Journal articles on the topic 'Tariff Bangladesh'
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Hossain, Syed Shoyeb, and Huang Delin. "Rice and Wheat Tariff Impact in Bangladesh: CGE Analysis Using Gtap Model." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 10 (July 15, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n10p63.
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Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are mostly used for agricultural market analysis globally. This paper constructs a Computable General Equilibrium model using Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model followed by the GTAP 9A database. The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the potential impact of tariff increase on Agricultural crop sectors (Rice and Wheat) in Bangladesh and then describes the construction of the database. It also attempts to detect the trend of the tariff change impact on rice and wheat production in Bangladesh and other South Asian countries. Using database reference year 2011, this paper builds a computable general equilibrium model to measure the Tariff impact in Bangladesh. Result of the model suggests that if an import tariff is imposed, it will affect domestic-foreign relative price between Bangladesh and other south Asian countries. Bilateral trade between Bangladesh and South Asia country will decline sharply. Finally, this paper explained the policy scenario, data sources, and processing methods in details.
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Oshikawa, Maika, Michael Daly, and Mostafa Abid Khan. "Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade and Economic Development in Bangladesh." Journal of World Trade 35, Issue 2 (April 1, 2001): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/337900.
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Arfanuzzaman, Md. "Regional Co-Operation and Economic Prosperity in South Asia: Challenges of Unfair Trade and Transboundary Deadlock." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2019-0001.
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SummarySubject and purpose of work: The study attempts to examine the trade unfairness and transboundary bottlenecks between Bangladesh and India with a view to prosper a balanced trade and sustained water cooperation.Materials and methods: The study is based on secondary data and statistical information. Mixed research methods such as qualitative, quantitative and data visualization techniques are adopted in this study to assess the political economy of river basin management, loss and damage assessment and trade situation assessment.Results: Due to upstream intervention, the North-Western region of Bangladesh has lost 4254218 metric tons of rice production during 2006-2014 cropping years which value is $1036 million. During the same period, the trade deficit of Bangladesh stood at $5.58 billion with India due to the diverse tariff and non-tariff barriers which triggers tension between this close neighbor.Conclusions: The trade and water co-operation should be extended among the South Asian countries including India and Bangladesh without delay to obtain the maximum benefit and economic prosperity.
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Singh, Pratima. "“Freeing” Trade in South Asia." Foreign Trade Review 47, no. 2 (July 2012): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515120204.
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This paper discusses economic integration in the South Asian region using an India-centric approach. It suggests that the gains for India withdrawing its tariff on imports from Pakistan and Bangladesh hugely outweigh the losses for the country. It uses a bilateral trade approach, analyzing the India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh trade relationships. The India-Pakistan relationship shows Pakistan's exports to India contribute much less to India's total imports than to Pakistan's GDP. The benefits of India unilaterally withdrawing tariffs, thus, are substantial. The India-Bangladesh trade relationship, despite having many complementary characteristics, is not very well established. Both the countries will gain immensely if India opens up its borders to their exports. These gains will outweigh the minor losses for India which will be compensated for by its increased goodwill. Economic integration is important to maintain stability in this region and the two bilateral relationships described above are crucial in ensuring this. (JEL Codes: F13, F14, F15)
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Quader, Tahneia. "India–Bangladesh Relations: With Special Reference to Narendra Modi’s Regime." Journal of South Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 09–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.007.01.2906.
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This article is an attempt to explore the recent developments in India-Bangladesh relations under Narendra Modi's regime. Challenging the popular perception that is India-Bangladesh relations aggravate when Bharatiya Janata Party come into power, this article clearly indicates that India-Bangladesh relation has got new momentum during Modi’s tenure as the prime minister of India. Significant developments have been made over three key thematic areas during Modi’s government in India. These are; dispute resolution, cooperation and connectivity. However, this article also highlights a number of pertinent challenges like water dispute, non-tariff barriers, Rampal power plant and regional Rohingya issue, alleged illegal migration of Bangladeshis to India and border killings which need to be addressed carefully for a sustainable friendly relation and establish a win-win situation. The article recommends that in this age of growing interdependence and sharing, there is no alternative but to strengthen Bangladesh–India relations. Therefore, consistency in Indo–Bangladesh friendly relations needs to be maintained no matter which regime remains in power both in Dhaka and Delhi.
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Quader, Tahneia. "India–Bangladesh Relations: With Special Reference to Narendra Modi’s Regime." Journal of South Asian Studies 7, no. 3 (April 23, 2019): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.007.03.2906.
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This article is an attempt to explore the recent developments in India-Bangladesh relations under Narendra Modi's regime. Challenging the popular perception that is India-Bangladesh relations aggravate when Bharatiya Janata Party come into power, this article clearly indicates that India-Bangladesh relation has got new momentum during Modi’s tenure as the prime minister of India. Significant developments have been made over three key thematic areas during Modi’s government in India. These are; dispute resolution, cooperation and connectivity. However, this article also highlights a number of pertinent challenges like water dispute, non-tariff barriers, Rampal power plant and regional Rohingya issue, alleged illegal migration of Bangladeshis to India and border killings which need to be addressed carefully for a sustainable friendly relation and establish a win-win situation. The article recommends that in this age of growing interdependence and sharing, there is no alternative but to strengthen Bangladesh–India relations. Therefore, consistency in Indo–Bangladesh friendly relations needs to be maintained no matter which regime remains in power both in Dhaka and Delhi.
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Paryadi, Deky. "Potensi Kerjasama Bilateral Indonesia Bangladesh Dalam Kerangka Preferential Trade Agreement." Cendekia Niaga 4, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52391/jcn.v4i2.510.
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Currently, Indonesia is initiating trade cooperation between Indonesia and Bangladesh PTA. This trade cooperation is to increase Indonesia's exports to non-traditional markets. For that, it is a necessary overview of trade between Indonesia and Bangladesh to determine the market potential products Indonesia Bangladesh. From the simulation results of the Trade Complementary Index (TCI), Indonesian products for the last 2 years (2017-2018), it can be seen that Indonesian export products can meet the demands of the Bangladesh import market and it can be assumed that the people of Bangladesh have been able to receive products from Indonesia. From the simulation results of potential products, 283 tariff lines can be used as an indication of potential Indonesian request to initiate cooperation between Indonesia and Bangladesh this PTA.
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Mansoor, Abdul. "Bearing the Brunt: The Effect of Terrorism on the Foreign Direct Investment in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Nations." University of Wah Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2022): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.56220/uwjss2022/0501/10.
