Academic literature on the topic 'Tariff deviation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tariff deviation"
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Bown, Chad P., and Meredith A. Crowley. "Self-Enforcing Trade Agreements: Evidence from Time-Varying Trade Policy." American Economic Review 103, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 1071–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.2.1071.
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The Bagwell and Staiger (1990) theory of cooperative trade agreements predicts new tariffs (i) increase with imports, (ii) increase with the inverse of the sum of the import demand and export supply elasticities, and (iii) decrease with the variance of imports. We find US import policy during 1997–2006 to be consistent with this theory. A one standard deviation increase in import growth, the inverse of the sum of the import demand and export supply elasticity, and the standard deviation of import growth changes the probability that the US imposes an antidumping tariff by 35 percent, by 88 percent, and by –76 percent, respectively.
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Hamodat, Zaid, and Galip Cansever. "Automated Generation Control of Multiple-Area Electrical System with an Availability-Based Tariff Pricing Scheme Regulated by Whale Optimized Fuzzy PID Controller." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (June 18, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5596527.
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In this research, a whale-optimized fuzzy PID controller was developed to manage automatic generation control in multiple-area electrical energy systems with an availability-based tariff (ABT) pricing scheme. The objective of this work is to minimize the power production costs, area control errors (ACEs), and marginal costs of the multiple-area electrical energy system with real-time load and frequency variation conditions. The generation of power, deviation of power in the tie line, and deviation of frequency of the interconnected three-area electrical energy system, including the hydrothermal steam power plant and gas power plant, will be measured and analyzed rigorously. Based on the output from the whale optimization, the fuzzy PID controller regulates the deviation of power in the tie line and the deviation of frequency of the interconnected three-area electrical energy system. The reliability and suitability of the proposed optimization, i.e., whale-optimized fuzzy PID controller, are investigated against already presented methods such as particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms.
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Maiorino, Angelo, Adrián Mota-Babiloni, Manuel Gesù Del Duca, and Ciro Aprea. "Scheduling Optimization of a Cabinet Refrigerator Incorporating a Phase Change Material to Reduce Its Indirect Environmental Impact." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082154.
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Phase Change Materials (PCMs) incorporated in refrigerators can be used to shift their energy consumption from peak periods, when the electric network energy demand is the highest, to off-peak periods. While PCMs can flatten the energy demand curve, they can achieve economic savings if Time-of-Use (TOU) electricity tariffs are applied. However, the hourly carbon emission factor is not commonly linked to the hourly tariff, and the final CO2 emitted due to the operations of the refrigerator would not be fully optimized. In this work, a method based on the Simulated Annealing optimization technique was proposed to identify the optimal working schedule of a cabinet refrigerator incorporating a PCM to reduce its indirect carbon emissions. Data from countries with different representative carbon intensity profiles were used. The normalized standard deviation and normalized range are the best statistical indexes to predict carbon emission reduction in the proposed solution. These parameters proved that countries with a higher hourly carbon intensity variation (Uruguay, France, Denmark, and Germany) benefit from the application of the algorithm. Cost and carbon emission reduction cannot be maximized simultaneously, and a trade-off is required.
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Suyono, Hadi, Mir Toufikur Rahman, Hazlie Mokhlis, Mohamadariff Othman, Hazlee Azil Illias, and Hasmaini Mohamad. "Optimal Scheduling of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Including Time-of-Use Tariff to Minimize Cost and System Stress." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081500.
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Technological advancement, environmental concerns, and social factors have made plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) popular and attractive vehicles. Such a trend has caused major impacts to electrical distribution systems in terms of efficiency, stability, and reliability. Moreover, excessive power loss, severe voltage deviation, transformer overload, and system blackouts will happen if PEV charging activities are not coordinated well. This paper presents an optimal charging coordination method for a random arrival of PEVs in a residential distribution network with minimum power loss and voltage deviation. The method also incorporates capacitor switching and on-load tap changer adjustment for further improvement of the voltage profile. The meta-heuristic methods, binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) and binary grey wolf optimization (BGWO), are employed in this paper. The proposed method considers a time-of-use (ToU) electricity tariff such that PEV users will get more benefits. The random PEV arrival is considered based on the driving pattern of four different regions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, comprehensive analysis is conducted using a modified of IEEE 31 bus system with three different PEV penetrations. The results indicate a promising outcome in terms of cost and the distribution system stress minimization.
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Basuki, Imam, Amos Setiadi, and Benidiktus Susanto. "KAJIAN TARIF PEMADU MODA YOGYAKARTA INTERNASIONAL AIRPORT." Jurnal Transportasi 19, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jt.v19i2.3468.111-120.
