Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tariffs

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tariffs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tariffs"

1

Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc, and Agnieszka Weychan. "Price-Based Demand Side Response Programs and Their Effectiveness on the Example of TOU Electricity Tariff for Residential Consumers." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020287.

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Demand side response is becoming an increasingly significant issue for reliable power systems’ operation. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure high effectiveness of such programs, including electricity tariffs. The purpose of the study is developing a method for analysing electricity tariff’s effectiveness in terms of demand side response purposes based on statistical data concerning tariffs’ use by the consumers and price elasticity of their electricity demand. A case-study analysis is presented for residential electricity consumers, shifting the settlement and consequently the profile of electricity use from a flat to a time-of-use tariff, based on the comparison of the considered tariff groups. Additionally, a correlation analysis is suggested to verify tariffs’ influence of the power system’s peak load based on residential electricity tariffs in Poland. The presented analysis proves that large residential consumers aggregated by tariff incentives may have a significant impact on the power system’s load and this impact changes substantially for particular hours of a day or season. Such efficiency assessment may be used by both energy suppliers to optimize their market purchases and by distribution system operators in order to ensure adequate generation during peak load periods.
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Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc, and Agnieszka Weychan. "Price-Based Demand Side Response Programs and Their Effectiveness on the Example of TOU Electricity Tariff for Residential Consumers." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020287.

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Demand side response is becoming an increasingly significant issue for reliable power systems’ operation. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure high effectiveness of such programs, including electricity tariffs. The purpose of the study is developing a method for analysing electricity tariff’s effectiveness in terms of demand side response purposes based on statistical data concerning tariffs’ use by the consumers and price elasticity of their electricity demand. A case-study analysis is presented for residential electricity consumers, shifting the settlement and consequently the profile of electricity use from a flat to a time-of-use tariff, based on the comparison of the considered tariff groups. Additionally, a correlation analysis is suggested to verify tariffs’ influence of the power system’s peak load based on residential electricity tariffs in Poland. The presented analysis proves that large residential consumers aggregated by tariff incentives may have a significant impact on the power system’s load and this impact changes substantially for particular hours of a day or season. Such efficiency assessment may be used by both energy suppliers to optimize their market purchases and by distribution system operators in order to ensure adequate generation during peak load periods.
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3

Macheret, D. "RAILWAY FREIGHT TARIFFS: HISTORY AND MODERNITY." World of Transport and Transportation 15, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2017-15-2-25.

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[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].Khusainov, F. I. Pricing in Railway Transport. History of Rail Freight Tariffs in Russia: textbook. Moscow, MGUPS publ., 2017, 102 p. ABSTRACT The training manual presents a retrospective of tariffs from the inception of the railways in Russia until 2015. The book analyzes all tariff reforms, the principles of building tariffs, their structure, the reasons for changing tariff-setting models, tariff discussions of scientists from different schools. From the book it becomes obvious that the basic principles that have existed for more than a hundred of years, do not lose their relevance today. Economic science and tariff practices are constantly returning to old discussions. Therefore, a competent specialist in the economics of rail transport should have an idea of the main problems of evolution of railway tariffs. Keywords: railway, freight tariffs, unregulated and regulated tariffs, pricing, tariff reform, tariff discussions, solvency of cargoes.
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Bocharova, Yu H., T. V. Kozhuhova, O. V. Ishchenko, and O. O. Mashoshyn. "TARIFF REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE XXI CENTURY." TRADE AND MARKET OF UKRAINE, no. 2(54) 2023 (December 30, 2023): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4762-2023-54-2-7-17.

