Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Targeting tumorale'
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Gava, Fabien. "Etude des mécanismes d'agrégation cellulaire tumorale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30372.
Full textMetastases are responsible for 90% of cancer-related deaths justifying the current cancer research's substantial part dedicated to study their formation's mechanisms. It has been recently demonstrated that clusters (or aggregates) of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) identified in patient's blood samples have a far higher metastatic potential than isolated circulating tumor cells. It also has been shown that their detection is correlated with a poor prognosis for patients suffering from epithelial cancers. These observations open up promising diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives but that still requires further investigation on the mechanisms of clusters formation. In this context our laboratory developed an in vitro semi-automated assay based on video microscopy enabling the study of mechanisms involved in tumor cell anchorage-independent clustering. This assay allowed to demonstrate the involvement of adherent junction protein E-cadherin and desmosomal junction proteins DSG2 and DSC2 during tumor cell clustering. The aim of my work was to investigate epithelial intercellular junction's proteins involvement in tumor cell aggregation in anchorage-independent conditions and to search for new regulators. In the first instance I explored and demonstrated the role of communicating junctions (or gap junctions) and P-cadherin in tumor cell aggregation of breast and colorectal cancer cell lines. In the second part, I developed a strategy based on tumor cell lines classification depending on their characteristics of the aggregation process. With the aim of determining the parameters of this classification, I examined aggregation abilities of 28 tumor cell lines derived from epithelial cancers. This study provides evidence for a high variability during this process and allows defining cell lines categories integrating both aggregation process dynamic aspects and aggregates structure. The combination of this classification with current available expression data could lead to the identification of original new aggregation regulators. Together, these results have underscored new anchorage-independent tumor cell aggregation regulators and a wide range of behaviors of different tumor cell lines observed. Our work provides opportunities into a better understanding of involved mechanisms, towards an application to study circulating tumor cells from patients and also a therapeutic targeting of these clusters
Murarasu, Thomas. "The Shiga Toxin B-Subunit : a Promising Scaffold for the Targeting of Tumor Specific Glycosphingolipids." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS512.
Full textCancer is the second cause of death worldwide. Recent advance in cancer treatments involved the identification of cancer biomarkers and the development of efficient therapeutic products able to specifically recognize them. This new class of products has the ability to specifically target tumor cells, with the major advantages to decrease or abolish treatments side effects and relapses of the disease. Unfortunately, a certain number of patients do not respond to those treatments lacking the expression of those biomarkers on their tumor. This project aims at developing new targeted therapies by exploiting a new class of cancer biomarkers, which would potentially extend the therapeutics options against cancer
Collet, Guillaume. "Thérapie génique de l'angiogenèse tumorale ciblée par des cellules endothéliales immatures." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843646.
Full textCalì, Bianca. "Cellular communication and cancer therapy: targeting Ca2+and NO signalling within the tumour microenvironment." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423745.
Full textLa morte cellulare e l’effetto bystander rappresentano degli elementi decisivi per l’efficacia della terapia antitumorale nonchè per la modulazione della risposta immunitaria contro il cancro. Per “effetto bystander” si intende il processo per il quale le cellule non soggette a determinati trattamenti farmacologici subiscono indirettamente gli effetti terapeutici, siano essi positivi o negativi, risultanti dal trattamento esclusivo delle cellule vicine. Nonostante siano state proposte diverse molecole e vie di segnalazione coinvolte nell’effetto bystander, i messaggeri molecolari essenziali ed i meccanismi che sottendono alla propagazione dei segnali di morte non sono ancora noti. Diversi studi suggeriscono un coinvolgimento dell’ossido nitrico (NO) e delle specie reattive dell’azoto (RNS) nell’effetto bystander tuttavia, il loro ruolo nel processo non è tuttora totalmente chiaro, considerato che essi possono sia inibire che sostenere la progressione del tumore. Inoltre, i metodi tradizionalmente usati per lo studio dell’ossido nitrico non riflettono necessariamente la produzione di NO in tempo reale nè consentono studi su complesse masse tumorali tridimensionali. L’obiettivo principale di questo studio è stato quello di individuare e caratterizzare i segnali cellulari responsabili dell’effetto bystander all’interno del microambiente tumorale, rivolgendo particolare attenzione all’NO. A questo scopo, abbiamo utilizzato delle tecniche di microscopia intravitale, avvalendoci di una nuova sonda fluorescente per l’NO (CuFL) e del modello sperimentale delle camerette dorsali impiantate su topi affetti da tumore e sottoposti a terapia fotodinamica (PDT). Da questo studio è emerso che l’effetto bystander indotto dalla terapia fotodinamica è associato alla generazione all’interno della massa neoplastica di onde molto rapide di segnali di NO e di Ca2+. Questi eventi avallano l’ipotesi che l’attività delle isoforme costitutive dell’enzima NOS possa esercitare un ruolo cruciale nella diffusione delle risposte bystander e nella trasmissione dei segnali di morte. Questo lavoro inoltre ci ha consentito di dimostrare che la terapia fotodinamica è in grado di indurre l’apoptosi delle cellule vicine non trattate (bystander) attraverso i meccanismi di comunicazione intercellulare mediati dalle giunzioni comunicanti. Infine, i risultati ottenuti hanno fornito la prima evidenza diretta della partecipazione dell’NO all’effetto bystander all’interno di una massa tumorale tridimensionale e corroborano efficacemente l’ipotesi che le giunzioni comunicanti formate da connesine siano essenziali per garantire la propagazione dei segnali di morte osservati nell’effetto bystander.
Coulibaly, Tata Safiatou. "Double approche à la thérapie anti-tumorale à l'aide de vecteurs lentiviraux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ087/document.
