Journal articles: 'Tariff differentiated by zone'

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Naumov, A. A. "PARTICIPATION OF POPULATION AND EQUATED CONSUMERS IN REGULATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION SCHEDULE." Proceedings of the higher educational institutions. ENERGY SECTOR PROBLEMS 20, no. 9-10 (January 24, 2019): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2018-20-9-10-84-91.

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The analyses of economic impact following the application by the Republic of Tatarstan population and equated consumers of straight-line one-zone tariff and straight-line two-zone tariff for the consumed electric energy is provided. The conclusion is made on necessity of tariffs adoption in the RT differentiated by the time zones and to incentivize the consumers to participate in regulating the load schedule of the electric energy suppliers, to facilitate energy saving and improving nature protecting conditions in the region. The comparison of economic results from application of different tariffs by population in 8 Russian Federation regions is provided.

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Hong, Xianpei, Lijun Yang, Huaige Zhang, and Dan Zhao. "The Optimal Licensing Contract in a Differentiated Stackelberg Model." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/437919.

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This paper extends the work of Wang (2002) by considering a differentiated Stackelberg model, when the leader firm is an inside innovator and licenses its new technology by three options, that is, fixed-fee licensing, royalty licensing, and two-part tariff licensing. The main contributions and conclusions of this paper are threefold. First of all, this paper derives a very different result from Wang (2002). We show that, with a nondrastic innovation, royalty licensing is always better than fixed-fee licensing for the innovator; with a drastic innovation, royalty licensing is superior to fixed-fee licensing for small values of substitution coefficientd; however whendbecomes closer to 1, neither fee nor royalty licensing will occur. Secondly, this paper shows that the innovator is always better off in case of two-part tariff licensing than fixed-fee licensing no matter what the innovation size is. Thirdly, the innovator always prefers to license its nondrastic innovation by means of a two-part tariff instead of licensing by means of a royalty; however, with a drastic innovation, the optimal licensing strategy can be either a two-part tariff or a royalty, depending upon the differentiation of the goods.

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Park, Timothy, Jeffrey H. Dorfman, and James E. Epperson. "A Multicountry Endogenous Tariff Model with Differentiated Products." Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 11, no. 2 (August 3, 2000): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j047v11n02_04.

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PAPILLON, BENOIT-M. "MEASURING NON-TARIFF BARRIERS TO DIFFERENTIATED IMPORT PRODUCTS." Contemporary Economic Policy 12, no. 3 (July 1994): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00435.x.

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Zhao, Chunming, and Qun Zhang. "Input Trade Liberalization and Export Product Scope: Evidence from China." Business and Economic Research 6, no. 2 (August 4, 2016): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v6i2.9530.

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This paper explores the impact of input trade liberalization on export product scope of firms in industries with different scope for product differentiation. Firm- and industry-specific tariffs are measured to reflect cost effect (intensive margin) and new input effect (extensive margin) of input tariff reductions. Using tariff data and product-level trade data for 2002-2006, we find that while firms in differentiated product scope expand export product lines greatly, firms in non-differentiated product sector do not expand export product scope significantly, which is robust to different definitions of varieties.

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Hamacher, Horst W., and Anita Schöbel. "Design of Zone Tariff Systems in Public Transportation." Operations Research 52, no. 6 (December 2004): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.1040.0120.

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Otto, Benjamin, and Nils Boysen. "Zone-based tariff design in public transportation networks." Networks 69, no. 4 (February 13, 2017): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/net.21731.

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Kohani, Michal. "Designing of Zone Tariff in Integrated Transport Systems." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2013.1.29-33.

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Wang, Jing, and Fangbai Yang. "Optimal Two-Part Tariff Licensing in a Differentiated Mixed Duopoly." Journal of Systems Science and Information 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2017-279-10.

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Abstract This paper considers the two-part tariff licensing by an innovating firm to its potential competitor in a differentiated mixed duopoly, in which one firm sets a quantity and the other firm charges a price. Based on the development cost incurred by the rival, we derive the optimal behavior of the firms under full information case and partial information case respectively. Information difference on the equilibrium strategies is also investigated.

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Kuznetsov, A. V., D. A. Rebrovskaya, and V. V. Chikin. "MODEL OF DIFFERENTIATED TARIFF FOR CONTROL OF REACTIVE POWER CONSUMPTION." Интеллектуальная электротехника, no. 1 (2021): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46960/2658-6754_2021_1_31.

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Obidjonov, J. O. "The essence of differentiated tariffs and foreign experience in their implementation." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601179.

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The article describes the approaches to improving the systems for differentiating electricity tariffs: reducing their regional differentiation; refusal from cross-subsidization by categories of consumers and by reliability; introduction of tariff differentiation by levels of electricity supply reliability.

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Viaene, Jean-Marie, and José L. Moraga-González. "On the Pro-competitive Effects of Regional Trading Agreements." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Economics and Business 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseb-2014-0001.

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Abstract We explore the pro-competitive effects of trade policies in a model where a competitive fringe of domestic firms compete with a foreign duopoly exporting vertically differentiated goods. We show that discriminatory nonuniform tariff policies are preferred over the Most Favored Nation (MFN) clause because, besides extracting rents from foreign firms, they foster competition in the market. Regional Trading Agreements (RTAs), which favor members relative to non-members, are examples of such nonuniform tariff policies.

