Journal articles on the topic 'Target text (TT)'
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1
Jones, Francis R. "On Aboriginal Sufferance." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.1.2.04jon.
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This paper presents an empirical model of the processes involved in translating poetry. I suggest three main stages: Understanding, Interpretation and Creation. The Understanding stage involves close ST analysis. At the Interpretation stage the translator works item by item, though with continual reference to ST and TT. An item may participate in one or more textual structures; hence it may be said to carry a number of marked valent features marking its role in the various structures. Valent features may be weighted differently depending on the importance of their structure to the image or the text. I suggest five main strategies of equivalence: Transference—TT item = ST item; Convergence/Divergence—TT item covers larger/smaller semantic space than ST item, but valency remains constant; Improvisation—TT feature is different from ST feature but has similar poetic role; Abandonment of a low-weight for a high-weight feature; Estrangement—equivalent retains an "untranslated" ST feature. The Creation stage is that of fashioning the target text as an artefact valid in target-culture terms. This informs and is informed by choices made during the Interpretation phase.
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Corrius, Montse, and Patrick Zabalbeascoa. "Language variation in source texts and their translations." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 23, no. 1 (August 10, 2011): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.23.1.07zab.
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In addition to the two languages essentially involved in translation, that of the source text (L1) and that of the target text (L2), we propose a third language (L3) to refer to any other language(s) found either or both texts. L3 may appear in the source text (ST) or the target text (TT), actually appearing more frequently in STs in our case studies. We present a range of combinations for the convergence and divergence of L1, L2 and L3, for the case of feature films and their translations using examples from dubbed and subtitled versions of films, but we are hopeful that our tentative conclusions may be relevant to other modalities of translation, audiovisual and otherwise. When L3 appears in an audiovisual ST, we find a variety of solutions whereby L3 is deleted from or adapted to the TT. In the latter case, L3 might be rendered in a number of ways, depending on factors such as the audience’s familiarity with L3, and the possibility that L3 in the ST is an invented language.
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Abdo, Ibrahem Mohamad Khalefe Bani. "Preserving Style in Translating Metaphors of a Literary Text from English into Arabic." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2020.9.4.1559.1574.
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This paper investigates the stylistics issues in translating metaphors of George Orwell's Animal Farm from English into two different Arabic translations and whether the metaphors’ style is maintained or not in the target texts. The research presents concepts related to metaphor translation such as text types and semantic/ communicative translation. This study is based on Newmark’s (1988) classifications of metaphors. The data are selected randomly from the novel, then the target texts equivalents are provided to investigate the maintaining of metaphors’ style in TT (1) and TT (2) as compared to the ST. The study concludes that the translators try their best to reproduce the same image in the TT (target text) as closely as possible. Although, it is important for a metaphor to be retained in the translation, however, the study reveals that some metaphors has been translated word-by-word in both target texts (TT1 and TT2). TT (2) follows the target readers’ culture (Arabic culture) in translating some of these metaphors to some-extent more than the TT (1). Metaphors are translated in both denotative and connotative associations. TT2 has deleted some metaphors from the translation (TT2) which may cause some loss in meaning. TT1 is to some-extent successfully conveyed all metaphors which may express the translator’s fluency as a well-known author. Omissions reveal that TT2 is conventional to the target culture. Finally, the study concludes that TT1 is more restricted to the ST style; whereas, TT2 is restricted more to the target language (Arabic).
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Muikku-Werner, Pirkko. "Lexical inferencing and the mutual intelligibility of Estonian and Finnish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 2 (October 2017): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586517000105.
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Several factors affect the comprehension of a text written in a language related to the reader's first language (L1): (i) orthographic similarity with the reader's L1, (ii) contextual clues, (iii) semantic relationships between components of phraseological units, and (iv) L1 reading comprehension strategies. This article compares the results of a cloze test (CT), in which a group of Finns read a text in their L1 (Finnish) and filled the gaps, and a translation test (TT), in which another group of Finns translated the Estonian version of the same text into Finnish. This text included five pairs of primes and targets, parts of the same phraseological unit, representing different semantic relations; in the CT the target was replaced by a gap and in the TT the respondents had to translate the target. The results indicated that the respondents used similar inferencing strategies in both tests, and thus provide evidence for the assumption that orthographic similarity is not the sole factor contributing to understanding a foreign text, but that L1 reading comprehension strategies are also employed.
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Cheong, Ho-Jeong. "Target Text Contraction in English-into-Korean Translations: A Contradiction of Presumed Translation Universals?*." Meta 51, no. 2 (August 14, 2006): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013261ar.
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Abstract This paper contradicts the prevailing assumptions among the advocates of translation universals (TU’s) that explicitation, a translation behavior which consists of spelling things out rather than leaving them implicit in translation, is a potential TU, irrespective of the specific language pairs involved in the process of translation. Specifically, via a study employing a newly built 517,609-word parallel corpus, it is shown that implicitation and the subsequent TT contraction as well as explicitation and TT expansion entailed were both observed in translations involving Korean and English. The significance of the direction of language combinations in translations employing the same language pair was identified, together with the introduction and verification of the validity of the four measurement units devised for this study to capture diverse aspects of explicitation/implicitation which in turn entail TT expansion/contraction.
