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Journal articles on the topic 'Tariffs and networks'
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1
Horal, Liliana, Iryna Metoshop, Oksana Chernova, and Andrii Kornienko. "ARCHITECTURAL AND TECHNICAL IMPACT OF GAS NETWORKS ON THE TARIFF FOR NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SERVICES." Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), no. 5 (September 12, 2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2023.5.3.
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A study of tariff formation by gas distribution networks for the supply of natural gas was conducted, which proved that the current method of calculating the tariff is based on the amount of planned revenue and volumes of gas that the company intends to transport in the next period. The existing methodology affects the devaluation by enterprises of the tasks of effective functioning and cost reduction, which ultimately can lead to excessive costs and unstable tariffs. The work outlines a number of technical and geographical parameters affecting the formation of tariffs for gas supply. In particular, the working pressure, geometric configuration and route profile of gas networks have a direct impact on the technical complexity of the network and the costs of construction, operation and maintenance. In turn, the relief of laying gas networks significantly affects their design, safety and cost, which has an indirect effect on the formation of tariffs for gas transportation. To ensure the highest productivity and efficiency of gas networks, enterprises must constantly monitor indicators such as gas losses, possible pressure losses in network sections, pressure at each node point and its possible drops, determine the causes of their occurrence and growth, and develop strategies for their optimisation. In addition to the technical features of the construction of gas networks, the impact of a number of economic factors has been proven, in particular, on the continuity and reliability of gas supply for consumers, which take into account environmental and safety standards, which allows to set reasonable tariffs for gas transportation and ensure greater stability and transparency for all stakeholders.
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Kolosok, S., and T. Vasylieva. "ANALYSIS OF GAS AND ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: THE TARIFF REGULATION REVIEW." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 2 (2020): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.2-8.
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The distribution of gas and electricity certainly belongs to the strategically important activities, the success of which affects the socio-economic situation in the country. Energy distribution companies not only transport energy to customers, but also balance energy consumption, thus influencing all economic processes. However, the energy sector is characterized by several limiting factors. Companies should optimize their activities through energy supply and reception planning, capacity forecasting, providing the necessary level of flexibility of energy systems and the ability to integrate diversified gas and electricity distribution operators. All this requires a balanced and detailed approach to the formation of tariff policy, which takes into account the cost of maintenance and maintenance of energy networks, justification of the costs of business operations given the possible social response to rising final tariffs for gas and electricity. Therefore, the issue of tariff regulation in the energy sector requires a detailed study and analysis of best practices for setting tariffs for services for energy network operators. To this end, the study provided a review of the scientific literature on tariff regulation of gas and electricity distribution networks. The results of the study did not show significant elaboration of the topic but revealed only differences in views on optimal pricing for energy distribution networks in different countries.
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Dolmatov, I. A., I. YU Zolotova, and I. V. Maskaev. "New tariff regulation for natural monopolies: what should it be?" Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 4-5 (October 29, 2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2017-4-5-30-37.
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For the last several years, the Russian Federation has been artificially restraining the growth of tariffs for the services of natural monopolies. A simple decision, which is taken hastily a few years ago as a short-term anti-crisis measure, has every chance of becoming a "solution" for many years to come. The authors attempt to analyze the short-term and long-term effects of the tariff regulation and present the results obtained in the framework of the basic research program of the Higher School of Economics on the impact of tariffs in the energy sector on the main macroeconomic indicators, most often used as arguments in favor of tariff restraint. It is shown that tariffs, including the ones for electricity networks, should cover all efficient costs of regulated companies in full which enables reliable and safe power supply for sustainable and efficient development of industries and wellbeing of the population. The authors present for the first time the results of the estimations of the efficiency of the operational costs of electric networks in Russia obtained on the models developed by the Institute of Pricing and Regulation of Natural Monopolies. The models are based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, one of the most advanced and most common methods in contemporary tariff setting.
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Bean, N. G., and P. G. Taylor. "Maximal Profit Dimensioning and Tariffing of Loss Networks." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 9, no. 3 (July 1995): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800003909.
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In this paper we present a unified approach to the optimal dimensioning and tariffing of loss networks. In our formulation the optimum is chosen to maximize the profit for the company operating the loss network. We assume that the operating company has the flexibility to determine tariffs and grade of service — although both of these can possibly be subject to regulatory constraints. The fact that the tariffing may affect demand and, hence, the dimensioning makes it essential that the operating company include the tariff/demand trade-off in determining the optimal way to dimension the loss network. A consequence of our formulation is that the optimal tariff structure has a particularly simple form, with the optimal tariff on a particular route separating into a term related to the tariff/demand trade-off on that route and a term that reflects the cost of the circuits used by the route.
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Curran, Louise, Khalid Nadvi, and Liam Campling. "The influence of tariff regimes on global production networks (GPNs)." Journal of Economic Geography 19, no. 4 (December 22, 2018): 873–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby059.
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AbstractDespite the recognition that trade policy—in particular, tariff regimes and rules of origin—can affect the geography of production, much GPN analyses pay scant attention to the tariff context of the sector studied. This paper proposes an analytical framework to more effectively integrate these regimes into applied GPN research. We test the framework, drawing on analysis of exports to the EU market in four sectors: textiles and apparel, floriculture, fisheries and leather goods. The analysis confirms that, in the presence of high tariffs, preferences do seem to impact on sourcing for the EU market.
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Zakrevskaya, A. G., and N. G. Lyubimova. "Implementation of a new pricing mechanism in the heat supply market." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 4 (May 30, 2023): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2023-4-108-116.
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The article notes the lack of investment in heat supply market, which leads to increased wear and tear of both heat sources and heating networks, huge heat losses and non-competitiveness of district heating systems. A proposal is being considered to implement a new model of the heat market in all regions of Russia and to switch from direct state regulation of tariffs for heat energy (capacity) to contractual tariffs, the maximum level of which is determined by the “alternative boiler house” method. However, for those regions where the existing tariffs for heat energy (capacity) are higher than the established limit levels using the “alternative boiler house” method, the authors propose the use of other approaches and methods of tariff regulation, in particular, examples, advantages and disadvantages of using energy service contracts, tariff regulation based on method of return on invested capital, new legislation in terms of obtaining long-term loans for the modernization of infrastructure from the National Welfare Fund and the Housing and Utilities Reform Assistance Fund.