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The current state of terrorism has posed serious challenges to macroeconomic environment stability by causing the dislodgment of foreign direct investment (FDI). This study aims to find the impact of terrorism along with other important policy variables such as FDI, Terrorism, law and order, Tariff, and Government regulation in the SAARC member nations, namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Maldives, and Sri Lanka. Utilizing a panel econometric estimation model on annual data from 1990-2019, the results of the study show a significant negative impact of terrorism and law and order situations in the SAARC countries. Whereas the magnitude of FDI is technology-driven in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan where there is a deep focus on the physical structural transformation. This empirically establishes the fact that terrorism is a serious threat to FDI and economic growth for the economies in this region. Key Words: FDI; Terrorism; Tariff, SAARC
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Hossain, Akhtar, and Salim Rashid. "The Political Economy of Bangladesh's Large and Growing Trade Deficits with India." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 25–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i1pp.25-68.
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After remaining low throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Bangladesh's trade deficits (as percent of GDP) with India have been rising sharply since 1993. The size of its illegal trade deficits with India is also large and perceived to be rising since the early 1990s. Thus, instead of interdependence between two trading neighbours at the same stage of development, the Bangladesh-India trade relations suggest an absolute dependence of Bangladesh on India. The debate that has now generated in Bangladesh from such a onesided trade flow has two polar themes. At one extreme are those commentators who consider Bangladesh's large and growing trade deficits with India as a "natural and positive development" on the grounds that India is believed to be at a higher stage of development and to have gained technological maturity in the production of those goods that Bangladesh imports from India. The alternative view is that Bangladesh's large and growing trade deficits are a recent phenomenon and have nothing to do with India's technological maturity or prowess. As an explanation, such deficits are c9nsidered to be the result both of India's deep devaluation policy and tariff and non-t~ff barriers to Bangladesh's exports to its markets. This paper examines the disaggregated structure of trade, as well as the revealed comparative advantage of Bangladesh and India and finds no support for the thesis of Bangladesh's technological imports from India on grounds of their maturity. It then examines the sensitivity of trade flows between the two countries to exchange rates and the possible role of trade liberalisation in generating trade deficits within the framework of intra-industry trade models for differentiated products. The available evidence suggests that through subsidies, interventions and deep devaluation policy, India has artificially created a comparative advantage over Bangladesh in differentiaied products. India has also managed to keep its markets closed for Bangladesh's products despite trade negotiations, between the governments. This gives credence to the suggestion that Bangladesh's trade with India is neither fair nor competitive. Finally, the paper considers the political economy of the large and growing trade imbalances between them before drawing policy conclusions.
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Islam, Md Sariful, Sonia Afrin, Md Nasif Ahsan, Mohammed Ziaul Haider, Tasnim Murad Mamun, and Debasish Kumar Das. "Households’ Willingness to Pay for Disaster Resilient Safe Drinking Water Sources in Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 10, no. 4 (September 16, 2019): 544–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00229-x.
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Abstract Nonfunctionality of engineered water sources after two catastrophic cyclones—Sidr in November 2007 and Aila in May 2009—created acute scarcity of safe drinking water in coastal Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to estimate households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for disaster resilient water sources in Dacope upazila of Khulna District in southwestern coastal Bangladesh. By applying the double bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method to a dataset of 250 randomly selected households, we found that the mean WTP is BDT 263 and that inaccessibility to functional safe drinking water sources is the most significant determining factor of households’ WTP. Projecting mean WTP for a disaster resilient water source project in the study area, we measured a present value of aggregate WTP over project’s life span worth about BDT 624 (USD 7.37) million, which is about 14.30 times the present value of project’s aggregate establishment and maintenance cost. However, charging the local inhabitants a water tariff at mean WTP would lead to the exclusion of around 50% of the people from getting access to the improved water services or create a free riding problem. Through simulation exercises this study determined that the socially optimal water tariff is BDT 50 per month. This tariff would not only generate revenue of more than five times the project cost but would also create access to disaster resilient improved drinking water sources for almost 99% of the people.
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Yarasevika, Samara, Suharno Suharno, and Rita Nurmalina. "Determinan Ekspor RPO Indonesia di Pasar Organisasi Kerjasama Islam." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2022.10.2.350-361.
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Indonesia has been the largest exporter of Refined Palm Oil (RPO) in the world which OIC countries being main export destination markets. However, most of Indonesian RPO exports to the OIC countries are still concentrated in four countries, namely Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Egypt. The distribution of Indonesian RPO exports to the OIC countries is still in small number due to the high tariff applied by several OIC countries. This research aims to analyze the factors that influence Indonesian palm oil trade in 20 OIC countries. The analysis methods used Gravity Model and Trade Potential Analysis. The result using gravity model showed that the real GDP per capita of destination countries, the real GDP per capita of Indonesia, exchange rate, price, tariff, and the RCA index of Indonesian RPO in destination countries are significantly influence its volume exports. On the other hand, economic distance and population of destination countries do not have a significant effect on the RPO export volume.
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Rahman, Abidur, Tareq Aziz, Nahid-Al Masood, and Shohana Rahman Deeba. "A time of use tariff scheme for demand side management of residential energy consumers in Bangladesh." Energy Reports 7 (November 2021): 3189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.05.042.
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Ahmed, S. M. Moin Uddin. "A General Equilibrium Analysis on the Impact of Tariff Reforms to Protect Agricultural Sector in Bangladesh." JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH STUDIES 09, no. 11 (2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53422/jdms.2022.91103.
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Nasrin, Taskina, and Mohammad Mohiuddin Uzzal. "An Economic and sustainable planning of Bhasan Char as an Exclusive tourism spot with off-grid SMART Green Energy System." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 19, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v19i1.47.
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Bhasan char is a coastal island at Hatiya Upzilla of Noakhali District. It is a single char which has been uncovered from the Bay of Bengal a few years back. An emergency humanitarian project implemented by the Bangladesh government at this coastal island “Bhasan Char”, from September 2017, to temporarily rehabilitate a portion of incoming Rohingya refugees before they can repatriate to their homeland, Myanmar. Under this project, Government of Bangladesh (GoB) carried out land development, construction of embankment as well as other infrastructures. Upon repatriation of Rohingya's to Myanmar, we can use the developed land & surroundings as exclusive tourist zone. This paper is an outline to establish Bhasan Char as an exclusive tourist spot and a feasibility analysis of an off-grid hybrid energy generation system for this proposed tourism spot. Here, we had conducted a hypothetical zonal design, energy estimation, off-grid energy distribution, energy generation and a sustainable tariff plan for this exclusive zone in modular basis.