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Abdo, Ibrahem Mohamad Khalefe Bani. "Computer Programming and Readability Scoring Tests between Arabic and English of Surat Al-Fātiḥah." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2020.9.4.1543.1558.
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The present paper investigates computer programming of the readability feature in Al-Fatihah (Arabic: ٱلْفَاتِحَة), the first chapter (Surah) of the Quraan, with its English equivalent and whether the different statistics scores of readability may affect the translation’s value of the holy text (Al-Fatihah) compared to its target text equivalent. This paper uses the computer programming of readability tests. It uses different formulas as (i) Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease; (ii) Flesch Kincaid Grade Level; (iii) Gunning Fog Score; (iv) SMOG Index; (v) Coleman Liau Index; and (vi) Automated Readability Index. These formulas identify the easiness of the source text compare to the translated text (target text). This study identifies the readability scores that may affect the translation text compared to the source text. The study reveals that the readability scoring tests between Arabic (ST), Arabic –Latin (Transliteration), and the target text (TT) English version of Surat Al-Fātiḥah from The holy Book Al Quraan are different. The ST is much easier to read by their audience than the TT readers. It also affirms that the translating process may cause slightly changes in the TT compared to the ST ones. Finally, the lack of knowledge of such computer software during the translating process may increase or decrease the complexity of the text for readers.
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Miššíková, Gabriela. "EXPLORING THE PERFORMATIVE FUNCTION IN LITERARY TRANSLATION: THE TRANSLATOR’S PURPOSE." Discourse and Interaction 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2019-2-29.
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This paper examines the application of text-act theory in literary translation, attempting to evaluate its efficacy in the analysis of larger texts, such as novels. The texts that form the material basis for this examination are the Slovak novel Dunaj v Amerike (2010) and its (authorized, unpublished) English translation Danube in America (2016). The main research objective is to compare the performative function in the Slovak source text (ST) and the English target text (TT), implementing the concept of the pragmatic translator as suggested by Morini (2008, 2012). Aiming to discover the relationship between the performative function of the TT and its actual perception by TT readers, the research project was realised involving the participation of the translators 1 and TT recipients.
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Ajtony, Zsuzsanna. "Taming the Stranger: Domestication vs Foreignization in Literary Translation." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2017-0020.
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Abstract The translator’s task is to bridge the gap between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT), to mediate between the source culture (SC) and the target culture (TC). Cultural mediation is always more than linguistic mediation: it facilitates understanding between cultures. Cultural mediators need to be extremely aware of their own cultural identity, understanding how their own culture influences perception (ethnocentric attitude). While foreignization introduces the TT audience to the ST culture as much as possible, making the foreign visible, domestication brings two languages and two cultures closer, minimizing the foreignness of the TT, conforming to the TC values, and making the unfamiliar accessible (Venuti 1995, Munday 2016). This paper investigates different ways to find the balance between these two tendencies, offering examples from literary translation.
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Ahmed, Mohamed A. H. "Codes across languages: On the translation of literary code-switching." Multilingua 37, no. 5 (August 28, 2018): 483–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2017-0060.
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Abstract The translation of bilingual literary texts may challenge a translator when s/he needs to transfer some embedded, foreign codes from a language other than the dominant language of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). This study analyses the way in which code-switching (CS) is transferred into a TT, looking at the translation strategies for CS in a non-European ST into European and non-European target texts. The source language text is Hebrew with Arabic incorporated into the Hebrew text in different ways, most often using CS. The target texts in the study are in Arabic, English, German and Italian languages. The main aim of this study is to show how code-switching in literary paradigms can be translated into a target text language, and to what extent the original structure of instances of CS is maintained, changed or even deleted in the target texts. The study compares four versions of target texts in Arabic, English, Italian and German, followed by an overview of how the same CS instances are transferred across different languages and cultures. Some problems and issues related to the transfer of instances of CS into the target texts are discussed in view of the typology of the CS strategy. The study concludes with an argument that a better understanding of literary CS terminology regarding both linguistic and creative features is necessary for a better translation of bilingual literary texts.
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Al-Harahsheh, Ahmad Mohammad. "Cohesion and coherence shift in Jabra’s translation of Hamlet." Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, no. 56 (2022): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.56.07.
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This research aims at studying the cohesion and coherence shifts in Jabra’s translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet in Arabic. A translator is a mediator between the source text (ST) and the target readers who expect an adequate and a coherent translation of the ST. The shift of cohesion and coherence can disrupt the continuity of the target text (TT). The sample of the research consisted of 172 lines taken from different acts and scenes involving potential problems in cohesion and coherence from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, translated by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. Blum-Kulka’s approach of cohesion and coherence shifts in translation was employed as a theoretical framework. The data analysis was based on meaning shift and explicitness shift in discourse and their effects on the continuity and understanding of the TT. The study concluded that the shift of cohesion and coherence in translation does not only affect the continuity of thoughts and events but disrupts the understanding of the target readers as well.
