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1
HOEKMAN, BERNARD, WILL MARTIN, and AADITYA MATTOO. "Conclude Doha: it matters!" World Trade Review 9, no. 3 (June 25, 2010): 505–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745610000297.
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AbstractThe Doha Round must be concluded not because it will produce dramatic liberalization but because it will create greater security of market access. Its conclusion would strengthen, symbolically and substantively, the WTO's valuable role in restraining protectionism. What is on the table would constrain the scope for tariff protection in all goods, ban agricultural export subsidies in the industrial countries and sharply reduce the scope for distorting domestic support – by 70% in the EU and 60% in the US. Average farm tariffs that exporters face would fall to 12% (from 14.5%) and the tariffs on exports of manufactures to less than 2.5% (from about 3%). There are also environmental benefits to be captured, in particular disciplining the use of subsidies that encourage over-fishing and lowering tariffs on technologies that can help mitigate global warming. An agreement to facilitate trade by cutting red tape will further expand trade opportunities. Greater market access for the least-developed countries will result from the ‘duty free and quota free’ proposal and their ability to take advantage of new opportunities will be enhanced by the Doha-related ‘aid for trade’ initiative. Finally, concluding Doha would create space for multilateral cooperation on critical policy matters that lie outside the Doha Agenda, most urgently the trade policy implications of climate change mitigation.
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Putri, Aulia Isnaini, Bonar M. Sinaga, Nia Kurniawati Hidayat, and Hastuti Hastuti. "DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN TARIF IMPOR TERHADAP PASAR JAGUNG DI INDONESIA." Journal of Agriculture, Resource and Environmental Economics 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jaree.v1i2.11803.
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Maize is the second largest contributor to GDP after rice in the food crops subsector in Indonesia. The domestic maize production is unable to meet the high demand. Therefore, there is a gap or imbalance between supply and demand and maize import cannot be avoided. The implementation of ASEAN Free Trade Area has reduced and eliminated tariff barriers. The objectives of the study are to: (1) identify factors that affect the supply and demand for maize, and (2) analyze the impact of changes in maize import tariff on the supply, demand, and welfare of producers and consumers of maize in Indonesia. The study used time series data from 1986-2010. Indonesian Maize Trade model is constructed as a system of simultaneous equations and estimated method using Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS).The elimination of Indonesian maize import tariff from AFTA or non AFTA countries is leading to decreased producer surplus. Therefore, the combination of eliminating Indonesian maize import tariff from AFTA and non AFTA countries, decreasing the retail price of urea fertilizer, and increasing maize prices at the farm level can compensate the decrease of producer surplus so that the welfare can be increased(net surplus).
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PUTRI, THETA DINNARWATY, WINARNO SUGENG, and FUADI RAMDANI. "Sistem Pembayaran Elektronik pada Transportasi Angkutan Kota menggunakan Rotary Encoder." MIND Journal 6, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/mindjournal.v6i1.1-15.
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AbstrakAngkutan kota (angkot) adalah salah satu transportasi umum yang berada di kota Bandung. Tetapi belum semua warga menggunakannya karena tarif yang diberikan pengemudi tidak sesuai jarak yang ditempuh dan menyebabkan tarif yang beragam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat sistem pembayaran pada angkot serta menentukan tarifnya sesuai jarak yang ditempuh. Penelitian ini memodelkan sistem pembayaran menggunakan RFID, rotary encoder dan arduiono uno. Sistem yang dibuat menghasilkan output berupa tarif sesuai jarak yang ditempuh dengan menghitung jumlah putaran roda yang dihubungkan dengan rotary encoder. Rotary encoder digunakan untuk mengetahui arah putaran roda yang mana dapat menghasilkan output berupa jarak. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah jarak yang diperoleh dari putaran roda yang di ekuivalensikan dengan jarak sebenarnya, dimana tarif dasar sebesar Rp.2000 akan bertambah Rp.100 setiap bertambah jarak 100 m. Kata kunci: Rotary Encoder, RFID, Transportasi, Arduino ABSTRACT City transportation (angkot) is one of the public transportation located in the city of Bandung. However, not all residents use it because the tariff given by the driver does not match the distance traveled and causes varying rates. The purpose of this research is to create a payment system for public transportation and determine the tariff according to the distance traveled. This study models a payment system using RFID, rotary encoder and Arduiono Uno. The system created produces an output in the form of a rate according to the distance traveled by calculating the number of wheel rotations connected to the rotary encoder. Rotary encoder is used to determine the direction of rotation of the wheel which can produce output in the form of distance. The result of this research is the distance obtained from the rotation of the wheel which is equivalent to the actual distance, where the basic fare of Rp. 2000 will increase by Rp. 100 for every 100 m increase in distance.Keywords: Rotary Encoder, RFID, Transportation, Arduino
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Stockil, R. C., and G. F. Ortmann. "Free trade and deregulated domestic markets: Attitudes of commercial farmers in KwaZulu-Natal." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v1i1.1872.
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This study analyses farmers' attitudes towards free trade and deregulated domestic product and input markets using a survey conducted in 1996 among 112 commercial farmers in KwaZulu-Natal. Most respondents were in favour of liberalised trade and deregulated domestic markets, but expected a decline in product prices, farm profits and land values. Logit analyses of farmers' personal and business characteristics that influence their attitudes towards free trade and deregulated domestic markets were conducted. Results indicate that improved information on risk management practices and import tariff levels may help commercial farmers to adapt to a changing economic environment and reduce resistance to free trade.
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Arif Rachmat, Nuqson Masykur Huda, and Sri Anita. "Predictive Analytic Klasifikasi Penentuan Tarif Sewa Bus." Jurnal Sistem Cerdas 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37396/jsc.v2i2.29.
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Currently, the bus rental business has become the choice of consumers in traveling, because of the decision of flexibility and better availability. The government regulates that consumer and business owner agreements determine bus rental rates without routes. In this study intends to do clustering from the history of raw data that already exists before. Data is obtained from companies in the form of spreadsheet files originating from non-information systems. The raw data is combined and normalized, to eliminate the noise data and the data is not abnormal. The clustering results using the K-Means algorithm and Louvain clustering produce several tariff groups that can be used as a reference for determining fare. In this paper also concludes about unbalanced data, which can cause data clustering errors.
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O. E., Ogundahunsi,, Akpan, G. E., Agbaje, C. O., Oyeniyi, K, Olaoye, I. O., and Oyewusi, T. F. "Energy Audit and Alternative Energy Source for Sustainable Processing of Cassava Products in Oyo State, Nigeria." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 26, no. 7 (July 17, 2024): 462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i71222.
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Recently, the increase in electrical energy tariff in Nigeria coupled with the epileptic electricity supply has led to the rise in production cost and price of cassava products. In this study, an audit of the electrical energy used in three cassava processing industries (Niji farm, ATMANCorp Nigeria, and Psaltry International Limited) in Oyo state, Nigeria was carried out and biofuels as an alternative energy produced from cassava processing waste to enhance the sustainability of cassava processing are presented. The audit investigates the cost of energy consumption in producing different cassava products, ranging from garri, cassava flour, and cassava starch. The computation and analysis of energy use were carried out using the spreadsheet on Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the observed monthly energy consumed with the cost of the energy for Niji farm, ATMAN Corp Nigeria, and Psaltry International Limited were 45002.16 kW/h (NGN1,330,560), 65581.92 kW/h (NGN1,668,535), and 923774.40 kW/h (NGN27,501,120) respectively. The analysis also observed that bioenergy such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biomass, or biogas produced biochemically from cassava processing by-products can be used as a suitable biofuel to run types of machinery in cassava processing. This study proffers a solution to the high cost of energy used in cassava processing industries thereby reducing the production cost resulting in lower prices of cassava products in the market.