Full textCancer gene therapy requires the use of an effective suicide gene and the specific targeting of cancer cells. In my PhD work, I have first characterized a new potential suicide gene derived from human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK): M36. Compared to dCK, M36 improves sensitization of certain cancer cells to treatment with chemotherapeutic compounds as gemcitabine and AraC. These results are particularly encouraging for the elimination of cancer cells resistant to the treatment because of a defect with dCK. In a second part, I have worked at the proof of concept that a modified HIV envelope can allow specific targeting of cancer cells by lentiviral vectors. During this work, I have generated a CD4i envelope with a strongly diminished natural tropism and that carries a motif known to bind the model cell surface cancer marker HER2. This envelope constitutes a good starting material to be improved by evolution in cell culture to obtain specific targeting of HER2+ cells
Poupard, Nicolas. "Conception de polysaccharides sulfatés inhibiteurs de l’héparanase pour le traitement de l’angiogénèse tumorale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS011/document.
Full textTumor angiogenesis is defined by the spouting of new blood vessels from preexisting ones in order to sustain and amplify the tumor development. This crucial step is associated with poor prognosis for patients and it’s inhibition is therefore considered as a primising way to treat cancer. Among several actors participating in the angiogenesis process, the degradative enzyme heparanase is active in the tumor microenvironment of many cancers. The work presented in this thesis aim to develop specific heparanase inhibitors using sulfated polysaccharides for the treatment of tumor angiogenesis. The first part of this work is dedicated to the conception of low molecular weights sulfated polysaccharides obtainable from animal source (Héparine, Chondroïtine sulfate), algal source (Fucoidan, Carrageenan-λ-ι-κ) and bacterial source (dextran sulfate). To do so, we used a depolymeriation process based on free radicals associated to ultrasonic waves developed in 2013 in the laboratory. This depolymerization method was then coupled with a chemical process called glycol-split. The produced compounds were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit heparanase and blood coagulation. This screening phase lead to the identification of a low molecular weight compound produced from λ-carrageenan endowed with a strong heparanase inhibition power and a low impact on the blood coagulation. The second part of this work was then focused on the evaluation of the anti-angiogenic properties of our best heparanase inhibitors. To do so, we first evaluated the role of hypoxia and lack of nutrients on the heparanase production from breast cancer cell lines. In these higly stressful conditions, we observed that the MCF-7 cell line secreted a huge amount of heparanase. 3D Matrigel angiogenesis network formation using Hsk-MEC microvascular cells in the presence of MCF-7 heparanase rich supernatant showed a strong angiogenesis stimulation. Same tests realized in the presence of heparanase inhibitors showed an angiogenesis inhibition power that seemed correlated with heparanase inhibition
Ehret, Christophe. "Synthèse de nouveaux ligands du récepteur CD1d : applications à la vaccination anti-tumorale." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767140.
Full textPautu, Vincent. "Steath and pH-sensitive lipid nanocapsules : targeting the tumor microenvironment of melanoma." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0042.
Full textTumor acidity has been shown to play a major role in resistance to chemotherapy. The use of nanomedicines, as lipid nanocapsules (LNC), allows to protect drugs from this acidic environment. They can also improve the biodistribution of therapeutics and to target the tumor environment. The aim of this thesis concerns the evaluation and characterization of stealth and pH-sensitive LNC in the context of melanoma. Firstly, these works consisted in characterizing the vascularization of human and mice melanoma. These studies allowed to compare different tumors (density, size and structure), and determine if the used of nanocarrier is suitable in the context of melanoma.The second part of this thesis described the development and the characterization of new copolymers, combining stealth and pH-sensitive properties. These copolymers, composed of Nvinylpyrrolidone(NVP) and vinylimidazole, were synthesized by RAFT polymerization and were post in sertedonto LNC surface. These modifications allowed to obtain charge reversal nanocarriers, leading to increase their melanoma cell uptake underacid pH. Finally, biodistribution of these modified nanoparticles was studied in vivo and highlighted the interest of NVP in the development of stealth nanocarriers. To conclude, the developed copolymers able to extend nanocarrier circulation time and to provide pH-responsive properties which should increase the tumor internalization of LNC invivo and potentiate the effect of anticancer drugs
Destouches, Damien. "Ciblage de la nucléoline de surface par les pseudopeptides NucAnts dans l’inhibition de la croissance tumorale et de l’angiogenèse associée." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0045.
Full textThe cancer research is nowadays interested in targeting therapies. In this context, nucleolin and nucleophosmin are proteins highly involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis and over-expressed in activated endothelial and tumor cells. So, they appear as very promising targets. The pseudopeptide HB-19 binds to cell surface-expressed nucleolin, inhibits different tumor cell growth and induces cell death by apoptosis. Furthermore, it inhibits, in vitro and in vivo, several steps of angiogenesis. These two activities lead, in vivo, to the suppression of tumor growth and angiogenesis in several mice models. In order to improve the activities observed with HB-19, new compounds derived from HB-19 were synthesized. So, NucAnt 6L (N6L) show 5 to 10 fold stronger anti-tumoral activity than HB- 19 depending of the model. Study of their action mechanism allowed us to identify two new receptors: nucleophosmin and heparan sulfates. The importance of TIMP-3 in anti-metastatic activity has also been highlighted. Finally, no toxicity has been observed in mice treated with N6L which can easily industrially be synthesized. N6L appears to be a promising compound for anti-cancer therapies
TULLIO, CHIARA. "Development of an effective tumor-targeted contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging based on Mn/H-ferritin nanocomplexes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/307662.
