Relevant bibliographies by topics / Targeted sampling

Academic literature on the topic 'Targeted sampling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Targeted sampling"

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Zhang, Jun, Yi Isaac Yang, and Frank Noé. "Targeted Adversarial Learning Optimized Sampling." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 10, no. 19 (September 16, 2019): 5791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02173.

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Chen, Sue, James A. Cummings, Jerome M. Schmidt, Elizabeth R. Sanabia, and Steven R. Jayne. "Targeted ocean sampling guidance for tropical cyclones." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122, no. 5 (May 2017): 3505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012727.

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Watters, John K., and Patrick Biernacki. "Targeted Sampling: Options for the Study of Hidden Populations." Social Problems 36, no. 4 (October 1989): 416–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.1989.36.4.03a00070.

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Watters, John K., and Patrick Biernacki. "Targeted Sampling: Options for the Study of Hidden Populations." Social Problems 36, no. 4 (October 1989): 416–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/800824.

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Williams, Michael S., Eric D. Ebel, and Scott J. Wells. "Population inferences from targeted sampling with uncertain epidemiologic information." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 89, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.12.008.

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Adamchuk, Viacheslav I., Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel, David B. Marx, and Ashok K. Samal. "Using targeted sampling to process multivariate soil sensing data." Geoderma 163, no. 1-2 (June 2011): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.04.004.

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Borges, Lisa, Alain F. Zuur, Emer Rogan, and Rick Officer. "Optimum sampling levels in discard sampling programs." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1918–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-138.

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This paper presents optimum sampling levels in discard sampling programs considering cost and precision objectives simultaneously and explores their dependence on both variables. The analysis is based on the Irish discard program: an onboard-observer voluntary sampling scheme aimed at estimating discard rates in trawl fisheries. Multistage analysis was performed to establish the precision levels achieved in the past, and a cost function was determined to estimate the financial cost of the program. Gear, fishing ground, targeted species, and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) divisions were the main factors affecting discarding, together with random effects of the three nested groups considered: haul, trip, and vessel. Reductions in the present budget will imply only marginal decreases in precision, although changes in cost variables can have an impact on sampling levels. On the other hand, increasing the target precision by one-half will imply a considerable increase in sampling and associated cost, which will be difficult if not impossible to achieve. Finally, the analysis by fleet components suggests a marked increase in sampling levels, which emphasizes the importance of clearly stated discard sampling objectives.
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Carlson, Robert H. "Cervical Cancer: Targeted Sampling Detects Involved Nodes in Unusual Places." Oncology Times 31, no. 16 (August 2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000360404.44039.b8.

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Chen, Fan, Yini Zhang, and Karl Rohe. "Targeted sampling from massive block model graphs with personalized PageRank." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 82, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssb.12349.

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Numao, N., M. Ito, Y. Uchida, S. Yoshida, T. Nakayama, M. Inoue, M. Tatokoro, et al. "211 Optimal number of sampling cores in MRI-targeted biopsy." European Urology Supplements 14, no. 2 (April 2015): e211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(15)60212-3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Targeted sampling"

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Isaac, Giorgis. "Development of Enhanced Analytical Methodology for Lipid Analysis from Sampling to Detection : A Targeted Lipidomics Approach." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Analytical Chemistry, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5810.

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This thesis covers a wide range of analytical method development for lipid analysis in complex biological samples; from sample preparation using pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) and separation with reversed phase capillary liquid chromatography (RP-LC) to detection by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and tandem MS.

The requirements for fast, reliable and selective extraction methods with minimal usage of solvents have accelerated the development of new extraction techniques. PFE is one of the new automated, fast and efficient liquid extraction techniques which use elevated temperature and pressure with standard liquid solvents. In this thesis the reliability and efficiency of the PFE technique was investigated for the extraction of total lipid content from cod, herring muscle and human brain tissue as well as for pesticides from fatty foodstuffs. Improved or comparable efficiencies were achieved with reduced time and solvent consumption as compared to traditional methods.

A RP-LC coupled online to ESI/MS for the analysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) molecular species was developed and used for the analysis of brain lipids from eight groups of mice treated with vehicle and various neuroleptics. The effect of postnatal iron administration in lipid composition and behavior was investigated. Whether or not these effects could be altered by subchronic administration of the neuroleptics (clozapine and haloperidol) were examined. The results support the hypothesis that an association between psychiatric disorders, behavior abnormalities and lipid membrane constitution in the brain exists.