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Rahman, Mahbubur, Mohammad Tamin, and Lutfar Rahman. "Analysis of Natural Gas Consumption by the Industrial Sector of Bangladesh." Journal of Chemical Engineering 27 (July 26, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i1.15846.
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The natural gas consuming sectors in Bangladesh are: i) Power, ii) Fertilizer, iii) Industry, iv) Captive power, v) Domestic, vi) Commercial, and vii) Transportation (CNG). Broad sectoral consumptions are reported in various literatures and reports, however, further breakdown of the data are difficult to find, and neither reported. The combined consumption of fertilizer, industry and captive power sectors is a significant portion of national gas consumption. This paper presents for the first time an in-depth analysis of the industrial sector gas consumption. Data were collected for each type of industry, and grouped according to the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). Captive generation is included in the industrial sector consumption, unlike the usual practice of considering it under the power generation. It is noticed that garments, textile and leather industries together have shown remarkable growth in the last decade. All the industries are more or less related to the national GDP growth. Some are export oriented while others address the internal market. Therefore analysis presented here should be helpful for policy makers to prioritize the sectors in case preferential supply and tariff adjustments become necessary.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i1.15846 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 1, June 2012: 1-7
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Mahmud, Hasan, and Joyashree Roy. "Barriers to Overcome in Accelerating Renewable Energy Penetration in Bangladesh." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 7694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147694.
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In the context of the global need for the accelerated penetration of renewable sources in the energy mix, it is important to understand how fast-growing countries such as Bangladesh can participate in the global process by sequencing or combining actions to overcome multiple national-level barriers. This study analyzed how national-level barriers interact with one another with a view to better understanding in what order they can be approached in order to overcome them. Interpretive structural modeling was applied for the identification of the interactions among the barriers. The barriers identified from a context-relevant literature survey were cross-validated through in-country expert consultation. Policy makers and the research community were consulted using unstructured as well as structured questionnaire survey methods. The cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to the classification method was used to validate the interactions identified. The results indicated that it is possible to follow a systematic approach to overcome the barriers. The findings show that the highest priority is the need to revisit the current top-down process in policy and governance in the energy sector in Bangladesh. By making room for new institutional arrangements and the strategic role of local experts, stakeholders such as manufacturers, businesses, and users can create a sociopolitical environment that makes it possible to break the current inter-linked chain of barriers. Revisiting the current fuel-specific design and allocation of subsidies and the tariff structure is necessary. Simultaneous supplementary efforts towards human capacity building, the creation of a database for both the demand and supply sides of renewable energy, and improvement in coordination across institutions could be helpful. There is a need for the development of a technology-specific research and development infrastructure to encourage local innovation and business model development. Attention needs to be paid to raising scientifically informed public awareness for the uptake of renewable energy in Bangladesh.
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Hossain, Mohammad Akbar. "Implementation of Customs Advance Ruling (AR) Facility as a Trade Facilitation Measure in Bangladesh: Prospect in Retrospect." Customs Research and Applications Journal 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31092/craj.v1i1.6.
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The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and the WCO Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC)have clearly prescribed their Members to implement Advance Ruling (AR) facilities for avoidingdisputes between the Customs authorities and trade communities. If the future disputes can betreated before the arrival of imported or exportable goods at the borders, cross-border trade willbe facilitated reducing the cost and time of both the traders and customs. The developedcountries have been using the AR facilities for a long time to avoid future disputes, while thedeveloping countries are yet to initiate the journey in full swing. Because of the absence of AR,the customs authorities of the developing countries are bogged down in dealing with the courtcases originated from the disputes at the borders. Again, the traders are facing unwanted hasslesat borders that increases time and cost of doing business. Bangladesh implemented Customs ARon tariff classification in 2016. This article endeavors to examine the AR regime of Bangladesh.In particular, it analyzed the context that prompted Bangladesh customs not to implementing ARin its full scope i.e. for valuation, origin, duty drawback, etc. The limited interests of businessestowards Customs AR are also explored in this study. The study finds that the traders are highlybenefited from AR. However, as the AR facilities are given only for classification, and there aresome other platforms for having remedy for classification, the facilities could not attract thetraders as it was expected.
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Karim, Ridoan, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki, Mina Hemmati, Md Shah Newaz, Haroon Farooq, Mohd Nabil Muhtazaruddin, Muhammad Zulkipli, and Jorge Alfredo Ardila-Rey. "Paving towards Strategic Investment Decision: A SWOT Analysis of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 10674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410674.
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Bangladesh, being a developing country, needs an uninterrupted electricity supply to sustain and expand economic growth. The government’s strategic vision of 2021 and the international commitment under the Paris Agreement has meant to attract new capital investments for renewable electricity generation by diversifying energy blends, ranging from natural gas to more reliable coal technologies and renewable energy. To understand the practical implementation of such policies, this paper explores the key factors of the renewable energy (RE) sector of Bangladesh. This research has adopted the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis method to examine the RE market and to understand the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) to attract new investments. For the analysis purposes, data were collected from extant literature and semi-structured interviews from the RE experts in Bangladesh. This study bears significance as it empirically reflects the government’s vision and strategy on RE development and analyzes its challenges and recommends accordingly. The analysis of the study reveals that the regulatory framework, tax haven/exemption, higher tariff, and presence of government guarantee are the major strengths to draw foreign investment. On the contrary, land acquisition, lack of coordination and collaboration among government authorities, administrative procedures, corruption, and access to local finance turns out to be the key weaknesses to consider while investing in this sector. In terms of the external factors, increasing energy demand, increasing global awareness of climate change, and decreasing cost of RE setup equipment act as potent opportunities; while the dominance of fossil fuel and discontinuity of energy policies should be taken as threats that can hinder the flow of investment in this sector. Hence, in order to attract sustainable FDI in the RE sector, several key areas need to be strengthened in the short, medium, and long-term. These are: (i) regulations on non-discriminatory treatment to foreign investors; (ii) control of corruption; (iii) protection of intellectual property rights; and (iv) coordination and collaboration between ministries.
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Mohiuddin, Md Fazla, Anindo Mahmud, Hamim Islam, and Tajandia Rahman Anchal. "Toward opening a new route for coal trading: a case study on a Bangladeshi SME." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 3 (July 28, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-01-2017-0003.