Full textMagnetic resonance imaging is one of the most sophisticated diagnostic tools in clinic. Contrast agents (CAs) may be exploited to afford much clearer images of detectable organs and to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis, due to the limited sensitivity of the technique. Actually, only a few gadolinium-based CAs are approved for clinical use. Nevertheless, concerns over their toxicity remain and their administration is approved only under strict control. In the present study it is reported the synthesis and validation of a novel manganese-based CA, Mn@HFn-RT. Manganese is an endogenous paramagnetic metal able to produce a positive contrast like gadolinium, however it is estimated to cause lower toxicity for human body. MN ions have been efficiently loaded inside the shell of a recombinant human protein called H-ferritin that is recognized by cells overexpressing TfR1, including the majority of cancer cell. Mn@HFn-RT was characterized, showing excellent colloidal stability, superior relaxivity and good safety profile. From in vitro experiments it was possible to confirm the ability of Mn@HFn-RT to efficiently target cancer cells and thus favor the detection of the tumor region in a breast cancer in vivo model with very low metal dosages and showing rapid clearance. Mn@HFn-RT looks a promising CA candidate to be developed for MRI.
Claron, Michaël. "Synthèse de vecteurs peptidiques non-viraux : vectorisation et ciblage tumoral." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV036/document.
Full textIn order to develop new agents for cancer diagnosis and treatment, our work aims to synthesize complex peptide macromolecules that are able to specifically recognize cancer cells. Our goal is to increase the therapeutic efficiency and reduce the toxicity of currently available drugs using "targeted strategies". In this context, we designed sophisticated macromolecules encompassing a cell recognition domain and one or several components used to detect and/or destroy the target. This system was prepared starting from a cyclodecapeptidic scaffold presenting particular conformational properties. Different approaches were considered. First of all our work was to investigate new tumor receptor ligands based on the recognition domain of a therapeutics monoclonal antibody. We proposed the design of Rituximab mimics which targets the CD20 antigen used for the treatment of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In a second approach, we prepared new vectors for tumor imaging. For this purpose, multivalent scaffolds containing RGD peptide that targets alpha-v-beta-3 integrin were combined with several detection elements and evaluated by using PET, SPECT and optical imaging techniques. We also used this peptide vector for the selective cell capture and release from flowing suspensions, using a gold surface modified with a cyclodextrin-containing self-assembled monolayer (SAM). A scaffold containing ferrocenyl and -RGD- ligands permitted the selective capture and release of tumor cells. This experiment was monitored by QCM-D. This vector has been next grafted to a cytotoxic peptide that was discovered from a pro-apoptotic protein named “Bax”. Finally, we designed new molecules which include an additional ligand for the cell’s surface to increase the selectivity and the affinity of tumor tissue
Lazrek, Yassamine. "Ciblage tumoral du récepteur HER3 à l’aide d’anticorps : vers de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON13524.
Full textDue to their implication in the cellular proliferation, the invasion and their surexpression in numerous cancers, the tyrosine kinase receptors of HER family constitute one of the best targets in oncology. Within this family, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) plays a role in tumorigenesis of different cancers (Breast, melanoma, pancreas and ovary). This receptor is implicated in drug resistance and he is over expressed in cancers that are not eligible for the currently approved targeted therapies. To this end, we generated specific antibodies (Abs) against domain 1 (D1) and domain 3 (D3) of HER3 that recognize epitopes that do not overlap with the neuregulin-binding site. The fully human H4B-121 Ab and the mouse monoclonal Abs 16D3-C1 and 9F7-F11 inhibited tumor growth in nude mice xenografted with epidermoid, pancreatic, or triple-negative breast cancer cells independently of NRG addiction, HER2 status and p53/PTEN mutations. The combination of one anti-HER3 Ab and trastuzumab improved tumor growth inhibition in mice xenografted with HER2(low) cancer cell lines, for which trastuzumab alone shows no or moderate efficiency. Ab-induced disruption of tumor growth was associated with G1 cell cycle arrest, proliferation inhibition, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Anti-HER3 Abs blocked HER2/HER3 heterodimerization and HER3 phosphorylation at the cell membrane, leading to inhibition of phosphorylation of the downstream AKT targets murine double minute 2, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, and forkhead box O1. Anti-HER3 Abs can also induice antibody dependant cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This study demonstrates that anti-HER3 D1 and D3 Abs could represent a new option for immunotherapy of pancreatic and triple-negative breast cancers
Leite, Nascimento Thais. "Lipoplexes recouverts d’acide hyaluronique pour le ciblage d’ARN interférant à des cellules tumorales surexprimant le récepteur CD44." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA114834/document.