Finally, a tandem MS precursor ion scan was used to analyze the developmental profile of brain sulfatide accumulation in arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficient (ASA -/-) as compared to wild type control (ASA +/+) mice. The ASA -/- mice were developed as a model of the monogenic disease metachromatic leukodystrophy with an established deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme ASA. The results showed that an alteration in the composition of sulfatide molecular species was observed between the ASA -/- and ASA +/+ mice.

This thesis shows that modern analytical methods can provide new insights in the extraction and analysis of lipids from complex biological samples.

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Holmberg, Edward A. IV. "Data Visualization to Evaluate and Facilitate Targeted Data Acquisitions in Support of a Real-time Ocean Forecasting System." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1873.

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A robust evaluation toolset has been designed for Naval Research Laboratory’s Real-Time Ocean Forecasting System RELO with the purpose of facilitating an adaptive sampling strategy and providing a more educated guidance for routing underwater gliders. The major challenges are to integrate into the existing operational system, and provide a bridge between the modeling and operative environments. Visualization is the selected approach and the developed software is divided into 3 packages: The first package is to verify that the glider is actually following the waypoints and to predict the position of the glider for the next cycle’s instructions. The second package helps ensures that the delivered waypoints are both useful and feasible. The third package provides the confidence levels for the suggested path. This software’s implementation is in Python for portability and modularity to allow for easy expansion for new visuals.
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Nguyen, Trang. "Comparison of Sampling-Based Algorithms for Multisensor Distributed Target Tracking." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2003. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/20.

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Nonlinear filtering is certainly very important in estimation since most real-world problems are nonlinear. Recently a considerable progress in the nonlinear filtering theory has been made in the area of the sampling-based methods, including both random (Monte Carlo) and deterministic (quasi-Monte Carlo) sampling, and their combination. This work considers the problem of tracking a maneuvering target in a multisensor environment. A novel scheme for distributed tracking is employed that utilizes a nonlinear target model and estimates from local (sensor-based) estimators. The resulting estimation problem is highly nonlinear and thus quite challenging. In order to evaluate the performance capabilities of the architecture considered, advanced sampling-based nonlinear filters are implemented: particle filter (PF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), and unscented particle filter (UPF). Results from extensive Monte Carlo simulations using different configurations of these algorithms are obtained to compare their effectiveness for solving the distributed target tracking problem.
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Qian, Jiajie. "Nanofiber-enabled multi-target passive sampling device for legacy and emerging organic contaminants." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6487.