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Study level/applicability Undergraduate/Masters/MBA. Case overview Anamika Enterprise Limited (AEL) is an export-import company founded in 1988. Today, AEL primarily imports coal from India which it then sells to customers in Bangladesh. However, a recent ban on coal mining in the Indian state of Meghalaya has created a huge problem for AEL. It is now considering opening trade routes to China and Indonesia. For that, it will need to consider both the short- and long-term factors related to its decision. It will need to take into consideration the cultural, economic and social factors in all three countries and trade accordingly. Tariff barriers and transportation costs will be a problem for AEL in the short run but in the long run, that may be overcome because of the experience effect arising from international business. Information and communication technology is also expected to have a huge impact. Expected learning outcomes Students are expected to learn the challenges of running international business in the real world and ways to overcome these challenges. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 5: International Business.
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Joki, Hossain Mohammed Hye, and Anamul Haque. "The International Trade of Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis with Gravity Model." Asian Development Policy Review 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5008.v10i1.4438.
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We investigate the foreign trade pattern of Bangladesh using the gravity model of international trade. This work studies 24 years of Bangladesh’s bilateral trade with its 52 major trade partners, from 1995 to 2018. We construct a large panel dataset of 3,168 observations to capture the multilateral resistance terms by accounting for two-way trade flows from each country with the others. We use the PPML fixed effects estimator suggested by Silva and Tenreyro (2006) as the most preferred method for gravity-based analysis. We find mixed results regarding the consistency of Bangladesh’s trade pattern with the gravity model predictions. The results suggest that Bangladesh’s export is positively determined by its income and partner countries’ level of development, but it is relatively less influenced by partner countries income. However, Bangladesh’s level of development is observed to be negatively correlated with both export and import. The distance between the trading countries matters less to Bangladesh, and Bangladesh comparatively tends to trade more with distant countries. The results also suggest that tariffs imposed by partner countries do not affect Bangladesh’s export negatively as Bangladesh receives GSP benefits from its major export market. All the results of the fixed effects regression models are robust, and this paper has significant implications in terms of formulating trade policy for Bangladesh.
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Ahmed, Syed Shujaat, Asif Javed, and Rabia Manzoor. "Regional trade and investment value chains in South Asia: Perspectives from Pakistani enterprises." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v1i2.27416.
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Background: South Asian countries still maintained barriers to trade including regulatory restrictions on Foreign Direct Investment, non-tariff barriers and lack of banking channels. These restrictions are not only affecting the regional trade integration but also affecting the transfer of skills and technology among the member countries.
Objectives: This study examines the factors that are inhibiting the development of regional integration for Pakistan in South Asia.
Methods: The study conducted interviews of business community in Karachi and Peshawar regarding regional trade, investment and value chains.
Result: The results pointed out that political difference with neighboring countries affect the regional integration in the form of lower trade and investment volume. Engaging in value chains is a way forward to promote trade flows and regional integration which will be beneficial for the trading partners in terms of economic growth and employment.
Conclusion: Pakistan contains weak investment outlay in South Asia as currently investment agreements with only Bangladesh and Sri Lanka existed. The reasons for lower FDI inflows in Pakistan include lack of political stability, inadequate infrastructure and non-transparent government regulations.
Implications: This study provides tentative picture of regional trade and investment in South Asia and the result generated can be used by concerned authorities, investors of those areas.
Recommendations: Simplifications in investment laws, piracy of intellectual property, relaxing current account restriction and single channel for streamlining information regarding support, opportunities, investment and market rules and regulations can enhance the investment volume.
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Lei, Yifan, and Cuiping Li. "Research on the Efficiency and Potential of China's Trade with South Asian Countries-Based on the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model." SHS Web of Conferences 96 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219601010.
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In the context of COVID-19, international trade has been strongly impacted, and it is of great significance to accelerate trade exchanges with countries along the "Belt and Road" to achieve trade transformation. This paper uses the time-varying stochastic frontier gravity model to measure trade efficiency based on the data of China and South Asia from 2000 to 2019. The empirical results show that economic scale and population have a positive impact on trade. China's GDP growth is not conducive to the growth of bilateral trade volume, and distance is no longer a factor hindering trade. Trade inefficiency has a great impact on trade. Among them, whether to sign a free trade agreement, the quality of port infrastructure, the simple average tax rate of all products, and political risks have a more significant impact on the trade coefficient. The trade potential between China and South Asian countries is very large and different countries are uneven. China has high trade efficiency with Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, while trade with Bhutan has extremely low efficiency, and trade with Maldives and Nepal is average. Based on the above empirical results and combined with the current epidemic situation, the corresponding conclusions and countermeasures are put forward. For example, exporters should continue to innovate to promote trade transformation and diversified development; combine the western development strategy to promote trade and South Asian exchanges; reduce trade tariff barriers between the two countries; Jointly maintain the security and political situation of the two countries.
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Azam, Amir. "The Comparative Analysis of the Industrial Policy Impact on Export Performance in the Military and Democratic Regime of Pakistan." Virtual Economics 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34021/ve.2020.03.02(4).
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Since independence, the economy has always suffered from the power struggle between democracy and autocracy, which significantly damaged the economy and gave birth to different economic issues, the export sector being one of the top most affected. Once titled among Asian Tigers, the country’s export overseas yields even to Bangladesh. The current study attempts to analyse the impact of industrial policy on export performance under democracy and autocracy. Many authors and past studies have argued that Pakistan lacks the long-term farsighted industrial policy. The paper considers the industrial policy instruments, import tariff, export subsidy, export rebate, R&D expenditures, industrial expenditures and export processing zone, while export sophistication, export diversification and export competitiveness are used as indicators of export performance from 1980 till 2018. The result of the study indicates that the democracy type of a regime promotes industrialization with expanding export base and competitiveness, while the autocratic type of a regime is helpful in producing sophisticated goods. The analysis is focused on the descriptive basis by comparing the changes and growth in democracy and autocracy, while the Error Correction Model has been applied to see the adjustment of shocks and structural changes. Export sophistication and export diversification show a significant convergent effect, while export competitiveness demonstrates a divergent relation with our independent variables. The findings suggest that it is of sheer necessary to have a long-term farsighted industrial policy under conditions of stability to attract more and more investment in the economy to sophisticate, diversify and promote competitiveness.
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Kathuria, Vinish. "Growth and Investment: Testing for the Relationship for South Asian Countries." Millennial Asia 10, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 337–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976399619879890.