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Camilo, Fernando M., and Paulo Santos. "Technical-Economic Evaluation of Residential Wind and Photovoltaic Systems with Self-Consumption and Storage Systems in Portugal." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041805.
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At present, a worldwide paradigm shift has become apparent, with more and more consumers consuming the energy generated by renewable energy sources (RES) systems, such as wind or photovoltaic (PV) energy, sometimes benefiting from appropriate incentives by individual governments. Consequently, it is necessary to carry out technical–economic assessments to understand the evolution of the viability of RES investments. Within the framework of an intelligent network control environment, the smart grid (SG) concept is associated with this model, and is an important tool in the management of energy distribution networks. This article aims to make a further contribution to this issue by analyzing the economic feasibility of investing in residential consumers, considering different RES configurations. Scenarios covered in this study include: “inject all on the low voltage network/consume all on the low voltage network”, self-consumption, net-metering, and storage systems. The economic study results in this article show that self-consumption with and without the injection of excess electricity into the grid is quite attractive. The bi-hourly tariff was found to be more profitable than other tariffs. Variable tariffs (bi or tri-hourly) are more profitable than fixed tariffs. It is also concluded that investment in storage systems is not yet an economically viable solution due to the high price of energy storage.
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Baqaee, David Rezza, and Emmanuel Farhi. "Networks, Barriers, and Trade." Econometrica 92, no. 2 (2024): 505–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta17513.
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We study a flexible class of trade models with international production networks and arbitrary wedge‐like distortions like markups, tariffs, or nominal rigidities. We characterize the general equilibrium response of variables to shocks in terms of microeconomic statistics. Our results are useful for decomposing the sources of real GDP and welfare growth, and for computing counterfactuals. Using the same set of microeconomic sufficient statistics, we also characterize societal losses from increases in tariffs and iceberg trade costs and dissect the qualitative and quantitative importance of accounting for disaggregated details. Our results, which can be used to compute approximate and exact counterfactuals, provide an analytical toolbox for studying large‐scale trade models and help to bridge the gap between computation and theory.
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KOROTYA, Miroslav. "METHODICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES FOR CALCULATION OF REGIONAL TARIFFS ON NATURAL TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION SERVICES." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics, no. 2 (2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-2-13.
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Introduction. Tariffing as a process is complex and important, especially to ensure an adequate level of energy security and competitive balance amongst its participants at all levels. Therefore, it is important to follow the rules when setting tariffs in any sector or region: methodological approaches to calculating future tariffs should be readily accessible; tariffs should be easy to implement; future costs should be secured in such a way as to prevent possible shortcomings in the decision-making process; in order to develop the networks themselves and to use them effectively, as far as possible, the tariffs paid by their users should fully reflect the costs they incur in the system. The purpose is a comprehensive study of methodological and practical approaches to calculating regional tariffs for natural gas transportation and distribution services. The methodology of the investigated problems includes the systematic scientific methods of cognition, namely: analysis, synthesis, critical thinking, empiricism and modeling of a possible scenario. Results. Therefore, as a result of the study of methodological and practical approaches to the regional tariffs calculation for gas transportation and distribution services, it was determined that this process is fraught with certain difficulties and is particularly important for ensuring an adequate level of energy security and competitive balance among its participants at all levels. Conclusion. As a consequence, when setting tariffs in any sector or region, it is important to adhere to the following principles: transparency, simplicity, avoidance of possible distortion, predictability, value reflection, non-discrimination, cost recovery. Key words: distribution, transportation, natural gas, region, distribution of natural gas, method of calculation of tariff formation, gas distribution company.
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Taburov, Denis Yu. "Analysis of Problems in Setting Tariffs for Electric Grid Organizations." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2022-3-158-170.
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In the field of electric power industry in the Russian Federation, activities are allocated for the production, purchase and sale of electric energy and capacity, energy supply to consumers, operational dispatch control, and transmission of electric energy. The transmission of electrical energy is a regulated type of activity, within which prices are set separately for each constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which leads to interregional differences in tariffs for electricity transmission, and makes it important to ensure that the established level of tariffs is sufficient to maintain the quality and reliability of the services provided. The purpose of the article is to identify problems in setting tariffs for electric grid organizations. The methods of generalization of normative and theoretical sources were used in the work, including general scientific and particular scientific methods and general logical techniques (analysis, analogy, generalization, and others). The authors analyzed the main legal acts regulating the setting of prices (tariffs) for electric grid organizations, inter-regional differences in established prices (tariffs) and changes in the key components of prices (tariffs) by years. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the existing price inequality in terms of the components of the price of electric energy creates the conditions for the impossibility of prompt renewal of the power grid set. The low level of increase in unified boiler tariffs for electric power transmission services compared to both other components of the final price of electric energy (sales allowance of last resort suppliers, infrastructure payments) and the consumer price index can become critical and is the main problem when setting electric grid tariffs. organizationsTo continue the provision of reliable and high-quality services, the implementation of a set of measures is proposed that will allow, with a minimum increase in the price of electricity transmission, to ensure the reliable and high-quality functioning of electrical networks, optimizing costs, increasing the growth of non-tariff revenue.
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Benetti, Marcelo Azevedo, and Florin Iov. "A Novel Scheme to Allocate the Green Energy Transportation Costs—Application to Carbon Captured and Hydrogen." Energies 16, no. 7 (March 28, 2023): 3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073087.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) are essential energy vectors in the green energy transition. H2 is a fuel produced by electrolysis and is applied in heavy transportation where electrification is not feasible yet. The pollutant substance CO2 is starting to be captured and stored in different European locations. In Denmark, the energy vision aims to use this CO2 to be reacted with H2, producing green methanol. Typically, the production units are not co-located with consumers and thus, the required transportation infrastructure is essential for meeting supply and demand. This work presents a novel scheme to allocate the transportation costs of CO2 and H2 in pipeline networks, which can be applied to any network topology and with any allocation method. During the tariff formation process, coordinated adjustments are made by the novel scheme on the original tariffs produced by the allocation method employed, considering the location of each customer connected to pipeline network. Locational tariffs are provided as result, and the total revenue recovery is guaranteed to the network owner. Considering active customers, the novel scheme will lead to a decrease of distant pipeline flows, thereby contributing to the prevention of bottlenecks in the transportation network. Thus, structural reinforcements can be avoided, reducing the total transportation cost paid by all customers in the long-term.