Full textRecent progresses in the preclinical and clinical use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) have shown their potential as an inhibitor of protein synthesis in many diseases such as cancer. The administration of siRNA encounters a number of problems related to their rapid degradation in biological media, and their difficulty in penetrating targeted cells due to their hydrophilicity and negative charge. A key to improving the therapeutic efficacy of these molecules is based on the use of vectors. In this thesis, lipoplexes that can protect siRNA against degradation and facilitate their transport into target cells were developed and optimized. To do this, lipoplexes covered with HA were formulated for active vectorization of siRNA to tumor cells overexpressing the receptor CD44.In the first part of this thesis, the formation of lipoplexes was studied, and the parameters influencing their supramolecular organization. Insertion of HA within the liposome structure during vesicle formation resulted in the increase in liposome size as a function of HA concentration. Their complexation with siRNA has further increased the size of the particles obtained. The addition of siRNAs when forming lipoplexes caused a displacement of a portion of the HA-DOPE conjugate from the lipoplexes structure, as shown by capillary electrophoresis. The isothermal titration calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies showed that a rearrangement of the lipid bilayers occur under the effect of electrostatic interactions with siRNAs, leading to the formation of oligolamellar vesicles, which was visually confirmed by cryo-microscopy. Finally, the proper positioning of the HA on the surface of the lipoplexes and its ability to specifically bind to the CD44 receptors has been demonstrated by the surface plasmon resonance technique.In the second part of this thesis, cellular uptake and intracellular localization of HA-lipoplexes were assessed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, and showed that lipoplexes modified by HA are internalized more rapidly than unmodified lipoplexes, and once in the cells, they are mainly localized within the endosomes. The ability of lipoplexes to transport intact siRNA molecules to the cytoplasm was confirmed by 81% of luciferase in vitro expression inhibition on the lung cancer cell line A549-luc. In vivo, treatment with HA-lipoplexes carrying anti-luciferase siRNA led to a statistically significant decrease in expression of luciferase, which was confirmed by reducing the mRNA expression of luciferase in lungs of animals treated with HA-lipoplexes. The analysis of the distribution of lipoplexes in the lungs showed that lipoplexes modified with HA are distributed more evenly in the lung tissue than unmodified lipoplexes.In the third part of this thesis, the movement of siRNA HA-lipoplexes in the mucus was studied to assess the feasibility of administering these particles directly to the lungs. Studies using the technique of "multiple particle tracking (MPT)" showed that the presence of HA combined with the addition of siRNA allowed the preparation of two lipoplexes formulations with efficient mucus-penetration, HA-lipoplexes and PEG/HA-lipoplexes.In conclusion, an efficient siRNA lipoplex system for inhibiting gene expression targeted TO the CD44 receptorS has been developed. The results confirm that the HA-lipoplexes are able to effectively release in vitro and in vivo the siRNA molecules in the cytoplasm of cells
Alshaer, Walhan. "Fonctionnalisation de liposomes par des aptamères pour le ciblage actif des cellules cancéreuses." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS055/document.
Full textIn this work we succeeded to select a modified RNA aptamer, named Apt1, to bind the human CD44 receptor protein with high affinity using the Systemaic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) method. The selected aptamer was modified with 2'-F-pyrimidines to increase its stability against nucleases for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we designed and characterized aptamer-functionalized liposomes loaded with siRNA molecules against a reporter gene as a model drug delivery system for the active targeting CD44-expressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Such functionalization was performed by conjugation of 3'-thiol-modified Apt1 to maleimide-modified phospholipids, either on the surface of liposomes, or separately, followed by post-insertion onto liposomes. The targeted liposomes displayed high affinity for CD44-positive cells without triggering any inflammatory response within these cells. Moreover, we show that a higher and prolonged inhibition of the targeted gene can be achieved when siRNA-loaded liposomes are functionalized by the aptamer, both in vitro and in vivo on a murine orthotopic breast cancer model. Such a delivery system may thus be a useful tool for the active targeting of CD44-expressing tumors and silencing oncogenes in vivo
Mastrotto, Francesca. "SVILUPPO DI SISTEMI NANOPARTICELLARI D'ORO PER IL DIREZIONAMENTO MULTI-MODALE AL TUMORE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422856.
Full textIl presente progetto di ricerca ha riguardato lo sviluppo di un nano-sistema intelligente, capace di rispondere selettivamente a stimoli esterni di tipo fisiopatologico con alterazioni morfologiche. Tali sistemi sono stati disegnati per un impiego in diagnostica o nella terapia antitumorale. La responsività di questi sistemi ha lo scopo di migliorare l’ efficienza del direzionamento selettivo e di ridurre la distribuzione aspecifica nei tessuti sani. Sistemi intelligenti sono stati ottenuti a partire da nanoparticelle d’ oro (AuNPs), a cui sono stati associati polimeri responsivi, che conferiscono loro caratteristiche stealth in condizioni fisiologiche in seguito ad iniezione nel torrente circolatorio. E’ noto che l’ interstizio tumorale è aratterizzato da valori di pH e temperatura alterati rispetto al tessuto sano. Di conseguenza, quando il nano-sistema raggiunge il tumore, il rivestimento polimerico può² subire modifiche morfologiche che modulano le proprietà delle nanoparticelle. Questo promuoverà la loro interazione con le superfici biologiche, quali cellule e tessuti. Nel progetto qui discusso, sono state valutate diverse strategie di funzionalizzazione di AuNPs, allo scopo di sviluppare nano-carriers caratterizzati da un direzionamento multi-modale al tumore. Nanoparticelle d’ oro sono state derivatizzate superficialmente con agenti di direzionamento e polimeri termosensibili o pH sensibili, affinchè il riconoscimento selettivo del tessuto tumorale da parte dei nano-carriers sia controllato dalle condizioni di temperatura o di pH circostanti. In condizioni fisiologiche i polimeri presenti sulla superficie delle AuNPs