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Last few decades have seen wide-ranging reforms in South Asia. Among the vital industrial reforms is allowing unbridled foreign direct investment (FDI) in many sectors, apart from tariff rationalization and other product market reforms. The outcome of these reforms is increased growth of these countries through direct benefits of FDI and indirectly through crowding in of domestic investment. Fast growth of economies also tends to attract more FDI, as the growing market raises the profitability of the investment. Under this backdrop, this article has two objectives: (a) to see if there is any structural change in the growth of South Asian countries, and (b) what role FDI has played in this structural change. For the first objective, the study employs endogenous ‘structure-break’ tests on annual GDP data for the 58 years from 1960 to 2017 to find the structural change in the economy. For the second objective, we estimate a three-way dynamic causal relationship between investment (FDI and gross fixed capital formation [GFCF]) and growth (GDP) for four key South Asian countries—India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. For the analysis, we apply the bounds tests (autoregressive distributed lag [ARDL]) approach to cointegration for the period. The results show different break years for each of the South Asian country. The causal relationship between investment and growth is not uniform for the chosen countries. We find FDI has not resulted in long-term growth in any of the selected countries. Results also show that FDI has not crowded in domestic investment in most of these countries.
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Kim, Chanwahn, Mohammad Masudur Rahman, and Laila Arjuman Ara. "Economic impact of the proposed Bangladesh–India FTA: potentials and realities." South Asian Journal of Global Business Research 3, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajgbr-04-2012-0049.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential economic effects of the proposed Bangladesh-India free trade agreement (FTA). Design/methodology/approach – The authors have used the computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis of Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. The analysis highlights the possible costs and benefits of the two nations within three different scenarios. Under Scenario I all bilateral import tariffs between Bangladesh and India are removed; Scenario II represents the setting where Bangladesh cuts its all tariffs by 75 and in Scenario III Bangladesh cuts tariffs by 50 percent. India cuts all their tariffs by 100 percent in all three scenarios. Findings – The findings indicate that India may gain more in terms of welfare and real GDP via the improved terms of trade while Bangladesh is going to have welfare loss, but if Bangladesh is able to make a preferential FTA like Scenario III with India its welfare, real GDP and exports will be increased substantially. Originality/value – This paper is the first-ever attempt to estimate the effect of the proposed Bangladesh-India FTA using CGE analysis of GTAP database version 7.
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Choudhury, Rahul Nath. "Assessing the trade of digitisable goods: implications for South Asia." Journal of Economic Studies 48, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2019-0317.
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PurposeThe technological progress has made it possible to transform a physical good into a digital one. This development has influenced international trade and a large volume of these digitisable items are increasingly crossing national boundaries. Goods like books, music and games which were earlier traded physically are now traded online. Digitalisation is reducing the cost of engaging in international trade, connecting businesses and consumers globally, helping to diffuse ideas and technologies and facilitating the coordination of global value chains. The emerging avenues of trade and its format supplemented with fast and ever-changing technology have posed a serious challenge for the policymakers around the world. Policymakers are grappling with several issues regarding digital trade for quite a long time but failed to provide any solution. Institutions like WTO and OECD are also seized with this matter. Yet, we do not have any correct assessment of the potential volume of digital trade. Second, due to the moratorium signed in WTO countries are unable to impose any duty of digital trade. South Asian region which is a net importer of these items loses a huge amount of revenue. Hence, in this study, we make an attempt to assess the potential volume of digital trade in South Asia. The study further tries to estimate the possible loss of tax revenue incurred by this region during the last decade. For both South Asia and India the results for actual import figure are found to be less than the estimated value. A gap of around US$1 billion was found between the actual and estimated import of India, while for South Asia it was the US$ 7 billion.Design/methodology/approachFor estimation, the study largely follows Banga (2019) and extends the methodology further to estimate the tariff revenue loss. Following Banga (2019) the study identifies a list of goods that can be traded in both digitally or physically. In other words, a list of digitisable goods is prepared. Then their import by the South Asian region is measured. Then we examine the tariffs imposed by the individual South Asian countries on the physical trade of these items. The estimation is done by projecting the value of the global physical imports of digitisable products from 2011 to 2017 would have been without digitalisation and what the actual global imports are with digitalisation in this period. The difference between the two gives estimates of total digital imports by the region. The total physical imports of digitisable products in the period 2011–2017 are estimated applying the cumulative growth rate (CAGR) of regional imports of these products over the period 1998–2010. The difference between the estimated physical imports and the actual physical imports provides the estimates of digital imports. Finally, the summation of the tariffs for each of the items gives us the possible figure that the countries are losing by not imposing customs duties.FindingsThe study finds globally an estimated value of digitise items to be US$246 billion which is around the US$100 billion higher than the actual value of $147 billion during 2017. For both South Asian region and India estimated import is found to be higher than the actual value. The study estimated an import of $1 billion and $7 billion took place during 2017 in India and South Asia respectively.Originality/valueDigital trade is undoubtedly one of the highest debated topics in international trade forums. Experts from both academic and corporate discourse are seized with this matter. Policymakers around the globe are poised with this issue to develop a comprehensive policy framework which facilitates the growth of the sector and at the same time safeguard the interest of the stakeholders. South Asian nations like India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are also grappling with this. In this background, it becomes utmost important to estimate the loss that they are incurring to take an informed policy decision.
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Mobarok, Mohammad Hasan, Wyatt Thompson, and Theodoros Skevas. "COVID-19 and Policy Impacts on the Bangladeshi Rice Market and Food Security." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 5981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115981.
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This research employs a partial equilibrium model to estimate the short- and long-run effects of COVID-19 and rice policies on Bangladesh’s rice market and food security. We also analyze the impact of relevant policies in terms of their effectiveness in mitigating stresses stemming from a hypothetical pandemic with a COVID-19-like impact. The results indicate that the effect of COVID-19 on Bangladeshi food security during FY 2019/20 was mixed, as the indicators of food availability improved by 5%, and decreased by 17% for food stability, relative to what they would have been otherwise. Policy simulation results indicate that a higher import tariff improves self-sufficiency status, but undermines rice availability and accessibility by bending the market toward a restrictive trade regime. Results also indicate that unlike stock enhancement policy, closing the existing yield gap improves rice availability, accessibility, and moderates the depressing effect of a future event with repercussions similar to COVID-19, although the yield policy appears more speculative and could be too costly. The insights generated contribute to the understanding of policies that aim to achieve sustainable development goals related to aggregate food security, and build resilience against future shocks akin to COVID-19.
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Keeryo, Zulfiqar Ali, Jazib Mumtaz, and Allah Bux Lakhan. "US-China Trade War and its Impact on Pakistan Exports." Global Economics Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(v-iii).01.