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Carl, Michael, and Martin Kay. "Gazing and Typing Activities during Translation: A Comparative Study of Translation Units of Professional and Student Translators." Meta 56, no. 4 (July 11, 2012): 952–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1011262ar.
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The paper investigates the notion of Translation Units (TUs) from a cognitive angle. A TU is defined as the translator’s focus of attention at a time. Since attention can be directed towards source text (ST) understanding and/or target text (TT) production, we analyze the activity data of the translators’ eye movements and keystrokes. We describe methods to detect patterns of keystrokes (production units) and patterns of gaze fixations on the source text (fixation units) and compare translation performance of student and professional translators. Based on 24 translations from English into Danish of a 160 word text we find major differences between students and professionals: Experienced professional translators are better able to divide their attention in parallel on ST reading (comprehension) and TT production, while students operate more in an alternating mode where they either read the ST or write the TT. In contrast to what is frequently expected, our data reveals that TUs are rather coarse units as compared to the notion of ‘translation atom,’ which coincide only partially with linguistic units.
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Schaeffer, Moritz J., Sandra L. Halverson, and Silvia Hansen-Schirra. "‘Monitoring’ in translation." Translation, Cognition & Behavior 2, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00017.sch.
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Abstract We assume that visual feedback from the written trace during translation plays an important role in monitoring the emerging translation. In this study, 44 participants translated with and without visual feedback from the target text (TT). Numerous measures were used to explore the differences between the texts that were created in the two conditions and the characteristics of the task performance in the two conditions. The impact of ST-TT semantic and syntactic relationships showed that there were differences on two of three behavioural measures across conditions. In the comparison of features of the translation process, findings show that ST reading times were longer without visual feedback, while increased translational choice (implying more monitoring) affected eye movements on the source text (ST) in the same way in both conditions. We found that, without visual feedback, when faced with more translational options, translators read the ST less linearly. Participants were more likely to look at the TT screen or read the TT the longer they read the ST and the more the more translational options the ST offered, even if the TT window was blank.
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Qassem, Mutahar, Lamis Ali, and Nabil Muhayam. "Translation quality in English-Arabic translation of tourist texts: A product perspective." International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 2, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v2i2.136.
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Translation of tourist texts engenders textual, linguistic and cultural hurdles before achieving translation quality, which has not been given due account in translation studies. To bridge this gap, this study aimed to assess postgraduates' performance in translation of tourist texts from English to Arabic and vice versa, using a translation task (Arabic and English tourist texts) and a questionnaire. The questionnaire took a form of a 5-point Likert scale in which the students rated the texts they translated. Further, it retrieved information about translation time and postgraduates' translation experience. Findings revealed low translation quality and inappropriate use of translation procedures in rendering the tourist texts into English and Arabic. The postgraduates encountered hindrances in formulating the main ideas of the source text (ST), composing the target text (TT) and communicating the TT to the target language (TL) readers. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications have been discussed.
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Marpaung, Devi Annisa, Budi Rizka, and Ely Ezir. "Variation in Word Formation and Lexical Choice: A Stylistic Translation of “Asahan Dalam Angka 2015” Text." JETLi: Journal of English Teaching and Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55616/jetli.v3i1.231.
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In case of recent global and social changes, academic fields under language and communication pay their interests in various forms of translation, for instance, official text. Translating official text very often meets a gap, that is, inappropriate meanings in the target text. Therefore, the aims of the study are to identify the stylistic approaches that contribute to the translation of the ST into the TT in terms of stylistic qualified translation and to identify the translation accepted by the native speakers of TT. Equivalence in meaning which is a central meaning-focused in the translation work has not been done well by the translator. The farther its equivalence is the farther the gap is. The gap, however, leads to a misunderstanding of the text. Misunderstanding of the text will either spoil the ideas or loosen the information of the source text. Word Formation Variation (WFV) 19 data (14.61 %), and Lexical Choice Variation (LCV) 28 data (21.53%).
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Triastika, Herlyn. "TEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 3, no. 1 (June 2, 2017): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.031.09.
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This research aims to determine textual equivalence in the translation of scientific texts in English into Indonesian in depth. This study used a qualitative approach using the content analysis method. The data to the analysis performed in this study based on the six-step qualitative research developed by Myring. The findings in this study indicate that: (1) The equivalence of thematic structure contained in the translation of textbooks Approaches to Discourse into Indonesian is the equivalence on the pattern/ thematic arrangement of the unmarked theme and a simple theme/topical theme, (2) the information structure equivalence Between source text (ST) and target text (TT) is the equivalence in the form of organization of given and new information. (3) Equivalence in the cohesive devices translation is found in the use of grammatical cohesive devices, (4) The translation method used is the literal translation, (5) The discovered distortion was fully related to the aspects of semantics and linguistic equivalents, (6) The factors causing distortion are the translators’ skills and competencies, (7) The impact inflicted by the various distortion in the target text (TT) is that the translation readersgetdifferent messages from the message of source text (ST).
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al-Saidi, Abdali H., and Abed Shahooth Khalaf. "INVESTIGATING THE AESTHETIC EFFECT IN THE ARABIC TRANSLATIONS OF GIBRAN’S THE PROPHET." International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2022.18.1.6.