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The widespread environmental occurrence of chemical pollutants presents an ongoing threat to human and ecosystem health. This challenge is compounded by the diversity of chemicals used in industry, commerce, agriculture and medicine, which results in a spectrum of potential fates and exposure profiles upon their inevitable release into the environment. This, in turn, confounds risk assessment, where challenges persist in accurate determination of concentrations levels, as well as spatial and temporal distributions, of pollutants in environmental media (e.g., water, air, soil and sediments). Passive sampling technologies continue to gain acceptance as a means for simplifying environmental occurrence studies and, ultimately, improving the quality of chemical risk assessment. Passive samplers rely on the accumulation of a target analyte into a matrix via molecular diffusion, which is driven by the difference in chemical potential between the analyte in the environment and the sampling media (e.g., sorbent phase). After deployment, the target analyte can be extracted from the sampling media and quantified, providing an integrated, time-weighted average pollutant concentration via a cost-effective platform that requires little energy or manpower when compared to active (e.g., grab) sampling approaches. While a promising, maturing technology, however, limitations exist in current commercially available passive samplers; they are typically limited in the types of chemicals that can be targeted effectively, can require long deployment times to accumulate sufficient chemical for analysis, and struggle with charged analytes. In this dissertation, we have designed a next-generation, nanofiber sorbent as a passive sampling device for routine monitoring of both legacy and emerging organic pollutant classes in water and sediment. The polymer nanofiber networks fabricated herein exhibit a high surface area to volume ratio (SA/V values) which shortens the deployment time. Uptake studies of these polymer nanofiber samplers suggest that field deployment could be shortened to less than one day for surface water analysis, effectively operating as an equilibrium passives sampling device, and twenty days for pore water analysis in soil and sediment studies. By comparison, most commercially available passive sampler models generally require at least a month of deployment before comparable analyses may be made. Another highlight of the nanofiber materials produced herein is their broad target application range. We demonstrate that both hydrophobic (e.g., persistent organic pollutants, or POPs, like PCBs and dioxin) and hydrophilic (e.g., emerging pollutant classes including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products) targets can be rapidly accumulated with our optimal nanofibers formulations. This suggests that one of our devices could potentially replace multiple commercial passive sampling devices, which often exhibit a more limited range of analyte targets. We also present several approaches for tailoring nanofiber physical and chemical properties to specifically target particular high priority pollutant classes (e.g., PFAS). Three promising modification approaches validated herein include: (i) fabricating carbon nanotube-polymer composites to capture polar compounds; (ii) introducing surface-segregating cationic surfactants to target anionic pollutants (e.g., the pesticide 2,4-D and perfluorooctanoic acid or PFOA); and (iii) use of leachable surfactants as porogens to increase nanofiber pore volume and surface area to increase material capacity. Collectively, outcomes of this work will guide the future development of next generation passive samplers by establishing broadly generalizable structure-activity relationships. All told, we present data related to the influence on the rate and extent of pollutant uptake in polymer nanofiber matrices as a function of both physical (specific surface area, pore volume, and diameter) and chemical (e.g., bulk and surface composition, nanofiber wettability, surface charge) nanofiber properties. We also present modeling results describing sampler operation that can be used to assess and predict passive sampler performance prior to field deployment. The electrospun nanofiber mats (ENMs) developed as passive sampling devices herein provide greater functionality and allow for customizable products for application to a wide range of chemical diverse organic pollutants. Combined with advances in and expansion of the nanotechnology sector, we envision this product could be made commercially available so as to expand the use and improve the performance of passive sampling technologies in environmental monitoring studies.
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Fischell, Erin Marie. "Characterization of underwater target geometry from autonomous underwater vehicle sampling of bistatic acoustic scattered fields." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100161.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 153-156).
One of the long term goals of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) minehunting is to have multiple inexpensive AUVs in a harbor autonomously classify hazards. Existing acoustic methods for target classification using AUV-based sensing, such as sidescan and synthetic aperture sonar, require an expensive payload on each outfitted vehicle and expert image interpretation. This thesis proposes a vehicle payload and machine learning classification methodology using bistatic angle dependence of target scattering amplitudes between a fixed acoustic source and target for lower cost-per-vehicle sensing and onboard, fully autonomous classification. The contributions of this thesis include the collection of novel high-quality bistatic data sets around spherical and cylindrical targets in situ during the BayEx'14 and Massachusetts Bay 2014 scattering experiments and the development of a machine learning methodology for classifying target shape and estimating orientation using bistatic amplitude data collected by an AUV. To achieve the high quality, densely sampled 3D bistatic scattering data required by this research, vehicle broadside sampling behaviors and an acoustic payload with precision timed data acquisition were developed. Classification was successfully demonstrated for spherical versus cylindrical targets using bistatic scattered field data collected by the AUV Unicorn as a part of the BayEx'14 scattering experiment and compared to simulated scattering models. The same machine learning methodology was applied to the estimation of orientation of aspect-dependent targets, and was demonstrated by training a model on data from simulation then successfully estimating the orientations of a steel pipe in the Massachusetts Bay 2014 experiment. The final models produced from real and simulated data sets were used for classification and parameter estimation of simulated targets in real time in the LAMSS MOOS-IvP simulation environment.
by Erin Marie Fischell.
Ph. D.
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Moyer, Steven K. "Modeling challenges of advanced thermal imagers." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-02272006-144729/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Dr. William T. Rhodes, Committee Co-Chair ; Dr. John Buck, Committee Member ; Dr. William Hunt, Committee Member ; Dr. Stephen P. DeWeerth, Committee Member ; Dr. Ronald G. Driggers, Committee Member ; Dr. Gisele Bennett, Committee Chair.
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Lux, Johannes Thomas [Verfasser], and Ingeborg [Akademischer Betreuer] Levin. "A new target preparation facility for high precision AMS measurements and strategies for efficient 14CO2 sampling / Johannes Thomas Lux ; Betreuer: Ingeborg Levin." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1177252260/34.

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Dixon, Wallace E. Jr, Robert M. Price, Michael Watkins, and Christine Brink. "Touchstat V. 3.00: A New and Improved Monte Carlo Adjunct for the Sequential Touching Task." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193010.