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Li, Dailong. "The Influence of Sino-US Trade Friction on U.S. Soybean Export." BCP Business & Management 38 (March 2, 2023): 2348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v38i.4105.
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With the increasingly close trade between China and the United States, a large number of soybeans grown in the United States were exported to the Chinese market, and the trade volume gradually increased. After decades of expansion, Sino-US agricultural trade has entered a competitive situation. And agricultural trade frictions between the two countries have intensified since 2018 when China imposed a 25 percent tariff on soybeans imported from the United States. Taking export volume of U.S. soybean as the research object, through horizontal and longitudinal comparison, supplemented by data analysis, this paper studies the plight of US soybean export caused by the trade war. The consequences of trade frictions include lower incomes for farmers, economic and political deterioration in farm states, loss of market advantage for United States processed soybeans for a short time. In order to alleviate the above difficulties, it is necessary to improve the emergency mechanism, expand the export destination of soybeans, and develop trade with other agricultural products in China, which can also provide reference for export risk control and agricultural product structure improvement.
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Ivanov, Yevhen A., Diana A. Krychevska, Mariia R. Lopushanska, and Olga V. Pylypovych. "The geographical location, current state and forecasting of development of renewable energy facilities within Lviv region." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 31, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112206.
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Ukraine, as a member of the European Energy Community, has committed itself to achieve a share of 12 % renewables in its final energy generation by 2025 and a share of at least 25 % by 2035 (including all hydropower and thermal energy capacities). In 2019, the share of renewables in electricity generation in Ukraine was only 4 %. Renewables produce 4 % of total electricity production in Lviv region. According to this indicator, the region is the leader in the Western Ukraine. The paper analyzes the geographical location and the current state of renewable energy facilities in the Lviv region and forecasting their further development. As of July 1, 2020, in Lviv region there are 67 renewable energy facilities with a total capacity of over 310 MW. Most of the renewables supply electricity to the integrated energy system at a “green” tariff. They include two wind power plants with a total capacity of 33.9 MW in Staryy Sambir district; 59 industrial solar power plants with a total capacity of over than 275 MW in 15 administrative districts of Lviv region, Boryslav and Chervonohrad cities; two mini hydropower plants with a total capacity of 0.576 MW in Drohobych and Turka districts; three mini heat and electricity production plants running on biomass and producing electricity and thermal energy (Radekhiv heat and electricity production plant with a capacity of 2.4 MW, other heat and electricity production plants with a total capacity of 3.66 MW); one biomass electricity production plant operating in the Eco-Mit LLC pig farm in the village of Batyatychi in Kamianka-Buzka district. In addition, 985 solar electricity production plants at private households were built in 20 administrative districts and 9 cities in the region. Their total capacity is over 19 MW, which is equivalent to average capacity of one industrial solar electricity production plant. The leader in the number of industrial facilities for renewable energy is Yavoriv district, where almost half of the total renewables’ capacity of Lviv region is concentrated. The largest number of solar electricity production plants of private households is located in Pustomyty and Yavoriv districts, and Lviv city, whereas the lowest number in mountainous areas, particular in Turka and Skole districts. As of January 1, 2020, solar energy constituted 70 % of renewable energy in Lviv region. At the same time, according to the Development Strategy of Lviv region for the period of 2021–2027, the largest share in the structure of electricity production belongs to wind energy. The development of renewable energy in Ukraine depends on the rate of “green” tariff. The actual financial stimulus has led to a rapid increase in the share of renewables in total electricity generation in Ukraine and Lviv region in particular. Promising areas for renewable energy in Lviv region are wind and bioenergy developments.
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CHO, WonYong. "The constitutional problems of rural over-representation: Focusing on the Vote-Buying Cases and Possibilitity of Reverse Discrimination against Working Class in City." Korean Constitutional Law Association 30, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 239–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35901/kjcl.2024.30.1.239.
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A lawmaker's realistic goal is to get elected, and to get elected, they need the votes of their constituents. However, if one person's vote is worth two votes, then that group becomes very attractive to politicians. The value of a rural vote is often twice as high as that of an urban vote. Rural areas are overrepresented in parliamentary elections. If there are 2.2 million farmers, that's 4.4 million votes for politicians.
The problem of rural overrepresentation has been reduced since the 1987 system, when the difference in the value of the vote was nearly six times that of urban areas, but the privileges accumulated over 37 years have been further consolidated by the introduction of several systems through legislative amendments.
Agricultural insurance, which aims to maximize losses from natural disasters and reduce the risk of growing weather-affected agricultural products to zero, has been subsidized by taxpayers' money to de-risk farmers, while high-tariff imports distort the market by making them uncompetitive and discouraging the urban poor from choosing cheaper imports. The direct payment system also disincentivizes farmers from engaging in “other industries” other than agriculture. If farmers are paid a certain amount of cash in taxpayer dollars just to farm, there is no incentive to try and be selected for other industries or to improve the productivity of the farming they are doing. Farmers get 9% of their insurance premiums subsidized by taxes, they get subsidized by taxes even if the price of their produce falls, they get a direct cash payment for doing their own farming, and they get to sell their produce at 7 times the price of imports, forcing the rural and urban poor to pay higher prices for their produce. Politicians provide low-risk, stable returns to rural farmers and politicians give them special favors. Taxpayers' money buys their tickets.
As a result, urban and rural people are forced to eat the most expensive milk, bread, rice, eggs, and beef in the world. They are forced to pay high prices for our agricultural products, which are heavily subsidized by taxpayers' money and have lost their competitiveness, and they are unable to eat quality agricultural products from other countries at low prices. It is time to pursue strict urban-rural ‘vote equality’ and reform the system so that the majority of the people are not sacrificed for the benefit of a special group. The Korean Constitution does not allow for special classes, and farmers and fishermen should not be a special class under the Constitution.
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Salles, Rafael S., A. C. Zambroni de Souza, and Paulo F. Ribeiro. "Energy Storage for Peak Shaving in a Microgrid in the Context of Brazilian Time-of-Use Rate." Proceedings 58, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wef-06913.
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The advance of the distributed generation in Brazil makes it essential to investigate the applications and transformations that the use of these new arrangements may entail. The use of non-centralized generation technologies associated with energy storage is interesting for several sectors of the energy market, even if the market is in the process of maturing these technologies. In the context of the time-of-use rate, these changes have allowed the consumer to use strategies to save energy bill costs, especially when its moment of most considerable consumption coincides with that of the highest tariff. In this paper, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is used to perform commercial peak load reduction in a microgrid in connected mode. The microgrid also has a Photovoltaic (PV) Generator Farm as Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to provide load consumption and also to assist BESS in the peak shaving operation. The modeling and simulation of the system are performed by MATLAB/Simulink. The analysis demonstrates that the peak load reduction produces the expected financial benefits under a Brazilian time-of-use rate known as White Rate, in addition to carrying out the operation in a manner consistent with the technique from an electrical point of view. The software Homer Grid validates the potential savings. Thus, the results showed that the use of energy storage associated with renewable generation under a peak shaving strategy allows greater freedom for the consumer in the face of costs with main grid purchases.
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Soewatoen. "ANALISIS BIAYA SATUAN METODE ACTIVITY BASED COSTING DALAM EVALUASI TARIF PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DI ERA JKN (Studi Kasus Pasien Stroke di Rumah Sakit Kristen Mojowarno)." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Airlangga 26, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jeba.v26i12016.79-95.