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González Laxe, Fernando, Federico Martín Palmero, and Domingo Calvo Dopico. "Liberalization and tariff dismantling." British Food Journal 118, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2015-0087.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact that the free trade agreement between the European Union (EU) and Chile and its resulting dismantling of tariffs has had on the mussel cultivation industry, particularly in Galicia. Specifically, the authors examine how trade liberalisation has affected the mussel farming industry. Design/methodology/approach – The authors aim to observe the general panorama of both the evolution of production, distinguishing between fresh and industrial usage, and the evolution of prices at source depending on destination (fresh or industrial in the period 2003-2012). In order to analyse the relationships between different agents of the value chain, Porter’s model has been used as a reference. Findings – There is a loss of competitiveness in the mussel farming-production sector following the liberalisation agreement of 2006 and huge bargaining power of the processing sector vs the production sector. Practical implications – There is an opportunity to implement traceability programmes and develop a more differentiated product. In addition, it is profitable to promote Galician mussels through generic advertising and promoting exports. Originality/value – There is a lack of empirical studies about the impact that the new free trade agreement between the EU and Chile has had on the Spanish mussel industry. Particularly, the study analyses economic repercussions, managerial implications and new challenges stemming from the new context of trade liberalisation.

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WANG, Mou. "International Governance on Carbon Tariff and Its Vacuum in International Regime." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 01, no. 01 (December 2013): 1350008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748113500085.

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Drawing on the idea that countries are eligible to implement differentiated emission reduction policies based on their respective capabilities, some parties of UNFCCC attempt to weaken the principle of “Common but differentiated responsibilities(CBDR)” and impose carbon tariff on international trade. This initiative is in fact another camouflage to burden developing countries with emission cut obligation, which has no doubt undermined the development rights of developing countries. This paper defines Carbon Tariff as border measures that target import goods with embodied carbon emission. It can be import tariffs or other domestic tax measures that adjust border tax, which includes plain import tariffs and export rebates, border tax adjustment, emission quota and permit etc. For some developed countries, carbon tariffs mean to sever trade protectionism and to build trade barriers. Its theoretical arguments like “loss of comparative advantage”, “carbon leakage decreases environmental effectiveness” and “theoretical model bases” are pseudo-propositions without international consensus. Carbon tariff has become an intensively debated issue due to its duality of climate change and trade, but neither UNFCCC nor WTO has clarified this issue or has indicated a clear statement in this regard. As a result, it allows some parties to take advantage of this loophole and escape its international climate change obligation. Carbon tariff is an issue arising from global climate governance. To promote the cooperation of global climate governance and safeguard the social and economic development of developing countries, a fair and justified climate change regime and international trade institution should be established, and the settlement of the carbon tariff issue should be addressed within these frameworks. This paper argues that the international governance of carbon tariff should in cooperation with other international agreements; however, principles and guidelines regarding this issue should be developed under the UNFCCC. Based on these principles and guidelines, WTO can develop related technical operation provisions.

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Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc, and Agnieszka Maćkowiak. "Electricity used as additional medium for household supplementary space heating." E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910801026.

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This article analyses the potential of using electricity for supplementary heating purposes in households during low outside temperatures periods. Space heating using solid state fossil fuels, causes significant pollution of the local environment. In order to assess the potential of replacing fossil fuels with electricity for the supplementary heating purposes, the conditions determining financially reasonable exchanges of the main energy carrier consumption for heating purposes into electricity were analysed as a result of a change in price of this substitute. The concept of cross price elasticity of demand was used to reflect the current price conditions for energy carriers exchange and its values were determined for the energy contained in the most frequently used carriers for heating purposes, in relation to changes in electricity prices. The possible reduction in average electricity prices was considered, resulting from tariff change from a single zone to a two-zone tariff in the case of storage heater use, consuming electricity only in the off-peak zone. What is more, the potential of anti-smog tariff implemented in 2018 concerning the considered aspect was also analysed.

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WANG, KUANG-CHENG ANDY, CHUN-HUNG A. LIN, and JIUNN-RONG CHIOU. "TARIFF JUMPING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT DECISION IN A QUALITY-DIFFERENTIATED MARKET." Pacific Economic Review 16, no. 4 (October 2011): 466–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2011.00558.x.

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ZHU, LEI, LIANBIAO CUI, and JOACHIM SCHLEICH. "DESIGNING A GLOBALLY ACCEPTABLE CARBON TAX SCHEME TO ADDRESS COMPETITIVENESS AND LEAKAGE CONCERNS." Climate Change Economics 11, no. 02 (May 2020): 2050008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007820500086.

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To address competitiveness and leakage concerns in international climate policy, this paper proposes a differentiated carbon tax scheme (DCT), which largely preserves the relative competitive positions of developed and developing countries. The paper first presents a theoretical model from which to derive the DCT. Then, employing a global trade analysis model, competitiveness and leakage effects under a DCT are simulated and contrasted to those of a unilateral carbon tax, a carbon tariff, and a uniform carbon tax. The results of our analysis suggest that: (1) under the proposed DCT, emission reductions in developed and developing countries are higher and leakage is lower than under a carbon tariff; (2) the DCT has weaker competitiveness effects than a carbon tariff; and (3) the DCT is more favorable to developing countries’ output and welfare than a carbon tariff or a uniform global carbon tax. Developing countries may therefore embrace a DCT as an intermediate step towards the implementation of a global carbon tax.

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WANG, Mou, Wen ZHANG, and Junyan LIU. "Disguised Carbon Tariff: Concept and Its Governance." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 02, no. 02 (December 2014): 1450017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748114500171.