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Abstract Yogyakarta International Airport in Temon, Kulon Progo, is projected as a replacement for Yogyakarta Adisu-tjipto International Airport. This new airport requires an intermodal passenger transport, which is a mode of transportation that needs to be prepared to connect the airport with the supporting cities served. In this study, a questionnaire survey involving 1,000 respondents was conducted. The survey was conducted at Adisutjipto Airport to find out the origin and destination of passengers in using the mode of transportation to and from Yogyakarta International Airport. Based on the origin and destination data, a map of the airport service area is made. The proportion of the choice of transportation mode was used as the basis of the potential passenger demand for a route. The route of intermodal transportation is found to be from and goes to 10 points, namely Borobudur, Kebumen, Magelang, Purwokerto, Purworejo, Temanggung, Wates/Sentolo, Wonosari, Wonosobo, and Yog-yakarta. The operational costs of intermodal passenger transport are Rp9,570.53 per kilometer. The average passenger fare per kilometer is Rp1,042.07. The tariff for various routes is more realistic in describing the distance, with an average deviation of Rp38.24 and a range of Rp141.55. Keywords: intermodal passenger transport, airport, tariffs, operational costs Abstrak Yogyakarta International Airport di Temon, Kulon Progo, diproyeksikan sebagai pengganti Bandar Udara Internasional Adisutjipto Yogyakarta. Bandar udara baru ini membutuhkan angkutan pemadu moda, yaitu suatu moda transportasi yang perlu dipersiapkan untuk menghubungkan bandar udara tersebut dengan kota-kota pendukung yang dilayani. Pada kajian ini dilakukan survei kuesioner yang melibatkan 1.000 responden. Survei dilakukan di Bandar Udara Adisutjipto untuk mengetahui asal tujuan dan keinginan penumpang dalam meng-gunakan moda transportasi untuk menuju dan dari Yogyakarta International Airport. Berdasarkan data asal dan tujuan dibuat peta daerah pelayanan bandar udara. Proporsi kemauan pemilihan moda transportasi menjadi dasar demand potensi penumpang untuk rute trayek. Rute trayek pemadu moda yang diperoleh berasal dan menuju ke-10 titik, yaitu Borobudur, Kebumen, Magelang, Purwokerto, Purworejo, Temanggung, Wates/Sentolo, Wono-sari, Wonosobo, dan Yogyakarta. Biaya Operasional Pemadu Moda adalah sebesar Rp9.570,53 per kilometer. Rata-rata tarif penumpang per kilometer adalah Rp1.042,07. Besaran tarif untuk berbagai rute trayek lebih realistis dalam menggambarkan jarak tempuhnya, dengan simpangan rata-rata Rp38,24 dan rentang sebesar Rp141,55. Kata-kata kunci: angkutan pemadu moda, bandar udara, tarif, biaya operasional
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CHEN, NATALIE, and DENNIS NOVY. "On the measurement of trade costs: direct vs. indirect approaches to quantifying standards and technical regulations." World Trade Review 11, no. 3 (July 2012): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000183.
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AbstractIn this article, we review the literature on the measurement of trade costs in international trade with a special emphasis on non-tariff measures and in particular on standards and technical regulations. We distinguish ‘direct’ from ‘indirect’ approaches. The direct approach collects observable data or proxy variables on trade cost components which are then typically used as regressors in a gravity equation of trade. Instead, the indirect approach infers the extent of trade impediments from trade flows. It compares actual trade flows to the trade flows predicted by a hypothetical frictionless benchmark scenario based on a micro-founded trade model, attributing the deviation of actual from predicted trade flows to trade frictions. We argue that economists and policy-makers can gain useful insights from both approaches.
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Lopez, Oscar David, and Alexander Carvajal. "The Trade Effects of Regional Agreements and Economic Integration Processes in Europe, South America, and North America." Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 3, no. 8 (December 31, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2020.57980.
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This article seeks to understand the effects of trade creation and diversion in regional agreements and integration processes in Europe, South America, and North America. Through a systemic literature review, and based on the economic theory of integration, it analyzes the impact of tariff barriers on trading volume through the world, as well as the impact of barriers removals in member and non-member countries that participate in these trade agreements. As hypothesis, it can be stated that the trade effects generated by economic integration processes vary depending on the endogenous conditions of the industries in member countries, in addition to the consolidation phase of the integration processes. For this purpose, a qualitative descriptive methodology, based on an analysis of literature, is used to determine the trade creation and deviation effects of agreements in Europe (European Union), South America (MERCOSUR and CAN), and North America (NAFTA).