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This research study attempts to explore the effect of a trade war between the United States of America and China on Pakistan and other regional countries exports to the United States of America. The difference-in-difference methodology used to obtain the coefficients of each country to estimate the change in exports to the US from China, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The empirical results indicate that due to the imposition of US tariffs, China�s exports to the US reduced by 39%, whereas Pakistan�s exports to the US lowered by 3%. India and Bangladesh, on the other hand, gains from the trade war with India�s exports increased by 39% and Bangladesh�s exports increased by 50%. Therefore, it can conclude that the US-China trade war does not bring positivity to overall Pakistan�s trade position.
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Verma, Renu, and Jaidev Dubey. "What Does Gravity Model Reveal About SAFTA?" Journal of Global Economy 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v6i3.60.
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During last decade, the stalemate in multilateral trade negotiations under the framework of World Trade Organization (WTO) regime has provided impetus to the signing of regional trade agreements world over .South Asia is not an exception to this trend and has been involved in setting up its own bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). Most commonly cited cooperation agreements are Agreement on Trade and Commerce between India and Bhutan(1972), India-Nepal Bilateral Trade and Transit Treaties(1991), India–Sri Lanka Bilateral Free Trade Area(1998) Bangkok Agreement (1975), Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation (BIMST-EC-2004) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association of Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC-1997). One of the most significant steps towards regional economic cooperation in the history of South Asian countries, was taken with signing of The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) formed in 1985 with the objective of exploiting “accelerated economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region†for the welfare of the peoples of South Asia. And then seven South Asian countries—Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka—initiated a framework for region-wide integration under the South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) in 1995. In order to further cement the regional economic relations and overcome some impediments of SAPTA, the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed in early 2004, which came into force on 1st July 2006. The SAFTA is a parallel initiative to the multilateral trade liberalization commitments of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member countries. SAFTA aims to reduce tariffs for intraregional trade among the seven SAARC member countries. It has been agreed that for the South Asian countries, Pakistan and India will eliminate all tariffs by 2012, Sri Lanka by 2013 and Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal by 2015. The current paper is an attempt in assessing the potential trade in the region with latest dataset with Gravity model approach.
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ISLAM, MD TAWHIDUL, MD ELIAS HOSSAIN, and CHOWDHURY ABDULLAH AL BAKI. "LIFE CYCLE COSTS COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLAR, DIESEL AND GRID- ELECTRICITY POWERED SMALL IRRIGATION PUMPS: EVIDENCE FROM NORTHERN BANGLADESH." JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 17, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.10.007.
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Bangladesh Government has emphasized renewable energy generation and fixed a target to generate at least 150 MW of electricity from solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) by 2020; however, the generation was only about 46.98 MW. This study compared the life cycle costs (LCCs) between small solar, diesel and grid-connected irrigation pumps. The data on solar irrigation pump (SIP), diesel irrigation pump (DIP) and grid-connected irrigation pump (GIP) were collected from Birganj and Badarganj Upazilas of northern Bangladesh. The capital, maintenance, replacement and operational costs were calculated for the pumps. The outcome of annualized life cycle costs (ALCC) reveals that the average cost of the SIP (Tk.36848) is lower than DIP (Tk.105378) but marginally higher than GIP (Tk.34896). The GIP’s ALCC is the lowest, mainly for the subsidy on electric tariffs for irrigation. Therefore, at first, DIPs should be replaced by SIPs. GIPs will be replaced in the future as the price of electricity appears to be increasing. However, a small SIP’s operational cost is almost zero as it runs on solar radiation. In addition, the cost of solar irrigation will continue to fall since the price of PV panels has decreased by 12 times from 2010 to 2020.
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Chowdhury, Hafizur Rahman, Abraham D. Flaxman, Jonathan C. Joseph, Riley H. Hazard, Nurul Alam, Ian Douglas Riley, and Alan D. Lopez. "Robustness of the Tariff method for diagnosing verbal autopsies: impact of additional site data on the relationship between symptom and cause." BMC Medical Research Methodology 19, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0877-7.
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Abstract Background Verbal autopsy (VA) is increasingly being considered as a cost-effective method to improve cause of death information in countries with low quality vital registration. VA algorithms that use empirical data have an advantage over expert derived algorithms in that they use responses to the VA instrument as a reference instead of physician opinion. It is unclear how stable these data driven algorithms, such as the Tariff 2.0 method, are to cultural and epidemiological variations in populations where they might be employed. Methods VAs were conducted in three sites as part of the Improving Methods to Measure Comparable Mortality by Cause (IMMCMC) study: Bohol, Philippines; Chandpur and Comila Districts, Bangladesh; and Central and Eastern Highlands Provinces, Papua New Guinea. Similar diagnostic criteria and cause lists as the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) study were used to identify gold standard (GS) deaths. We assessed changes in Tariffs by examining the proportion of Tariffs that changed significantly after the addition of the IMMCMC dataset to the PHMRC dataset. Results The IMMCMC study added 3512 deaths to the GS VA database (2491 adults, 320 children, and 701 neonates). Chance-corrected cause specific mortality fractions for Tariff improved with the addition of the IMMCMC dataset for adults (+ 5.0%), children (+ 5.8%), and neonates (+ 1.5%). 97.2% of Tariffs did not change significantly after the addition of the IMMCMC dataset. Conclusions Tariffs generally remained consistent after adding the IMMCMC dataset. Population level performance of the Tariff method for diagnosing VAs improved marginally for all age groups in the combined dataset. These findings suggest that cause-symptom relationships of Tariff 2.0 might well be robust across different population settings in developing countries. Increasing the total number of GS deaths improves the validity of Tariff and provides a foundation for the validation of other empirical algorithms.
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Nesa, Meherun. "Bridging Two Asias: Bangladesh’s Diplomacy of Regional Cooperation and Bilateral Engagements." Journal of Bangladesh and Global Affairs 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.55875/jbga.bd.may22.009.
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Bangladesh's geographical location between South and Southeast Asia gives it a unique potential to act as a crossroad between the two Asian continents. As a result, Bangladesh may be able to construct a free trade zone, which would need closer links between Bangladesh and all SAARC and ASEAN countries. Bangladesh is also attempting to retain its socio-economic standing, conducive to a seamless transition to middle-income countries, through participating in regional efforts and bilateral engagement with SAARC and ASEAN countries. Even if Bangladesh's business contacts with SAARC countries have increased in recent years, trade relations with ASEAN countries have favored them principally. Furthermore, most SAARC nations have not eradicated non-tariff trade barriers. Additionally, the lengthy processes of establishing free trade agreements with ASEAN countries, becoming an ASEAN Secretarial Dialogue Partner, and complex relations with Myanmar over the Rohingya repatriation crisis can all be considered barriers to Bangladesh's ambition of becoming a bridge between two Asias.