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The sequential-touching procedure is employed by researchers studying nonlinguistic categorization in toddlers. TouchStat 3.00 is introduced in this article as an adjunct to the sequential-touching procedure, allowing researchers to compare children’s actual touching behavior to what might be expected by chance. Advantages over the Thomas and Dahlin (2000) framework include ease of use, and fewer assumptive limitations. Improvements over TouchStat 1.00 include calculation of chance probabilities for multiple “special cases” and for immediate intercategory alternations. A new feature for calculating mean run length is also included.
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Lamberti, Roland. "Contributions aux méthodes de Monte Carlo et leur application au filtrage statistique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLL007/document.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse au problème de l’inférence bayésienne dans les modèles probabilistes dynamiques. Plus précisément nous nous focalisons sur les méthodes de Monte Carlo pour l’intégration. Nous revisitons tout d’abord le mécanisme d’échantillonnage d’importance avec rééchantillonnage, puis son extension au cadre dynamique connue sous le nom de filtrage particulaire, pour enfin conclure nos travaux par une application à la poursuite multi-cibles.En premier lieu nous partons du problème de l’estimation d’un moment suivant une loi de probabilité, connue à une constante près, par une méthode de Monte Carlo. Tout d’abord,nous proposons un nouvel estimateur apparenté à l’estimateur d’échantillonnage d’importance normalisé mais utilisant deux lois de proposition différentes au lieu d’une seule. Ensuite,nous revisitons le mécanisme d’échantillonnage d’importance avec rééchantillonnage dans son ensemble afin de produire des tirages Monte Carlo indépendants, contrairement au mécanisme usuel, et nous construisons ainsi deux nouveaux estimateurs.Dans un second temps nous nous intéressons à l’aspect dynamique lié au problème d’inférence bayésienne séquentielle. Nous adaptons alors dans ce contexte notre nouvelle technique de rééchantillonnage indépendant développée précédemment dans un cadre statique.Ceci produit le mécanisme de filtrage particulaire avec rééchantillonnage indépendant, que nous interprétons comme cas particulier de filtrage particulaire auxiliaire. En raison du coût supplémentaire en tirages requis par cette technique, nous proposons ensuite une procédure de rééchantillonnage semi-indépendant permettant de le contrôler.En dernier lieu, nous considérons une application de poursuite multi-cibles dans un réseau de capteurs utilisant un nouveau modèle bayésien, et analysons empiriquement les résultats donnés dans cette application par notre nouvel algorithme de filtrage particulaire ainsi qu’un algorithme de Monte Carlo par Chaînes de Markov séquentiel
This thesis deals with integration calculus in the context of Bayesian inference and Bayesian statistical filtering. More precisely, we focus on Monte Carlo integration methods. We first revisit the importance sampling with resampling mechanism, then its extension to the dynamic setting known as particle filtering, and finally conclude our work with a multi-target tracking application. Firstly, we consider the problem of estimating some moment of a probability density, known up to a constant, via Monte Carlo methodology. We start by proposing a new estimator affiliated with the normalized importance sampling estimator but using two proposition densities rather than a single one. We then revisit the importance sampling with resampling mechanism as a whole in order to produce Monte Carlo samples that are independent, contrary to the classical mechanism, which enables us to develop two new estimators. Secondly, we consider the dynamic aspect in the framework of sequential Bayesian inference. We thus adapt to this framework our new independent resampling technique, previously developed in a static setting. This yields the particle filtering with independent resampling mechanism, which we reinterpret as a special case of auxiliary particle filtering. Because of the increased cost required by this technique, we next propose a semi independent resampling procedure which enables to control this additional cost. Lastly, we consider an application of multi-target tracking within a sensor network using a new Bayesian model, and empirically analyze the results from our new particle filtering algorithm as well as a sequential Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm
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Vestin, Albin, and Gustav Strandberg. "Evaluation of Target Tracking Using Multiple Sensors and Non-Causal Algorithms." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160020.

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Today, the main research field for the automotive industry is to find solutions for active safety. In order to perceive the surrounding environment, tracking nearby traffic objects plays an important role. Validation of the tracking performance is often done in staged traffic scenarios, where additional sensors, mounted on the vehicles, are used to obtain their true positions and velocities. The difficulty of evaluating the tracking performance complicates its development. An alternative approach studied in this thesis, is to record sequences and use non-causal algorithms, such as smoothing, instead of filtering to estimate the true target states. With this method, validation data for online, causal, target tracking algorithms can be obtained for all traffic scenarios without the need of extra sensors. We investigate how non-causal algorithms affects the target tracking performance using multiple sensors and dynamic models of different complexity. This is done to evaluate real-time methods against estimates obtained from non-causal filtering. Two different measurement units, a monocular camera and a LIDAR sensor, and two dynamic models are evaluated and compared using both causal and non-causal methods. The system is tested in two single object scenarios where ground truth is available and in three multi object scenarios without ground truth. Results from the two single object scenarios shows that tracking using only a monocular camera performs poorly since it is unable to measure the distance to objects. Here, a complementary LIDAR sensor improves the tracking performance significantly. The dynamic models are shown to have a small impact on the tracking performance, while the non-causal application gives a distinct improvement when tracking objects at large distances. Since the sequence can be reversed, the non-causal estimates are propagated from more certain states when the target is closer to the ego vehicle. For multiple object tracking, we find that correct associations between measurements and tracks are crucial for improving the tracking performance with non-causal algorithms.
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Books on the topic "Targeted sampling"

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Ahrens, T. J. Planetary and primitive object strength measurements and sampling apparatus: NASA #NAGW 2439, final report; February 1, 1991 through January 31, 1997. Pasadena, Calif: California Institute of Technology, Seismological Laboratory, 1997.