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Carbon tariff is a trade issue that is of great concern among the international community. The South and the North have big disputes on this issue because of the trade interests attached to it. Developing countries oppose to almost any policies and measures concerning carbon tariff. Hence, some countries seek alternative approaches to achieve similar effects of carbon tariff through more covert technical approaches, such as setting up production standards, carbon labeling, etc. This paper summarizes these covert approaches as "disguised carbon tariff", and defines them as policies and measures that can achieve similar effects as carbon tariff. These disguised carbon tariffs, although not levied at borders, impose the same restrictions on export products and services from developing countries. Disguised carbon tariff has diverse forms, existing in different regions, and has evolved into different new kinds. The governance of disguised carbon tariff requires reinforcing the leading position of the UNFCCC on the issue of carbon emission governance. Relevant international discussions on carbon emission issues should give high priority and respect to the principles in the UNFCCC, especially the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle. Responsibilities and obligations between the developed and developing countries on tackling climate change should be treated differently. And an international cooperation model that is based on mutual trust between the South and the North should be established to achieve good environmental and climate governance.

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KIM, IN SONG. "Political Cleavages within Industry: Firm-level Lobbying for Trade Liberalization." American Political Science Review 111, no. 1 (February 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000654.

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Existing political economy models explain the politics of trade policy using inter-industry differences. However, this article finds that much of the variation in U.S. applied tariff rates in fact arises within industry. I offer a theory of trade liberalization that explains how product differentiation in economic markets leads to firm-level lobbying in political markets. High levels of product differentiation eliminates the collective action problem faced by exporting firms while import-competing firms need not fear product substitution. To test this argument, I construct a new dataset on lobbying by all publicly traded manufacturing firms from reports filed under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995. I find that productive exporting firms are more likely to lobby to reduce tariffs, especially when their products are sufficiently differentiated. I also find that highly differentiated products have lower tariff rates. The results challenge the common focus on industry-level lobbying for protection.

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Niu, Baozhuang, Lingyun Chen, and Jingmai Wang. "Ad valorem tariff vs. specific tariff: Quality-differentiated e-tailers’ profitability and social welfare in cross-border e-commerce." Omega 108 (April 2022): 102584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2021.102584.

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Chugaiev, O. "FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION IN THE ECONOMY OF SMALL AND BIG COUNTRIES." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1, no. 127 (2016): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2016.127.1.128-137.

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Size of economy is a factor of international trade regulation. We systematize the effects described in existing research works. Size of economy influences export and import priorities of foreign trade policy, efficiency of tariff regulation or tariff liberalization, sophistication of customs procedures, indirect tax rates for imports, prevalence of subsidies and trade remedies, importance of foreign trade taxes for the government revenues, opportunities and stimuli for trade disputes and wars. It is more difficult for small countries to carry out import substitution policy. In small countries tariff regulation is less efficient, considering the absence of the terms of trade effect and market competition deterioration. But under larger trade openness customs tariffs are more important for the state budget of small countries. Non-tariff regulation is more sophisticated in large countries. The balance of economic stimuli and opportunities in trade wars and disputes is not favorable for middle-sized economies. We extrapolate the abovementioned effects to Ukraine as a middle-sized economy. This allows us to provide recommendations for its foreign trade policy: differentiated trade liberalization, dependence of the optimal foreign trade taxation level on trade openness and trade balance, collective trade sanctions.

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Shingal, Anirudh, and Olga Nartova. "The Potential of Tariff Policy for Climate Change Mitigation: Legal and Economic Analysis." Journal of World Trade 48, Issue 5 (October 1, 2014): 1007–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2014035.

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This article addresses a potential role that tariff policy can play in encouraging countries to take part in a multilateral effort to mitigate climate change: it complements discussions on border tax adjustment which in law is limited to domestic taxation. It assesses whether increasing tariffs on products from polluting industries amounts to a violation of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and whether protectionism in this case can be differentiated from genuine environmental concerns. It argues that while lowering tariffs on environmental goods may serve as a carrot to promote dissemination of cleaner technologies, tariff deconsolidation is a legitimate stick to encourage polluting countries to move towards an international climate agreement. The article further explores this view by undertaking a partial equilibrium analysis to examine the impact of a unilateral 5% tariff increase on the most carbon-intensive imports from countries not committed to climate polices. Our results, however, suggest that plurilateral action would be more effective than countries pursuing tariff policy in isolation, with the former leading to an average 1.4% net reduction in carbon-intensive imports from a 5% increase in their tariffs.

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Sukhodolov, Alexander, Natalia Yasko, Olga Laryushkina, Anatoliy Sannikov, and Boris Spasennikov. "Optimization of Tariff Policy in the Area of Compulsory Medical Insurance in the Subject of the Russian Federation." Bulletin of Baikal State University 29, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2019.29(1).138-145.

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The article is dedicated to the optimization of the tariff policy in the field of compulsory health insurance, the example of the Arkhangelsk region in 2017. The authors described the main climatic and geographical parameters of the region that affect the availability of medical care. The tariff policy is based on the requirements of regulatory acts, taking into account the specifics of medical care. The authors analyzed characteristic aspects of the region, conducted a SWOT-analysis of the tariff policy, and formulated proposals for its improvement. The authors determined the following main shortcomings of this activity: the reduction of tariffs due to the withdrawal of funds to pay for certain medical services and the withdrawal of funds to pay for certain completed cases (appeals), as well as limiting the amount of funding due to the redistribution of funds in favor of medical organizations in which medical specialists who are not included in the per capita method of payment for medical care are concentrated. The authors acknowledged as justifiable the introduction of separate tariffs within the framework of outpatient medical care and the performance indicators of medical organizations — fund holders. They came to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce differentiated cost-effectiveness factors when paying for inpatient medical care, to introduce a differentiated approach to paying for cases of medical care, to pay for medical care in accordance with the costs incurred and to further develop hospital-substituting technologies.