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This study aims at investigating the extent to which the aesthetic effect (AE) in Gibran’s The Prophet has been maintained among Arab recipients in four translations of this masterpiece, namely Okasha (2000), Nuaimy (2013), Al-ābid (2017), and Antonius (2017). To this end, the source text (ST) AE laden segments and their target text (TT) counterparts are compared in terms of lexical selection, sentence structure, and metaphors employed. Data of the study comprised typical illustrative examples randomly selected for analysis according to Yan Fu’s (2012, cited in Zhang 2013) triple translation criteria of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance in combination with Nida’s (1964) functional equivalence. Findings of the study revealed that the selected translations exhibit different levels of adequacy in terms of expressing the AE in the TT. Specifically, Okasha’s translation seems more creatively adequate in producing in the TT the approximate AE of the ST, whereas the other translations are sometimes less adequate or even inadequate in this respect.
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Kotambunan, Florence E. "Strategi Penambahan dan Penghilangan Makna: Kasus Penerjemahan Teks Hukum Bisnis dari Bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 7, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v7i2.178.
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<span>To show how important the equivalence of ST and TT in business law text is the main goal of this research. Besides that, the benefit of this research is to motivate a translator to become more critical and accurate in producing more quality translations. The results of research can be utilized as a benchmark to conduct further research in a similar study. The library research and field method are commonly administered in translation research. And the technique of analyzing data exerts comparative and causal model between the Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT). It is determined that the approach is pursuant to ST and TT both Nord Extra-textual and Intra-textual factors. In addition, the research scope is limited to addition and omission, the strategy of translating in word, phrase or term, clause, and sentence. The conformity of ST and TT to Grice’s maxim is also analyzed as the effect of employing strategy of translating, the addition and omission. These research findings, firstly verifies that extra-textual and intra-textual factors are mostly integrated in achieving equivalence of ST and TT. Secondly, it is also discovered that translation error of deviation, addition, and omission of meaning as the impact of translating strategy application, addition and omission. Thirdly, it is acquired that writing business law text in English is more conventional compared to Indonesian. In conclusion, the translation of business law text complies with faithful and conventional main criteria. Moreover, not only the mastery of other knowledge related but also good collaboration are required between concerned parties and determined the success of translation practice. Therefore, it is wished for these results and implications could be referred to proceed with comprehensive research in other legal texts. Hereafter, it is also advised that proofreading is performed more than twice to minimalize misinterpretation. </span>
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Van Coller, H. P. "Antjie Krog se vertaling van Henk van Woerden se roman Een mond vol glas." Literator 23, no. 2 (August 6, 2002): 129–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v23i2.334.
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Antjie Krog’s translation of Henk van Woerden’s novel Een mond vol glas (A mouth full of glass) Against a historical backdrop several critical approaches to translational theory are explicated. Traditional criticism seems to imply positioning between the Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT). A functionalist approach (as propagated among others by Snell-Hornby, Nord and Naaijkens) is a descriptive rather than a normative approach that focuses almost exclusively on the ST. This approach is consequently adopted in the evaluation of Krog’s translation; yet even within this more relativistic paradigm, a comparison between ST and TT should not be evaded. In the case of Krog’s translation, this comparison leads to the identification of scores of lexical, grammatical and stylistic errors.
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Mazumder, Tanmoy. "Cultural Issues in Anisul Hoque’s Ayeshamangal and its Translation." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (August 18, 2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i3.29.
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Anisul Hoque’s Ayeshamangal (2010) has been a text of quite critical acclamation in Bangladesh due to its presentation of acourageous village woman, Ayesha- who struggles in the context of post-independent political turmoil in Bangladesh insynchronization of a legendary figure in Bengali folk myth, Behula. This study provides a reading of Ayeshamangal’sEnglish translation, The Ballad of Ayesha (2018), in order to find out the cultural implications in the source text (ST) and thetarget text (TT). Translators face the problem of treating the cultural aspects of a ST and then its appropriate transfer to theTT and target language (TL). In this novel, the translator faces such a dilemma on various occasions. The ST extensively usesa certain dialect of the source language (SL). This paper investigates the transfer of this dialect of Rangpur region to thetarget language (TL).The paper examines the techniques used by the translator to successfully convey the aspects of Bengaliculture into the TL of the novel. This study also focuses on translations of certain lexical contents, ways of life and the mythof Behula. Thus, the current paper investigates the translation strategies and procedures used in the TT from certaintheoretical perspectives in translation studies and argues that the translator attempts for an overall equivalent effect in the TT,though he fails to provide the taste of important cultural aspects of Bangladesh to the TT readers.
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Zavarynska, Maria, and Monika Toborek. "TRANSLATION CRITICISM AS A MEASURE OF LINGUISTIC COHERENCE IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 35, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3510.
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The article is focused on the role of translation criticism in the modern translation studies. Every translator in his work aims for achieving linguistic coherence between the Source Text (ST) and Target Text (TT). The notion of translation criticism, which is an important measure of achieving this goal by the translator, is highlighted. The theory of scenes and frames in modern translation studies is also analysed in the article.