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1963-, Mandrak Nicholas Edward, Canada. Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans., Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences., and Canada. Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans. Central and Arctic Region., eds. Targeted, wadeable sampling of fish species at risk in the Lake St. Clair watershed of southwestern Ontario, 2003. Burlington, Ont: Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 2006.

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Berry, Justin, Youssef Chouhoud, and Jane Junn. Reaching Beyond Low-Hanging Fruit. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.1.

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This chapter argues for the use of creative and targeted strategies rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to capturing information on low-incidence populations. It first conceptualizes low-incidence populations and highlights the existing empirical literature on them and then frames the challenges of polling these populations with an overview of sampling, contacting, and analytical strategies. It highlights the inherent trade-offs of each approach and points to the factors to consider when determining which strategy is best suited to particular research questions. It then details polling efforts designed to capture attitudes and behaviors of American Muslims, Asian Americans, and nonelected political activists. The chapter concludes with a discussion of fruitful polling practices for conducting research on low-incidence U.S. populations, arguing that the approach to polling these populations must be equally informed by the unique characteristics of the target group and the analytical conclusions one seeks to draw.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Sampling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0004.

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Sampling is crucial to any ecological study. Chapter 4 “Sampling” aims at proving keys for a successful sampling campaign when using DNA metabarcoding. It first describes the origin, fate, and transport of environmental DNA in various environments, from freshwater streams to soils, and discusses the implication of the DNA cycle in the environment for answering ecological questions. The chapter presents guidelines to appropriately sample the target DNA population and maximize the representativeness of the retrieved ecological signal. Different sampling strategies at the level of the sampling area and sampling units are proposed for different environmental matrices and ecological questions. Sample storage methods maximizing the preservation of environmental DNA are also discussed.
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Hankin, David, Michael S. Mohr, and Kenneth B. Newman. Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.001.0001.

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We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
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Gimpel, James G. Sampling for Studying Context. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.23.

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Using the example of Ohio and its media markets, this chapter discusses the geographic distribution of respondents resulting from alternative sampling schemes. Traditional survey research designs for gathering information on voter attitudes and behavior usually ignore variability in context in favor of representation of a target population. When sample sizes are large, these polls also provide reasonably accurate estimates for focal subgroups of the electoral population. As the examples here show, conventional polls frequently lack the variations in geographic context likely to matter most to understanding social environments and the interdependence among voters, limiting variation on such continua as urban and rural, economic equality and inequality, occupational differences, exposure to physical environmental conditions, and a variety of other factors that exhibit spatial variation. The chapter calls for more surveys that represent exposure to a broader range of social and physical environments than researchers have produced up to now.
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Berinsky, Adam J. Target Estimation and Adjustment Weighting for Survey Nonresponse and Sampling Bias. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

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Caughey, Devin, Sara Chatfield, and Adam J. Berinskey. Target Estimation and Adjustment Weighting for Survey Nonresponse and Sampling Bias. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

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Lapierre, Laurent M., and Alicia D. McMullan. A Review of Methodological and Measurement Approaches to the Study of Work and Family. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.4.

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This chapter provides a review of research methods reported in work–family (WF) articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2004 and 2013. Methodological issues addressed include sampling (sampling methods, identification of target and source populations, response rate, and comparison of sample to source population), research designs (time horizon, laboratory vs. field setting, and level of control), data collection methods, levels of analysis, use of multiple data sources, triangulation, and the use of objective outcome measures. When possible, statistical comparisons were made between the results of this review and those reported in an earlier review by Casper, Eby, Bordeaux, Lockwood, and Lambert (2007). Results show that multiwave as well as qualitative research designs have been used more frequently since the period reviewed by Casper and colleagues. Still, there is room for improvement in the methodological rigor with which WF research is undertaken. In particular, WF scholars are encouraged to give more attention to sampling-related considerations, and to more strongly consider the use of experimental research designs, data/measurement triangulation, and the collection of data beyond the individual level of analysis.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Environmental DNA for functional diversity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 “Environmental DNA for functional diversity” discusses the potential of environmental DNA to assess functional diversity. It first focuses on DNA metabarcoding and discusses the extent to which this approach can be used and/or optimized to retrieve meaningful information on the functions of the target community. This knowledge usually involves coarsely defined functional groups (e.g., woody, leguminous, graminoid plants; shredders or decomposer soil organisms; pathogenicity or decomposition role of certain microorganisms). Chapter 10 then introduces metagenomics and metatranscriptomics approaches, their advantages, but also the challenges and solutions to appropriately sampling, sequencing these complex DNA/RNA populations. Chapter 10 finally presents several strategies and software to analyze metagenomes/metatranscriptomes, and discusses their pros and cons.
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Book chapters on the topic "Targeted sampling"

