbritannien, Grekland och Rumänien. Genom att jämföra den installerade kapaciteten av solenergi, producerad mängd solenergi, geografisk positionering och ekonomiska incitament för respektive land, har analyser gjorts för att tillslut finna förslag på lösningar för Sverige i framtiden. Sverige använder idag elcertifikat som incitament för förnyelsebar energi, vilka är beroende av tillgång och efterfrågan. Till skillnad från Sverige använder de flesta av de studerade länderna ett fastpris system som kallas Feed-in tariff, FIT. Detta har varit en viktig parameter i den analys som gjorts kring finansiella incitament. Resultaten av studien visade att även om ett lands geografiska läge är viktigt när det gäller solenergi, är det trots allt möjligt för länder med färre soltimmar per år att lyckas. Förutom det geografiska läget är de viktigaste faktorerna för att lyckas öka tillväxten av solenergi att det finns direkta ekonomiska incitament och tydliga riktlinjer och beslut. Detta för att uppmuntra fler människor att våga investera i solceller och att de ska känna sig trygga med att få en stabil ersättning för den överskottsel de säljer. En slutsats som har kunnat urskiljas är att elcertifikat är bäst lämpade för länder med en liten mängd installerad solkraft eftersom det leder till mindre kostnader per person jämfört med om man använder Feed-in tariff, FIT. Dock i framtiden om Sverige kommer att öka mängden solkraft, kan Feed-in tariff, FIT, komma att vara mer lämpade. Denna studie ger en god grund för, och öppnar upp till fortsatt forskning på området solenergi. Eftersom denna studie grundar sig i projektet som getts ut av Kungliga Svenska Ingenjörsvetenskapliga Akademien, IVA, kan den komma att bidra till den fortsatta forskningen om hur Sverige måste göra i framtiden vad gäller elproduktion. Utöver detta stora projekt kan denna studie användas för framtida forskning inom området för en ökad solenergianvändning. Eftersom rapporten innehåller både en nationell och en internationell utblick gör det att studien inte endast kan användas för ytterligare forskning i Sverige, utan också för ytterligare forskning i Europa.Why should we invest in renewable energy? One fact that is certain is that fossil fuels are a finite resource. Whether some believes that the resource will run out in a few decades, or that it will last for hundreds of years, eventually the time will come when it will become necessary to find alternative energy sources (Skye J., 2014). This means that renewable energy sources will become even more important in the future. Sweden is among the leading countries when it comes to the share of renewable energy where by far the most important energy sources for Sweden is bioenergy and hydropower (Ekonomifakta, 2013). However, it is conceivable that more energy sources may be required in the future. In Sweden solar power has started to grow in a small amount. Solar cells are seen as a renewable energy technology that is beneficial from a climate perspective. Though has they not become commercially competitive in comparison with the renewable techniques that are already established on the market. Therefore, the aim of this report is to find out what kind of financial incentives that are required to increase the growth of solar power in Sweden. To carry out this study, six European countries have been studied and compared in terms of financial incentives. These countries are Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Greece and Romania. By comparing the installed capacity of solar power, produced amount of solar power, geographic positioning and financial incentives for each country, analysis have been made to find solutions for Sweden in the future. In Sweden today tradable certificates depending on supply and demand are used as subsidy. Unlike Sweden most of the countries in this study uses a fixed price system called Feed-in tariff, FIT. This has been an important parameter in the analysis connected to the financial incentives. The results of the study showed that even if a country's geographical location is important when it comes to solar energy, it is also possible for countries with fewer hours of sunlight per year to succeed with solar power. In addition to the importance of geographic location the key factors for a country to succeed with the growth of solar power have been proven to be direct financial incentives and distinct and long term policies and decisions. This is to encourage more people to dare to invest in solar PV systems and feel secure to receive a stable compensation for the electricity they sell. A conclusion that has been distinguished is that Green certificates are best suited for countries with a low total installation of solar power because the cost per capita will be less than compared with Feed-in tariff, FIT. Though in the future if Sweden increase the amount of solar power the use of Feed-in tariff, FIT might be more suitable. This study provides a good basis for further work and research regarding this subject. Because this study is related to the project from The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, IVA, it could contribute to further research regarding how Sweden in the future have to raise and take care of the power generation. In addition to this great project, this study can be used for future research in the field of higher solar power use. The report includes both a local and a global outlook, which therefor not only can be used to further research in Sweden but also for further research for increased solar energy use in Europe.