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Shin, Hyejung. "Comparing L1 and L2 Translation Styles: An Analysis of Multiple Parallel Corpora Comprised of Multiple Target Texts of the Same Source Texts." Society for International Cultural Institute 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34223/jic.2022.15.2.67.
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In Korean-English literary translation, the directionality of translation (whether translating into L1 or L2) has caught the attention of many researchers. They compared the L1 translator’s target text (TT) with that of the L2 translator of the same source text (ST) and described the stylistic differences they found in the comparison. Since most analyses were based on a single ST, and the number of TTs was one in each direction (into L1 and L2, respectively), the results may only apply to the texts they analyzed in the study. To verify if the directionality of translation is the deciding factor of the stylistic traits found in each TT, this study examined 1) multiple parallel corpora comprised of multiple TTs of the same STs and 2) the corresponding translators’ other translations of different STs. After comparing a collection of TTs by the L1 group with those by the L2 group, the study found contrasting trends regarding word variety and contractions.
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Tyshchenko, Oleh, Svitlana Yukhymets, and Kateryna Fomina. "Translation of Ukrainian Scientific and Technical Literature on Computer Technology into English: Lexical Aspect." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 16, no. 26 (February 2019): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2018-26-14.
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The article is devoted to the specificity of translating terms from scientific and technical articles on Computer Technology from Ukrainian into English. The results of the paper discover that the most frequent translation operation is a corresponding term. Less frequent transformations are concretization and generalization. The translator’s goal is to produce a target text that would convey the same information as conveyed by the ST; the amount of the communicatively relevant information in the TT must be the same as in the ST. If the goal is achieved, the communicative effect produced by the TT is equal to that of the ST.
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Ajtony, Zsuzsanna. "Translation of Irony in the Hungarian Subtitles of Downton Abbey." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2015-0014.
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AbstractThis paper proposes to analyse ironic utterances in the British TV series Downton Abbey (Season One) by comparing the English source text (ST) irony found in the script of the film to its subtitled variant of the Hungarian target text (TT). First the literature of the domain is surveyed in order to draw attention to the difficulty of rendering irony in audiovisual subtitles which emphasises that, as a multidisciplinary area, it involves not only audio and visual, but also verbal and non-verbal factors. This section is followed by a brief survey of irony theories highlighting the incongruence factor of irony, which also needs to be rendered in the TT After offering an outline of the story, several examples of ironic utterances are discussed, applying the dynamic equivalence method.
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Rey Quesada, Santiago Del. "Participial and gerundial clauses in sixteenth-century Spanish prose." Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33 (December 31, 2019): 43–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00022.rey.
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Abstract The aim of this article consists in studying participial constructions (PC) and gerundial constructions (GC), especially absolute PCs and GCs, within a corpus of Spanish translated and non-translated texts from the 16th century written by two Castilian writers who were prominent exponents of the Erasmian prose in this era. Close attention is paid to translated texts in order to determine the extent to which different types and subtypes of PCs and GCs match PCs and/or any kind of structures in the source text (ST). This approach allows to discuss whether or not a syntactic equivalence between ST and target text (TT) predominates in the corpus under study and, when it is the case, to determine to what extent and by means of which mechanisms TT diverges from ST. The analysis shows that the influence of the Latin model in the ST on the syntax of the Romance TT becomes stronger when it works ex negativo, i.e. Latin turns out to be more influential in non-translated texts or in indirect – or not literally – translated contexts.
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Mohammed, Emad. "The Aesthetic Effect of Semantic Translation on English Texts Translated into Arabic." Journal of Misan Researches 18, no. 36 (December 31, 2022): 409–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52834/jmr.v18i36.141.
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The past twenty years have witnessed much progress at translation, and good results have been achieved in this field, as it has led to the exchange of knowledge between countries, provided the ground for the exchange of information and experiences, and worked to ensure that countries become a comprehensive and potential driving force for economic growth and human development. Translation has various types, one of these types is the semantic translation where the translator attempts to keep the exact contextual meaning of the original language. This study aims at investigating the extent to which the aesthetic effect (AE) of semantic translation on English texts translated into Arabic namely quotes from George R. R. Martin’ novel "a song of Ice and Fire", Hans Küng's book Islam: "Past, Present and Future" (translated by Al-Shuraiqi and examples translated by Safia Al-Sa'di in the last work of her entitled "Life in Japan". A comparison between the original text aesthetics and the target text (TT) was made based on the selection of sentence structure, lexical and metaphors employed. The data of the study are illustrative examples chosen randomly to be analysed according to Yan Fu’s (2012, cited in Zhang, 2013) triple translation criteria of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance in combination with Nida’s (1964) functional equivalence. The results reveal clearly that the chosen translations show a distinct amount of adequacy in terms of expressing the aesthetic effect (AE) in the target text (TT). The results also show that semantic translation appears to be more creatively appropriate in preserving the AE and transferring it into the TT.