schermano l’ agente di targeting, mentre nel tessuto tumorale grazie alla temperatura o pH alterati, essi collassano determinando l’ esposizione del direzionante e promuovendo l’ endocitosi cellulare. Come conseguenza, il direzionamento multi-modale diminuirà il bio-riconoscimento aspecifico a favore invece della sito-specificità. Le nanoparticelle d’ oro utilizzate in questo progetto sono state prodotte mediante laser ablation in soluzione acquosa, senza utilizzo di sostanze surfattanti e stabilizzanti. Attraverso questo processo controllato e riproducibile si sono ottenute dispersioni di particelle diluite, con diametro medio di 18 nm. Per la funzionalizzazione superficiale di nanoparticelle d’ oro i materiali utilizzati sono stati tiolati, nota l’ elevata capacità di coniugazione di gruppi sulfidrilici su superfici d’ oro metallico. Il primo sistema sviluppato in questo progetto di tesi ha riguardo l’ impiego di nanoparticelle d’ oro in grado di rispondere a stimoli termici. AuNPs sono state modificate superficialmente con biotina-SH e con un polimero termosensibile di 8 kDa, N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide-SH (pNIPAm-co-Am-SH), caratterizzato da una low critical solution temperature (LCST) di 37 °C. Il sistema ottenuto è stato testato mediante saggio enzimatico di tipo ELISA per valutarne la capacità di binding selettivo ad avidina, scelta come modello, in funzione della temperatura. I risultati hanno mostrato che il comportamento del sistema è controllato dalla temperatura, in quanto le nanoparticelle sono in grado di legare l’ avidina solo quando la temperatura è superiore all’ LCST del polimero, ovvero quando il polimero stesso collassa. Lo studio ha inoltre evidenziato che la quantità assoluta di biotina e i rapporti molari biotina/polimero sulla superficie delle nanoparticelle condizionano in modo rilevante le performance del sistema Sulla base delle ottimizzazioni realizzate con le nanoparticelle direzionate con biotina, il sistema è stato modificato superficialmente con acido folico e lo stesso polimero termosensibile (pNIPAm-co-Am-SH), allo scopo di ottenere un direzionamento verso cellule tumorali sovraesprimenti il recettore per il folato (HiFR). Gli studi di stabilità in PBS hanno mostrato come il polimero termosensibile sia indispensabile per impedire l’ aggregazione delle particelle in presenza di sali. A temperatura inferiore all’ LCST del polimero le nanoparticelle sono stabili, ed aggregano solo marginalmente a temperatura superiore. AuNPs termosensibili e funzionalizzate con acido folico sono state testate in vitro su due diverse linee celluari, sovraesprimenti e non il recettore per l’ acido folico. Gli studi hanno mostrato che solo le particelle termosensibili modificate con acido folico e incubate con linee cellulari HiFR, a temperatura superiore all’ LCST del polimero, vengono internalizzate dalle cellule e si distribuiscono nel citosol. Il concetto di targeting multi-modale è stato successivamente ampliato per lo sviluppo di nanoparticelle d’ oro pH-sensibili, utilizzando polimeri in grado di rispondere con cambiamenti morfologici ad alterazioni del pH ambientale. Idealmente, polimeri acido sensibili adeguati allo scopo devono essere solubili ed in conformazione estesa a pH 7.4, ma subire una conversione allo stato globulare insolubile in seguito a protonazione nell’ ambiente acido tumorale. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo sono stati sintetizzati diversi polimeri pH-sensibili, in modo tale da disporre di una gamma di materiali caratterizzati da valori di pKa e cloud point adeguati allo scopo, tra cui poter selezionare il più¹ adatto per la funzionalizzazione superficiale di nanoparticelle d’ oro. I materali sono stati disegnati per conferire alle AuNPs proprietà di acido-sensibilità nel range fisiopatologico. E’ stato selezionato e sintetizzato un monomero acido-sensibile, 2-(metacriloilossi)etil 3-cloro-4-idrossibenzoato (MOECHB), a partire dal quale sono stati poi prodotti polimeri pH responsivi. La metodica adottata per la reazione di polimerizzazione fa parte delle cosiddette tecniche di polimerizzazioni viventi, ovvero la reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Sono stati sintetizzati un omopolimero e diversi copolimeri sia random che a blocchi utilizzando MOECHB e monomeri idrofilici, nello specifico metossi(polietilenglicole metacrilato) (mPEGMA475), e glicerolo metacrilato (GMA). Tutti i polimeri ottenuti sono stati caratterizzati mediante titolazione potenziometrica per determinarne il pKa, e sottoposti ad analisi turbidimetrica per misurare il punto di intorbidimento (cloud point). Il loro comportamento pH-dipendente è stato inoltre investigato mediante analisi di dynamic light scattering (DLS) effettuate a diversi valori di pH. Sono stati selezionati un copolimero random e due copolimeri a blocchi, composti da MOECHB e GMA, per ulteriori studi di funzionalizzazione di nanoparticelle d’ oro. Infatti questi materiali hanno mostrato una conversione da una forma solubile ad una aggregata insolubile per diminuzione del pH della soluzione da 7.4 a 6.5, che mima le condizioni fisiopatologiche. Un ulteriore copolimero a blocchi di MOECHB con mPEGMA475 sarà valutato, in quanto nelle medesime condizioni ha mostrato modifiche morfologiche, sebbene non si sia osservata la formazione di prodotti insolubili. I risultati delle analisi hanno evidenziato infine che la responsività al pH è modulata dal rapporto molare 2-(metacriloilossi)etil 3-cloro-4-idrossibenzoato/monomero idrofilico nella composizione polimerica, così come dal peso molecolare del polimero.
Paul, Franciane. "Ciblage de l'activité de l'interféron alpha : de la preuve de concept à l'activité biologique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS002/document.
Full textTargeting IFN activity is a strategy developed to increase the therapeutic index of thiscytokine, whose efficiency requires high doses to site of action, responsible for systemictoxicity. Due to the ubiquitous expression of its receptor, the targeting efficiency of IFNbasedimmunocytokine is limited. Using a mutated IFNα, poorly active, a 3 log targetingefficiency was achieved, in the human and mouse system, by restoring the activity of IFNα ontargeted cells. The biological activity of these targeted IFNα include an antitumoral effect,the cellular target remains to be determined. A reverse strategy being optimized, can inhibitIFN-I activity specifically on targeted cells. This dual targeting strategy of the activity andinhibition of IFN should identify the targets of beneficial and deleterious effects of IFN-I,with possible therapeutic applications
Arakelian, Tsolère. "Impact of Targeting the Autophagy Related Gene Beclin 1 on the Immune Landscape of Melanoma." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS193.