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Objective. The objective of our study is to analyse the status and peculiarities of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used in the research process: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to substantiate the importance and role of tariff regulation of international and foreign trade in the XXI century, to identify factors influencing the development of international trade), generalisation and systematisation (to substantiate the state and peculiarities of the development of tariff regulation of international trade in the XXI century), analysis of time series (to identify trends and patterns of tariff regulation of international trade in 2006-2022), graphical (for visual representation of the peculiarities of tariff dynamics in WTO countries). Results. The article notes that despite the changes that have taken place in international trade in general and in the system of its regulation in particular, tariff regulation remains the main authorised means of regulating international and external trade. By 2022, international trade is expected to reach USD 30 trillion, with trade in goods, especially manufactured goods, dominating the structure. It is established that one of the aspects of liberalising trade is to reduce or eliminate tariffs. It is noted that the reduction of tariffs is much slower in the period 2006-2021 than in the period 1996-2005. Average applied tariffs in WTO countries for all product groups will decrease from 10.1% in 2006 to 8.9% in 2021; tariffs on agricultural products will be significantly higher than on non-agricultural products (14.8% vs. 8% in 2021); average tariffs applied to all product groups were significantly lower in developed countries than in developing countries and LDCs; average tariffs applied by developed countries decreased by 1.7%, by developing countries by 1.7% and by LDCs by 1.2%; the highest average tariffs were recorded in Africa and the Americas and the lowest in Europe; the share of duty-free goods under the most favoured nation regime in the WTO countries has been steadily increasing; there has been a slight but steady decline in the share of tariff peaks, which are tariffs exceeding 15 per cent; the number of trade agreements, including preferential trade agreements, has been growing steadily, with agreements covering not only trade in goods but also trade in services, etc. According to the analysis of WTO data, in 2022 most WTO countries have an average bound tariff not exceeding 50%; average bound tariffs vary significantly across WTO countries and product groups; average bound tariffs for most WTO countries range from 20-59% for agricultural products, 10-39% for non-agricultural products; average applied tariffs for agricultural products range from 10-19%, up to 10% for non-agricultural products; significant discrepancies between average bound tariffs and average applied tariffs remain; in the majority of WTO countries, ad valorem tariffs dominate the tariff structure; there are significant differences between countries in the number of bound tariffs applied; in the vast majority of WTO countries, MFN tariffs are applied to a large number of products - the number of products subject to MFN tariffs varies between 5000 and 10000.
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Christensen, Kristoffer, Zheng Ma, and Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. "Technical, Economic, Social and Regulatory Feasibility Evaluation of Dynamic Distribution Tariff Designs." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102860.

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The increasing number of distributed energy resources in the distribution grids creates the risk of grid congestion and the high cost of grid expansion. The implementation of the dynamic distribution grid tariffs can potentially avoid grid congestion. Meanwhile, the design and implementation of any distribution tariff need to consider and match the regional/national requirements. However, there is no sufficient evaluation method available to review and evaluate the feasibility of the dynamic distribution tariffs. Therefore, this paper introduces a feasibility evaluation method with four dimensions of technical, economic, social, and regulatory to review dynamic distribution tariffs. The literature on dynamic distribution tariffs is collected, and 29 dynamic distribution tariffs are selected and further categorized into five attributes of rationale, cost drivers, dynamics, events, and active demand. The evaluation results show that the time-of-use tariff is the most feasible dynamic distribution tariff, and the review of a proposed future distribution tariff model in Denmark verifies the evaluation method and results. The developed feasibility evaluation method for dynamic distribution tariffs can ensure the design and implementation of a dynamic distribution tariff to be feasible and applicable in a region.
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Montolalu, Maya H., Mahjus Ekananda, Teguh Dartanto, Diah Widyawati, and Maddaremmeng Panennungi. "The Analysis of Trade Liberalization and Nutrition Intake for Improving Food Security across Districts in Indonesia." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 3291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063291.