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Shepard, Jun U., Bas J. van Ruijven, and Behnam Zakeri. "Impacts of Trade Friction and Climate Policy on Global Energy Trade Network." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 6171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176171.
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The trade impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine have raised questions about the role of trade and climate policies in energy security and global emissions. This study updates a widely used integrated assessment model (IAM), MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM, to represent complex trade networks to explicitly draw energy flows from their origins to their destination. It then examines the effects of (1) energy trade tariff policies and (2) a global carbon emissions tax on the global energy trade network. Results indicate that trade tariff policies have marginal effects on the network. While high import tariffs significantly reduce emissions due to reduced fossil fuel imports in the importing region, this effect does not translate to significant emission reductions as trade policies only impact downstream of the energy supply chain. However, an emission tax dramatically alters the trade network, by (1) reducing its size by up to 50% and (2) forming trade linkages that allow for a more complex and diverse network of suppliers. This diversity under the emissions tax scenario improves the energy security of major energy-importing regions.
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Hur, Jung, and Larry D. Qiu. "Tariffs and formation of free trade agreements networks." World Economy 43, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12868.
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Dzyuba, Anatoly P. "Reducing the cost of electricity transmission services of industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electric power producers." RUDN Journal of Economics 29, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-2-359-383.
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Reducing the cost of electricity consumption by industrial enterprises is the most important area of increasing the operational efficiency of their activities. The article is devoted to the issue of reducing the cost of paying for the service component of the transport component of purchased electrical energy from industrial enterprises that have technological connection to the electrical networks of electricity producers. The article makes an empirical study of the features of the pricing of payment for the services of the transport component of purchased electrical energy for industrial enterprises connected to the electric grids of electricity producers with the identification of factors influencing the overestimation of the cost of paid electricity, and calculating such overestimations using the example of a typical schedule of electricity consumption of a machinebuilding enterprise for various regions Russia. On the basis of the developed author's indicators (tariff coefficient for electricity transportation by the level of GNP, index of tariff coefficient for electricity transportation, weighted average price for electricity transportation, index of weighted average price for electricity transportation, integral index of efficiency of GNP tariffs) study of the effectiveness of the application of tariffs for the transport of electricity for industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electricity producers. Based on the calculated indicators, the article groups the regions into three main groups, with the development of recommendations for managing the cost of purchasing electricity by the component of the cost of the transport component of purchased electricity in each group. As the most optimal option for reducing the cost of electricity transportation, the author proposes the introduction of demand management for electricity consumption, which will reduce the costs of industrial enterprises that pay for the transport component of purchased electricity at unfavorable tariff configurations.
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Keller, Jann T., Gerard H. Kuper, and Machiel Mulder. "Competition under revenue-cap regulation with efficiency benchmarking: tariff related incentives for gas transmission system operators in merged markets." Journal of Regulatory Economics 58, no. 2-3 (August 29, 2020): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11149-020-09414-z.
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Abstract In Europe, gas market mergers aim at reducing restrictions on gas wholesale markets. Market mergers also allow network users to book transport capacity at different gas transmission system operators (TSOs), which may give rise to inter-TSO competition. Our theoretical analysis reveals the incentive for TSOs, operating under a revenue-cap regulation in merged markets, to charge lower tariffs at borders where different TSOs offer capacity, compared to borders where only one TSO offers capacity. This incentive does not directly result from revenue-cap regulation but is due to efficiency benchmarking. We test this hypothesis by applying a panel data analysis to tariffs charged at German border points between 2015 and 2018. In line with our hypothesis, we find lower tariffs at those border points where network users have a choice between different TSOs. An additional sensitivity analysis differentiating between transit and meshed networks confirms this result. We conclude that German TSOs, operating in merged markets and under a revenue-cap regime with efficiency benchmarking, compete for demand at borders at which different TSOs offer capacity.
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Kelly, F. P. "On tariffs, policing and admission control for multiservice networks." Operations Research Letters 15, no. 1 (February 1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6377(94)90008-6.
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Bauer, Matthew B. "Global telecommunications tariffs: Using worldnet to design international networks." International Journal of Network Management 3, no. 3 (September 1993): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nem.4560030304.
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Барахнин, Владимир Борисович, Светлана Валентиновна Мальцева, Константин Владимирович Данилов, and Василий Вячеславович Корнилов. "Modelling of energy consumption in sociotechnical systems with intelligent equipment." Вычислительные технологии, no. 6 (December 16, 2021): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25743/ict.2021.26.6.002.