Full textImmune Checkpoint Blockades (ICBs)-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for melanoma patients; however only a small subset of patients reaps a long term benefit. One of the major challenges to enhance the efficacy and extend the benefit of ICBs to non-responder patients is to design innovative approaches allowing the switch of “immune desert cold tumors” to “immune infiltrated hot tumors" which are eligible for ICB-based therapies. Here, we investigated the impact of targeting the early autophagy gene Beclin1 on the immune landscape of B16-F10 melanoma tumors. We found that targeting Beclin1 (Becn1-) significantly inhibited B16-F10 tumor growth and increased the infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes into the tumor bed. Immune phenotyping revealed an increased infiltration of active Natural Killer (NK) cells, inflammatory and resident type 1 macrophages, dendritic cells, and active CD8+ T lymphocytes. The inhibition of Becn1- tumor growth was no longer observed by depleting host CD8+ T cells, thus highlighting their major role in the control of Becn1- B16-F10 tumor development. We showed that Beclin1-dependent regulation of the immune landscape was associated with profound modulation of the cytokine/chemokine network in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Importantly, we revealed that Becn1- tumors displayed an inflammatory cytokine signature (comprised, but not restricted to, CCL5, CXCL10 and IFNg) that could be responsible for the switch from cold non T-inflamed to hot T-inflamed tumors. Mechanistically, we reported that the overexpression of IFNg in Becn1- TME was responsible for the induction of Programed Death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells through the activation of JAK/STATs pathway. Overall, this study highlights Beclin1 as a valuable target, able to drive immune effectors cells into the melanoma tumors by inducing an inflammatory signature. This study provides the proof of concept for combining drugs inhibiting early autophagy process along with ICBs as a cutting-edge approach to improve their efficacy
Moya, Plana Antoine. "Recherche de biomarqueurs pronostiques dans le mélanome muqueux non opérable et/ou métastatique : Régulation traductionnelle de SOX10 par l’hexokinase 2 et modulation de l'agressivité tumorale dans le mélanome cutané Prognostic Value and Therapeutic Implications of Nodal Involvement in Head and Neck Mucosal Melanoma Evaluation of the Efficacy of Immunotherapy for Non-Resectable Mucosal Melanoma Oncologic Outcomes, Prognostic Factor Analysis and Therapeutic Algorithm Evaluation of Head and Neck Mucosal Melanomas in France Mélanomes cutanés cervico-faciaux Prognostic 18F-FDG PET Biomarkers in Metastatic Mucosal and Cutaneous Melanoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS069.
Full textMucosal melanoma is a rare tumor with a high metastatic potential. Immunotherapy has promising results in this aggressive subtype of melanoma. In a cohort of 23 patients with non-resectable and/or metastatic mucosal melanoma who received anti-PD1 immunotherapy, we showed that the activation of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex, eIF4F, was a strong prognostic biomarker of response. This activation was assessed with a proximity ligation assay between eIF4E and eIF4G. The other biomarkers, such as the PD-L1 tumoral expression or the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, had no prognostic value in this cohort.Aerobic glycolysis is usually the main metabolic pathway in tumor cells during cancerogenesis. This specificprocess is called “Warburg effect”. During melanomagenesis, we observed a positive correlation between the expression level of hexokinase 2 (HK2, first enzyme of glycolysis) and the tumor invasiveness. In this study, we showed that inhibition of HK2 expression (by siRNA) induced, in vitro, a major decrease of migration and invasion potential independently of the basal glycolytic metabolism or HK2 expression level in the cell lines. Moreover, performing a polysome profiling analysis, we demonstrated that HK2 was regulating the translation of SOX10 mRNA, a transcription factor involved in initiation and progression of melanoma. We, then, realized an RNA immunoprecipitation in formaldehyde and showed that HK2 was an RNA-binding protein, able to interact with the SOX10 mRNA
Duret, Damien. "Développement de sondes polymères fluorescentes à propriétés de ciblage améliorées pour des applications en imagerie cellulaire et en oncologie." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI060/document.
Full textThis work is focused on improving the biospecificity properties of fluorescent polymer probes, with controlled architectures, for two main applications: the in vivo targeting of cancer tumors and the labeling of proteins for in cellulo studies. For a targeted imaging of tumor angiogenesis in vivo, targeting systems presenting two levels of multivalency were developed by combining both i) well-controlled polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization and the PISA process, ii) peptide tetravalent clusters exhibiting a high affinity for the αvβ3 integrins and iii) fluorophores emitting in the far red / near-infrared for a monitoring in vitro and in vivo by optical microscopy. Two types of probes were synthesized, linear conjugates and hairy nanoparticles. Multivalent presentation of the peptide cluster induced a significant increase of the affinity for αvβ3 integrins. The first biological evaluations also indicated an efficient cellular internalization of polymer probes mediated by the peptide clusters and a selective labeling of cells over-expressing αvβ3 integrins. For protein labeling, two strategies were explored: the labeling of native proteins by covalent coupling of ω-functional polymer probes and the labeling of recombinant proteins by probes bearing a specific ligand at one chain-end. For the first strategy, an activated ester function was introduced at the ω-end of polymer probes by thiol-ene chemistry to label the lysine residues of native proteins. This approach resulted in a poly-labeling, difficult to control but providing highly bright bioconjugates. For the second strategy, a nitrilotriacetic acid group (NTA) was introduced at the α-end of polymers probes to specifically label Histidine tagged proteins. This approach enabled an efficient labeling of different proteins with a more precise control of the number of probes per protein and of the binding site. Finally, following this work, a new synthetic strategy of sequenced polymers by successive addition of hetero-bifunctional monomers using highly efficient, selective and orthogonal chemical reactions was proposed and validated
Barattin, Michela. "Development of nanocarriers with responsive interfacial properties for site-specific drug delivery." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424682.