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Häggqvist, Henric. "On the Ocean of Protectionism : The Structure of Swedish Tariffs and Trade 1780–1830." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-264482.
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In the field of international trade there is an intriguing tension between the ideological allure of free trade and the political reality of protectionism. Typically, the former is favored by scholars while the latter has been more historically prevalent. Protectionism in the form of tariffs and other obstacles trade was generally a preferred trade policy around the globe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Sweden was no exception and has been seen as highly protectionist and mercantilist during this period. This thesis has sought to shed new light on Swedish trade policy between 1780 and 1830. It has done so by quantifying and homogenizing tariffs and import bans in order to be able to analyze the structure of tariffs. The thesis stands on a theoretical ground which takes into account the different plausible reasons for setting tariffs. It has placed some emphasis on the possible tension between the desire to shelter one’s own industry from foreign competition and the need to use tariffs for fiscal purposes, as an important source of government revenue. It is therefore argued that tariffs need to be separated theoretically and empirically. A simple model is presented which aims to discern three types of tariffs. The model takes into account the tariff rate itself, and also the structure of trade and the presence of domestic substitution. The thesis has found that Swedish tariffs were generally high over the period and that protectionism was prevalent in a large number of economic sectors. There is tentative evidence that protectionist tariffs also distorted trade in certain types of goods, even if they didn’t have an impact on total import levels. Tariffs were also set so as to separate between raw materials and more processed goods, what is called mercantilist differentiation. Substantial empirical support is given to the claim that certain tariffs on inelastic consumption goods were of great fiscal importance, and increasingly so as the period progressed. The fiscal pressure maintained or even increased the import tariffs, which made it possible to decrease tariffs on exports.
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Köhler, Philip [Verfasser], and J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Krämer. "Perception, Choice and Design of Tariffs with Cost Caps / Philip Köhler. Betreuer: J. Krämer." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037776151/34.
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Fugimoto, Sérgio Kinya. "Estrutura de tarifas de energia elétrica - análise crítica e proposições metodológicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-10012011-140522/.
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Atualmente, o setor elétrico se prepara para o terceiro ciclo de revisões tarifárias das distribuidoras. Com o cenário regulatório mais consolidado em termos de definição da receita requerida, os agentes estão voltando suas atenções para a necessária adequação e correção da estrutura de tarifas. De fato, a ANEEL definiu temas para os projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) considerados estratégicos para o desenvolvimento do setor elétrico nacional, dentre eles, o de Estrutura Tarifária. Recentemente, a agência também divulgou consultas públicas que tratam da alocação dos custos de referência que formam as tarifas, dos sinais de preço e das tarifas para os consumidores atendidos em BT. Em sintonia com a discussão atual do setor de distribuição de energia elétrica, a tese defendida neste trabalho procura analisar a metodologia de cálculo das tarifas, sistematizando um conhecimento disperso em várias referências bibliografias. Para isso são discutidos os principais aspectos da teoria de precificação de ponta, abrangendo as abordagens americana, britânica e francesa, e pesquisada a conexão entre a lógica embutida na alocação horária dos custos e os critérios de dimensionamento do sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica. Visando refletir os custos decorrentes do atendimento de cada tipo de consumidor, indicando o melhor aproveitamento do sistema elétrico de distribuição, são apresentadas propostas de aprimoramentos e inovação cujos destaques são a mudança de paradigma da alocação dos custos de expansão somente no horário de ponta do sistema, a definição ex-post dos postos tarifários, a agregação média dos custos horários para formar as tarifas de referência dos postos tarifários e um estudo de caso com a aplicação da metodologia sobre as curvas de carga abstraídas do possível efeito do sinal tarifário existente. A tese defendida neste trabalho busca provar, então, que a metodologia atual, embora desenhada na época em que o setor elétrico era verticalizado, pode ser adaptada segundo os aprimoramentos e inovações propostas e, assim, aplicada ao ambiente atual no qual as empresas e as tarifas estão segregadas.Currently, the electric energy sector is preparing for the third round of the distributors tariff revisions. Since the regulatory environment is more consolidated in terms of required revenue, the agents are turning their attention to the necessary adjustment and correction of the tariff structure. In fact, ANEEL (regulatory agency) set topics for R&D projects considered strategic for the development of national energy sector, among them, the Tariff Structure Project. Recently, the regulatory agency also announced public hearings dealing with the costs allocation, price signals and tariffs for low-voltage consumers. In line with this debate, the thesis finds to analyze the methodology for calculating tariffs, systematizing knowledge dispersed in various references. For this, it discusses the major aspects of peak pricing theory, including American, British and French approaches, and researches the connection between the logic built into the costs allocation by hour and the criteria for electricity distribution system planning. Aiming to reflect the costs of each customer type, indicating a better utilization of the distribution system, are proposed improvements and innovation whose highlights are: shifting the idea that expansion costs should be only allocated in peak time of the system, setting the periods after calculating the costs, changing how to derive the reference charges by average aggregation of the costs and applying the methodology on altered load curves. Finally, this thesis seeks to prove that the current methodology, although designed by the time in which the electricity sector was aggregated, can be adapted according to the proposed improvements and innovations, and thus applied to the current environment in which electric energy businesses and tariffs are separated in generation, transmission, and distribution and retail areas.