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Mojowarno Christian Hospital is an organization that is move in health services that produce multi-product, theratio of consumption of each product is different and significant indirect costs therefore needed to determine theservice tariff calculation of unit cost in the hospital with Activity Based Costing Method. The purpose of this studywas to determine the calculation of unit costs of care and outcomes of stroke patients fare calculation using theunit cost from Activity Based Costing method hospital compared with rates prevailing at the moment and ratesINA CBGs. This type of research is a qualitative case study. Based on calculations by the method of ActivityBased Costing obtained Unit Cost for Outpatient is Rp. 749.705, Unit Cost for Emergency Care Unit Mild Strokeis Rp 664.093;Medium Stroke Rp. 1.424.683, Severe Stroke Rp. 2.282.755,-. Unit Cost for Room type III MildStroke is Rp. 3.899.786, Medium Stroke Rp. 5.874.646, Severe Stroke Rp. 7.892.496; Unit Cost for Room type IIMild Stroke is Rp. 4.859.510, Medium Stroke Rp. 7.557.913, Severe Stroke Rp. 10.294.306; Unit Cost for Roomtype I Mild Stroke is Rp. 6.097.530, Medium Stroke Rp. 9.728.198, Severe Stroke Rp. 13.391.856; Unit Cost forVIP Room Mild Stroke is Rp. 10.953.150, Medium Stroke Rp. 18.240.533, Severe Stroke Rp. 25.540.906 ; UnitCost for High Care Unit Mild Stroke is Rp. 3.710.121, Medium Stroke Rp. 5.655.278, Severe StrokeRp. 9.477.309 and Unit Cost Intensive Care Unit Mild Stroke is Rp. 7.010.169, Medium Stroke Rp. 10.605.350,Severe Stroke Rp. 17.727.429,-.Each unit cost plus the cost of materials and direct labor costs, it can be seen thatthe cost of treatment of each disease severity have enough material price difference. It is because the higher theseverity of the disease makes the longer the treatment, the more use the service activities, and service facilities, itsmake the cost is higher. The comparison resoult showed that hospital rates prevailing at this time and the resultsof the calculation using the ABC method for stroke patients is higher than the rate of INA CBGs.
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Ivanenko, N. P., and P. V. Tarasenko. "Cost of hydrogen production with using the share of electricity from a wind power plant in Ukraine." Problems of General Energy 2021, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2021.01.045.
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To ensure the balance reliability of regimes of UES functioning, it was necessary to apply restrictions on generation from renewable energy sources (RES). In this regard, a number of amendments was made in 2020 to the Law of Ukraine "On the Electricity Market" dated April 13, 2017 No. 2019-VIII, which provide for reduction of the rates of the "green" tariff for renewable energy projects. CJSC NEC "Ukrenergo" predicts limitation of electricity production from renewable sources against the background of their growing capacity and falling consumption – up to 1 billion kW∙h. The total volume of electricity production from renewable energy sources in 2019 was about 4.5 billion kW∙h. One of the most efficient ways to use excessive electricity is producing hydrogen. Hydrogen has been successfully used as a raw material for many years. The total estimated value of the hydrogen feedstock market is $ 115 billion, and it is expected only to grow, reaching $ 155 billion by 2022. Hydrogen is widely used at present in various industries and sectors. It should be noted separately that the use of hydrogen instead of natural gas does not lead to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and favors the decarbonization of economy. In addition, the by-product of electrolysis is purified oxygen, which is currently relevant. The cost of hydrogen generated with the use of renewable electricity is typically $ 2.5–6.6 / kg of hydrogen. The most well-known technological options for producing hydrogen from RES are water electrolysis and steam reforming of biomethane / biogas with or without carbon capture and use / storage. The purpose of this paper was to estimate the weighted average cost of hydrogen in Ukraine at the expense of RES electricity, in particular, produced by a wind power plant with using water electrolysis. We developed an algorithm for calculating the weighted average cost of hydrogen production using wind power plants for the conditions of Ukraine, taking into account the determination of installed capacities of the battery, electrolyzer, and distiller. According to the calculation results, the weighted average cost of hydrogen production was about US $ 5.1 / kg of hydrogen. Keywords: hydrogen production, renewable energy sources, wind farm, weighted average cost. mathematical model, storage, electrolyzer
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Muhammad Usman. "Power shortages in Pakistan Causes and Solutions." Journal of Social Sciences and Economics 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.61363/jsse.v1i1.38.
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Load shedding, sporadic power outages, or other disruptions in Pakistan's electrical supply are on the rise. The problem has major ramifications for the nation, particularly in its rural parts. Tariffs had to be raised as a result of the increasing cost of generating electricity as well as the large percentage of line losses, which resulted in losses for the corporations that produce, transmit, and distribute electricity. Power shortages have also made it difficult for the manufacturing sector to add jobs, which has greatly increased Pakistan's unemployment rate. The 42 years at a 10% yearly pace. The government strongly advocated a program of quick electrification in rural regions during this time. Due to this, homes' percentage of overall power usage rose from 12% in 1971–1972 to 47% in 2000–2001. The empirical results demonstrate that load shedding has a hurts hold income, cereal crop yields, and food security levels. Load shedding also led to a rise in poverty levels. According to the findings, a program to lessen load shedding will help increase agricultural output, family income levels, and poverty levels. Farmers in rural Pakistan may find it easier to plan farm management if load shedding is implemented at the right time and for the right amount of time.
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de Gorter, Harry, David R. Just, and Qinwen Tan. "The Socially Optimal Import Tariff and Tax Credit for Ethanol with Farm Subsidies." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no. 1 (April 2009): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000198.
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We determine how the U.S. ethanol tax credit and import tariff affect the corn-ethanol-gasoline markets and how farm subsidies interact with these policies. We show how the ethanol tax credit and import tariff each uniquely affect the ethanol and gasoline prices. The ethanol import tariff alone increases the terms of trade in ethanol imports and corn exports, but decreases the terms of trade in gasoline imports and the tax costs of farm price supports. With price-contingent farm subsidies in place, the optimal tariff and tax credit will depend on the price level. When farm subsidy expenditures are high, import subsidies for ethanol may increase social welfare due to the substantial size of the fuel market relative to the corn market.
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Pangestuti, Dinik Fitri Rahajeng, and Indah Purbasari. "Penentuan Tarif Layanan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut dengan Metode Activity Based Cost System." Surya Medika: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keperawatan dan Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32504/sm.v14i2.128.
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Background: The result of the morbidity report at 2001, shown that dental and oral health in Indonesia is still become public complaint, it is around 60%, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Dental public health effort to date has yet to be run with optimal due to various constraints, including: limitations of the power, the means of operating costs as well as social and economic conditions of society. Considering these constraints have developed a model of services in the form of a layered service (level of care) according to existing resources, in the form of Primary Health Care (PHC). But this time the tariff is determined by hospitals, especially the private hospitals are still considered high by most of society. In determining the cost of products as the basis for determining the price of the hospital sometimes still use traditional accounting systems that pricing anyway no longer reflects the activity because of the many categories that are not direct. The main difference between the calculation of the product cost of goods of traditional cost accounting by activity-based costing is the amount of cost driver (trigger) is used. In the determination of cost of products with activity-based costing uses the cost drivers in the sum more than in traditional cost accounting systems that use only one or two cost drivers based on the unit.Objective: To determine the differences between determination of dental and oral health service tariff by using Activity Based Cost System and traditional method.Methods: This research was a case study research and how to collect data from the financial reporting RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul about patient visits for examination in dental health polyclinic. Results: The results of this research were the determination of the tariff model of oral health services by using Activity-Based Cost systems, as well as a comparison between traditional fare tariffs and tariff system for Activity Based Cost System. Keywords: tariff, dental and oral health, Primary Health Care, activity based costing, cost driver.