Full textAlterazioni funzionali e morfologiche dell'endotelio vascolare del sistema linfatico, alterazioni micro-ambientali quali l'amplificazione del kit enzimatico, sovraespressione di recettori specifici, aumento del potenziale redox, temperatura e abbassamento del pH, sono caratteristiche tipiche dei tessuti tumorali. Queste caratteristiche possono essere sfruttate con successo per lo sviluppo di sistemi colloidali sopramolecolari in grado di direzionare passivamente o attivamente farmaci antitumorali al sito d'azione. In questo lavoro è stata indagata una nuova piattaforma liposomiale sensibile al pH per il direzionamento selettivo al tumore e assicurare l'accumulo del farmaco in concentrazione terapeutica adeguata. I liposomi sono stati decorati con un nuovo promotore di internalizzazione cellulare non-peptidico che simula l'azione dei peptidi naturali conosciuti dagli studi di letteratura. È stata messa a punto una nuova procedura di sintesi per ottenere il derivato dendronico oligoargininico da includere nel doppio strato lipidico dei liposomi. Il derivato TetraBoc-Arg (PBF) - [G-2] -distearoil glicerolo (Arg4-DAG) è costituito da un nucleo centrale di poliestere a cui le arginine sono state coniugate su un lato e che è stato terminato con una catena distearoil glicerolo dall'altro. La macromolecola risultante possiede un carattere anfifilico in virtù delle sue due frazioni combinate: 1) la coda idrofoba distearoil, elemento lipidico di ancoraggio per associazione al doppio strato lipidico, 2) la carica positiva conferita dalle arginine periferiche, che mimano i residui amminoacidici fondamentali del peptide TAT, conferendo così l'attività biologica del sistema. Gli intermedi e il prodotto finale sono stati caratterizzati da 1H, 13C NMR e spettrometria di massa. I liposomi ottenuti con un rapporto molare 2:1 HSPC/colesterolo sono stati generati con crescente rapporto del CPE rispetto ai lipidi, utilizzando la tecnica di ‘post-insertion’, che ha determinato l'aumento del potenziale zeta dei liposomi da +8 mV a +24 mV, all’aumentare del rapporto di CPE dall'1% al 4%, raggiungendo quindi il plateau. Le proprietà biologiche dei liposomi rivestiti con il CPE fluorescente sono state studiate su cellule tumorali HeLa. L’analisi citofluorimetrica e lo studio di microscopia confocale hanno confermato l'elevata capacità dei liposomi di associare con le cellule. Rispetto al liposomi nudi, è stata rilevata una maggiore efficienza di associazione alla cellula tumorale di 30 volte. I liposomi rivestiti col CPE hanno dimostrato una notevole capacità di veicolare albumina e calceina nel citosol. BSA è stata scelta come proteina modello, mentre calceina è stata scelta perché è una molecola fortemente idrofila, in modo da simulare il comportamento di farmaci idrosolubili. Entrambe le molecole sono state incorporate nel nucleo idrofilo di liposomi. La calceina non è stata rilasciata dai liposomi per almeno 16 giorni, mentre BSA è stata completamente rilasciata in 7 giorni. Al fine di conferire ai liposomi responsività ad alterazioni di pH per l'accesso controllato alle cellule tumorali, è stato sintetizzato un polimero sensibile, pH mPEG-oligosulphadimethoxine (mPEG5kDa-SDM8), mediante polimerizzazione radicalica di sulfadimetossina metacrilato su una catena di 2-bromo-isobutirril-methoxyPEG (MPEG-Br ) 5kDa. mPEG5kDa-SDM8 possiede un pKa di 7,12 che garantisce uno stato deprotonato con carica negativa a pH fisiologico (7.4) e uno stato neutro protonato a pH 6,5, che corrisponde all'ambiente tumorale. L’analisi di potenziale Zeta eseguita su liposomi decorati con Arg4-DAG e con il polimero mPEG5kDa-SDM8 ha confermato che la capacità di schermatura/deschermatura più finemente regolata si ottiene quando i due moduli sono equimolari, entrambi a 4% in moli rispetto al lipidi. Questa formulazione è risultata stabile anche in presenza di proteine del siero, che non alterano l'interazione carica-carica tra l'oligo-sulfadimetossina del pH del polimero reattivo e oligo-arginine del CPE come osservato mediante analisi potenziale zeta. Anche lo studio SPR ha confermato questo risultato, dimostrando l'associazione del polimero con i liposomi rivestiti col CPE a pH 7.4 e il rilascio a pH 6,5, che corrisponde ad una peghilazione fisica reversibile in condizioni controllabili. Infine, gli studi biologici hanno confermato la capacità del polimero pH sensibile di schermare il CPE sulla superficie liposomiale in condizioni fisiologiche (pH 7,4), che impedisce l'internalizzazione delle vescicole non responsive al pH sia non caricate, sia caricate con calceina, mentre il polimero espone il CPE sulla superficie dei liposomi in presenza di un ambiente acido che simula il tumore, consentendo l'ingresso ai liposomi nelle cellule e la veicolazione del loro contenuto a livello intracellulare.
Bar, Laure. "Etude et caractérisation du rituximab sur surface antigénique : conception de mimes d'anticorps." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV061.