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Asrizal, Asrizal. "MODEL UNTUK PENETAPAN TARIF ZONA PARKIR (STUDI KASUS KOTA PADANG)." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil (JRS-Unand) 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrs.11.1.31-40.2015.

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Parking problem in Central Business District (CBD) of Padang City is the use of parking space on the roadside, especially on the Pasar Raya street that has exceeded capacities. Meanwhile, request of the parking space on the roads surrounding is still below the available capacity. To balance the demand and supply of the parking space in this area, a research is conducted to make a change of parking management through applying different tariff for different zones of parking. Tariff of parking in zone which have been identified, is calculated with equation of linear regression model which pursuant to probability of Willingness to Pay by service users. The antecedent survey which conducted to some respondent, indicate that factors such as tariff, distance, duration and accessibility, having an effect which enough to influence the probability of service user in choosing of location of parking. All factors did not correlate each other. Then, a research was conducted by collecting samples of data to 100 respondents through questioner survey and interview. The format of questioner was designed by using design of experiment "FULL FACTORIAL" which consisted of 4 attribute and 2 levels at existing condition and hypotheses. The result of survey was processed by using Spreadsheet Software with a multiple linear regression model, where Y is the function of utilities to Tariff (X1), Distance (X2), Duration (X3) and Accessibility (X4). The results of survey show the majority of respondent characteristic are males and the range of age is between 26-43 years. They are commonly private employee, and their average income are about Rp. 2.000.000 – Rp. 3.000.000 per month. From the data analysis of stated preference, an equation model of Y = 2.9123 – 0.0005 (X1) – 0.0133 (X2) 0.0225 (X3) – 0.0208 (X4) was obtained, value of R2 was 0.70 and has qualified the statistical test. The model was more sensitive to change of distance and duration of parking. From the application of model pursuant to Willingness to Pay by service user at the CBD area of Padang, it was obtained that the tariff of parking are Rp. 3.198 for zone 1 and Rp. 2.392 for zone 2.

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Barsegyan, D. E. "Analysis of the impact of tariff preferences on the foreign trade of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Serbia." Upravlenie 8, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2020-8-4-42-50.

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The article considers the dynamics and structure of foreign trade of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Serbia, as well as the impact of tariff preferences on foreign trade between two countries. The analysed measures were: dynamics of the Russian Federation’s exports to the Republic of Serbia, dynamics of the Russian Federation’s imports from the Republic of Serbia, tariff preferences applied between countries. The article provides statistical data on the dynamics and structure of foreign trade of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Serbia for 2010–2019 and their dependence on the application of tariff preferences, as well as indicators of trade between the EAEU and the EAEU member states with the Republic of Serbia for 2017–2019. The paper analyses the possible directions of Serbia’s participation in the EAEU and the European Union, assesses the benefits of creating a free trade zone between the EAEU and Serbia, as well as the costs of Serbia’s integration into the European Union. The importance of tariff preferences in the development of foreign trade relations between Russia and Serbia is shown.

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Achmadi, Tri, Firmanto Hadi, Hasan Iqbal Nur, Irwan Tri Yunianto, and Christino Boyke. "Study of Port Tariff Structure and Port Pricing Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 862 (January 2017): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.862.226.

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In order to support National Logistics System continuity there are at least three (3) main components that should synergize well, namely the sea side (sea transport), the land side (hinterland transport) and the part that connects between the two (port). Port performance will greatly affect the performance of the national logistics system as a whole. One of the indicator of a country's logistics performance evaluation is the ease of arranging shipments of goods at competitive prices (shipment). One of the components of logistics costs which become concern of many parties is the port costs, in order to support the national high logistics cost reduction, study related to the port tariff structure and its associated regulations is needed, especially a matter to formulate and determining policy related to pricing port services. The survey and analysis will be carried out in an attempt to identified the port tariff structure as basis to determining the port pricing model. Port tariff structure analysis include the Identification of port services and cost component (user and port operator point of view). Based on the analysis of transport logistics cost, the shipping cost contribute 48%, port cost 40% and hinterland cost 12%. The port cost on the container terminal, the stevedoring costs contribute 42%, followed by the cargodoring cost 58%. It takes further analysis for stevedoring tariff and tariff lift-on / lift-off container given a large contribution to the overall cost of loading and unloading at the port. Port pricing formulation problem associated with cost (competitiveness), performance (level of services) and value added (value added to the customer), so that the best approach for determinining port cost and tariff are: (1) the first best pricing approach is MC = MR = P, (2) the second best pricing approach is LRMC. We suggest that the pricing policy for ports where tariff formulation needs to consider the external factors (currency, rates, fuel price, minimum salary and etc) and differentiated based on the level of port service. Relevant quality level of port service factors are the time in port, and the punctuality of handling the vessel and its cargo. Port Tariff = f (Cost of Goods Manufactured (production unit cost), Margin, Level of Service (LS)) and Maximum Port Tariff = 1.25 % ofproduction unit cost .

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Guyton, John R. "From the editor: O Canada! A tariff-free zone for scientific exchange." Journal of Clinical Lipidology 12, no. 4 (July 2018): 831–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2018.06.014.

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Chen, Wei, and He Hua Li. "The Impact of Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone on Logistics Industry." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 2647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.2647.