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Rahman, Mohammad Masudur, and Anna Strutt. "Trade-restricting impacts of non-tariff measures in Bangladesh." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, August 17, 2021, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2021.1963043.
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Goswami, Gour Gobinda, Farhan Khan, Kazi Labiba, Farhanaj Achol, Tapas Kumar Saha, and Aunanna Zulfikar. "Should Bangladesh join Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)? The gravity explanation of Bangladesh dilemma." International Journal of Emerging Markets, July 1, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-03-2022-0442.
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PurposeThe scope of this work is to explore whether Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) would be beneficial to Bangladesh, given Bangladesh's strong ties with India and the west.Design/methodology/approachUsing extended gravity equation and data from Head and Mayer (2021) and the Direction of Trade Statistic (IMF, 2021) for Bangladesh with its applicable partner countries from 1972 till 2019, the authors attempted to examine the potential impact of joining RCEP while keeping its relationship with South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and other existing economic integration schemes intact.FindingsUsing traditional pooled ordinary least squares, two-stage least square and generalized method of moment techniques, it has been revealed that conventional partners in the South led by India are still beneficial to Bangladeshs trading line. Joining RCEP provides ample avenues for trade expansion without replacing the positive effects of SAARC.Practical implicationsTraditional partners from European, American and South Asian trading opportunities are still paying enough dividends to Bangladesh. RCEP is providing a trade-enhancing chance for Bangladesh in the eastern direction. This paper provides a policy suggestion to look east policy of government. A total overhaul of her tax structure through minimizing excessive reliance on import tariff revenue is desired to facilitate her to join RCEP in the future because most of its prospective RCEP partners are import partners.Originality/valueThis is the first and the only study which explores the feasibility of Bangladesh to join the RCEP by using the most recently updated gravity data in a panel framework.HighlightsSince its inception on November 15, 2020, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has emerged as one of the largest economic integration areas in the world.As a borderline country between South Asia and RCEP, Bangladesh is in a fix to take a decision either to join or not to join RCEP if they are invited.This paper used the gravity equation in an extended form by taking Bangladesh with its 197 trading partners’ trade data for 1972–2019.The findings postulate that the existing relationship with SAARC countries is still beneficial to its welfare, and RCEP is also economically helpful in enhancing its trade.
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Bazlul, H. Khondker, Mustafa Mujeri, and Selim Raihan. "Welfare and Poverty Impacts of Tariff Reforms in Bangladesh: A General Equilibrium Approach." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.985552.
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Bazlul, H. Khondker, Mustafa Mujeri, and Selim Raihan. "Welfare and Poverty Impacts of Tariff Reforms in Bangladesh: A General Equilibrium Approach." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173237.
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Gunatilake, Herath, and Masayuki Tachiri. "Willingness to Pay and Inclusive Tariff Designs for Improved Water Supply Services in Urban Bangladesh." Journal of Sustainable Development 7, no. 5 (September 24, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v7n5p212.
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Ghazanfar, Ummara, Rab Nawaz Lodhi, Marium Sara Minhas Bandeali, and Arslan Khalil. "An Empirical Relationship between Trade Liberalization and Poverty: Comparative analysis of Selected SAARC Countries." Studies of Applied Economics 39, no. 1 (January 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v39i1.4349.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth and poverty in four SAARC countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). The quantitative research method is employed on secondary data of four SAARC countries. The data on poverty, trade liberalization and economic growth is collected from World Bank website for the period of 1980-2019. ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach) is used to uncover the relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth, and poverty. In the case of Bangladesh, we find a significant relationship between trade liberalization and poverty in the short run, but insignificant in long run. The results are the same when we used tariffs as a measure of trade liberalization. In the case of India, no significant relationship exists between trade liberalization and poverty both in long run as well as in the short run. In the case of Pakistan, no significant relationship exists between trade liberalization and poverty in the short run, but we find a significant relationship in the long run. When we used nominal tariff rate as a measure of trade liberalizations, then the significant relationship exists both in the long as well as in the short run. In the case of Sri Lanka significant relationship exist between the short run as well as in long run. This study has practical implication for policy makers in essence that only trade liberalization is not enough to reduce poverty in SAARC countries, there should be other structural transformational polices also be implement in order to get the full benefits of free trade policies. This study is unique in the sense that time series analysis on trade-poverty nexus in these four countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) is new contribution in existing literature.
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Ghazanfar, Ummara, Rab Nawaz Lodhi, Marium Sara Minhas Bandeali, and Arslan Khalil. "An Empirical Relationship between Trade Liberalization and Poverty: Comparative analysis of Selected SAARC Countries." Studies of Applied Economics 39, no. 2 (February 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v39i2.4349.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth and poverty in four SAARC countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). The quantitative research method is employed on secondary data of four SAARC countries. The data on poverty, trade liberalization and economic growth is collected from World Bank website for the period of 1980-2019. ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach) is used to uncover the relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth, and poverty. In the case of Bangladesh, we find a significant relationship between trade liberalization and poverty in the short run, but insignificant in long run. The results are the same when we used tariffs as a measure of trade liberalization. In the case of India, no significant relationship exists between trade liberalization and poverty both in long run as well as in the short run. In the case of Pakistan, no significant relationship exists between trade liberalization and poverty in the short run, but we find a significant relationship in the long run. When we used nominal tariff rate as a measure of trade liberalizations, then the significant relationship exists both in the long as well as in the short run. In the case of Sri Lanka significant relationship exist between the short run as well as in long run. This study has practical implication for policy makers in essence that only trade liberalization is not enough to reduce poverty in SAARC countries, there should be other structural transformational polices also be implement in order to get the full benefits of free trade policies. This study is unique in the sense that time series analysis on trade-poverty nexus in these four countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) is new contribution in existing literature.
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Iqbal, Md Hafiz, S. M. Tanvir Rahman, and Md Munzurul Haque. "Photovoltaic Energy Diffusion in Rural Bangladesh through the Provision of Feed-in-Tariff: Lesson from Japan." Journal of Japanese Studies: Exploring Multidisciplinarity 1, no. 2 (July 30, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.55156/jjsem.jul2203.
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Tarikul, Islam, Abdullah Raihan, and Muhammad Musharuf Hossain Mollah. "Is Bangladesh A Beneficiary of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)?" Journal of Economics and Development, December 15, 2013, 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33301/2013.15.03.03.