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Baita-Saavedra, Eugenio, David Cordal-Iglesias, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Àlex Morató, Isabel Lamas-Galdo, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, Luis Carral, and Laura Castro-Santos. "An Economic Analysis of An Innovative Floating Offshore Wind Platform Built with Concrete: The SATH® Platform." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113678.
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The goal of this work is to carry out an economic analysis of a novel floating offshore wind structure, of which the main material is concrete: the SATH® platform. It takes a step forward in floating marine wind energy research, in which traditional platforms are mainly composed of steel. The technique to calculate the costs of the platform and the economic parameters to decide if the farm is economically feasible are explained in the paper. This case study analyzes a possible farm of 500 MW located in Portugal and several scenarios considering different electric tariffs and capital costs (Scenario 1: electric tariff of 50 €/MWh and 6% of capital cost; Scenario 2: electric tariff of 50 €/MWh and 8% of capital cost; Scenario 3: electric tariff of 150 €/MWh and 6% of capital cost; Scenario 4: electric tariff of 150 €/MWh and 8% of capital cost). Results show the economic feasibility of a farm with the characteristics of Scenarios 3 and 4. This work is significant in order to provide a new approach to analyzing traditional floating offshore wind structures, which can represent a path towards the future of floating offshore renewable energy technologies.
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Alekseeva, Natal'ya, Nadezhda Pimenova, and Ekaterina Markovina. "Methodological Basis for Evaluation of Efficiency of Organization of Internal and Inter-Economic Relations in Agriculture." Russian Journal of Management 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2023-11-4-151-163.
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The methodological basis of the study of internal and inter-economic production and economic rela-tions in agriculture has been studied. You are the cooperative essence of such relationships, which is currently developing on the basis of digitalization of management. Trends in the development of in-tra-farm and inter-farm production and economic relations were noted, among which were revealed: a disproportionate decrease in the number of employees in crop production and animal husbandry, direct costs per employee, a decrease in the tariff part of wages, a discrepancy between the size of the minimum wage and the value of the tariff rate of the first category, interest of farms in the develop-ment of inter-farm production cooperation, a decrease in the profitability of sales from work and ser-vices on inter-farm production cooperation. The influence of factors on the profitability of sales from the work performed and the services provided for inter-economic cooperation was revealed. Recom-mendations have been made on the development of crop production and animal husbandry in the re-gion.
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Muhammad, Andrew, Sammy J. Neal, Terrill R. Hanson, and Keithly G. Jones. "The Impact of Catfish Imports on the U.S. Wholesale and Farm Sectors." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39, no. 3 (October 2010): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007425.
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The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of catfish imports and tariffs on the U.S. catfish industry, with particular focus on the U.S. International Trade Commission ruling on Vietnam in 2003. Given the importance of Vietnam to the U.S. catfish market, it was assumed that catfish import prices would increase by 35 percent if the maximum tariff was imposed on catfish from Vietnam. With the tariff, domestic catfish prices at the wholesale level would increase by $0.06 per lb, and farm prices by $0.03 per lb. Processor sales would increase by 1.66 percent. Total welfare at the wholesale level would increase from $69.2 million to $71.7 million, an increase of about 3.63 percent, and processor and farm revenue would increase by 4.4 percent and 5.8 percent, respectively. These results represent the greatest possible benefit and suggest modest gains for the U.S. catfish industry.
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ANDERSON, KYM, WILL MARTIN, and ERNESTO VALENZUELA. "The relative importance of global agricultural subsidies and market access." World Trade Review 5, no. 3 (October 19, 2006): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606002916.
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The claim by global trade modelers that the potential contribution to global economic welfare of removing agricultural subsidies is less than one-tenth of that from removing agricultural tariffs puzzles many observers. To help explain that result, this paper first compares the OECD and model-based estimates of the extent of the producer distortions (leaving aside consumer distortions), and shows that 75% of total support is provided by market access barriers when account is taken of all forms of support to farmers and to agricultural processors globally, and only 19% to domestic farm subsidies. We then provide a back-of-the-envelope (BOTE) calculation of the welfare cost of those distortions. Assuming unitary supply and demand elasticities, that BOTE analysis suggests 86% of the welfare cost is due to tariffs and only 6% to domestic farm subsidies. When the higher costs associated with the greater variability of trade measures relative to domestic support are accounted for, the BOTE estimate of the latter's share falls to 4%. This is close to the 5% generated by the most commonly used global model (GTAP) and reported in the paper's final section.
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Bywater, Angela, and Sigrid Kusch-Brandt. "Exploring Farm Anaerobic Digester Economic Viability in a Time of Policy Change in the UK." Processes 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020212.
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The combination of a post-Brexit agricultural policy, the Global Methane Pledge announced during the last United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow (COP26), and urgency of meeting climate goals means the UK has a unique opportunity to create an exemplar through recognition of the benefits of small-scale farm anaerobic digesters that valorise on-site wastes for renewable electricity and heat, cushioning agri-businesses against energy perturbations. To explore economic viability of farm-based biogas production, combinations of support levels, energy prices, capital cost, internal rate of return (IRR), and digestate value were analysed, employing a 550-cow dairy farm with access to other agricultural wastes. A 145 kWe system utilising 100% of CHP electricity (grid value: £0.1361 per kWh) and 70% of the heat (heating oil value: £0.055 per kWh) could achieve an IRR above 15.5% with a median electricity tariff of £0.1104 per kWh at a heat tariff from £0.0309 to £0.0873 per kWh thermal. Under a subsidy-free regime, the same system could achieve a 10% IRR with electricity prices in the range £0.149 to £0.261 per kWh. High fertiliser prices could increase digestate value, further improving viability. With late-2021 high energy prices, the technology approaches subsidy-free viability, but uptake is unlikely unless wider environmental and societal benefits of on-farm systems can be explicitly valued.
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사동천. "Origin declaration of farm produce." Journal of hongik law review 11, no. 2 (June 2010): 455–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.16960/jhlr.11.2.201006.455.
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Yevdokimov, Yuri, Olena Chygryn, Tetyana Pimonenko, and Oleksii Lyulyov. "Biogas as an alternative energy resource for Ukrainian companies: EU experience." Innovative Marketing 14, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.14(2).2018.01.
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The paper deals with analysis of the preconditions of alternative energy market development in Ukraine. In this case study, the authors analyzed the EU experience. The results of analysis showed that the leader of the EU countries in renewable energy has already achieved the target (20%), which had been indicated. In addition, the findings showed that the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption has been increasing from year to year. The authors allocate that, according to the Ukrainian potential, biogas is the most perspective one among alternative resources. Moreover, results of analysis showed that Ukraine has the huge potential of agricultural sector. In this direction, the authors allocated the main types of the agricultural activities, which have the highest potential of biogas production: sugar factories, corn silage and poultry farms. The authors underlined that biogas spreading is restrained by the stereotypes that green investments are not attractive for investors. In order to analyze the economic efficiency of investments to the biogas installation, the authors calculated the profit from the biogas installation for poultry farm. The authors made two scenarios for calculation. The first – the whole volume of energy, which was generated from the biogas unit, will be sold with feed-in tariff. The second – the farm covers its own needs in electricity, the rest will be sold with feed-in tariff. The findings showed that the first scenario is more attractive. Moreover, the farm could receive higher profit if it installed the biogas in 2016, not in 2017. In addition, based on the EU experience and features of farm functioning, the authors approved that the biogas installation has not only the economic effect (profit and additional profit) for company, but also ecological and social effects for rural area, where this farm was located.