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This study analyzes the problems and opportunities in the logistics industry of Shanghai based on Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ).The impacts of economic measures, cargo turnover volume and developmental pattern have been discussed. Through the preferential tariff rates, logistics costs decrease, volume of cargo transport and warehousing capabilities increase, innovation policy, logistics enterprise diversification and other measures, the government will ensure the logistics industry of FTZ healthy and orderly development.

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FAULÍ-OLLER, RAMON, XULIA GONZÁLEZ, and JOEL SANDONÍS. "OPTIMAL TWO-PART TARIFF LICENSING CONTRACTS WITH DIFFERENTIATED GOODS AND ENDOGENOUS R&D*." Manchester School 81, no. 5 (August 24, 2012): 803–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.2012.02311.x.

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Liu, Peng, Jilai Yu, Kai Fan, and Mohammed Eissa. "PEV charging coordination to absorb excess wind energy via group differentiated dual-tariff schemes." Electric Power Systems Research 151 (October 2017): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.05.033.

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Knezevic, Dragana, and Marija Blagojevic. "Classification of electricity consumers using artificial neural networks." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 32, no. 4 (2019): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1904529k.

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This paper explains the process of using neural networks, as one of numerous data mining techniques, for the classification of electricity consumers. The processed data comprised more than a million recordings of electricity consumption for 21,643 consumers over the period of four years and eight months. Using a data subset (70% of the entire dataset), the network was trained for the classification of consumers according to the type of the electric meter they possess (single-rate or dual-rate) and the zone they live in (city or village). The network input data in both cases included: consumer code, reading period from-to, current and previous meter reading for both low and high tariff, dual and single rate tariff consumption for that period and their total amount, as independent variables, whereas the network output comprised dependent variable classes (zone or type of electric meter). The results show that a network created in this way can be trained so well that it achieves high precision when evaluated using the test dataset. Using the available recordings about electricity consumption, the type of the electric meter consumers possess and the zone they live in can be predicted with the accuracy of 77% and 82%, respectively. These findings can provide the basis for further research using other data mining techniques.

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Zemite, L., A. Ansone, L. Jansons, I. Bode, E. Dzelzitis, A. Selickis, A. Romanovs, and L. Vempere. "The Creation of the Integrated Natural Gas Market in the Baltic Region and its Legal Implications." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0026.

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Abstract A common natural gas market in the Baltic region, which is in operation since 1 January 2020, means a single entry–exit tariff system for the natural gas transmission among Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and a common Latvian–Estonian balancing zone. Finland joined the market with a separate balancing zone, certain rules, contracts, invoices and billing, with a decision for full integration to be taken not earlier than in 2022. Lithuania is not currently the common market participant, because it is not ready to join it with such revenue splitting conditions as Finland, Estonia and Latvia. But still common entry–exit tariff zone countries are actively working to find a viable solution for market expansion. Lithuania and other neighbouring Member States of the European Union (hereinafter – the EU), first and foremost, Poland, are welcome to join. The creation of an integrated regional natural gas market in the Baltics in the long term will stimulate the interest of traders in the region, strengthen security of supply and improve market liquidity. Increased market competition, predictable prices in the long term, transparent tariffs, digital communication and customer-oriented business strategies are just a small part of benefits that will inevitably develop with time.

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Muratov, M., K. Sh Kadirov, and A. P. Kushev. "Changes in tariff prices for electricity consumption and its impact on the energy system." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601176.

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Currently, the system of various tariffs on electricity consumption is widely used in almost all countries of the world. There is also a special role of tariffs on the change of modes of the energy system, which directly has its place in the smooth operation of the loading cycle of the system. The article discusses how to reduce the period of support for differentiated tariffs on electricity consumption over time.

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Napierała, Michał. "A Study on Improving Economy Efficiency of Pumping Stations Based on Tariff Changes." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030799.

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In this paper, research on improving the economic efficiency of 38 drainage pumping stations was undertaken. Particular attention was paid to the effectiveness of activities without considering any expenditures. Energy costs for this type of machine are usually high, approximately 45% of the total maintenance cost. The main assumption of this work was the selection of appropriate energy tariffs to reduce operating costs. Liquid transport in any economy consumes significant amounts of electricity, estimated at 20–30% of the total electricity production. The optimization of the energy consumption of pumping processes is, therefore, very important. While analyzing the choice of energy tariffs, we designed profitability ratios (PR) specifically for different daily time zones. With the forecasted distribution of energy demands for different daily time zones (usually 2 or 3 zones), it was possible to compare multi-zone tariffs with 24 h tariffs. The profitability of the tariffs was decided by the value of the PR indicator. The lower, the better. In practice, this meant that the analyzed multi-zone tariffs, in most cases, are more profitable compared to single-zone tariffs. In the Polish energy system, each entrepreneur, depending on the connection power, has a right to choose a particular energy tariff from three tariff groups, i.e., high (A), medium (B), and low (C) voltage. In the case of land reclamation pumping stations, energy tariffs are usually from groups B and C. The choice of tariffs largely depends on the contracted capacity and is determined by tariff regulation. Nowadays, the current energy system forces entrepreneurs to declare a connected power load at the level corresponding to the maximum use of the production potential. Lack of knowledge of the hydrological regime, quite common for land reclamation pumping stations, usually results in overestimating the contracted capacity. When comparing the effect of changing tariffs, it was found that the profitability of this method is significant. The four-year study period (2010–2013) showed that active energy in the multi-part tariffs of groups B and C is on average 10.2% cheaper than in the single-part tariffs and varies in a wide range from 2% to 20.4%. The analysis carried out on 38 drainage pumping stations shows that for only five pumping stations could changing the current tariff be unjustified. In the other cases, the four years of analysis demonstrates that changing the current energy tariff could reduce electricity costs by approximately 5%., i.e., approximately PLN 124,000 per year (approximately EUR 27,000).