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Zhang, Li-Chun. "Targeted random walk sampling." In Graph Sampling, 93–112. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003203490-6.

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Chambaz, Antoine, Emilien Joly, and Xavier Mary. "Targeted Learning Using Adaptive Survey Sampling." In Springer Series in Statistics, 541–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65304-4_29.

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Tao, Jinglu, Xiaolong Zhang, and Xiaoli Lin. "A Targeted Drug Design Method Based on GRU and TopP Sampling Strategies." In Intelligent Computing Theories and Application, 423–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13829-4_37.

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Pfahler, V., J. Adu-Gyamfi, D. O’Connell, and F. Tamburini. "Extraction Protocol." In Oxygen Isotopes of Inorganic Phosphate in Environmental Samples, 17–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97497-8_2.

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AbstractStudies showed that the δ18OP is a useful tool to study P in the environment. Adequate extraction protocols for the targeted P pools of the study are a prerequisite for a successful study. Likewise, for most environmental samples, including water, soil, sediment and plant samples, it is crucial that the samples are processed as soon as possible after they have been taken to avoid any alterations of the original δ18OP signature. This is especially true when more bioavailable P pools, like soluble reactive P (SRP) in water samples, are extracted and analysed. Brucite precipitation of water samples should be directly done in the field, fresh soil and sediment samples have to be extracted within 7 days (if microbial P is targeted, on the day of sampling), and plant samples have to be extracted within a few hours of sampling or be frozen. The chapter briefly describes the P cycle in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and give an overview about extracting the most common P pools for δ18OP analysis: soluble reactive P in water samples, sequentially extracted P pools of soil, sediment, fertilizer and plant samples.
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Tian, Shikun, Xinyu Jin, and Yu Zhang. "An Adaptive Sampling Target Tracking Method of WMSNs." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 188–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13498-2_25.

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Comitani, Federico, and Francesco L. Gervasio. "Modeling Ligand-Target Binding with Enhanced Sampling Simulations." In Biomolecular Simulations in Structure-Based Drug Discovery, 43–66. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527806836.ch3.

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Xue, Jianru, Nanning Zheng, and Xiaopin Zhong. "Sequential Stratified Sampling Belief Propagation for Multiple Targets Tracking." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 330–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11538059_35.

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Liu, Weifeng, Zhong Chai, and Chenglin Wen. "A Multiple Shape-Target Tracking Algorithm by Using MCMC Sampling." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 563–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31020-1_67.

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Lütkemeyer, D., I. Poggendorf, Thomas Scherer, J. Zhang, A. Knoll, and J. Lehmann. "Robot Automation of Sampling and Sample Management during Cultivation of Mammalian Cells in Pilot Scale." In Animal Cell Technology: From Target to Market, 459–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0369-8_111.

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Xue, Shuqi, Guangshan Liao, Lifeng Tan, Yu Tian, Yuan Wu, Yan Fu, Zhixian Zhang, and Chunhui Wang. "Research on Human-Robot Cooperative Target Recognition for Spatial Sampling Task." In Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering, 434–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4786-5_60.

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Conference papers on the topic "Targeted sampling"

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Jinpeng, Yuan, Cao Jihua, and Xiong Xing. "Low Sampling Rate Reconstruction of Medical Imaging: Application of Targeted Sampling Based on OMP." In 2012 5th International Conference on Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems (ICINIS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icinis.2012.27.

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Samsuzana Abd Aziz and Brian L Steward. "Targeted Sampling of Elevation Data Based on Spatial Uncertainty of Prior Measurements." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24786.

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Birch, J., R. Marin, T. O'Reilly, D. Pargett, S. Poulos, C. Preston, H. Ramm, et al. "Autonomous Targeted Sampling of the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum Layer in a Subtropical North Pacific Eddy." In OCEANS 2018 MTS/IEEE Charleston. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.2018.8604898.