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Boiko, Tetiana, and Khrystyna Melko. "TRANSLATION CRITICISM AS A MEASURE OF LINGUISTIC COHERENCE IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 36, no. 5 (November 26, 2019): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3609.
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The article is focused on the ways of realization translation criticism in the modern translation studies. The main aim for the translators in their works is to achieve linguistic coherence between the Source Text (ST) and Target Text (TT). The notion of translation criticism, which is an important measure of achieving this goal by the translator, is highlighted. The theory of scenes and frames in modern translation studies is also analysed in the article.
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Zhu, Jianbin, and Zisheng Dong. "The Application of House’s Translation Quality Assessment Model in Chinese-English Translation." International Journal of Education and Humanities 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v4i2.1483.
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This article analyses the theoretical basis behind Juliane House’s translation quality assessment model, illustrates its operation, and verifies the application of this model to English translations of Chinese prose works by assessing the quality of Zhang Peiji’s English translation of Ba Jin’s Carpenter Lao Chen, and evaluates the quality of the translation. Overall, the source text (ST) of Carpenter Lao Chen and the target text (TT) are functionally equivalent, and the translation is an overt translation with a high quality.
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Patel, Gargi Surendra, Shahid Ullah, Carol Beeke, Paul Hakendorf, Rob Padbury, Timothy Jay Price, and Christos Stelios Karapetis. "Association of body mass index (BMI) with overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who received targeted therapies (TT)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.3592.
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3592 Background: Preclinical data suggest that adiposity activates pro-inflammatory and insulin-dependent pathways which may lead to resistance to TT, e.g., bevacizumab (Bev) or cetuximab (Cet). Only two retrospective trials have studied the relationship between BMI and outcome for mCRC pts who received TT, with conflicting results. Our aim was to compare OS across BMI groups for mCRC pts treated with TT. Methods: Retrospective data, pertaining to clinical characteristics and outcome, were obtained from the South Australian Registry for mCRC from Feb 2006-Oct 2012. The BMI at first treatment was grouped as Normal (N) = 18.5- <25, Overweight (OW) = 25- <30, Obese I(Ob1) = 30- <35, Obese II (Ob2)≥35. Results: Of 1,174 pts, 39% were OW, 15% Ob1 and 7% Ob2. 352 pts received chemo+TT (Bev, Cet, panitumumab (Pan) and/or regorafenib) and 814 chemo alone. Baseline characteristics were similar across all BMI groups except for type of mCRC: N pts were more likely than obese pts to have synchronous CRC (77.9% vs 56-69.7% for obese). On adjustment for age, sex, synchronous disease, metastatic sites, number of lines of chemo and TT, median OS was longer for N versus OW or Ob1 pts with chemo+TT (35.4 vs 24.9 or 22.7 mons, Table) with no difference in OS for chemo alone. Only N gp pts had an improvement in OS on the addition of TT to chemo. On breakdown by type of TT, OW and Ob1 pts had a poorer outcome with Bev but not with EGFR TT. Conclusions: The BMI is an independent predictor for a poorer outcome for OW and OB1 pts with chemo+TT, specifically for pts receiving Bev. The OW and OB1 patients may be a target group for lifestyle and nutrition advice to improve OS with TT. Prospective studies are required to validate this finding. [Table: see text]
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Nurmalia, Lia, Danang Dwi Harmoko, and Prapti Wigati Purwaningrum. "Unit Shift Dalam Novel The Sea Of Monsters." Wanastra: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 13, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/w.v13i1.9869.
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The objectives of the research are to know the translation shift and the translation equivalence in The Sea of Monsters novel which is translated into “Laut Para Monster”. This research uses qualitative method through content analysis approach. The writers compared the source text (ST) and the target text (TT) then, did the analysis by using theories proposed by (Catford,1965) and (Nida,1982). The results show that the most shifting is unit shift, 65% and it reaches 77% formal equivalence. Those results show that TSu is well transferred into TSa in term of form and content. It can be seen from the translation shift which only happen at the word level, it seems that the translator is faithful to source text, while seen by the translation equivalence, seems that the writer is also faithful to target text.
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Carl, Michael, Andrew Tonge, and Isabel Lacruz. "A systems theory perspective on the translation process." Translation, Cognition & Behavior 2, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00026.car.
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Abstract The translation process has often been described as a sequence of three steps, source text (ST) analysis, source-target transfer, and target text (TT) generation. We propose a radically different view, in which the human translation process consists of a hierarchy of interacting word and phrase translations systems which organize and integrate as dissipative structures. Activation of word (or phrase) translation systems is a non-selective subliminal process in the translator’s mind not restricted to one language. Depending on the entropy (i.e., the internal order) of the word translation systems, a human translator spends more or less time and energy during the translation process, which can be measured in the form of gaze patterns and production duration.
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Rudianto, Gaguk. "TEORI DAN PRAKTEK EQUIVALENSI DALAM PENERJEMAHAN ENGLISH-INDONESIA." IdeBahasa 3, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37296/idebahasa.v3i1.51.