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Filgueira-Vizoso, Almudena, Laura Castro-Santos, David Cordal Iglesias, Félix Puime-Guillén, Isabel Lamas-Galdo, Ana Isabel García-Diez, Emre Uzunoglu, Hugo Díaz, and C. Guedes Soares. "The Technical and Economic Feasibility of the CENTEC Floating Offshore Wind Platform." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101344.
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This paper defines a methodology for the economic feasibility analysis of a floating offshore wind farm composed of tensioned leg platforms, which are part of the EU ARCWIND research project. In this context, the phases and subphases of its life-cycle process are considered to deal with aspects such as bathymetry, characteristics of the platforms, distance from the farm to shore, distance from the farm to port and offshore wind speed. All the costs and other external parameters such as capital cost, electric tariff, interest rate, percentage of financing and corporate tax have been analysed to calculate the internal rate of return, net present value, discounted pay-back period and levelized cost of energy of the farm. This work studies a farm composed of TLP offshore wind platforms designed by CENTEC and located at Ribadeo in Spain. Results indicate the costs and the economic feasibility of this platform for deep waters. They indicate that the platform is economically feasible for the location selected.
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Schmitz, Andrew, Hartley Furtan, and Troy G. Schmitz. "Agricultural Policy: High Commodity and Input Prices." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no. 1 (April 2009): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000162.
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Because of high commodity prices, beginning in 2006, subsidies to farmers in the United States, the European Union, and Canada have been reduced significantly. However, significant losses have been experienced by the red meat sector, along with escalating food prices. Because of rising input costs, the “farm boom” may not be as great as first thought. Ethanol made from corn and country-of-origin labeling cloud the U.S. policy scene. Higher commodity prices have caused some countries to lower tariff and non-tariff barriers, resulting in freer commodity trade worldwide. Policymakers should attempt to make these trade-barrier cuts permanent and should rethink current policy legislation to deal with the possibility of a collapse of world commodity markets. Agricultural commodity prices have dropped significantly since early 2008.
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Roman, Monika. "Polski handel zagraniczny środkami mechanizacji rolnictwa w latach 2004-2015." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.1.15.
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The aim of the article was to determine the changes in foreign trade of farm machinery in Poland in 2004-2015. The article presents the value of exports and imports of farm machinery in total, according to geographical area, as well as for selected types of agricultural machinery. The article uses secondary data from the Ministry of Finance, gathered as part of the Integrated Customs Tariff Information System. In the analyzed period, Poland was characterized by a negative balance of foreign trade. The value of imports of farm machinery increased more than threefold, while the value of exports nearly quadrupled. In 2015, Poland exported most of its farm machinery to the EU-28 (65% of export value), especially to Germany, France and Belgium. Within the EU-28, Poland is also the most imported (87% of import value), and its main trade partners were Germany, Italy and France.
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Ab Rahim, Nuril Yaqin, Shahril Irwan Sulaiman, and Zulkifli Othman. "Sizing Software of a Solar Farm System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.611.
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This paper presents sizing software for the design of a solar farm system. The sizing software provides few guidelines to the designer for the planning procedure before the final of optimum array configuration is decided. Some specifications that the designer may consider are the type of PV module, the type of inverter, the available space for installation, the required energy per year and also the sum of money to be allocated for the instalment. The output result of this software will be the suggestion of possible configuration of the total number of modules in series per string with the total number of strings in parallel. This software also does the prediction of the system performances such as final yield, specific yield and performance ratio. The expected income is provided by the software is based on the Feed-in Tariff rates and the energy generated by the system.
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Nizam Ibrahim, Mohammad, Anuar Mohamad, Zainol Asri Abdul Sani @ Salleh, Mohd Muzafa Jumidali, and Azahar Taib. "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis applied on commercial tariff with off-peak tariff rider: a case study." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i3.pp1176-1184.
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Commercial Tariff with Off-Peak Tariff Rider (C1 OPTR) is one type of time-based electricity tariff. The C1 OPTR charges electricity consumers with different electricity rates instead of a flat rate tariff. This paper investigates the C1 OPTR tariff adopted recently by Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang (UiTMCPP) from its previous flat rate tariff. The investigation involves applying the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to the average load factor (ALF) model of the UiTMCPP. The ALF model consists of two major factors, namely kilowatt-hour (kWh) and maximum demand (kW). The analysis aims to identify the most contributing factor between the kWh and kW to the uncertainty of the ALF in a systematic way using Monte Carlo simulation. The factor identified is important for improvement by UiTMCPP to ensure that the suitable target ALF can be easily achieved. Based on Sobol uncertainty and sensitivity analysis technique, 60,000 samples for the respective kWh and kW have been generated and executed to produce the output of the ALF model. The result of the uncertainty analysis shows that the ALF output is uncertain between 0.195 and 0.343. Furthermore, the applied sensitivity analysis discovers that the kW is the most contributing factor to the ALF output uncertainty, with the sensitivity index indicating 0.8853.
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Adhikari, Deergha, S. P. Rao, and Denis Boudreau. "CAN AN IMPORT TARIFF PRODUCE A J-CURVE LIKE EFFECT?" Journal of Academy of Business and Economics 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/jabe-20-2.2.
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Lingga, Doriani, and Damiana Simanjuntak. "Entry Mode in the Presence of International Outsourcing." Studies in Business and Economics 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2024-0017.
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Abstract International outsourcing affects firms’ decisions in various ways. We develop a model to analyze the entry mode behavior of a foreign firm on entering a domestic market when international outsourcing takes place. Being vertically integrated, the foreign firm can either produce in-house input or (partially) outsource it from an outside input supplier. Such practices can be widely observed in real life, in which a firm may outsource some input despite being able to produce the input by itself for various strategic advantages. Depending on its strategy of obtaining input, we consider two entry modes, export and FDI, and derive conditions under which the foreign firm chooses one entry mode over the other. Among the findings, we present a case in which an increase in tariff may raise the likelihood of the foreign firm choosing export. The reason is that the tariff raises the input price and, hence, the rival’s marginal cost. Therefore, such a case prevails when the tariff is high enough to weaken the domestic firm but not too high that it harms the foreign firm. We feature several other interesting cases highlighting the roles of entry costs and in-house input production costs.
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Ssenyonga, Muyanja. "BANK CREDIT, CREDIT RISKAND FARM PRODUCE." Agro Ekonomi 11, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16755.
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The research investigates the determinants and impact of bank credit on output in the food crops and fisheries sub sectors; whether or not there is a significant difference in the risk on bank credit and output in the two sub sectors, and whether or not there is a relationship between risk obtaining in the two sub sectors. The results indicate the positive and significant influence of bank credit on food crops output, but a positive and insignificant influence on fisheries output, which unequivocally vindicates government intervention in credit disbursement to agriculture. The influence of banking deregulation on bank credit supply is shown to differ between the two sub sectors, for while it registers expected positive sign in the fisheries sub sector, it produces negative and insignificant influence in the food crops sub sector. Bank reserve requirements has a negative influence on bank credit extended to the fisheries sub sector, while it induces a positive and significant influence in the food crops sub sector. The 1997 economic crisis causes an autonomous contraction of bank credit to the food crops sub sector, but accentuates it in the fisheries sub sector. The food crops and fisheries sub sectors register significant influence of rate of interest rate on bank credit on bank credit supply. Obstacles to credit disbursement to the two sub sectors are presented, followed by policy implications deemed necessary to improve the credit situation in the agricultural sector.
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Castro-Santos, Laura, Dina Silva, A. Bento, Nadia Salvação, and C. Guedes Soares. "Economic Feasibility of Wave Energy Farms in Portugal." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113149.