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Martin, Peter R., Derek W. Cool, Cesare Romagnoli, Aaron Fenster, and Aaron D. Ward. "Optimizing MRI-targeted fusion prostate biopsy: the effect of systematic error and anisotropy on tumor sampling." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Robert J. Webster and Ziv R. Yaniv. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2081211.

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Kõiv, Kristi, and Minni Aia-Utsal. "VICTIMIZED TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCES ABOUT TEACHER-TARGETED BULLYING BY STUDENTS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact036.

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"The aim of this study was to gain insights into the bullying of teachers by their learners from the perspective of victims of teacher-targeted bullying by learners. This study followed a qualitative and descriptive research design stemming from semi-structured personal interviews with victims of teacher-targeted bullying. A thematic content analysis of the data generated from semi-structured personal interviews with six victimized teachers as a snowball sampling. The sample consisted of male (n=2) and female (n=4) participants from rural (n=3) and urban (n=3) school locations in Estonia. The focus of this study was to determine how the teachers who have experienced bullying by their students describe the nature, influence and reasons attributed to such bullying. The findings indicate that the victims of teacher-targeted bullying by students were exposed repeatedly over long time verbal bullying, ignoring the teacher and other threats and cyber-attacks directed against teachers, whereby line between learners’ misbehavior at classroom and bullying behavior was recognized viewing bullying as group-based phenomenon. Bullying against teachers by pupils had a negative influence on the victims’ teaching and learning, as well as their private lives; and victims perceived the lack of support from educational authorities."
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Halliday, Peter J., and Karl Grosh. "Non-Linear Least-Squares Estimation of Material Properties and Structural Intensity in Non-Uniform Beams." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1620.

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Abstract Algorithms for determining material properties and power flow in vibrating structures are presented. The new techniques are achieved by synthesizing wave component identification methods developed previously (Halliday and Grosh, 2000) with new methods targeted towards material property and structural intensity estimation. The effectiveness of this nonlinear least-squares approach is investigated through laboratory and numerical experiments on a non-uniform structure, yielding guidelines for spatial sampling and the effects of noise.
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Shen, Yuecheng, Yan Liu, Cheng Ma, and Lihong V. Wang. "Applying sub-Nyquist sampling in optical time-reversal-based wavefront shaping to boost targeted light transport through opaque scattering media (Conference Presentation)." In Adaptive Optics and Wavefront Control for Biological Systems IV, edited by Thomas G. Bifano, Sylvain Gigan, and Joel Kubby. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2287064.

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Gernand, Jeremy M. "Evaluation of the Risk Reduction Effectiveness in OSHA’s Workplace Atmosphere Sampling Activities." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65942.

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The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States is responsible for the promulgation and enforcement of rules to protect and enhance worker safety in most medium and large commercial enterprises. To that end, the agency has collected and processed more than 240,000 atmospheric samples of chemicals and aerosols in a variety of workplaces in the past 30 years. Though the agency spends more than $500 million per year even in the face of increasing overall employment, there exist only targeted evaluations of OSHA sampling activity for specific issues like formaldehyde or silica in the published literature. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of this effort including assessment of the hazard potential distribution of sampled workplace atmospheres for all recorded pollutants over the time period from 1984 to 2011, the budgetary requirements of this activity over time in comparison to the assessed risk, and an evaluation of the probable effectiveness of such activity given changes in US industrial employment over that time period. The effectiveness of the sampling program is assessed according to specific criteria including the probability of detecting exceedances of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL) for individual pollutants, the trend in the overall hazard level of detected atmospheres, the coverage of industries by worker population, and the cost-efficiency of the program in identifying hazardous atmospheres. Special attention is given to lead, toluene, and various mineral- and metal-based particulate matter, which have all seen new rules implemented in the recent past. Findings show that the number of samples per employed person has decreased markedly since the beginning of the study period and become less aligned with the changes in population distribution among US regions, however the probability of detecting a hazardous level of a chemical or aerosol pollutant has increased. Extrapolations of this information and the associated changes in industrial sector employment indicate that US workplace atmospheres are marginally less hazardous at the end of the study period than they were at the beginning.
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Tagarieva, Larisa, Eduardo Chacon, David Olutusin, and Sneh Sindhu. "Through Drillpipe Formation Testing: Unlocking Bypassed Pay, A Case Study Onshore Kuwait." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32040-ms.