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Translation does not only translate from the source language (ST) to the target language (TT) because if it is done, the translation results or (TT) will not be accepted by the target language user and will not have the same effect as the source language. This is called the concept of equivalence. Equivalence is a problem that can not only be accepted by users of the target language which is also in accordance with the context of the culture, customs and habits of the local community, but this concept is essentially the result of the translated text having the same impact between the source language and the target language. This article analyzed the concept of theoretical and practical equivalence of translation from English to Indonesian or vice versa. The purpose of writing this article is to reveal the equivalence of translation and at the same time reveal translation errors that often occur in society. The data collection method used in this article is SBLC or free-to-talk (Sudaryanto, 1993). While the data analysis method is equivalent which was also written by the same expert.
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Kalirai, Austin, Lori Wood, Aly-Khan A. Lalani, Daniel Yick Chin Heng, Sunita Ghosh, Marco Adelmo James Iafolla, Christian K. Kollmannsberger, et al. "Efficacy of targeted therapy (TT) after checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): Results from the Canadian Kidney Cancer Information System (CKCis)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2019): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.7_suppl.568.
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568 Background: While the use of CPI has demonstrated clinical benefit in patients with mRCC, data showing the efficacy of subsequent TT is limited. This real-world analysis evaluated the efficacy of TT post CPI in mRCC patients. Methods: Data was collected and analyzed from CKCis. Patients with mRCC who received TT after CPI were identified and analyzed based on line of therapy. Time to treatment failure (TTF – time from starting first subsequent TT to stopping TT) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. Hazard Ratio (HR) calculations were adjusted for IMDC group and age. Results: 102 patients were treated with TT post CPI (table). Those who received first-line ipilimumab + nivolumab (I/N) versus a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor (VEGFi) + CPI combination prior to second-line TT had a median TTF of 8.0 vs 5.2 months (m) (HR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.13-1.44) and median OS of 16.5 m vs not reached (HR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.11-5.24). Patients who received a VEGFi versus a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) as third-line TT had a median TTF of 7.6 vs 4.4 m (HR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.24-1.10) and median OS of 21.7 vs 16.2 m (HR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.16-1.08). All third-line TT patients received first-line VEGFi and second-line nivolumab. Of the third-line VEGFi TT patients, 24 received axitinib (TTF 7.1 m, OS 21.7 m) and 22 received cabozantinib (data immature). Conclusions: Activity of TT in mRCC patients after CPI is demonstrated in multiple lines. In second-line, VEGFi TT had numerically better outcomes after I/N than after VEGFi+CPI combination. Efficacy of third-line TT was seen with a trend favoring VEGFi over mTORi. Axitinib in the third-line has notable activity after CPI, while data on cabozantinib and fourth-line TT are maturing. These results support the use of VEGFi after CPI in mRCC patients. [Table: see text]
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Kyrychuk, Larysa. "TRANSLATION STRATEGIES, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: IN PURSUIT OF TRANSLATION ADEQUACY." RESEARCH TRENDS IN MODERN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE 1 (November 22, 2018): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2617-6696.2018.1.64.80.
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The present paper examines the ways of achieving adequacy in translation. The aim of the study is to define and describe the options that the different translators choose while rendering the message of the same source text (ST) and to establish the translation adequacy conditions. The translators’ options are considered in terms of the techniques employed to achieve equivalence between the textual micro units of the original and those of the target text (TT). It is argued that the choice of the translation techniques is determined by the global translation strategy which is seen as a translator’s action plan to reach the functional identification between the ST and TT. In the course of translating the corresponding techniques are used by the translators to fit the local strategies which necessitate the specific ways of dealing with translation challenges. In order to identify formal, semantic and communicative features of the translators’ options we set out the specific task of exploring the notions of translation strategy, translation method, translation technique and translation equivalence and define their significance in achieving accuracy and/or transparency of translation and, eventually, the adequacy of translation. The study is based on the descriptive and comparative analyses of four translation cases (TTs). The examination of the English-Ukrainian correlative units intends to indicate the types of equivalents and point out their contribution to the translation adequacy. One of the important findings to emerge from the study is that translation adequacy may be measured against the TT acceptability which is considered on four levels and involves correlations between structural, semantic and pragmatic equivalents. The TT that reaches the first level of acceptability is viewed as the case of low translation adequacy; the TT on the second level of acceptability is seen as the case of near adequate translation; the TT on the third level of acceptability is termed as sufficiently adequate translation; the TT on the forth level of acceptability is defined as the case of complete adequate translation.
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Pratiwi, Berlin Insan. "Hermeneutics Perspective: Number and Personal Grammatical Equivalence of Google Translate." Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing dan Sastra 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eralingua.v5i1.16695.