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This paper develops a methodology to determine the economic feasibility of implementing offshore wave energy farms on the Portuguese continental coast. This methodology follows several phases: the geographic phase, the energy phase, the economic phase, and the restrictions phase. First, in the geographic phase, the height and the period of the waves, the bathymetry, the distance from the farm to the shore, from farm to shipyard, and from farm to port, are calculated. In the energy phase the energy produced by each wave energy converter is determined, and in the economic phase, the parameters calculated in the previous phases are used as input to find the economic parameters. Finally, in the restrictions phase, a limitation by the bathymetry will be added to the economic maps, whose value will be different depending on the floating offshore wave energy converter (WEC). In this study, three wave energy converters have been considered, Pelamis, AquaBuOY, and Wave Dragon, and several scenarios for electric tariffs have been taken into account. The results obtained indicate what the best WEC is for this study in terms of its levelized cost of energy (LCOE), internal rate of return (IRR), and net present value (NPV), and where the best area is to install wave energy farms.
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ANDERSON, KYM, MARIANNE KURZWEIL, WILL MARTIN, DAMIANO SANDRI, and ERNESTO VALENZUELA. "Measuring distortions to agricultural incentives, revisited*." World Trade Review 7, no. 4 (October 2008): 675–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745608004011.
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AbstractNotwithstanding the tariffication component of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, import tariffs on farm products continue to provide an incomplete indication of the extent to which agricultural producer and consumer incentives are distorted in national markets. As well, in developing countries especially, non-agricultural policies indirectly impact on agricultural and food markets. Empirical analysis aimed at monitoring distortions to agricultural incentives thus need to examine both agricultural and non-agricultural policy measures including import or export taxes, subsidies, and quantitative restrictions plus domestic taxes or subsidies on farm outputs or inputs and consumer subsidies for food staples. This paper addresses the practical methodological issues that need to be faced when attempting to undertake such a measurement task in developing countries. The approach is illustrated in two ways: by presenting estimates of nominal and relative rates of assistance to farmers in China for the period 1981–2005; and by summarizing estimates from an economy-wide CGE model of the effects on agricultural versus non-agricultural markets of the project's measured distortions globally as of 2004.
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Hillman, Jimmye S. "Whatever Happened to the Farm Problem?" Gastronomica 11, no. 4 (2011): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2012.11.4.86.
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The “farm problem” was a phrase that appeared on the scene in the 1930s after a continued inability of the market to absorb what farmers were producing. Actually, there had always been a farm problem, mostly one of overproduction, and lack of rural employment. Short-term crises were treated with short-term remedies. Banking “panics” came and went; tariff policy was a principal worry for farmers, and land policy (the public domain) had affected farmers since the time of Thomas Jefferson. It was not until the Great Depression that the federal government intervened directly in the market place to affect prices and incomes. The government also intervened in labor markets and foreign trade to benefit the farm sector. Government has never been able to extract itself. The farm problem is that too many resources being committed to agriculture, and farmers and the rural sector are unable to adjust. Ultimately, the issue became political: how much (or how little) money should be spent on agriculture, and in what way should it be spent? So long as the agricultural budget dominated the federal budget there was “war.” Today, agriculture has a smaller share of the budget but the farm problem remains. Henry Wallace, US Secretary of Agriculture under FDR, would be astounded!
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Normal, I. Nyoman, and Ni Nyoman Nurani. "PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN BAKU KERAMIK BERPORI UNTUK PENAMBAHAN TARIF PELAYANAN PADA BTIKK TAHUN 2019." Forum Manajemen 18, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.61938/fm.v18i1.388.
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The aims of this research were to: evaluate the recent ceramic raw material tariff, make the porous ceramic raw material alternative, select the porous ceramic raw material alternative, and propose the best porous ceramic raw material tariff with its financial variable as a new tariff. The research results shew that : the ceramic raw material service tariff according to Govermental Regulation Number 51 year 2018 is not enaough, because it followed by two tariff, that is : Rp 4.500,-each kg (white ceramic) and Rp 4.200,- each kg (stoneware ceramic), so the demand about glazur, castle mass, porous ceramic raw material, and others are nothing in the tariff. The development of porous ceramic raw material have been done by BTIKK which produce many compositon, that is : darkam-1 (75% Darmasaba clay : 25% husk), darkam-2 (70% Darmasaba clay : 30% husk), darkam-3 (65% Darmasaba clay : 35% husk), and darkam-4 (60% Darmasaba clay : 40% husk). The porous ceramic raw material with darkam-2 composition have been proposed as service addition to increase non tax revenue for BTIKK, because it closer to the requirements of raw material standard, it has been made water filter pot, it use Bali local raw material, and it result the economies cost of good manufactured. The financial variable of darkam-2 porous ceramic raw material followed by : cost of good manufactured Rp 3.858,73, cost price Rp 4.244,60, and operating profit margin Rp 308,70 each kg.
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Loganathan, V. "Seventy Five Years of India’s Trade Policies With Special Reference to Agricultural Sector: An Overview." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 11, no. 4 (September 1, 2023): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v11i4.6666.
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After seventy-five years of independence, trade policies play an important role in promoting commerce and integrating India with other countries. At the time of independence, India’s commerce was limited to the British and Commonwealth members. Imports from the United Kingdom accounted for 31% of overall Indian imports. The true impetus for the process of import and export liberalisation came from the 1980s onwards, when export and import policies were developed for three years at a time.The Alexander Committee’s (1978) and Tandon Committee’s (1980) suggestions were included into the succeeding long-term export and import policies from 1985-86 to 1990-91. A policymaker’s topics for framing trade policies were export stimulation on the one hand and import relations on the other. Major economic changes in India in 1991, the foundation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) all played critical roles in the further liberalisation of trade policy in India. Signatory nations to the Agreement on farm, in particular, must drastically cut their tariff rates in order to enhance farm commerce by eliminating trade distortion. This agreement, however, sets the path for both developed and developing nations to apply Non-tariff Measures (NTM) as a trade restriction instrument. In this framework, the current research attempts to explore India’s trade policy during the last seventy-five years, with a focus on the agricultural sector.
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Whelan, Brendan, and Edwin Muchapondwa. "Enhancing consumers’ voluntary use of small-scale wind turbines to generate their own electricity in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2011/v22i2a3210.
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This paper investigates whether households and small businesses can voluntarily take advantage of the South Africa’s substantial wind resources to produce their own power from small-scale wind turbines in a viable way. The viability of small-scale wind turbines used to displace electricity consumption from the grid is assessed by means of a financial analysis based on the internal rate of return method. The benefits of small-scale wind turbines output is valued at the grid power tariff which is saved rather than at the wind feed-in tariff rate. The analysis found the small-scale wind turbines to be robustly viable in locations with a mean annual wind speed of at least 8m/s, which is only a few of the windiest locations in South Africa. The competiveness of the wind turbines is seriously challenged by the relatively low coal-based electricity tariffs in South Africa. As such, the financial analysis also considers alternative scenarios where the turbines are supported by financial mechanisms, namely: a tariff subsidy; a capital subsidy and revenue from carbon credits. The analysis reveals that a tariff subsidy of between R1.00 and R1.60/kWh or a capital subsidy of between R25.95 and R32.330/kW or a carbon credit price of between R2.135 and R3.200 will be needed to boost the viability of consumer-based small-scale wind turbines in areas with a mean annual wind speed of at least 5m/s, which is considered to be above average. Thus, there is a need for subsidizing all producers of renewable energy including those who produce it for their own consumption as they equally contribute to renewable energy expansion in the country. A tariff subsidy is however likely to be met with both political and public resistance if it means that consumers have to cross-subsidize the tariff, while the significant funds required for capital subsidies might not be freely available. Carbon credit prices have yet to mature to the required high levels. Thus, the removal of distortionary support to coal-based electricity generation might be the only currently available alternative of enhancing viability of consumer-based small-scale wind turbines.