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Onyschenko, V. O., A. Y. Berezhna, and О. М. Filonych. "Incentive Tariff Regulation of Utilities: Theoretical Basis and Practical Application." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 1, no. 47 (2021): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2021-1-28-44.

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The article aims at studying the manifestation features of the system of incentive tariff regulation of utilities given the need to attract investment to modernize the utilities infrastructure in cities in the field of electricity and centralized water consumption, indicating its risks and benefits. The following methods were used: decomposition, comparative analysis (when considering the methods of tariff calculation based on the "cost plus" principle and on the "rate of return on invested capital and regulatory asset base"), scientific abstraction, systemic approach, construction of scientific hypotheses (when studying the algorithm for the calculation and dynamics of the incentive tariff for electricity distribution services and centralized water consumption). A change in the electricity cost for end consumers under the transition to an incentive tariff for electricity distribution has been modelled. The dynamics of tariffs changes in centralized water consumption services is studied based on the concept of the rate of return on invested capital and regulatory asset base (RAB-methodology), and the number of investment resources that under such conditions can be directed to modernize urban water infrastructure is forecasted. The expediency of different approaches to determining the rate of return on capital (single and differentiated rate) given the legal status of assets is proved. The RAB tariff regulation concept is applied to services in the field of centralized water consumption with the identification of risks and benefits for consumers, service providers and potential investors in the modernization of the industry infrastructure. Given the energy intensity of the services, the impact of the full introduction of the electricity market on the tariffs dynamics and on the need for effective social tension preventers has been identified. The research results prove the necessity and validity of applying incentive tariff regulation in the field of electricity and water consumption, provided that the interests of consumers and service providers are balanced; and allow authorized persons to design a number of appropriate measures to ensure that the service provider invests the established amount of finance in the first regulatory period, given the uncertainty of this issue in the regulations

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Filatov, D. A., P. V. Terentyev, and A. S. Polumordvinov. "STUDY OF OPERATING MODES OF PLANT LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR VERTICAL FARMS WITH DIFFERENTIATED ELECTRICITY TARIFF." Интеллектуальная электротехника, no. 3 (2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46960/2658-6754_2021_3_85.

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Zahore, Martin Gnoleba. "Common External Tariff and Dynamism of Economic and Regional Integration in the WAEMU Zone: An Analysis Based on the Econometric Approach of Panels." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 10 (September 18, 2016): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n10p224.

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This article discusses the implications of the introduction of the Common External Tariff on the dynamism of economic and regional integration in the WAEMU zone. The sample includes eight countries and covers the period from 1990 to 2014. The study is based on the econometric approach of panels. The results suggest that the common external tariff has significantly contributed to strengthen the dynamism of the economic and regional integration in the Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa. These results show that the WAEMU countries have an interest in developing new Community mechanisms conducive to strengthen the integration within them. > Transformational leadership does not significantly affect technology transfer effectiveness. tor in Egypt. rsonal authority of the leader; On technology transfer effectiveness.

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Coulibaly, Jeanne Y., Nakelse Tebila, and Aliou Diagne. "Reducing Rice Imports in Côte d'Ivoire: Is a Rise in Import Tariff the Solution?" Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 44, no. 3 (December 2015): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500005025.

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The first-difference version of a source-differentiated almost ideal demand system is used to estimate demand for Ivorian rice imports. The results indicate that Thailand will benefit most from an expansion of imports of luxury rice and broken rice products. Vietnam will gain from growth in the market for standard rice. The results also suggest that adoption of a new 35 percent tariff policy to protect the domestic industry will not be enough to improve social welfare in Côte d'Ivoire in spite of increased production value.

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Klein-Bernard, Pablo. "The Cushioned Negotiation: The Case of WTOs Industrial Tariff Liberalization." Journal of World Trade 46, Issue 4 (August 1, 2012): 847–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2012026.

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This article is about the World Trade Organization's Doha Round negotiation on industrial tariffs - i.e., WTO law making process. We make a number of observations on the most recent negotiating text, the December 2008 modalities, based on simulations of its implementation for different types of WTO members. The imports of developed countries and advanced developing countries, which represent one third of the WTO membership but 95% of world trade, are liberalized to a small degree. The other two thirds of the WTO membership are covered under a complex web of special categories and exceptions that calls into question their future participation in the international trading system. Moreover, the tariff reductions are to be achieved in a highly differentiated manner across WTO members. All the different cases and carve outs in the text are like cushions that members use to avoid undertaking a more significant trade liberalization, but in doing so they also defeat the Doha mandate in terms of the degree of ambition required.

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Juhn, Chinhui, Gergely Ujhelyi, and Carolina Villegas-Sanchez. "Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.269.

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We consider a model where firms differ in their productivity and workers are differentiated by skill and gender. A reduction in tariffs induces more productive firms to modernize their technology and enter the export market. New technologies involve computerized production processes and lower the need for physically demanding skills. As a result, the relative wage and employment of women improves in blue-collar tasks, but not in white-collar tasks. We empirically confirm these theoretical predictions using a panel of Mexican establishments and the tariff reductions associated with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

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Kozyrsky, V., A. Gai, and P. Petrov. "Approach to placing reclousers in distribution networks." Energy and Automation, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.04.005.