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Abstract Identifying a bypassed pay is always challenging, especially for highly deviated, complex wells where well control further complicates wireline logging. This case study examines the use of a Through Drillpipe Logging (TDL) conveyed formation testing and sampling tool in addition to the conventional slim open hole logging suite. The logging program overcame the challenging well trajectory and wellbore stability complications. The resulting data provided a conclusive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization identifying bypassed oil. The logging program targeted two formations: The primary goal was the Upper Burgan and the secondary target, a suspected bypassed pay, was the Lower Burgan. The well was highly deviated and was drilled with the oil-based mud system. In addition to the complex trajectory, a well bore stability was identified as marginal due to observed washouts. Therefore, the logging program implemented TDL for both traditional open hole logging and formation testing and sampling TDL pumps the tools down the drill pipe ID until reaching TD, where they are released into the well bore and logged back to surface. On the first acquisition run a triplecombo logging suite was run, and a complete dataset was acquired without any differential sticking. During the second run the slim formation tester was centralized to minimize sticking risk during the planned stationary acquisition of formation pressure measurements and sampling. The TDL conveyance of slim logging tools eventually led to enhanced reservoir understanding and characterization after the data interpretation. Specifically, 22 pressure points and 2 low-contamination samples were returned to surface. The sampling series found fluid in the secondary target. The combination of pressure data, porosity, saturation, fluid mobility, and permeability data characterized the formation. This combination resulted in a deeper understanding of the storage and flow capacity of these heterogeneous reservoirs. Consequently, the well completion design was optimized by the producer. The TDL conveyance option helped to safely log the well from TD in a complex trajectory by pumping down the slim-logging tools to avoid differential tool sticking across a major washout. Regular tool fishing operations were eliminated, and open-end drill bit usage allowed reaming during wiper trips between the logging runs. TDL significantly reduced operational risks optimizing rig utilization and minimizing overall costs in addition to reservoir and formation fluid data acquisition. The slim formation testing of the Burgan reservoir supported completion of the primary well objectives and identified bypassed pay in the secondary objective. The field development and exploratory strategies were updated based on the logging results.
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Dawod, H. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF GASTRIC TARGETED BIOPSY SAMPLING WITH I-SCAN OE TECHNOLOGY ON THE DIAGNOSTIC YIELD OF THE CLO TEST OF H. PYLORI INFECTION." In ESGE Days 2022. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1744966.

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Reports on the topic "Targeted sampling"

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LaFreniere, L. M. Final work plan for targeted sampling at Webber, Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/925323.

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LaFreniere, L. M. Final work plan : targeted groundwater sampling and monitoring well installation for potential site reclassification at Barnes, Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890568.

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Research, IFF. Small and Micro Food Business Operator (FBO) Tracking Survey: Wave 3 2021 - Technical Report. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.sty242.

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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) has been tracking small and micro Food Business Operator (FBO) attitudes towards food-related topics, and trust in the FSA and food system, since 2018. This has helped inform engagement and intervention activity targeted at businesses with fewer than 50 staff. The survey was initially developed to assess the perceived impact of changes as a result of the UK’s exit from the European Union (EU), and the Achieving Business Compliance (ABC) programme, which aims to modernise the regulation of food businesses in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since then, it has evolved to regularly track small and micro FBO views on a range of subjects. In 2021, the third wave of the annual tracking survey was carried out, with the following aims: To gain insight, and understand the implications of the EU Exit on small and micro enterprises To ‘unpack’ attitudes towards regulation and deepen insights and knowledge of small and micro enterprises, including with regards to the FSA’s ABC priority To measure trust in the FSA and extent to which FSA is considered a modern, accountable regulator All fieldwork for wave 3 was carried out by IFF Research, an independent market research company, commission by FSA. This paper outlines the methodological approach taken for wave 3 of the research, including sampling; feasibility testing; pilot and mainstage fieldwork; response rates; and weighting.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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Jenkins, Thomas F., Alan D. Hewitt, Thomas A. Ranney, Charles A. Ramsey, and Dennis J. Lambert. Sampling Strategies Near a Low-Order Detonation and a Target at an Artillery Impact Area. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428488.

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Adams, Terry R., Steven D. Nolen, Jeremy Ed Sweezy, and Tony P. Hasenack. THE FREE GAS THERMAL TREATMENT IN MCATK: Sampling the Thermal Motion of the Target Nucleus (U). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053544.

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Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic: Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.

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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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Kamalvand, Ahmad, Paul MacDonald, and Thai-Duong Tran. Factored Sampling Tracking: Comparison of the Kalman and the Condensation Algorithms for Missile Tracking in a Defense Target Environment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430271.

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Sweezy, Jeremy Ed, Terry R. Adams, and Steven D. Nolen. REACTION SAMPLING IN MCATK: Using the Thermal Motion of the Target Nucleus to Perform Elastic and Inelastic Scattering (U). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1068961.

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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