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Castro-Santos, Laura, and Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso. "A Software for Calculating the Economic Aspects of Floating Offshore Renewable Energies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010218.
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The aim of this work is to develop a software to calculate the economic parameters so as to determine the feasibility of a floating offshore renewable farm in a selected location. The software can calculate the economic parameters of several types of offshore renewable energies, as follows: one renewable energy (floating offshore wind—WindFloat, tension leg platform (TLP), and spar; floating wave energy—Pelamis and AquaBuoy), hybrid offshore wind and wave systems (Wave Dragon and W2Power), and combined offshore wind and waves with different systems (independent arrays, peripherally distributed arrays, uniformly distributed arrays, and non-uniformly distributed arrays). The user can select several inputs, such as the location, configuration of the farm, type of floating offshore platform, type of power of the farm, life-cycle of the farm, electric tariff, capital cost, corporate tax, steel cost, percentage of financing, or interest and capacity of the shipyard. The case study is focused on the Galicia region (NW of Spain). The results indicate the economic feasibility of a farm of floating offshore renewable energy in a particular location in terms of its costs, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and discounted pay-back period. The tool allows for establishing conclusions about the dependence of the offshore wind resource parameters, the main distances (farm–shore, farm–shipyard, and farm–port), the parameters of the waves, and the bathymetry of the area selected.
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Bhattacharya, Aniruddha. "Implementation of GF-HOG Technique for Effective Commercial and Industrial Load Clustering and Classification for Better Demand Response." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.090307.
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With increased penetration of renewables since last decade has evolved measures from the regulator for robust distribution network mostly catering to residential load. With increasing future demand of commercial and industrial load (CIL) due to aspiring GDP growth and insistence of popular governments to encourage renewable use, large chunk of the CIL will be served by renewables. So increasing the robustness alone on the renewable supply side will be in vain unless effective Demand response with rationalized tariff system for CIL which is more profitable energy market than subsidized residential tariff in India .The present method employed for clustering and classifying Load profile of CIL loads with wild swings will impede effective demand response implementation due to tariff cartelization in favor of not so popular energy systems. The method of GF-HOG technique with SVM will adopt cluster and classification of pattern of Load profiles for better recognition generated out from large CIL data. This will help produce more vibrant tariff structure for effective CIL load management. The algorithms were tested on a local network which 70% -30 % of load in favor of CIL and found to generate better DR.
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Ekahe-Joseph Abua, Ntamu. "EFFECTS OF MARKETING PROMOTION ON FARM PRODUCE IN CROSS RIVER STATE." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15690.
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Increase in sales is the heartbeat of every marketer. This is achieved very much by promotion. This study evaluated the effect of marketing promotion on farm product in Cross River State . Objectives were raised for the study which led to the raising of research questions. Organically, the following hypotheses were formulated : awareness creation has no positive impact on farm products in Cross River State social media makes no positive impact on farm products in Cross River State branded promotional gifts has no correlation with sales of farm products in Cross River State and customer loyalty makes no positive impact on farm products in Cross River State . Difference in mean statistic was used to test the hypotheses which led to the following findings : awareness creation has positive impact on farm products in Cross River State social media makes positive impact on farm products in Cross River State branded promotional gifts has correlation with sales of farm products in Cross River State and customer loyalty makes positive impact on farm products in Cross River State. It was concluded that farmers can use promotion to push up demand for their farm products. It was recommended that the farmer should maximize awareness creation on his farm products since it makes positive impact on farm products social media should be well utilized by the farmer since it makes positive impact on farm products branded promotional gifts should be well considered by the farmer since it correlates with sales of farm products and customer loyalty should be always exploited by the farmer since it makes positive impact on farm products.
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van Vuuren, Chantelle Y. Janse, Hendrik J. Vermeulen, and Matthew Groch. "A statistical Time-Of-Use tariff based wind resource clustering approach using Self-Organizing Maps." Wind Engineering 45, no. 4 (July 6, 2021): 807–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x211028754.
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The optimized siting of grid-scale renewable generation is a viable technique to minimize the variable component of the electricity generation portfolio. This process, however, requires simulated meteorological datasets, and consequently, significant computational power to perform detailed studies. This is particularly true for countries with large geographic areas. Clustering is a viable data reduction technique that can be utilized to reduce the computational burden. This work proposes the use of Self-Organizing Maps to partition high-dimensional wind speed data using statistical features derived from Time-Of-Use tariff periods. This approach is undertaken with the view towards the optimization of wind farm siting for grid-support objectives where tariff incentivization is the main driver. The proposed approach is compared with clusters derived using Self-Organizing Maps with the temporal wind speed data for the input feature set. The results show increased cluster granularity, superior validation results and decreased execution time when compared with the temporal clustering approach.
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Pinto, F. Silva, and R. Cunha Marques. "Tariff structures for water and sanitation urban households: a primer." Water Policy 17, no. 6 (April 16, 2015): 1108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.188.
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Water tariffs are a powerful management tool. Indeed, they can be seen as a conceptually simple way to promote multiple, possibly conflicting, objectives. Those trade-offs cause discrepancies between stakeholders and may produce undesirable results. The residential urban domain is particularly sensible to those predicaments. To shed some light on the matter, this paper carries out a literature survey on empirical studies, with emphasis on different tariff structures. In total, 185 publications were identified concerning the importance of tariff structures in achieving specific local objectives, or perspectives, of those who demand and supply water. These studies examine, occasionally comparing: (1) the degree to which specific objectives are achieved; (2) how the desired outcomes of a particular structure depend on the customers' sensitivity when receiving a price signal; and (3) the drivers of the decision-makers in the tariff-setting process. A major result is the empirical evidence that the way prices are used matters almost as much as whether they are used or not.
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Mendes, Krisley, and André Luchine. "Non-tariff barriers removal in the Brazilian coffee industry." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 19, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-04-2020-0027.
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Purpose This study aims to identify and classified non-tariff measures (NTMs) on Brazilian imports of robusta coffee beans, calculated a tariff-equivalent of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and assessed the effects of removing NTBs from upstream and downstream domestic instant coffee supply chain. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses documentary research to identify NTMs and the price-wedge method is applied to estimate a tariff-equivalent. The effects of suppressing the tariff-equivalent were evaluated using a partial equilibrium model with constant elasticity of substitution (Armington, 1969) and by incorporating vertical integration and uncertainty (Hallren and Opanasets, 2018). Findings The results show that NTMs seemingly hinder the entrance of coffee beans into the domestic market. The tariff-equivalent was estimated at 13.61%. Suppressing it reveals that the share of domestic coffee beans used to produce domestic instant coffee falls 0.21 p.p. while the share of domestic instant coffee consumed by the international trade rises 8.60 p.p. Originality/value What makes this paper original is that this paper investigated the effects of NTMs in a developing country, namely, Brazil. Although Brazil is one of the largest agricultural producers in the world, it has not appeared in literature in this type of analysis until now. Furthermore, it contributes to the literature on using existing techniques to investigate the impact of NTM removal on individual products in a specific country, in contrast to more recent papers that discuss using multi-country and multi-product data sets at the HTS-6 level. Thus, this paper demonstrates how a case study approach can be useful in quantifying policy changes.
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Poulsen, Christine D. "Farm fresh math." Teaching Children Mathematics 18, no. 4 (November 2011): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.18.4.0222.
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These problems were created by a woman who lives on her family farm and observes her brother Gordon, the grandfather of Gavin, Brandon, and Cayman, work the farm as was done in the past. She sees the farm as a fun place, with many opportunities for mathematics in the daily work and at farmers' markets where farmers sell their produce.