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Robba, Tatiana de Matos. "Como compensar as perdas decorrentes do livre comércio : o caso do Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20714.
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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos EuropeusApesar dos seus benefícios, o comércio livre implica inevitavelmente a existência de perdedores, que, devido aos custos que incorrem aquando da abertura comercial, são mais suscetíveis de apoiar a implementação de medidas protecionistas. O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program enquanto mecanismo do governo federal norte-americano para compensar os trabalhadores prejudicados pelo aumento das importações, resultante da liberalização. A análise permitiu concluir que, apesar das suas limitações, o programa ainda é uma importante alternativa ao protecionismo e uma crucial componente da política comercial norte-americana.
Despite its benefits, free trade inevitably implies the existence of losers, who, due to the costs they incur at the time of trade opening, are more likely to support the implementation of protectionist measures. The paper's objective is to analyze the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program as a mechanism of the U.S. federal government to compensate workers harmed by increased imports resulting from liberalization. The analysis allowed to conclude that, regardless of its limitations, the program is still an important alternative to protectionism and a key component of the U.S. trade policy.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Brdjar, Jaroslav. "Analýza a návrh dátových služieb pre zákazníkov na základe dostupných dátových zdrojov v podniku. (V spoločnosti Vodafone)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162711.
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This thesis is concerned with analysis of the mobile operators in the Czech Republic. Introduction part of thesis is devoted to the explanation of the key indicators which are used by mobile operators to analyze the rate of customer churn, or average revenue per user, or the customer value. Very importat is also a comparison of price consumption baskets in the Czech Republic with the other countries. The situation has changed dramatically offering unlimited tariffs in the already fully saturated market. In the practical part of this thesis I have focused on a detailed analysis of customers data in Vodafone company a I have reviewed the current offer of affordable tariffs and data services. I tried to implement new tariffs based on a real information of all customers - individuals over a period of 3 months. The aim of the thesis is to propose tariffs and services for customers, which would maintain the current customer base or which would increase the base slightly.
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Shepero, Mahmoud. "Modelling the Penetration Effect of Photovoltaics and Electric Vehicles on Electricity Demand and Its Implications on Tariff Structures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295426.
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The shift towards more renewable energy sources is imminent, this shift is accelerated by the technological advancement and the rise of environmental awareness. However, this shift causes major operational problems to the current grid that is optimised for unidirectional power flow. Besides the operational problems, there are problems related to the optimal tariff scheme. In this thesis a study on the effect of the adoption of photovoltaic solar panels and the electric vehicles on the households' electricity demand profile is presented. The change on the demand profile is going to affect the current tariffs, this effect is also explored in this thesis. In this thesis real life data on household electricity use and photovoltaic power production was used. For electric vehicle charging simulated data was used. Besides that, a demand response scheme for electric vehicle is proposed in order to estimate the savings potential of this demand response on the electricity bill. The results show that the change in the demand profile is not merely a change in the total energy consumption, but it is a change in the power peaks as well. The peaks change significantly in condominiums and rental apartments, in this households' type it increases by around 80%, while in detached and row houses little change is noticed on the peaks, yet they still increase by around 10%. The demand response shows around 1- 12% savings in the distribution bill depending on the household, however it showed more incentives for condominiums and rental apartments. The current distribution tariffs perform asymmetrically with the various households. However, one tariff ensures 11.7 MSEK financial revenue for the distribution system operator, this is higher than the other tariffs' revenue by more than 28.5%. The new prospective situation requires totally different tariffs that ensure a balance between firstly a reasonable revenue for the distribution system operator and secondly incentives for consumers to self produce electricity as well as to reduce their peaks.