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Современные социотехнические системы в различных областях характеризуются наличием в их составе большого количества интеллектуального оборудования, которое может самостоятельно регулировать собственное потребление энергии, а также взаимодействовать с другими потребителями в процессах принятия решений и управления. Одна из таких отраслей - энергетика, где самоорганизация и системы коллективного потребления являются наиболее перспективными с точки зрения обеспечения эффективности использования энергоресурсов. Рассмотрены подходы к установлению статических и динамических тарифов на электроэнергию. Проведено сравнение двух моделей энергопотребления - статического двухтарифного и динамического, учитывающих рациональное поведение умных устройств, способных выбирать лучшие режимы для потребления электроэнергии. Показано влияние количества таких устройств на возможность достижения равномерного потребления при использовании второй модели. Modern socio-technical systems in various fields include a large number of smart equipment that can independently regulate its own energy consumption, as well as interact with other consumers in decision-making and management processes. Energy is one of these areas. Self-organization and collective self-consumption are the most promising in terms of ensuring the efficiency of energy use. Existing and prospective approaches to using static and dynamic time-based tariffs are under consideration. The paper presents a mathematical description of two models of energy consumption: a static model based on the allocation of two zones with a fixed duration and tariffs for each one and a dynamic model of two-tariff accounting with feedback, which assumes tariffs changing based on the results of the analysis of current electricity consumption. A pilot study of both models was conducted by using energy consumption data and taking into account the rational behavior of smart devices as consumers who can choose the best periods for electricity consumption. During the experiments it was investigated how an increase in the share of smart devices in the composition of electricity consumers as well as options for establishing zones and tariffs, affect the possibility of achieving uniform consumption during the day. Experiments have shown that with a small proportion of smart devices, acceptable results that reduce the variation in the consumption function can favor usage of the model without feedback. An increase in the number of actors in the system inevitably requires including a feedback mechanism into the system that allows the resource supplier to prevent excessive concentration of smart devices during the period of the cheaper tariff. However, when the share of smart devices exceeds a certain critical value, a pronounced inversion of the times of cheap and expensive tariffs occurs in two successive iterations. In this case, in order to ensure a quite even distribution of electricity consumption, it is advisable for the supplier to return to the single tariff rate. Thus, an excessive increase in the number of actors in the system can neutralize the effect of their use
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Sulaima, Mohamad Fani, Nurliyana Binti Baharin, Aida Fazliana Abdul Kadir, Norhafiz Bin Salim Obtained, and Elia Erwani Hassan. "Investigation of electricity load shifting under various tariff design using ant colony optimization algorithm." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i1.pp1-11.
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<span>A price-based program through a time of use tariff (TOU) program is one of the initiatives to offer sufficient benefit for both consumers and generations sides. However, without any strategy for implementing optimal load management, a new tariff design structure will lead to the miss perception by electricity consumers. Therefore, this study offers an investigation toward appropriate TOU tariff design to reflect load profiles. Concurrently, the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm was proposed to deal with the load shifting strategy to determine the best load profiles and reducing the consumers’ electricity cost. The sample load profiles data is obtained from various residential houses, such as single-story, double-story, semi-D, apartment, and bungalow houses. The significant comparison between baseline flat tariffs to several TOU tariffs has shown an improvement in the percentage of cost saving for approximately 7 to 40%. Furthermore, the identified load management was observed where the maximum load shifting weightage was set up to 30% to reflect the consumers’ effort towards energy efficiency (EE) program. The previously proposed TOU design was identified to be a suitable structure that can promote balancing of EE and demand response (DR) program effort in most consumers' houses category in Malaysia.</span>
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Danbatta, Kafilu, and Binta Usman. "PRICE BASED TRAFFIC CONGESTION CONTROL IN THE UPCOMING 5G DEPLOYMENT." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0504-842.
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The demand for data in the 4G (Fourth Generation networks) and 5G (Fifth Generation networks) is becoming excessively high and the solution is being investigated to effectively utilize the available spectrum at the physical layer across different protocols to speed-up access from 2.5 to 10 times. Furthermore, the current proposals for 5G systems is envisaged to increase spectrum efficiency which brings about customer satisfaction, network density and operational efficiency, using newly 3.5 GHz NCC auctioned spectrum bands. The CPU processing power and cloud computing are expected to be the key driving factors in the evolution of wireless Network from 1G to 5G. These support wide range of new technologies like IoT, smart cities and Cyber and information Security as well as broadband penetration using entirely new Network architectural concept as a total transformation. This paper presents 5G network tariff implementation strategies and proposes a model of revenue generation which would enable a market mechanism that would allow the customer to communicate with the 5G Network and negotiate a contract based on some QoS (Quality of Service) parameters like blocking probabilities of High Priority Users (HPUs) and Low Priority Users (LPUs) , delay, and price. The percentage Improvement in Cumulative Revenue (CR) generated by the proposed model over the existing models is 10. Recommendations were made on the way forward for the optimum 5G tariffs in the Nigerian context
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Malone, Jacob B., John L. Turner, and Jonathan W. Williams. "Do three-part tariffs improve efficiency in residential broadband networks?" Telecommunications Policy 38, no. 11 (December 2014): 1035–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2014.06.004.
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Bermúdez, Alfredo, Julio González-Díaz, Francisco J. González-Diéguez, and Ángel M. González-Rueda. "Gas transport networks: Entry–exit tariffs via least squares methodology." Energy Policy 63 (December 2013): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.095.
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Bodunov, Vadim. "ENSURING PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE LEVELS IN LOW-VOLTAGE NETWORKS IN THE DESIGN OF SOLAR POWER PLANTS FOR PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, no. 1 (2) (July 2, 2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2021.01.04.
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One way to stimulate the development of renewable energy is preferential electricity tariffs for businesses, electricity consumers, including energy cooperatives and private households, whose generators produce electricity from alternative energy sources. Such a state policy exists both in Ukraine (the "green tariff") and in other countries (Feed-in tariffs). The simplified connection mechanism of generating power of private households and the fast payback period of solar power plants have led to a rapid increase in the number of such facilities. The peculiarity of network photovoltaic installations of private households is that the investment is proportional, and sometimes even less than the cost of additional reconstruction, for example, to increase the capacity of the electrical network, so, as a rule, their connection to low voltage networks is carried out without any additional changes of intersections of power lines. At the same time, according to the Law of Ukraine on the Electricity Market, the connection of generating installations to consumers, including private households, should not lead to deterioration of regulatory parameters of electricity quality. Another feature of these objects is the almost complete lack of information about the parameters of the electrical network. In the absence of reliable information, it becomes necessary to develop approximate methods for estimating the allowable capacity of solar power plants of private households depending on the place of connection, the parameters of the modern low-quality distribution network and modes of its operation. The article proposes the use of the distribution network model in the form of a line with evenly distributed load from the solar power plants in the form of a concentrated load at the corresponding point of the line. The voltage distribution along the line is simulated when the power of the solar power plant and the place of its connection change. Analytical relations are obtained for the calculation of the solar power plants power limit values to ensure the admissibility of the mode parameters according to the voltage level when varying the solar power plant connection point. A method is proposed to maintain the allowable minimum voltage levels at the terminals of consumers in short-term congested sections of the network.
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Bauer, Matthew B. "Global telecommunications tariffs: A quarterly review." International Journal of Network Management 4, no. 1 (March 1994): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nem.4560040108.