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Anida, Noor, A. Amirah, Mardianaliza Othman, Noor Ashikin Mohd Razali, Fareq Malik, F. S. Abdullah, and A. Yusof. "Energy Meter Monitoring with Automatic Tariff Calculation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.237.
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Energy meter monitoring with automatic tariff calculation is a project that can produce the output from energy meter to prepare a bill of electricity. Energy meter is a device that measure the amount of electric energy consumed. In Malaysia, the meter of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) travels for a long distance and take the reading manually to prepare the bill by visiting inside each of consumer house. This is high dependent on human forces. Sometimes the absence of consumer during billing process visiting make difficult to the meter reader to get the reader. Moreover many consumers are not satisfied with the estimate bills which are calculated based on average consumption. Soaring bill by estimate bills of electricity which consumer have to pay extra for the electricity billing. By using microcontroller and radio frequency transmitter for remote monitoring, the meter reader do not have to travel anymore. Global System for Mobile (GSM) uses to transmit and receive data from energy meter. The output which is calculated bill will be shown at Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) after apply the program coding in the microcontroller.
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Qtaishat, Tala H., Mohammad S. El-Habbab, and Dan P. Bumblauskas. "Welfare Economic Analysis of Lifting Water Subsidies for Banana Farms in Jordan." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 5118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185118.
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Jordan is one of the four driest countries in the world. Due to rapid population growth, water demand distinctly exceeds supply. The tariff to cover operations and maintenance (OM) and depreciation costs will be JD 0.066 per cubic meter (1 JD = 1.41 US$) if billing and collection efficiencies were able to reach 100 percent. The current charges of irrigation water in the Jordan Valley are JD 0.011/M3.This study aims at evaluating the effect of lifting the irrigation water subsidy for bananas in the Jordan Valley on the producers’ income, the consumers’ expenditure, the government’s budget, and Jordanian society. The total area planted with banana trees in 2017 was 1533 ha producing about 73.9 thousand tons of bananas. Previous studies have focused on evaluating the effect of input subsidies on prices and quantities, while in this study we evaluate the monetary effect on lifting these subsidies. A partial market equilibrium model, which evaluates the consumer surplus and producer surplus, was used to analyze the welfare effect of lifting the subsidies for irrigation water for the banana farms in Jordan. All the relevant players in the irrigated banana sector in Jordan were analyzed in this study including: producers, consumers, taxpayers, and society. Welfare economic instruments such as consumer surplus, producer surplus, and economic efficiency have been applied in the analysis. The government revenue will increase during the selected years by JD 3.1 million, JD 4.5 million and JD 3.8 million respectively. The dead weight loss during the three years will be JD 23.2 thousand, JD 44.3 thousand and JD 38.6 thousand respectively.
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Nkgadima, Kgothatso, and Chiedza L. Muchopa. "Do Import Tariff Adjustments Bolster Domestic Production? Analysis of the South African-Brazilian Poultry Market Case." Economies 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10120318.
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The South African poultry industry plays an important food security contributory role, hence, consumer and producer interests ought to be accounted for in order to maintain the long term value of the industry in the presence of import competition. This study used the Error Correction Model (ECM) to investigate the relationship between the variables as well as the Impulse Response Model to assess the level of responsiveness of import volume and domestic production due to changes in the import tariff for the period 2010m04 to 2020m06. The ECM results with a negative ECT value of −0.53, indicate that a long run relationship exists between domestic broiler production volume, imported broiler quantity and the Ad Valorem import tariff. The Impulse Response Model has shown that over ten periods, the adjustments in the Ad Valorem tariff initially produce desirable results showing that a one standard deviation shock to the Ad Valorem tariff culminates in a sharp decline in import volume and a sharp increase in domestic volume produced. However, this response cannot be maintained over the long term, thus signaling the need for a more effective and viable solution other than an increase in the Ad Valorem import tariff to alleviate the stiff competition between domestic production and an increased supply of broiler imports. The study findings have policy implications for resolving internal issues in the South African poultry industry, such as improving production capacity and sector competitiveness at the same time maintaining the gains from trade especially for consumers.
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Slattery, WJ, AM Ridley, and SM Windsor. "Ash alkalinity of animal and plant products." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 3 (1991): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910321.
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The export of farm produce from farming systems results in the removal of excess cations over anions from the soil. This removal of bases from the soil will eventually cause an increase in the acidity of the soil. Ash alkalinity data for a range of farm products are presented in this paper and lime replacement values calculated. Of produce from mixed farming enterprises in north-eastern Victoria, hay required the greatest amount of lime (270-1260 kg CaCO3/ha.year) to replace lost alkali from the soil. By comparison, removal of cereal produce required much less lime (7-20 kg CaCO3/ha.year) to replace lost alkali, as did removal of wool and lamb (0.8 and 6.0 kg CaCO3/ha.year respectively). Management strategies that include a lime replacement value for exported farm produce should be considered in overall farm management strategies to reduce soil acidification.
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Adibowo, Harmini, and Feryanto Willcharo. "DAYA SAING USAHA TERNAK SAPI PERAH RAKYAT DI KECAMATAN PUJON KABUPATEN MALANG JAWA TIMUR." Media Ekonomi 22, no. 1 (April 15, 2014): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/me.v22i1.2818.
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<em>Up to present, the dairy farmers only able to meet 25-30 percent of all milk demand in Indonesia, although milk and its derivatives continues to increase steadily. This condition occurs due to low milk productivity, small-scale dairy farm unit, inadequate government policies as well as economic globalization. The objectives of this study are, first, to measure the competitiveness of the small-scale dairy farm. Second, to evaluate the impact of government policies. Third, lastly, to analyse the implication of price changes on input-output. A Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) for data is applied. The results show that, first, the small-scale dairy farms operate in competitiveness. Second, so far government policies did not provide adequate incentives and directly promote the dairy farms’ competitiveness. Third, high import tariff (15 percent) could significantly protect the competitiveness of the small-scale dairy farms.</em>
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Holt, Marilyn Irvin. "On the Farm Front with the Victory Farm Volunteers." Agricultural History 96, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2022): 164–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-9619828.
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Abstract During World War II, American agriculture grappled with labor shortages while being expected to produce more for the military and the home front. Historians have studied the use of labor sources such as migrant workers and the Women's Land Army during this time, but the Victory Farm Volunteers, a program of the federal US Crop Corps, have been largely overlooked, despite the numbers of urban youth who participated. This study examines the program as it was carried out in the states of the Great Plains, particularly its relationship to 4-H and its impact on farm production goals during the war and in the immediate postwar era.
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Anderson, Kym, Erwin Corong, Anna Strutt, and Ernesto Valenzuela. "The Relative Importance of Global Agricultural Subsidies and Tariffs, Revisited." World Trade Review 22, no. 3-4 (September 5, 2023): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745623000101.
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AbstractOver the past three decades, tariff protection to farmers has fallen and partly been replaced by domestic support, whilst support for farmers in some emerging economies has grown. Against that backdrop, this paper provides new estimates of national economic impacts of global agricultural tariffs and domestic supports. Using the latest global economy-wide GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) model calibrated to 2017, we simulate (a) the removal of food and agricultural domestic supports and agri-food tariffs and (b) the removal also of tariffs on imports of non-agricultural goods. We find that agricultural support policies are still an important part of the global welfare cost of all goods’ trade-restrictive policies (albeit only half as costly as in 2001), and tariffs still dominate the global welfare cost of all farm-support programs. That farm support could be re-instrumented to relieve natural resource and environmental stresses, boost food and nutrition security, and alleviate poverty and income inequality.