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The debate on the effect of trade liberalization on food security poses solid arguments, both in favor as well as against the issue. This study aims to analyze the linkages between trade liberalization (measured using food import tariff exposure) and food security (measured using nutrition intake) in the case of Indonesia. The national food import tariff is decomposed into district-level import tariff exposure and is analyzed based on sectoral tariffs such as agriculture tariffs and food manufacture import tariffs. The analysis employs panel data of 496 Indonesian districts and postulates an association between trade and food security by using fixed-effect regression. By analyzing the effects of tariff exposure towards food consumption in all districts and grouping the districts into 5 (five) islands, we can contribute to the literature on trade liberalization and food security. First, it is found that import tariff exposure is negatively impacting nutrition intake and each sector has a different effect on each nutrition intake. Furthermore, the impact of manufacturing tariffs on calorie and protein intake is slightly higher than that of agriculture tariffs. Second, it is shown that both sectoral import tariffs’ effects vary across islands in Indonesia. Furthermore, the research is expected to contribute to and become a reference for the government in regulating tariffs and other trade liberalization schemes to support households to be food secure.
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Czerliński, Mirosław, and Michał Sebastian Bańka. "Ticket tariffs modelling in urban and regional public transport." Archives of Transport 57, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8041.

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Ticket tariff is an important factor influencing the demand for public transport. Among basic problematics re-garding ticket tariffs are designing new fare systems and optimization of current systems. The task of optimization is influenced by two main factors: ticket prices and the structure of the tariff. Both elements were researched in this article, based on eleven public transport organizers fare systems in Poland – metropolitan areas and cities of a different scale. The purpose of this article was to define basic tariff types used in urban and regional public transport with a presentation of their function models. Ticket tariffs split into two main groups: flat and differen-tial. Differential group of tariffs covers: distance (usually are encountered fares based on a number of kilometres or stops travelled), quality (e.g. different fares on basic and express lines), time (minutes, hours or days of ticket validity, but also different tariff during on-peak and off-peak hours), sections (between which passenger travel on a transit route) and zones (transport network divided into areas, e.g. designated by municipalities bounda-ries) tariffs. The concept of this study was to transform as many tariffs as possible from tabular form to the math-ematical function. Five types of functions were considered for each tariff schematic: linear, power, polynomial, logarithmic and exponential. Functions and associated with them R-squared parameters were obtained as a result of regression analysis. The paper indicates that for time, distance and flat tariffs conformity (R2) was in most cases very high and above 0,90. The results indicate that the power function best describes time tariffs. In the case of distance tariffs, different kind of functions can be used: logarithmic, power or polynomial. The pro-posed function form of tariffs may speed up the process of creating new fare systems or upgrading existing ones. With general knowledge about the structure of tariffs and their function forms, it would be easier to determine the price of different kinds of tickets. New fare integration solutions could be also proposed in the future by using Big Data analysis.
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Clemens, Michael A., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "Why were Latin America's tariffs so much higher than Asia's before 1950?" Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 30, no. 1 (September 26, 2011): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261091100019x.

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AbstractLatin America had the highest tariffs in the world before 1914; Asia had the lowest. Heavily protected Latin America also boasted some of the most explosivebelle époquegrowth, while open Asia registered some of the least. What brought the two regions to the opposite ends of the tariff policy spectrum? We find that limits to Asian tariff policy autonomy may have lowered tariffs substantially there, but by themselves they cannot explain why Asian tariffs were so much lower than the Latin American tariffs before 1914; that natural barriers, domestic political economy and strategic tariff policy seems to have contributed much to the difference and that the origins of Asian post-World War 2 import-substitution policies seem to lie in the interwar years when Asian tariff levels caught up with those of Latin America.
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Gu, Siqi. "The Impact of U.S. Carbon Tariff on Chinas Exports and Welfare Based on Empirical Analysis and Game Models." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 80, no. 1 (May 10, 2024): 14–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/80/20241278.

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This paper will begin by formulating an optimal tariff model between China and the U.S., leading us to an equilibrium point. From this vantage point, we will deduce the consequences of U.S. tariffs on China's exports and the ramifications of U.S. carbon tariffs on China's societal welfare. Next, we will develop an economic model considering the existing China-U.S. tariffs and their trading relationship. This model will help determine the influence of U.S. tariffs on China's export volume and societal welfare. In addition, we will compute the impact of U.S. tariffs on China's societal welfare and export to the U.S., factoring in China's carbon emissions per 100 yuan of GDP, and finally, concern the industrial impact of such carbon tariffs. Third, using two distinct game models, we would probe into the viability and possibility of the U.S. levying a carbon tariff on Chinese exports. The evolutionary game models reflect real-world scenarios, which point out that the U.S. will eventually apply a carbon tariff on China. Next, the dynamic game model considers different parties, Chinas government and firms, and different factors, environmental costs, and green subsidies. The model provides the circumstances in which the U.S. will levy a carbon tariff, whether China should provide a green subsidy, and whether the company should implement green production technology. Finally, we would discuss potential strategies China might adopt to navigate the challenges of the U.S. carbon tariff and examine the broader implications of such a move.
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Sweeney, Richard. "Tariffs and welfare: A common, invalid anti-tariff argument." Economics and Business Review 9, no. 1 (2023): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2023.1.1.