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Hernández-Sancho, F., M. Molinos-Senante, R. Sala-Garrido, and S. Del Saz-Salazar. "Tariffs and efficient performance by water suppliers: an empirical approach." Water Policy 14, no. 5 (May 11, 2012): 854–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.154.
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Water leaks are an environmental and sustainable issue as well as an economic issue. The objective of this paper is to analyse the efficiency of a sample of Spanish urban water systems by considering water leaks in a network as undesirable outputs. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), an analytical benchmarking methodology, is used to calculate technical and economic efficiency. We also discuss the possible relationship between efficiency and tariffs charged to users. Results show that the possibilities for reducing water leaks in networks are high, thus demonstrating that there is room for savings from an economic and environmental point of view. The assessment of efficiency performance could usefully assist local authorities and water suppliers in the task of optimising urban water management.
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Das, Sarit Prava, and Shatabdi Das. "A STUDYON CAUSEAND IMPACTOF RE-BRANDINGIN TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY WITH REFERENCE TO AIRTEL." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i5.2018.229.
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Competitor pressures, plummeting sales revenue and outdated marketing strategy are some reasons behind a company’s need to reposition itself and remain financially viable. India's telecommunication network is the second largest in the world based on the total number of telephone users (both fixed and mobile phone). It has one of the lowest call tariffs in the world enabled by the mega telephone networks and hyper-competition among them. This research sought to know the impact of rebranding on the loyalty of the network’s subscribers and the general attitude of the People towards branding in the telephony business. A survey was carried out on subscriber attitude towards Airtel as a result of the multiple rebranding through which it emerged
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Montgomery, R. "Services and tariffs with ISDN." IEEE Communications Magazine 25, no. 12 (December 1987): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.1987.1093508.
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Azuatalam, Donald, Archie C.Chapman, and Gregor Verbic. "Probabilistic Assessment of Impact of Flexible Loads Under Network Tariffs in Low-voltage Distribution Networks." Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 9, no. 4 (2021): 951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35833/mpce.2019.000136.
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Brito, Duarte, Pedro Pereira, and João Vareda. "Can two-part tariffs promote efficient investment on next generation networks?" International Journal of Industrial Organization 28, no. 3 (May 2010): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2009.10.004.
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Baldwin, Richard. "The World Trade Organization and the Future of Multilateralism." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.95.
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When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed by 23 nations in 1947, the goal was to establish a rules-based world trading system and to facilitate mutually advantageous trade liberalization. As the GATT evolved over time and morphed into the World Trade Organization in 1993, both goals have largely been achieved. The WTO presides over a rule-based trading system based on norms that are almost universally accepted and respected by its 163 members. Tariffs today are below 5 percent on most trade, and zero for a very large share of imports. Despite its manifest success, the WTO is widely regarded as suffering from a deep malaise. The main reason is that the latest WTO negotiation, the Doha Round, has staggered between failures, flops, and false dawns since it was launched in 2001. But the Doha logjam has not inhibited tariff liberalization—far from it. During the last 15 years, most WTO members have massively lowered barriers to trade, investment, and services bilaterally, regionally, and unilaterally—indeed, everywhere except through the WTO. For today's offshoring-linked international commerce, the trade rules that matter are less about tariffs and more about protection of investments and intellectual property, along with legal and regulatory steps to assure that the two-way flows of goods, services, investment, and people will not be impeded. It’s possible to imagine a hypothetical WTO that would incorporate these rules. But the most likely outcome for the future governance of international trade is a two-pillar structure in which the WTO continues to govern with its 1994-era rules while the new rules for international production networks are set by a decentralized process of sometimes overlapping and inconsistent mega-regional agreements.
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Dunkel, Arthur. "General agreement on tariffs and trade." Computer Law & Security Review 3, no. 6 (March 1988): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(88)90133-1.
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Lagler, Mike Alexander, and Robert Schürhuber. "Influence of optimizing prosumers on rural distribution networks." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 138, no. 8 (October 25, 2021): 486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-021-00945-7.
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AbstractA plethora of factors is currently leading to significant changes in both the planning and operation of distribution networks and systems, such as single-family houses and commercial and industrial buildings. These factors include the increasing share of decentralized energy generation and storage systems in distribution networks, the integration of electric vehicles, the coupling of electrical and thermal systems, as well as the increasing and easy use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The primary actors in this situation, formerly known as consumers of energy and power, have now become prosumers (producers and consumers), who feed energy back into the network at specific times.Hybrid energy systems combine cross-sectoral energy sources and supply systems as well as energy distribution and storage to form one compact system. The aim is to substitute fossil energy sources with primarily renewably generated electricity, other renewable energy sources, and sustainable ways of energy usage. Moreover, the use of new meter functions and services enables market-dependent dynamic or special consumer- and prosumer-oriented tariffs.A simulation model has been developed to model, simulate, and analyze the behavior and steady-state energy flows of such hybrid energy systems. By using linear optimization algorithms, the optimal use of decentralized energy generation and storage systems is determined in the example of a single-family house. The simulation model considers different optimization objectives, desired energy services, external boundary conditions, individual technical components, as well as selected energy tariffs. Furthermore, the simulation model is used to analyze how the high penetration of optimizing prosumers influences rural distribution networks.
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Zhang, Xianglong, Hanxin Wu, Mengting Zhu, Mengwei Dong, and Shufeng Dong. "Integrated Demand Response for Micro-Energy Grid Accounting for Dispatchable Loads." Energies 17, no. 5 (March 6, 2024): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17051255.
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Micro-energy networks are the smallest element of integrated energy systems, and tapping into the integrated demand response potential of micro-energy networks is conducive to improving energy use efficiency and promoting the development of new energy sources on a large scale. This paper proposes a day-ahead integrated demand response strategy for micro-energy grid that takes into account the dispatchable loads. Considering the gradient use of thermal energy, a typical micro-energy grid structure including electricity, gas, medium-grade heat, low-grade heat, and cold energy is constructed, a comprehensive energy equipment model is established, and the refined scheduling models of the dispatchable loads are given. On this basis, with the operating economy of the micro-energy grid as the optimization objective, the integrated demand response strategies of tariff-type and incentive-type are proposed. Through case study analysis, it is verified that the proposed strategy can optimize the energy consumption structure of the micro-energy grid under the guidance of time-of-use tariffs, reducing the operating costs. The proposed strategy fully exploits the demand response potential of the micro-energy grid through the dispatchable loads and the multi-energy complementarity of electricity, heat, and cold, realizes the comprehensive coordination and optimization of source-network-load-storage, provides a larger peak-regulating capacity, and exhibits practical applicability in engineering.