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Real-Fernández, Navarro-Esbrí, Mota-Babiloni, Barragán-Cervera, Domenech, Sánchez, Maiorino, and Aprea. "Modeling of a PCM TES Tank Used as an Alternative Heat Sink for a Water Chiller. Analysis of Performance and Energy Savings." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193652.
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Phase change materials (PCMs) can be used in refrigeration systems to redistribute the thermal load. The main advantages of the overall system are a more stable energy performance, energy savings, and the use of the off-peak electric tariff. This paper proposes, models, tests, and analyzes an experimental water vapor compression chiller connected to a PCM thermal energy storage (TES) tank that acts as an alternative heat sink. First, the transient model of the chiller-PCM system is proposed and validated through experimental data directly measured from a test bench where the PCM TES tank is connected to a vapor compression-based chiller. A maximum deviation of 1.2 °C has been obtained between the numerical and experimental values of the PCM tank water outlet temperature. Then, the validated chiller-PCM system model is used to quantify (using the coefficient of performance, COP) and to analyze its energy performance and its dependence on the ambient temperature. Moreover, electrical energy saving curves are calculated for different ambient temperature profiles, reaching values between 5% and 15% taking the experimental system without PCM as a baseline. Finally, the COP of the chiller-PCM system is calculated for different temperatures and use scenarios, and it is compared with the COP of a conventional aerothermal chiller to determine the switch ambient temperature values for which the former provides energy savings over the latter.
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Kollie, Genesis B., and Roosevelt S. Prowd. "Assessing the impact of ASYCUDA on customs revenue performance: evidence from the Liberia Revenue Authority." African Multidisciplinary Tax Journal 2021, no. 1 (February 2021): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/amtj/2021/i1a4.
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This study sought to explore empirically the impact of an Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) on customs revenue performance at the Liberia Revenue Authority (LRA). We used monthly time series data sourced from the LRA, the Central Bank of Liberia, and various series of the Harmonized Tariff of Liberia. The data spans from January 2015 to December 2018. We employed the bounds testing approach to the Cointegration and Error Correction Model that is established within the Autoregressive Distributed Lag framework. The results revealed that total trade (Import*Export), goods and services tax (GST) and ASYCUDA positively impact customs revenue performance in both the short and long run while export and inflation were found to negatively affect customs revenue performance in both the short and long run. In addition, an error correction term of -0.837 was found, indicating that 83.7 per cent of the deviation created by shocks in the short run will be corrected in the long run; thus, confirming the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables used. For policy purposes, these findings suggest that ASYCUDA be rolled out to other ports of entry and exit to boost the efficiency of customs revenue generation. Moreover, capacity building should be carried out to complement the effective use of ASYCUDA. We also recommend that policies to reduce inflation be prioritised.
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Rubanenko, О., D. Danylchenko, and V. Teptya. "DETERMINATION OF RESS GENERATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, no. 1 (1) (December 30, 2020): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2020.01.11.
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Paper considers the perspectives and potential of using renewable energy sources to decide the global warming problem. The World trend of increasing electricity generation by photovoltaic power stations according to the International Renewable Energy Agency and the trend of increasing the installed capacity of photovoltaic power stations in Ukraine, which supply the generated capacity at a "green" tariff according to the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy utilities of Ukraine. Opportunities and conditions of using artificial neural networks to defined the power generation of photovoltaic power stations on the example of the power plant "Tsekinivska-2" 4–5 turns are investigated. A platform developed by the European Commission – Photovoltaic Geographical Information System – was used to create a database for the creation and training of artificial neural networks. Regularities of change of meteorological satellite data and their influence on electricity generation of photovoltaic power stations are established. For this purpose, the software complex MATLAB was used, namely the module for the creation of artificial neural networks – Neural Networks Toolbox. The height of the sun is conditionally considered constant and its value is repeated from year to year or has a slight deviation, so it can be used as an indicator of the hour and can be considered known in advance, so determined by empirical formulas and changes only under certain astrophysical laws. Regarding the temperature at 2 m and the wind at 10 m, these meteorological data are known, as they are needed not only for forecasting the operation of renewable energy sources but also in agriculture. Therefore, data related to solar radiation are considered to be the most problematic, as this value is the most difficult to determine. Satellite data may have an error, the installation of weather stations, namely quality pyranometers is a costly procedure, but will help provide a training sample of quality data. To forecast with satisfactory accuracy, it is necessary to collect data for 1 year of operation of the weather station. The nntool and Anfis MATLAB modules were used to predict generation. But the obtained results can be used to assess the effectiveness of the photovoltaic power stations, but they are unsatisfactory for the operational balancing of the system.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tariff deviation"
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Dobeš, Radim. "Řešení pro odchylkovou analýzu nákladů ve výrobní společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444622.