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Dias, Helena Magda Agostinho. "Smart metering consumer behavior study in the Republic of Ireland: Further analyses on the consumers’ electricity consumptions and usage perceptions." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9601.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsWith the disclosure of the conclusions of the Republic of Ireland’s Smart Metering Trials, this report intends to summarize the experience and the Consumer Behavior results. I also complement the Irish report by examining the effect of demographic and attitudinal variables in the change of electricity consumption during the trial and by studying the accuracy of the participants’ perception of the change in their consumptions and bills during the experience. The main conclusion is that the participants were not able to take full advantage of the potentiality of the Time-of-Use tariffs to reduce bills and did not have a clear perception of their consumptions and spending, which may have prevented them of achieving better results.
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Meijer, Nicklas, and Johan Herbst. "Distribution Grid Tariff Design : Transition to a demand based distribution grid tariff design to manage future trends of electric vehicles and peak demand." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-35158.
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The purpose of this study is to examine possible tariff designs for a Swedish DSO to better reflect the individual’s future use of the grid when it comes to the expected effects of EV. A qualitative research method with a combination of an experimental and comparative case study design was carried through. The literature review involved data gathering within the subjects of grid tariff design, pricing of natural monopolies and behaviour related to electricity use. Empirical data consisted of quantitative data from the grid in combination with interviews of 5 respondents. With a systematic combining approach, the theoretical framework, empirical data and analysis evolved simultaneously. The results were analysed through emerging themes and evaluated with simulations. The study has shown that a static and easy to understand tariff is preferable. A reflective way to price distribution of electricity does not imply a correct breakdown of allocating costs to direct causes of them. When designing the tariff, a DSO must be aware of the psychological barriers and consequences a tariff design can induce. By that we find the combination of a fixed, demand and ToU component should give incitements well enough to make customers mindful of how they use their electricity. During a transition to a new tariff design, a customer focus approach should be used, were transparency and simplicity are keywords. The future could imply a shift from static to dynamic tariffs designs in which enabling technologies will have to ease the complexity for the customer in order to break down the psychological barriers.
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O, Reilly Gerard. "An analysis of tariffs, taxes, initial conditions and transitional dynamics in models of economic growth." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27847.pdf.
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Maneschijn, Raynard. "The development of a system to optimise production costs around complex electricity tariffs / R. Maneschijn." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9675.
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Rising South African electricity prices and reduced sales following the 2008 economic recession have led cement manufacturers to seek ways to reduce production costs. Prior research has shown that reduced electricity costs are possible by shifting load from expensive Eskom peak pricing periods to lower cost times. Due to the complex considerations and variables in cement production, this is not typically implemented.
Several simulation and optimisation models are available in literature to schedule plant operation in an electricity cost effective manner. However, these models have not been implemented in practice. The simulation models are reviewed and evaluated for the task of scheduling cement production on South African factories. A model is identified to be implemented, and the requirements for implementing this model on a cement factory are investigated.
A computerised management system is designed to automatically incorporate the required information and data to implement the optimisation model on a practical level. An interface is also designed to allow factory personnel access to the optimised production plan. The system is implemented and evaluated through system level testing.
Four case studies are presented within which the system is implemented on South African cement factories. The performance of the system is evaluated over a nine month period, within which a total cost saving of R8.6-million is reported.Thesis (MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Mutyaba, Vianney. "The impact of the capital structure of electricity generation projects on electricity tariffs in Uganda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96175.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.The recent transformation in the Ugandan energy sector has led to a significant surge in private electricity generation companies in the country. These companies have a heterogeneous capital structure and they tend to charge different tariff rates for the electricity generated. While the capital structure might have an important role to play in differential tariff setting, it is not clear to what extent it influences the tariff structure of electricity generation projects. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of capital structure on the tariff of electricity generation projects in Uganda after controlling for other factors such as operation and maintenance costs, technology used for generation, project development costs, and installed capacity of generation plants on the generation tariffs. Using cross-sectional data from 29 companies as at September 2014, a bootstrap linear regression analysis was used for estimation. The results of the study indicated that the higher the debt portion in the capital structure, the lower the generation tariff. However, the impact of debt in the capital structure was not statistically significant. What stood out is that renewable technologies have a much lower generating tariff than non-renewable technologies.
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Alhawari, Omar Ibrahim Salem. "Global Supply Chain Design Under Stochastic Demand Considering Manufacturing Operations and the Impact of Tariffs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565388377821285.
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Williams, Brett Gerard. "The importance of disciplining the choice of policy instrument to the effectiveness of the GATT as international law disciplining agricultural trade policies /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw72122.pdf.
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