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Santos, M. M., A. R. Abaide, and M. Sperandio. "Distribution Networks Expansion Planning under the perspective of the locational Transmission Network Use of System tariffs." Electric Power Systems Research 128 (November 2015): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.07.008.
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Kimura, Fukunari, and Mitsuyo Ando. "The Economic Analysis of International Production/Distribution Networks in East Asia and Latin America: The Implication of Regional Trade Arrangements." Business and Politics 7, no. 1 (April 2005): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1100.
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This paper applies an economic approach to empirically investigate differences in inward foreign direct investment (FDI) patterns between East Asia and Latin America and discusses the implication of regional trade arrangements. International production/distribution networks in East Asia effectively utilize the new economic logic of fragmentation, agglomeration, and optimal internalization and seem to greatly contribute to economic development. The paper examines statistical data for international trade as well as the activities of Japanese and U.S. multinational enterprises (MNEs) and argues that international production/distribution networks, particularly in machinery industries, are extensively developed in East Asia while remaining immature in Latin America. The impact of regional trade arrangements is substantially different depending on whether international production/distribution networks have already been developed or not. Our findings suggest that the impact of FTAA on FDI in Latin America by East Asian MNEs could be either positive or negative, depending on the content of FTAA and accompanying policies. If differentials between intra-regional tariffs and MFN-based tariffs are kept large, import-substituting FDI from East Asia may stagnate or even decrease. With a proper policy package to nurture international production/distribution networks, on the other hand, FDI from East Asia could be accelerated and contributed to deeper integration of Latin America.
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Penkovskii, Andrey. "Hierarchical management model of heat supply to consumers." E3S Web of Conferences 219 (2020): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021903004.
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The article proposes a hierarchical management model for heat supply to consumers based on the method of bilevel programming. An organizational model of heat supply to consumers in the form of a Unified Heat Supply Organization in a two-tier control system is considered, when the regulators (regional tariff service) manages tariffs for consumers, and heat sources cover the given demand from consumers from the condition of obtaining maximum profit. With the help of bilevel approach, the technical and economic indicators of the district heating are calculated. The proposed mathematical model makes it possible to take into account the technical and economic characteristics of heat sources and heat networks, the interests of the participants in the process of heat supply to consumers and to determine the optimal conditions for controlling the functioning of district heating systems.
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Babchuk, S. M., and B. S. Nezamay. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SPEED DATA TRANSMISSION FROM SEGMENT LENGTH OF SPECIALIZED G3-PLC DIGITAL NETWORK." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(43) (December 24, 2019): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2019-2(43)-120-127.
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Power Line Communication (PLC) systems are actively evolving and becoming more and more widespread worldwide. They are used in the automation of technological processes, the organization of video surveillance systems and to control the "smart" home. The G3-PLC provides high-speed and high-reliability long-distance communication over the existing power grid. Due to the fact that G3-PLC provides the ability to transmit data including through transformers, infrastructure costs are reduced. In addition, the G3-PLC network can support IPv6, which will allow the G3-PLC to easily integrate into common IPv6-based communication lines in the future. G3-PLC-based bilateral communications networks can provide grid operators with intelligent monitoring and control capabilities. Operators will be able to monitor electricity consumption across the network in real time, apply variable tariff schedules and set limits on electricity consumption. In turn, consumers will be able to control electricity consumption in real time. By using variable tariffs, users can reduce their electricity consumption during peak use. The G3-PLC dedicated digital network can be used in process automation systems where traditional or traditional data transmission is difficult or impossible. As a result of the research, a polynomial mathematical model was found that best reflects the change in data rate depending on the length of the G3-PLC network segment. It is also found that for the simplified calculation, a linear model determined during the studies can be used. The established mathematical models of data transmission rate dependence on the segment length of the G3-PLC dedicated digital network will contribute to better design of G3-PLC-based networks.
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Skok, Minea, Lahorko Wagmann, and Tomislav Baričević. "USE OF FLEXIBILITY IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS." Journal of Energy - Energija 71, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2022711343.
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The Electricity Market Act stipulates that the distribution system operator is encouraged to use flexibility, including participation in congestion management in distribution network in coordination with transmission system operator, to increase efficiency, develop the distribution system and promote energy efficiency measures. DSO can access flexibility in one or more of the following ways: market-based procurement of flexibility services, distribution network tariffs, flexible (non-firm) connection agreements, rules based (regulated) approach, in combination or separately. The categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive and the inherent regulatory incentives and implemented measures may overlap. Member States and national regulatory authorities should, therefore, carefully evaluate the interactions when implementing new forms of access to flexibilities or when enhancing existing ones. The paper reviews the mentioned possibilities of using flexibility in the distribution network.
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Mello Junior, Harold Dias, Karla Figueiredo, Marcos César da Rocha Seruffo, Fernando Augusto Ribeiro Costa, Flávio Rafael Trindade Moura, Fausto Marques Rodrigues Junior, and Guilherme Baptista Bastos. "Consumption Forecasting and Economic-Financial Evaluation of a Brazilian Company in the Free Market." Learning and Nonlinear Models 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21528/lnlm-vol21-no1-art6.
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The essential difference between the Free Contracting Environment (FCE) and the Regulated Contracting Environment (RCE) is the possibility of freely negotiating energy terms and prices with suppliers. Disconnected from the tariffs regulated by the government, in the FCE, consumers bear the costly difference between the contracted energy and that consumed. This cost can be reduced with accurate knowledge of the consumer profile, based on the analysis of historical data. In this article, a methodology is proposed to evaluate the migration of consumers to the FCE. In a case study, graphical statistical techniques help identify the profile of a consumer in the city of Rio de Janeiro, subgroup A4 and with green tariff modality, in the period from 2016 to 2019. Then, classical and artificial neural network-based methods are used for consumption forecasting twelve months ahead. In particular, Long and Short Term Memories (LSTM) networks performed better than Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. At the end, it is demonstrated with economic and financial indicators, the right decision of this consumer to migrate to the FCE, prior to the analysis performed in this case study.