Full textAs they recognize tumor antigens in a very specific manner, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) became a major tool for the treatment of many cancers. Despite the improvement in remission rates, mAbs suffer from limitations that relate mainly to their high molecular weight, their high cost, and the polymorphism of their Fc region. The design of small synthetic mAb mimics is therefore an attractive way to bypass these problems. To design efficient and specific mimics, we studied in detail an antibody / antigen interaction, especially rituximab / CD20 interaction occurring in the treatment of some lymphoma. MAb mimics are macromolecular constructs composed of short peptide sequences included in the Rituximab paratope. The selection of the peptides deeply involved in the recognition of the tumor cell was carried out by using a surface sensitive technique called surface plasmon resonance (SPR - Biacore). To perform this selection, it was first necessary to develop an antigenic surface for peptide screening. The characterization of this surface by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and SPR made it possible to acquire a lot of information such as the dependence of the inter-CD20 spacing on the mAb recognition process. Following the screening, the peptide sequences of the paratope areas involved in CD20 recognition could be determined with high precision, and then be used to prepare synthetic mAb mimics
Péraudeau, Elodie. "Évaluation et optimisation de l'efficacité de conjugués anticancéreux ciblant les récepteurs de l'acide folique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2309/document.
Full textDespite significant advances obtained during the last decades, cancer is still lack of effective treatments. Indeed, most conventional chemotherapies relies on non-selective agents that kill indifferently healthy and tumor cells with high rate of division. This can lead to elevated toxicity and severe side effects. In this context, therapeutic approaches that exploit targeting ligands to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to malignant cells are currently promising. Among these different ligands, folate conjugates are subject to special attention due to the preferential overexpression of the folate receptor on several human cancer cell types that can mediate specific attachment and internalization of folate-derived imaging and therapeutic agents. However, clinical trials carried on such molecules revealed that their efficiency is mainly governed by folate receptor expression level on tumor cells. In this respect, I developed two approaches to increase efficacy of folate receptor targeting. On one hand, I realized biological validation of new targeting devices designed for the simultaneous delivery of two therapeutic agents. On the other hand, I developed a treatment to enhance in vitro and in vivo folate receptor expression at the surface of malignant cells. This treatment allows the internalization of a larger amount of a folic acid conjugate, previously synthesized and validated in our laboratory. That results in a drastically improvement of the in vivo tumor growth inhibition, without toxicity toward healthy cells
Lewrick, Felicitas [Verfasser]. "Aktives liposomales Targeting endokriner Tumore / vorgelegt von Felicitas Lewrick." 2008. http://d-nb.info/995289905/34.
Full textArnaud, Inês Vaz. "Targeting stroma in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/82540.
Full textO adenocarcinoma ductal do pâncreas (ACDP) é um dos tipos de carcinoma mais letais do mundo. A sua agressividade deve-se à sua apresentação tardia e disseminação precoce, sendo que cerca de 80% destes tumores são irressecáveis na altura do diagnóstico. O ACDP apresenta uma particularidade histológica: as células pancreáticas tumorais estão cercadas por uma abundante reacção desmoplásica, também chamada de estroma, formada por grandes quantidades de matriz extracelular e diversas células como células estreladas pancreáticas, células endoteliais e imunes e factores de crescimento. O estroma interage activamente com as células pancreáticas tumorais através de diversos mecanismos, estabelecendo um micro-ambiente tumoral particular que promove a proliferação tumoral, a disseminação metastática e a resistência à quimioterapia. Actualmente, a terapêutica aplicada ao ACDP irressecável é baseada em agentes de quimioterapia, que prolongam a sobrevivência por apenas alguns meses. Há uma grande necessidade de desenvolver novos tratamentos para melhorar o mau prognóstico do ACDP. Com a descoberta do seu papel no ACDP, o estroma tem emergido como um novo e promissor alvo terapêutico, com bons resultados em ensaios pré-clínicos. Estão a decorrer ensaios clínicos, usando variadas moléculas do estroma como alvo terapêutico, e que têm revelado tanto resultados promissores como decepcionantes. A modulação da interação entre as células tumorais e o estroma, ao invés da sua depleção, parece ser o próximo passo na terapêutica do ACDP. Esta revisão pretende sumariar o papel do estroma na progressão e resistência à terapia do ACDP, bem como explorar as recentes descobertas nas terapêuticas que têm o estroma como alvo terapêutico, analizando as suas promessas e fracassos.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the one of most lethal cancer types in the world. Its aggressiveness is due to its usually late presentation and early dissemination, with about 80% of tumors being unresectable by the time of diagnosis. PDAC presents a particular histological feature: the pancreatic cancer cells are surrounded by and abundant desmoplastic reaction, also called stroma, formed by large quantities of extracellular matrix and diverse cells such as pancreatic stellate cells, immune and endothelial cells and growth factors. The stroma establishes an intense crosstalk with pancreatic cancer cells, through diverse mechanisms, establishing a peculiar cancer microenvironment that promotes cancer proliferation, metastatic spread and chemotherapy resistance. Current unresectable PDAC management is based in chemotherapy agents, which prolong survival for only a few months. There is a great necessity to develop new treatments to improve PDAC’s poor prognosis. With the unveiling of its role in PDAC growth, stroma has emerged has a new promising target in this field, with good results in preclinical trials. Clinical trials are ongoing in several stroma targeting modalities, with both hopeful and disappointing results. The modulation of the stroma-tumor crosstalk, rather than its depletion, has the potential to become the next step in PDAC management. This review intends to summarize the role of stroma in PDAC progression and chemotherapy resistance, and to explore recent discoveries in stroma targeting therapies, analyzing its promises and failures.