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South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was primarily concerned with peace thus success in enhancing intraregional trade was minimally displayed. Therefore formation of a South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) was proposed with an aim of extending intraregional trade that came into force in 2006. SAFTA in terms of population is the largest of any economic bloc but has appeared as a least integrated bloc while taking trade among members into account, which is only 6.2% of total trade. To increase trade the list of commodities under sensitive categories has been revised in 2012. Taking an interpretivist approach this study reports that Bangladesh will be one of the significant beneficiaries of SAFTA as it will help reduce the longstanding trade deficit with India, create a large regional market and support its key industries such as; Readymade Garments (RMG) and pharmaceuticals to enhance competitiveness. Optimizing the benefits, however, may not be accomplished if nontariff barriers such as; mind-set, political tensions and bilateral conflicting issues are not dealt with extreme care beside tariff barriers.
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Ahsan Kabir, Md, Faija Farjana, Rukhsana Choudhury, Ahmed Imrul Kayes, Md Sawkat Ali, and Omar Farrok. "Net-metering and Feed-in-Tariff policies for the optimum billing scheme for future industrial PV systems in Bangladesh." Alexandria Engineering Journal, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.08.004.
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Ali Nur Sidiq, Mohammad, Muhammad Findi, and Muhammad Firdaus. "The Analysis of New Market Potentials and Determinants of Indonesian Export Commodities in the South Asian Region." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, October 8, 2019, 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset196552.
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Indonesia's trade performance with traditional countries in the last five years experienced a deficit. This condition has an impact on the emergence of the national trade balance deficit. Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia in anticipating this implies a Market Diversification strategy. Through this strategy, Indonesia is expected to be able to develop its export performance in several developing countries that have significant market potential to explore. South Asia is one of the regions that have the potential to become Indonesia's new market destination. This study aimed to analyze new export markets, potential export commodities, and Indonesian export determinants in the South Asian region. The analytical methods used in this study included Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Intra Industry Trade (IIT), Trade Complamantarity Index (TCI), and Gravity Model. The results show that five countries in the South Asian region have the potential to become Indonesia's new export market, namely India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Maldives. Indonesia's potential export commodities in each country are in the position of a rising star, falling star, and lost opportunity markets that are potential to be developed. Exports determinants that affect Indonesia's potential commodity exports in South Asia are importers GDP, differences in GDP per capita, geographic distance, commodity prices, real exchange rates, tariff barriers, and non tariff barriers. This results can be used as an insight for the government to create a relevant trade policy in the South Asian region.
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Saparamadu, Thilini, and Vihangika Weerasinghe. "What Leads to Intra-Industry Trade between Sri Lanka and South Asia?" Journal of Economics and Business 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.04.02.340.
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This study ascertains the determinants of Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) with particular reference to IIT between Sri Lanka and its major trading partners in South Asia; namely; India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The study uses secondary data published in World Development Indicators, Penn World Table from 1992 to 2017. The level of IIT is calculated by using data gathered from Comtrade Data Base. Using panel data regression, the study adopts Random Effect model to analyze the regression results. The study concludes that economies of scale measured by difference of value added in the net output of the manufacturing sector and market size measured by average gross domestic product exert a significant influence on the level of IIT in the South Asian region. Differences of per capita Gross National Income (GNI - difference in income level) and tariff rate (the proxy for trade barriers) poses a negative influence on the level of IIT. The policymakers should be concerned about the possibility to increase IIT in the South Asian region. Based on the findings of the study, the present research offers policy recommendations to promote IIT within the region.
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Hazard, Riley H., Nurul Alam, Hafizur Rahman Chowdhury, Tim Adair, Saidul Alam, Peter Kim Streatfield, Ian Douglas Riley, and Alan D. Lopez. "Comparing tariff and medical assistant assigned causes of death from verbal autopsy interviews in Matlab, Bangladesh: implications for a health and demographic surveillance system." Population Health Metrics 16, no. 1 (June 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12963-018-0169-1.
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Khan, Eijaz Ahmed, Md Nur Alam, and Sarif Mohammad Khan. "Factors Affecting the Growth of Entrepreneurship in Small-scale Business." Khulna University Business Review, March 2008, 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35649/kubr.2005.5.1.4.
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The present paper makes an attempt to investigate that various micro and macro factors are responsible for growth and development of entrepreneurship in small-scale business in Bangladesh. The background factors like strong education and training facilities, desire to achieve, accept responsibility, hard works, and risk orientation of the entrepreneur have a bearing on the success of entrepreneurs. In addition to this, the socio-economic factors such as uniform commercial law and limited regulations, corruption, encouragement and support from society and family, good banking with available credit, social integration, social status, meaningful democracy, and free trade with limited tariffs, enterprise zone, available technology, and strong telecommunication and distribution networks are also important for creating entrepreneurs.
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São Bernardo, Mirelle Amaral de, and Lúcia Maria Assunção Barbosa. "ENSINO DE PORTUGUÊS COMO LÍNGUA DE ACOLHIMENTO: EXPERIÊNCIA EM UM CURSO DE PORTUGUÊS PARA IMIGRANTES E REFUGIADOS(AS) NO BRASIL." fólio - Revista de Letras 10, no. 1 (August 25, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/folio.v10i1.4045.
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O Brasil tem recebido um número considerável de imigrantes de diferentes nacionalidades vindos da América do Sul, da África e de países como Bangladesh e Paquistão, mas principalmente haitianos, sírios. No entanto, o Brasil não conta, ainda, com políticas públicas explícitas para o ensino de português para essas pessoas. A sociedade civil e algumas universidades têm realizado essa tarefa com o objetivo de tentar minimizar obstáculos para integração das/os imigrantes relacionadas à dificuldade de comunicação. Ainda assim, existe a necessidade da ampliação e discussão do conceito de língua de acolhimento e de pesquisas que promovam ações efetivas de integração social, por meio do ensino da língua em contexto de acolhimento. Abordaremos neste artigo a (des)(re)construção do conceito de língua de acolhimento e apresentaremos a experiência do curso de português como língua de acolhimento, como parte do Projeto de Pesquisa: PROACOLHER: Português como Língua de Acolhimento, oferecido no NEPPE (Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Português como Língua Estrangeira) da Universidade de Brasília. A pesquisa-ação nos trouxe dados que consideramos relevantes para afirmar que o ensino de português em contexto de acolhimento tem características específicas importantes que devem ser levadas em consideração, pois influenciam a abordagem embasadora do curso, o material e o papel do/a professor/a.