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Zalyalova, A. R., I. G. Akhmetova, T. R. Akhmetov, and K. R. Bakirov. "Repair costs in the structure of the heat tariff." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 15, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2022-15-4-247-252.
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In general, in the Russian Federation, there is a negative trend towards an increase in the share of dilapidated heating networks, a decline in the reliability of heat supply, which is caused by underfunding in terms of repair costs included in the heat tariff. Currently, there is no methodology for determining the amount of economically justified repair costs in the legislation on tariff regulation in heat supply. In the case of underestimation of repair costs in the tariff compared to the objectively necessary value, the problem arises of inadequate repair of the heat and power facilities, which leads to a critical deterioration in the reliability of heat supply. If, on the other hand, repair costs are overstated, the tariff for thermal energy increases unreasonably, or (when the limit index of growth in the utility bills is reached), other items of expenses of heat supply organizations would unreasonably decrease. The assessment of the validity of including repair costs in heat tariffs was carried out on the example of several heat supply organizations based on data from heat supply arrangement and the Federal State Information System "Unified Information and Analytical System “Federal Regulatory Authority — Regional Regulatory Authorities — Regulatory Entities". The actual distribution of repair costs in different heat supply organizations does not depend on the composition or quantity of equipment, nor is it justified methodologically. The calculation of the required amount of repair costs is multifactorial, but its components are mostly based on installed capacity, the quantity of heat and power equipment, and the length of heating networks. It is therefore necessary to develop a methodology for determining the required amount of repair costs to be included in the thermal energy tariff.
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de Bitencourt, Julio A., Daniel P. Bernardon, Henrique S. Eichkoff, Vinicius J. Garcia, Daiana W. Silva, Lucas M. Chiara, Renan L. B. Gomes, Sebastian A. Butto, Solange M. K. Barbosa, and Alejandre C. A. Pose. "An Alternative Regulation of Compensation Mechanisms for Electric Energy Transgressions of Service Quality Limits in Dispersed and Seasonal Areas." Energies 16, no. 15 (July 25, 2023): 5588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155588.
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The evaluation of the quality of electric power distribution services in Brazil is regulated and monitored by the National Electric Energy Agency ANEEL, which uses metrics related to the duration frequency of power interruptions that occur in the power utilities’ networks. The methodology applied by the agency to establish financial compensation due to violations of the quality standards does not take into consideration the consumers’ production industry when establishing compensation for the transgression of service quality indicators. This study will analyze a case study of a group of industrial consumers linked to agribusiness in the southern region of Brazil, which have strongly seasonal use of distribution networks and are scattered in large, dispersed areas. Based on the evaluation of the impact of service quality indicators on financial compensation, a regulatory mechanism is proposed in the form of an interruptible tariff duly quantified in the form of a non-linear programming problem to find a discount range for uninterruptible tariffs. The results obtained with the real data for the group of irrigating consumers demonstrate the feasibility regarding the application of the proposed approach, whether due to the discounts offered or even the repercussions of the calculated financial amounts.
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Sidnell, Tim, Bogdan Dorneanu, Evgenia Mechleri, Vassilios S. Vassiliadis, and Harvey Arellano-Garcia. "Effects of Dynamic Pricing on the Design and Operation of Distributed Energy Resource Networks." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081306.
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This paper presents a framework for the use of variable pricing to control electricity imported/exported to/from both fixed and unfixed residential distributed energy resource (DER) network designs. The framework shows that networks utilizing much of their own energy, and importing little from the national grid, are barely affected by dynamic import pricing, but are encouraged to sell more by dynamic export pricing. An increase in CO2 emissions per kWh of energy produced is observed for dynamic import and export, against a baseline configuration utilizing constant pricing. This is due to feed-in tariffs (FITs) that encourage CHP generation over lower-carbon technologies. Furthermore, batteries are shown to be expensive in systems receiving income from FITs and grid exports, but for the cases when they sell to/buy from the grid using dynamic pricing, their use in the networks becomes more economical.
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Hennig, Roman J., Laurens J. de Vries, and Simon H. Tindemans. "Congestion management in electricity distribution networks: Smart tariffs, local markets and direct control." Utilities Policy 85 (December 2023): 101660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2023.101660.
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Bedre-Defolie, Özlem, and Emilio Calvano. "Pricing Payment Cards." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 206–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.5.3.206.
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Payment card networks, such as Visa, require merchants' banks to pay substantial “interchange” fees to cardholders' banks on a per transaction basis. This paper shows that a network's profit-maximizing fee induces an inefficient price structure, oversubsidizing card usage and overtaxing merchants. We show that this distortion is systematic and arises from the fact that consumers make two distinct decisions (membership and usage), whereas merchants make only one (membership). In general, we contribute to the theory of two-sided markets by introducing a model that distinguishes between extensive and intensive margins, thereby explaining why two-part tariffs are useful pricing tools for platforms. (JEL D42, D85, G21, L12)
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Li, Zezhong, Xiangang Peng, Yilin Xu, Fucheng Zhong, Sheng Ouyang, and Kaiguo Xuan. "A Stackelberg Game-Based Model of Distribution Network-Distributed Energy Storage Systems Considering Demand Response." Mathematics 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12010034.
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In the context of national efforts to promote country-wide distributed photovoltaics (DPVs), the installation of distributed energy storage systems (DESSs) can solve the current problems of DPV consumption, peak shaving, and valley filling, as well as operation optimization faced by medium-voltage distribution networks (DN). In this paper, firstly, a price elasticity matrix based on the peak and valley tariff mechanism is introduced to establish a master–slave game framework for DN-DESSs under the DPV multi-point access environment. Secondly, the main model optimizes the pricing strategy of peak and valley tariffs with the objective of the lowest annual operating cost of the DN, and the slave model establishes a two-layer optimization model of DESSs with the objective of the maximum investment return of the DESSs and the lowest daily operating costs and call the CPLEX solver and particle swarm optimization algorithm for solving. Finally, the IEEE33 node system is used as a prototype for simulation verification. The results show that the proposed model can not only effectively reduce the operating cost of the distribution network but also play a role in improving the energy storage revenue and DPV consumption capacity, which has a certain degree of rationality and practicality.