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President Trump imposed tariffs in 2017 on several of China’s exports, notably steel. Many papers opposed these tariffs by using a common, invalid argument: rather than arguing these tariffs reduced U.S. welfare, they argue U.S. consumers and businesses pay the tariffs, a different, rhetorical issue. Their main evidence of harm is increases in imported goods’ after-tariff U.S. prices, especially relativeto other goods’ U.S. prices. In a standard, small general equilibrium model (two countries, two goods, two factors), this price evidence is wholly ambiguous—it is even consistent with the view that Trump’s tariff was optimal,increasing U.S. welfare. Even sophisticated papers are similarly ambiguous. All fail because they neglect how government uses tariff revenue. Relying on fallacious arguments makes the free-trade position look weak and encourages protectionism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tariffs"

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Wada, Ricardo. "Desenvolvimento e construção de nova estrutura tarifária para grupos de consumidores de média e baixa tensão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-14042015-154653/.

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Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de construção de uma nova metodologia voltada à estrutura tarifária de sistemas elétricos, considerando grupos de consumidores de média e de baixa tensão. A discussão mostra a necessidade de aprimoramento da atual estrutura tarifária brasileira para os consumidores atendidos pelos sistemas de distribuição de energia. Também os principais aspectos necessários para uma estrutura mais eficiente, justa e consistente, baseada nos fundamentos da teoria econômica, são aqui considerados. Nesse contexto, realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre as tarifações praticadas em diversos países, identificando suas principais características e potenciais aplicabilidades neste estudo. Em relação às simulações computacionais, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo para determinação dos preços das tarifas dos consumidores atendidos por uma dada distribuidora, considerando as características socioeconômicas e operacionais de sua área de concessão. Por fim, apresentam-se os resultados obtidos a partir da simulação de novas tarifas, baseados em um estudo de caso de uma concessionária da região Sudeste do Brasil. Assim, foram comprovadas a aplicabilidade e eficiência da metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho, no que diz respeito à segmentação do mercado da distribuidora nas opções tarifárias propostas e a potenciais aplicações em projetos piloto.
This dissertation presents a proposal for the construction of a new methodology for electricity distribution pricing, considering medium and low voltage consumer groups. The discussion shows the need for improvements in the current tariff structure for Brazilian consumers supplied by distribution systems. Also, main necessary aspects for a more efficient, fair and consistent rate design, based on the fundamentals of economic theory, are herein considered. In this context, a research on the pricing methods applied in different countries was carried out, identifying their key characteristics and potential applicability for this study. Regarding computer simulations, an algorithm was developed to determine the tariffs of consumers supplied by a certain distribution company, considering the social, economic and operational characteristics of its concession area. Finally, the results obtained from the simulation of new tariffs are presented, based on a case study for a company located in the southeast of Brazil. Thus, it was proved the applicability and efficiency of the methodology developed in this work, regarding the utility market segmentation on the proposed tariff options and potential applications in pilot projects.
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Fink, Gerhard. "New protectionism in Central Europe. Exchange rate adjustment, customs tariffs and non-tariff measures." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/970/1/document.pdf.

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Many of the 10 Central European candidate member countries for EU accession entered into the transition period with strongly undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993-1995 real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms governments applied high third country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the USA increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, the CE-10 more and more brought exchange rate policies in line with the changes in purchasing power parity. However, petty protection and harassment of importers prevails. (author's abstract)
Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Hargreaves, Joan Mildred, and joan hargeaves@deakin edu au. "Tariff protection and politics: Castlemaine 1870-1901." Deakin University. School of Australian and International Studies, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071012.152659.