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At the very beginning of the diploma thesis, we introduce the reader to the issues of BI and controlling of manufacturing companies. Subsequently, we perform an analysis and evaluation of the current state of the selected manufacturing company in terms of variations in production. Then we use MSSQL server and SSAS to create a controlling model. The company will be able to unambiguously and quickly identify weaknesses in production and quickly eliminate them. Finally, we evaluate the real benefits of this project for the company.
Books on the topic "Tariff deviation"
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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to authorize a deviation from the laws of Lower Canada, as regards certain substitutions created by the will of the late Dame Ann Wragg. [Toronto]: S. Derbishire & G. Desbarats, 2002.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Tariff deviation"
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Evangelista de Souza, Lucas, and Raimundo Ghizoni Teive. "Aprendizagem de Máquina Aplicada a Consumidores Comerciais Buscando Identificar Padrões Atípicos de Consumo de Energia Elétrica Utilizando o Software R." In Computer on the Beach. São José: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v12.p408-413.
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The electricity distribution network is responsible for supplying energy to consumers in the National Interconnected System, serving 99% of consumers in Brazil. There are two types of losses in this network: technical losses and non-technical losses or commercial losses. In the case of non-technical losses, the focus of this work, the existence of these results in a higher tariff for all consumers, so that the concessionaire can compensate for such reduction in revenue. Non-technical losses are usually associated with fraud (meter tampering or deviations). The main objective of this work is the application of machine learning techniques, using software R, to identify possible fraudulent behaviors of commercial consumers in the state of Santa Catarina. Considering data from typical consumer load curves and functional information from the company. Preliminary results, using real data from consumers, indicate that the SVM classifier used performed well in the cases studied, achieving precision and accuracy greater than 90%. The input variables selected for the classifier, based mainly on data and information from typical load curves, are the differential of this work, as well as the main reason for the success in the initial tests.
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Zhou, Haobo, Guo Wang, Jinge Liu, Lianzhong Sun, and Hongning Zhang. "A Novel Approach of Dynamic Parameter Calculation in Real Time While Managed Pressure Cementing and its application in Ultra-Deep Well." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201007-ms.
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Abstract Tremendous amounts of oil and gas reservoir are located in ultra-deep formations, such as Shunnan block in Tarim basin of China, some reservoirs buried deeper than 8000m and which are major exploration areas of SINOPEC. The formation geological conditions are complicated, multiple pressure systems co-exist in the same borehole, narrow pressure-margin problems, all above may cause down-hole troublesome conditions while cementing, such as leaking, fracturing formations and so on. And the managed pressure cementing (MPC) was selected for solving the above problems. But the key for a successful MPC depend on accurate, real-time knowledge of dynamic parameters calculation. Therefore, a real time dynamic parameters calculation for MPC is very important. Firstly, a comprehensive real-time hydraulic calculation method for cementing replacement process was established, in which the difference of density, rheological properties, location and length of different fluids were taken into account. In order to improve the calculation precision, the flow channel both in pipe and annuli was divided into several sections, through which the different diameters of the channels were considered. Secondly, according to the density contrast of operating fluids, a vacuum (U-Tube effect) will appear at the inlet in the cementing replacement process, an integrated U-Tube effect analytical model was established based on the Euler equation, in which the influence of well deviation was taken into account too, and though which the height and volume of vacuum, the down-hole operating fluids acceleration, the out flow rate variation et al. all can be accurately calculated and simulated. Moreover, a series of system calculation software were developed to predict cementing fluids position, fluids acceleration, flow pressure drop, BHP, expected WHP and the related control parameters for MPC. The proposed model has been applied in HPHT ultra-deep well MPC operation of SINOPEC Northwest oil filed in Traim basin, there is an excellent match between the calculated and measured data. Furthermore, this simulation software has been used for designing the MPC parameters, and it runs smoothly with convenient operation. Therefore it can be seen this system can be applied to provide more convenient fast and precise dynamic parameters monitoring for MPC. This study proposed a novel model of Cementing dynamic parameters calculating and developed a comprehensive real-time monitoring system for MPC. Through the application of the monitoring, we can adjust the cementing parameters in real time while MPC, and this real-time monitoring has been applied in several wells very well. Therefore, this study is novel and can afford an effective approach to improve cement quality.