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Камов, Л. П., and Н. А. Иванова. "Отечественная практика установления и реализации сервитутов." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 70, no. 2 (2021): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2021-67.
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The article notes the need to improve easement legal relations, which are currently regulated by the regulatory framework of Russian legislation only in terms of establishing a private easement. The most important argument for improving land legislation in terms of establishing easements is that the companies that own such unique linear objects as communication lines and power lines, main pipelines, road networks and railway transport networks are system-forming enterprises of the state level, the increase in tariffs of which falls on the common man in the street
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Sforzini, Matteo, Gianluigi Nicita, Lorenzo Pastore, Gianluigi Lo Basso, and Livio de Santoli. "How residential CHPs could be integrated in renewable energy communities’ incentive schemes." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131209003.
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The present work aims to investigate the integration into renewable energy communities (REC) schemes of micro and mini- Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. In detail, it has been evaluated the minimum self-consumption (SC) share needed to even out the revenues coming from the energy efficiency certificates (EECs). In order to establish a SC based tariff for CHP plants a correlation between SC share and the tariff value has been assessed for different commercial plants. A 70% of SC share has been set as a minimum target, which is related to incentive rates of 53 and 39.5 €/MWh, for mini and micro-CHPs, respectively. These values are about 65% lower than the current tariffs set by ARERA (Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks and Environment) to reward the renewable energy SC. A real building and two CHP plants have been considered as reference case studies. A dynamic simulation has been carried out in order to analyse the proposed incentive scheme in a real application. Starting from a 3-D BIM model, the energy flows have been calculated over one year period. Finally, it has been demonstrated how a SC based tariff can significantly reduce the share of injected electricity into the grid, also promoting the thermal carrier sharing. In so doing, the renewable energy sources intermittency can be easily mitigated and balanced, avoiding additional burdens on public expenditure.
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Misra, Rekha, and Sonam Choudhry. "Trade War: Likely Impact on India." Foreign Trade Review 55, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519886793.
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The global financial crisis triggered the built up of domestic pressure in some countries to introduce protectionist measures against imports. The present discussion regarding the ‘trade war’ and ‘de-globalisation’ intensified after both the US and China escalated the tariff rates on imports originating in the US and China. This study evaluates the potential economic effects of the substantial tariff hikes by these two major economies on Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, particularly for India. The study adds to the existing literature on the trade war by examining potential impact on India’s exports, that is, both direct and indirect losses as well as benefits arising due to the trade war using the economic model based on the trend in trade flows, similarity index and supply chain networks using World Input-Output tables. The study uses the Vector Error Correction Model to empirically evaluate the pass-through of the tariff hike on Indian exports using bilateral real effective exchange rate (REER)-consumer price index and REER-product price index. The study finds that the US–China trade tussle may provide some opportunities in short to medium run for India as gains through trade deflection would be higher than the losses due to trade reduction. However, in the long-run, further escalation of tariffs will have negative impact at the global level. JEL Codes: F1, F62, F68
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Andrade Mahecha, Jaime Fernando, and Grigory Ibrahim Massy Sánchez. "Simulation of the operation of a natural gas transport system based on a criterion of minimum operating cost." DYNA 86, no. 211 (October 1, 2019): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n211.78983.
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In this article, a simulation model of a natural gas transport network based on the minimization of its operating costs was developed. For this, a system of equations that determine these costs and the conditions that characterize it are established, to later be transformed into a system that can easily be solved by common linear programming methods. A system of equations and matrices resulting from a transport network of few elements is presented as an example. The model is applied in the simulation of the future operation of the Colombian natural gas transport network to project the cost of its operation, section flows, its associated tariffs, and shortage level. Finally, the conclusions derive possible use applications of this model for the analysis of natural gas transport networks and other energy systems.
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Karapidakis, Emmanuel, Christos Kalogerakis, and Evangelos Pompodakis. "Sustainable Power Generation Expansion in Island Systems with Extensive RES and Energy Storage." Inventions 8, no. 5 (October 11, 2023): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions8050127.
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Insular networks constitute ideal fields for investment in renewables and storage due to their excellent wind and solar potential, as well the high generation cost of thermal generators in such networks. Nevertheless, in order to ensure the stability of insular networks, network operators impose strict restrictions on the expansion of renewables. Storage systems render ideal solutions for overcoming the aforementioned restrictions, unlocking additional renewable capacity. Among storage technologies, hybrid battery-hydrogen demonstrates beneficial characteristics thanks to the complementary features that battery and hydrogen exhibit regarding efficiency, self-discharge, cost, etc. This paper investigates the economic feasibility of a private investment in renewables and hybrid hydrogen-battery storage, realized on the interconnected island of Crete, Greece. Specifically, an optimization formulation is proposed to optimize the capacity of renewables and hybrid battery-hydrogen storage in order to maximize the profit of investment, while simultaneously reaching a minimum renewable penetration of 80%, in accordance with Greek decarbonization goals. The numerical results presented in this study demonstrate that hybrid hydrogen-battery storage can significantly reduce electricity production costs in Crete, potentially reaching as low as 64 EUR/MWh. From an investor’s perspective, even with moderate compensation tariffs, the energy transition remains profitable due to Crete’s abundant wind and solar resources. For instance, with a 40% subsidy and an 80 EUR/MWh compensation tariff, the net present value can reach EUR 400 million. Furthermore, the projected cost reductions for electrolyzers and fuel cells by 2030 are expected to enhance the profitability of hybrid renewable-battery-hydrogen projects. In summary, this research underscores the sustainable and economically favorable prospects of hybrid hydrogen-battery storage systems in facilitating Crete’s energy transition, with promising implications for investors and the wider renewable energy sector.