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Today, the electricity supplier is not able to declare the possible level of reliability of electricity supply, and the consumer simply does not have the opportunity to buy such “reliable” electricity. In such conditions, a differentiated approach to tariff formation is inevitable, which has been implemented in practice today, albeit in its infancy. Further improvement of the tariff-forming mechanism is impossible without creating a "flexible" dependence of the tariff on the indicators of the consumer's power supply reliability. Reliability indicators, in turn, are based, on the one hand, on the methods and approaches for their determination, and on the other, on statistically reliable data on the reliability of the elements that make up the equipment in the "generation-consumer" chain. Localization by automatic sectioning points at the design stage in the context of RAB tariff setting (incentive tariff setting) ensures the target nature of reducing SAIDI (index of average duration of outages in the system) and, as a result, assessing the possibility of achieving the target ENS (estimated volume of non-supplied electrical energy) significantly reduces the cost of network design and reconfiguration. In this regard, it is necessary to revise the state and topology of problem networks, including the operated partitioning hardware; to define support services in the energy company; be trained in software (for example, TELARM) as a design tool; to create the standards of the company (group of companies), taking into account the experience of colleagues from Moldova, the Security Council, the Baltic States, far abroad. As part of a scientific search, an approach was proposed, which is the basis for calculations to determine the optimal installation locations for automatic sectioning points for an average air line, as well as a parallel-serial air line with "targeted" automatic reserve input, corresponding to the optimal SAIDI value. The results obtained are presented in the framework of a joint technical meeting of leading specialists of operating enterprises, the customer and the staff of the Department of Power Supply named after A. V.M. Sinkova NULES of Ukraine.

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BUREAU, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE, SÉBASTIEN JEAN, and ALAN MATTHEWS. "The consequences of agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries: distinguishing between genuine benefits and false hopes." World Trade Review 5, no. 2 (May 16, 2006): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560600276x.

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Recent analyses suggest that the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries will be very uneven. The Doha Round focuses on tariff issues, but some developing countries currently have practically duty-free access to European and North American markets under preferential regimes. Multilateral liberalization will erode the benefits of these preferences, which are presently rather well utilized in the agricultural sector. While South American and East Asian countries should benefit from an agricultural agreement, African and Caribbean countries are unlikely to do so. The main obstacles to the exports of the sub-Saharan African and Least Developed Countries appear to be in the non-tariff area (sanitary, phytosanitary standards), which increasingly originate from the private sector and are not dealt with under the Doha framework (traceability requirements, etc.). An agreement in Doha is unlikely to solve these problems and open large markets for the poorest countries. While this is not an argument to give up multilateral liberalization, a more specific and differentiated treatment should be considered in WTO rules, and corrective measures should be implemented.

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Prastiwi, Dewi, and Dhiah Fitrayati. "Analisis Penentuan Tarif Layanan Bus Kota Berdasarkan Marginal Cost Pricing (Studi Pada Perum Damri Kota Surabaya)." AKRUAL: Jurnal Akuntansi 5, no. 1 (October 25, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jaj.v5n1.p75-98.

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AbstractThe concept of regional autonomy has implications for financing in all sectors, including transport. To be able to provide adequate public transport facilities, one of the opportunities is the mobilization of funds through tariff collection mechanism. Determination of transport rates set out in the local rules based approach Incrementalism and line items. This approach represents a lack of economic and psychological capabilities and suitability of the benefits received by the sacrifices that have been issued. Therefore research is needed to analyze the determination of rates of local regulations bound public services locally. This study aimed to analyze the determination of the city bus rate by Cost Pricing (MCP) marginal approach, that was the determination of tariff by considering the social benefits received by customers, so if there were additional rates so consumers should receive additional social benefits. Based MCP, Perum Damri can assign the same rate if the consumer gets the same standard of service, but if there was a decline in the standard of service, then the rates should be differentiated.

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Cullinane, Kevin, Rickard Bergqvist, Sharon Cullinane, Shengda Zhu, and Linkai Wang. "Improving the quality of Sweden’s rail freight rolling stock." Benchmarking: An International Journal 24, no. 6 (August 7, 2017): 1552–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-01-2016-0015.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical conceptualization of how data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be applied to rail freight rolling stock in order to develop a tariff for track access charges which is functionally dependent upon the derived relative benchmark values of performance. Design/methodology/approach It is posited that track access charges should be differentiated to reflect differences in the performance of rolling stock and that this can be achieved purely on the basis of technical and other characteristics. The performance benchmarking of rolling stock is proposed as the basis for formulating and justifying a performance-based tariff structure. Using DEA, relative index measures of rolling stock performance can be derived, benchmark performance can be identified and a tariff structure can be developed. Findings A workable approach to implementing the concept, utilizing existing in-house databases, is found to be feasible and a template for tariff setting is established. Research limitations/implications In the absence of access to in-house technical data on rolling stock, which is commercially sensitive, no empirical application of the concept is possible. Originality/value There are many ways to improve the efficiency of a railway system. Many are inherently long term and involve significant investment. Using Sweden as an example, this paper proposes the more immediate, simpler and cheaper approach of incentivising the use of better rolling stock through appropriate track access charging. Such an approach should reduce the number of problems arising on the rail network and the costs imposed on other rail users, the infrastructure providers and society. Ultimately, the implementation of this approach would support the objective of increasing long-term robustness and reducing disruptions to railways.

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Dai, Rui, Jianxiong Zhang, and Guowei Liu. "Carbon Tariff vs. Emission Cap of North–South Countries in Response to Manufacturer’s Production." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041443.