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This study, set within the contextual background of Victorian politics, ‘seeks to identify the economic, political and social implications of tariff protection for the Castlemaine region from 1870-1901. The introduction of the Victorian tariff in 1865 precipitated a reversal of earlier attitudes towards protection by politicians and their constituents. Reasons are sought for changes in the perceptions of the Castlemaine electorate and its political representatives towards the tariff between 1870 and Federation. An examination has been made of the role of the tariff in the creation of employment in the region’s primary and secondary industries together with its influence on politicians, primary and secondary industry leaders and workers. Also explored is the relative impact of the tariff on the economic performance of Castlemaine industries, whether producing for export or domestic markets.
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Kraus, Christiane. "Import tariffs as environmental policy instruments /." Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer Acad. Publ, 2000. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0821/00039111-d.html.

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Franks, Lana. "The impact of rising electricity tariffs on tariffs on the urban poor : a South African case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9136.

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Historically, South Africans have benefited from relatively cheap electricity where tariffs have not been cost reflective and kept below inflation. Tariff structures have not fully accounted for the cost of investing in new infrastructure for generating, transmitting and finally distributing electricity to the end user. This has partly contributed to an inadequate and constrained electricity supply that is insufficient to meet the growing energy demand in South Africa e.g. the 2008 rolling blackouts (Tait 2011). Since 2004 the average electricity tariff has however increased above inflation to be able to invest in Eskom’s New Build Programme. The increases between 2008 and 2011 were particularly high, in the range of 16 – 22 in real terms. The National Electricity Regulator of South Africa approved an ‘above inflation’ annual average increase of 8 on the 1 April 2013 for Eskom customers and 1 July for municipal customers (NERSA 2013). The sectors however, do not experience the same degree of increase. This study aims to measure the increases experienced by urban poor households and determine the effect of the increases on their energy choices. It was initiated mainly to address concerns that Eskom’s tariff increases may affect the access and longterm affordability of electricity for the poor. Electricity is foundational to society’s ability to function well and without it essential services such as lighting, cooking and virtually anything electronic, will be negatively affected. Thus, any threat to service delivery on the side of the utility and affordability on the side of the customer should both be addressed by pro-poor policies. Eberhard and PDG (2010:2) made a compelling argument that if Eskom cannot extend their generation capacity, which is partly financed through a tariff, then this is not pro-poor. Increasing tariffs so that it is more cost reflective is essential to achieve the objective of meeting the growing electricity demand in the face of an ageing electricity network and a historically cheap electricity price. Tariff increases are inevitable. The real question therefore is how to balance the needs of the utility and the customer; the price of service delivery and the level of affordability, especially for the poor.
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Zhang, Jingjing. "Taxes, tariffs and trade costs under oligopoly." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111146/.

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This study compares ad valorem and per-unit taxes in public finance and international trade and examines the welfare effects of trade cost in general oligopolistic equilibrium (GOLE). In chapter two, following Grazzini (2006), the welfare comparison of ad valorem and per-unit taxation is conducted in an exchange economy under Cournot competition. It is shown that the exceptional result in Grazzini (2006) that a per-unit tax can be welfare superior to an ad valorem tax, entirely depends on the form of social welfare function. Furthermore, the possibility of the dominance of per-unit taxation is due to the effect of taxation on the redistribution of income rather than from any efficiency gain. In chapter three, assuming that the home government maximises the tariff revenue, the welfare with ad valorem tariff is higher than that with per-unit tariff given the constraint of FDI cost. The maximum revenue collected by the home government is always higher with ad valorem tariff under Cournot competition. However, under Bertrand competition with differentiated products, the maximum revenue with per-unit tariff is higher than that with ad valorem tariff if the FDI cost is sufficiently low. This is because the introduction of product differentiation and nature of Bertrand competition both intensify the competition and lower the prices. In chapter four, by using the general oligopolistic equilibrium (GOLE) model developed by J. Peter Neary, it is shown that social welfare is also U-shaped in the trade cost under Cournot competition. The result is in line with Brander (1981) and Brander and Krugman (1983). In particular, when the trade cost is sufficiently high, a reduction in trade cost will increase the competitive wage due to the redistribution of labour, and the equilibrium prices as a function of trade costs follows a hump-shaped pattern if the products are homogeneous.
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Joosten, Matthieu. "Restructuring telecommunication tariffs in Europe : an historical analysis of the political-economics of tariffs in four EC member states." Thesis, City University London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357936.

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Myšková, Marika. "Zhodnocení zavedení neomezených tarifů na český trh." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193754.

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The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the process of introducing unlimited tariffs by O2 Czech Republic a.s. as to the Czech telecommunications market. The focus of this topic has two perspectives, perspective of the innovative companies and competitors' view. In the assessment perspective, there is also the view of customers. In the first part, I have dealt mainly with the general theory of introducing innovative products to the market, which is related to business surveys that were conducted, in particular the analysis of competition and the market. In the practical part, I focused on the very process of implementation, including the initial assessment of the market situation, setting pricing policies or communication tools that were used. In conclusion, I compared previous expectations with real impacts.
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Persarvet, Viktor. "Svenskt tullskydd. En studie av svensk protektionism under trettiotalet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179815.

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This paper attempts to study the Swedish tariffs during the interwar period in order to asses the level of protectionism in Swedish tariff policy during the period. It is foremost the nominal tariffs that are studied, however an estimate of the effective rate of protection of the tariffs is also calculated for a number of goods. In order to asses the level of protectionism, the Swedish tariffs are also compared with Finnish tariff levels during the interwar period. The sample of Swedish tariffs that have been studied in this paper include the fifteen most important kinds of import goods and the fifteen most important kinds of export goods. The nominal tariff of each kind of goods have been weighted by their share of the total import value. The Swedish specific tariffs did not change much during the interwar period except for a few goods such as petroleum, coffee and automobiles. The fluctuation in nominal tariffs were in most cases the result of the steep fall in prices during the period. Compared to the Finnish tariffs, the Swedish tariffs seem to have been generally lower, especially in agricultural goods in which the Swedish tariffs are surprisingly immobile during the period. This paper finds that the Swedish tariff policy during the interwar period were inactive and relatively free-market oriented.
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Collie, David Robert. "Strategic trade policy : export subsidies and countervailing tariffs." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1120/.

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This thesis analyses the effect of retaliation with countervailing tariffs and/or production subsidies on the strategic argument for export subsidies, and also proves the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in the standard model of international trade under oligopoly. Retaliation will be modelled as a multistage game. At the first stage, the foreign country sets its export subsidy to maximise national welfare. Then, at the second stage, the domestic country sets its trade policy, import tariff and/or production subsidy, to maximise national welfare in response to the foreign export subsidy. The solution concept employed is the subgame perfect equilibrium. When the domestic country uses a tariff in response to a foreign export subsidy, then the optimal domestic response is a partially countervailing tariff, and the foreign country does not usually gain from an export subsidy. There is usually no profit shifting argument for an export subsidy when the foreign country faces retaliation with countervailing tariffs. When the domestic country uses a tariff and a production subsidy in response to a foreign export subsidy, then the surprising result is that an export subsidy may increase foreign welfare. In this case, the foreign export subsidy increases both foreign and domestic welfare. The domestic country will always gain from a foreign export subsidy when it sets its trade policy optimally.
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Books on the topic "Tariffs"

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Great Britain. Overseas Trade Services. and Great Britain. Department of Trade and Industry., eds. Poland: Customs tariffs. [London: Department of Trade and Industry, Central Europe desk, 1993.

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Amiti, Mary. Are uniform tariffs optimal? [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, 2004.

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Broda, Christian M. Optimal tariffs: The evidence. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. Feed-in-tariffs guidelines. Lusaka]: COMESA, 2016.