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Economy prosperity has concurrently caused severe emission damages worldwide, which calls for strong abatement efforts from both nations and manufacturers. In this paper, we establish a two-stage game to investigate the policy selections of a foreign developed country (North) and a domestic developing country (South), and the response of a Southern manufacturer. The welfare-maximizing governments in the two countries participate in an announcement game of environmental policies where the South decides on whether or not to enforce an emission cap and the North chooses either a carbon tariff or no policy, after which the profit-seeking manufacturer reacts to make production strategies and distribute differentiated products to the two countries. Our analysis shows that under an emission cap, the manufacturer shrinks product quantities in both markets, cuts emissions, and suffers profit losses. A carbon tariff has similar impacts on the manufacturer except for unaffected domestic sales. In addition, equilibrium policy selections for the two governments depend on the degree of emission damage in the South: A moderate level of damage generates an equilibrium in the scenario of the unilateral tariff policy where the Northern welfare peaks and the Southern well-being is not the worst; a severe damage leads to a prisoner’s dilemma, since the two governments would arrive at an equilibrium in the bilateral-policy scenario, but it is dominated by a no-policy scheme. What is more, we find that a negotiation between the two governments is able to help them out of the dilemma and achieve a Pareto-improving outcome.

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Zator, Sławomir, and Waldemar Skomudek. "Impact of DSM on Energy Management in a Single-Family House with a Heat Pump and Photovoltaic Installation." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 5476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205476.

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This article presents a case study of a single-family house, whose current energy source is electricity only. Nine years ago, the heat source for the heating system and domestic hot water was an oil boiler, which was changed to an air–water heat pump. Four years ago, when Poland formed the basis of the prosumer market, the first photovoltaic system was established. It was expanded in the following years. In this work are presented the impact of using a heat accumulator on the coefficient of performance of the heat pump, the self-consumption of energy from the photovoltaic system, and the cost of purchasing energy. Comparative calculations were made, with the demand-side management (DSM) active on work days, and on free days (weekends and public holidays) it was not. Attention was paid to the self-consumption factor depending on the algorithms used in an energy meter. The prosumer market in Poland was also described. The calculations described the house as having an annual energy self-consumption from photovoltaic about 6% higher than average values obtained in buildings with heat pumps. Simultaneously, due to energy storage in heat and the load shifting in the multi-zone tariff, the cost of purchasing energy was 47% lower than in a single-zone tariff (without heat storage and load shifting).

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López-Salamanca, Henry L., Lúcia V. R. Arruda, Leandro Magatão, and Julio E. Normey-Rico. "Optimization of Grid-Tied Microgrids Under Binomial Differentiated Tariff and Net Metering Policies: A Brazilian Case Study." Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems 29, no. 6 (August 2, 2018): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40313-018-0403-x.

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Zhang, He, Jingyi Peng, Dahlia Yu, Lie You, and Rui Wang. "Carbon Emission Governance Zones at the County Level to Promote Sustainable Development." Land 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020197.

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Low-carbon governance at the county level has been an important issue for sustainable development due to the large contributions to carbon emission. However, the experiences of carbon emission governance at the county level are lacking. This paper discusses 5 carbon emission governance zones for 1753 counties. The zoning is formed according to a differentiated zoning method based on a multi-indicator evaluation to judge if the governance had better focus and had formulated a differentiated carbon emission governance system. According to zoning results, there is 1 high-carbon governance zone, 2 medium-carbon governance zones, and 2 low-carbon zones. The extensive high-carbon governance zone and medium-carbon zones are key governance areas, in which the counties are mainly located in the northern plain areas and southeast coastal areas and have contributed 51.88% of total carbon emissions. This paper proposes differentiated governance standards for each indicator of the 5 zones. The differentiated zoning method mentioned in this paper can be applied to other governance issues of small-scale regions.

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Salamatov, V., A. Tangaeva, and V. Kolomin. "RCEP in the System of Mega-Regional Trade Agreements." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 2 (2022): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-23-32.

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The article analyzes the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in terms of agreements reached and effects on the international trade system. Having involved the issues of tariff protection, rules of origin, TBT and SPS barriers in trade, investments, dispute settlement mechanism, and other regulation RCEP has an impact on both megaregionalism and international political economy system. In addition to the system level, the article examines the influence that this FTA will have on Russia and comparative market access conditions for Russian exporters in the RCEP countries. In comparison with other mega-regional trade arrangements such as TTP, RCEP provides for a more flexible approach to the commitments of the RCEP countries. Alongside the fact that each participating state has individual tariff elimination schedules with prolonged transition period for some products, such countries as Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, China, Philippines, and Korea set differentiated tariff elimination schedules for certain participating states. Overall, the significance of RCEP is based upon two levels. First, this allowed to form a FTA that is of key importance for Southeast and East Asia, especially China, Japan, and Korea, which may be the basis for deeper integration. Second, RCEP is a case for megaregionalism revival against economic nationalism that seemed to be on the rise. Importantly, RCEP has non-western countries at its core, which puts the entire Asia to the fore of trade liberalization process. As for Russia, it is essential to secure the potential export niches, products, and services so to go up the value chain as well as to be cautious about potential surge in imports that may happen.

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Schütz, Sigrid Eskeland, and Ingunn Elise Myklebust. "Coastal zone management–between politics and law: new guidelines for differentiated management of the shore zone in Norway." Local Environment 21, no. 2 (July 17, 2014): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.932338.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tariff differentiated by zone'

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