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Panagariya, Arvind. Input tariffs and duty drawbacks in the design of tariff reform. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1990.

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Lopez, Ramon E. Microeconomic distortions: Static losses and their effect on the efficiency of investment. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW, Washington 20433): Office of the Vice President, Development Economics, the World Bank, 1991.

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Panagariya, Arvind. How should tariffs be structured? Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): World Bank, 1990.

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Collie, David. Export subsidies and countervailing tariffs. Coventry: University of Warwick, Dept. of Economics, 1990.

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da, Cormac O. Gra. Did tariffs matter that much? Dublin: Department of Political Economy, UCD, 1987.

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Tribunal, Canadian International Trade. An inquiry into textile tariffs. [Ottawa]: Canadian International Trade Tribunal, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tariffs"

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Gandolfo, Giancarlo. "Tariffs, and Non-Tariff Barriers." In Elements of International Economics, 237–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07005-5_14.

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McDonald, Brian. "Tariffs." In The World Trading System, 65–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230379701_8.

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Sawyer, W. Charles, and Richard L. Sprinkle. "Tariffs." In Applied International Economics, 153–76. 5th Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. | Revised edition of the authors’ Applied international economics, 2015.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429425547-8.

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Scitovsky, T. "Tariffs." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1844-1.

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Scitovsky, T. "Tariffs." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–6. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1844-2.

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Scitovsky, T. "Tariffs." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 13420–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1844.

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Meran, Georg, Markus Siehlow, and Christian von Hirschhausen. "Water Tariffs." In The Economics of Water, 123–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48485-9_4.

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Branch, Alan E. "Port tariffs." In Elements of Port Operation and Management, 144–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4087-1_9.

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Sancho, Laura Huici. "Preferential Tariffs." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1628–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_379.

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Huici Sancho, Laura. "Preferential Tariffs." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_379-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tariffs"

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Kuanyshbayev, Zhaken. "Methodologies For Determining Tariffs For Intermodal Cargo Transportation." In 10th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004105.

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The article presents an analysis of tariffs for international freight traffic along the route Nur-Sultan station (Republic of Kazakhstan) - Mazare-Sharif station (Republic of Afghanistan). The freight charge is determined according to three existing methods for determining the freight charge: based on the Rail-Atlas and Rail-Tarif software package; Uniform Transit Tariff (UTT); International Transit Tariff (ITT). Calculations convincingly show the lowest tariffs for freight transportation, their availability for a wide range of railway customers. Moreover, the advantages of low-price tariffs are given in a tabular format, which creates convenience for users of railway services.
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Balcan, Maria-Florina, Siddharth Prasad, and Tuomas Sandholm. "Efficient Algorithms for Learning Revenue-Maximizing Two-Part Tariffs." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/47.

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A two-part tariff is a pricing scheme that consists of an up-front lump sum fee and a per unit fee. Various products in the real world are sold via a menu, or list, of two-part tariffs---for example gym memberships, cell phone data plans, etc. We study learning high-revenue menus of two-part tariffs from buyer valuation data, in the setting where the mechanism designer has access to samples from the distribution over buyers' values rather than an explicit description thereof. Our algorithms have clear direct uses, and provide the missing piece for the recent generalization theory of two-part tariffs. We present a polynomial time algorithm for optimizing one two-part tariff. We also present an algorithm for optimizing a length-L menu of two-part tariffs with run time exponential in L but polynomial in all other problem parameters. We then generalize the problem to multiple markets. We prove how many samples suffice to guarantee that a two-part tariff scheme that is feasible on the samples is also feasible on a new problem instance with high probability. We then show that computing revenue-maximizing feasible prices is hard even for buyers with additive valuations. Then, for buyers with identical valuation distributions, we present a condition that is sufficient for the two-part tariff scheme from the unsegmented setting to be optimal for the market-segmented setting. Finally, we prove a generalization result that states how many samples suffice so that we can compute the unsegmented solution on the samples and still be guaranteed that we get a near-optimal solution for the market-segmented setting with high probability.
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Aggarwal, Dhruvak, Muskaan Malhotra, and Shaku Agrawal. "Implementing Dynamic Tariffs for Residential Consumers: A Literature Review." In ENERGISE 2023. Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62576/yrjk7788.

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Dynamic retail tariffs are expected to be a cost-effective method to integrate variable renewable energy into the electricity grid while leading to higher social welfare. However, the global uptake of dynamic tariffs among residential consumers has been tepid due to complexities in implementing tariffs that match consumer preferences and uncertainties around their distributional effects, leading to unrealized welfare gains for consumers, utilities, and society. With a renewed interest in implementing dynamic tariffs in India following the large-scale rollout of smart consumer meters, this paper reviews recent literature on the attributes that affect the distribution of gains and losses among consumers and influence their uptake of dynamic tariffs. We propose a three-stage implementation framework that starts with getting a deeper understanding of the heterogeneous residential consumer segment and delineates the complementary steps required along with a change in tariff design to increase the likelihood of consumer participation.
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Ulbig, Andreas, and Goran Andersson. "Towards variable end-consumer electricity tariffs reflecting marginal costs: A benchmark tariff." In 2010 7th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2010.5558777.

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Huang, Longbo, Jean Walrand, and Kannan Ramchandran. "Optimal smart grid tariffs." In 2012 Information Theory and Applications Workshop (ITA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ita.2012.6181799.

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Ferreira, Fernanda A. "International Stackelberg model with tariffs." In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2012: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4756354.

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Fielden, J. S. "Metering and tariffs for harmonics." In Eighth International Conference on Metering and Tariffs for Energy Supply. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19960469.

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Livik, K. "Network tariffs in deregulated regimes." In Eighth International Conference on Metering and Tariffs for Energy Supply. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19960473.

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Alan, Alper T., Sarvapali D. Ramchurn, Tom Rodden, Enrico Costanza, Joel Fischer, and Nicholas R. Jennings. "Managing energy tariffs with agents." In the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2800835.2801626.

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Voynarenko, Mykhaylo, and Anatoliy Kholodenko. "Port Tariffs Discounting Mechanism Optimization." In 2020 10th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies (ACIT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit49673.2020.9208980.

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Reports on the topic "Tariffs"

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Böhringer, Christoph, Jared Carbone, and Thomas Rutherford. Embodied Carbon Tariffs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17376.

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Coughlin, K., R. White, C. Bolduc, D. Fisher, and G. Rosenquist. The Tariff Analysis Project: A database and analysis platform forelectricity tariffs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887433.

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Furceri, Davide, Swarnali Hannan, Jonathan Ostry, and Andrew Rose. Macroeconomic Consequences of Tariffs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25402.

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Broda, Christian, Nuno Limão, and David Weinstein. Optimal Tariffs: The Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12033.

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Zhang, ZhongXiang. Energising China’s renewable power tariffs. East Asia Forum, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1537524010.

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Strecker, Nora, Georg U. Thunecke, and Benedikt Zoller-Rydzek. Falling tariffs: implications of globalization-induced tariff reductions on firms, workers, and tax revenues. UNU-WIDER, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2024/481-6.

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Carroll, Daniel R., and Sewon Hur. On the Distributional Effects of International Tariffs. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202018r2.

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We provide a quantitative analysis of the distributional effects of the 2018 increase in tariffs by the US and its major trading partners. We build a trade model with incomplete asset markets and households that are heterogeneous in their age, income, wealth, and labor skill. When tariff revenues are used to reduce distortionary taxes on consumption, labor, and capital income, the average welfare loss from the trade war is equivalent to a permanent 0.1 percent reduction in consumption. Much larger welfare losses are concentrated among retirees and low-wealth households, while only wealthy households experience a welfare gain.
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Irwin, Douglas. Higher Tariffs, Lower Revenues? Analyzing the Fiscal Aspects of the "Great Tariff Debate of 1888". Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6239.

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Aizenman, Joshua. Inflation, Tariffs and Tax Enforcement Costs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1712.

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Engel, Charles, and Kenneth Kletzer. Tariffs, Saving and the Current Account. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1869.

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