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Abstract. Due to translation process by Google Translate (GT) is recently common, analyzing its translation equivalence is required. Conducted as descriptive qualitative research, this content analysis study provides descriptions of number and personal equivalence aspects toward sentence meaning in hermeneutics view. There were 90 English sentences analyzed as research sample resulting 7 types of meaning equivalence phenomenon: 1) target text (TT) has number equivalent meaning and the sentence is hermeneutically accepted, 2) TT has no number equivalent meaning yet the sentence is hermeneutically accepted, 3) TT has no number equivalent meaning and the sentence is not hermeneutically accepted, 4) TT has personal equivalent meaning and the sentence is hermeneutically accepted, 5) TT has no personal equivalent meaning yet the sentence is hermeneutically accepted, 6) TT has no personal equivalent meaning and the sentence is not hermeneutically accepted, and 7) both personal meaning equivalence and sentence hermeneutics point of view cannot be identified due to clusivity of Indonesian. It is concluded that GT is able to provide 53% meaning accuracy in terms of number aspect and 86.6% of number aspect sentences are hermeneutically accepted. GT provides 53% meaning accuracy in personal aspect and 73.3% of personal aspect sentences are hermeneutically accepted. Figures show higher hermeneutical acceptance than the meaning equivalent indicate that GT in Indonesian is considered to be understandable for basic need of clause and sentence level for common information in terms of number and personal equivalence, but for detailed information especially those of number, masculine/feminine, and clusivity phenomenon in Indonesian more enhancement for accuracy is needed.Keywords: meaning equivalence, hermeneutics, clusivity
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Fathma, Dalilah, and Harni Kartika Ningsih. "ATTITUDINAL MEANINGS IN BILINGUAL TRAVEL ARTICLES: A CASE STUDY." Linguistik Indonesia 40, no. 2 (August 2, 2022): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v40i2.315.
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Translating travel article texts requires a consideration of the way the tourist destinations are promoted. This ‘promotional’ element of travel articles, an inseparable part of the text type, is significant to inform translation practices. However, studies in this area are quite lacking in that the element is not well-understood, i.e. how ‘promotion’ can be identified in both the source and target texts and if there are potential changes between the texts. This paper compares the construction of promotion in bilingual tourism texts published in an in-flight magazine as a case study. This is done by examining the attitudinal meanings in the source text (ST), written in Indonesian, and the target text (TT) in English. It uses the interpersonal system of appraisal proposed by Martin and White from systemic functional linguistics to analyse the construal of affect, appreciation and judgement in the promoted items found in the texts. The genre stages and register were also identified to situate the context. Keywords: travel article, appraisal, attitude framework.
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Mizher, Rabab. "Leaving Readers and Writers in Peace: Translation of Religious Terms of Shakespeare’s "Coriolanus" into Arabic considering Venuti’s Invisibility." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 21, no. 36 (June 30, 2020): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.21.08.
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This paper is an endeavour to examine the translation of religious terms (praying and oath words) in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus pertaining to two translations by Muhammad al-Sibā‘ī (1881-1931) and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra (1920-1994) into Arabic. This paper seeks to ascertain whether the translators opt for leaving readers in peace and bringing source text (ST) writers’ home or leaving writers in peace and sending target text (TT) readers abroad. The study is based on the theoretical framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and the pivotal role the translated literature as facts of the target culture in the poly-system of world literature. The study reveals that each of these translations represents a specific strategy in translation. Visible translator is mostly adopted by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra and invisible translator is mostly adopted by Muhammad al-Sibā‘ī.
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Mizher, Rabab. "Leaving Readers and Writers in Peace: Translation of Religious Terms of Shakespeare’s "Coriolanus" into Arabic considering Venuti’s Invisibility." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 21, no. 36 (June 30, 2020): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.21.08.
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This paper is an endeavour to examine the translation of religious terms (praying and oath words) in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus pertaining to two translations by Muhammad al-Sibā‘ī (1881-1931) and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra (1920-1994) into Arabic. This paper seeks to ascertain whether the translators opt for leaving readers in peace and bringing source text (ST) writers’ home or leaving writers in peace and sending target text (TT) readers abroad. The study is based on the theoretical framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and the pivotal role the translated literature as facts of the target culture in the poly-system of world literature. The study reveals that each of these translations represents a specific strategy in translation. Visible translator is mostly adopted by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra and invisible translator is mostly adopted by Muhammad al-Sibā‘ī.
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Graham, Jeffrey, Connor Wells, Shaan Dudani, Chun Loo Gan, Frede Donskov, Jae-Lyun Lee, Christian K. Kollmannsberger, et al. "Effectiveness of first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in advanced non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2021): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.6_suppl.316.
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316 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have demonstrated impressive activity in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and have become standard treatment options in this setting. Data supporting the effectiveness of ICI based therapy in non-clear cell RCC (nccRCC) is more limited. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis using the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC). Patients with nccRCC were classified into 3 groups based on first-line therapy: ICI based therapy (in monotherapy or in combination), vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy (VEGF-TT) monotherapy, or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor monotherapy. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes were time to treatment failure (TTF) and objective response rate (ORR). We used Kaplan-Meier method to compare OS and TTF between treatment groups and Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for prognostic covariates. Results: We identified 1181 patients with nccRCC. In first-line, 78.2% received VEGF-TT, 15.8% mTOR inhibitors, and 5.5% ICI based therapy, of which 41.5% in monotherapy, 30.8% doublet-ICIs and 27.7% an ICI combined with VEGF-TT. Median OS in the ICI group was 28.6 months, compared to 19.2 and 12.6 in the VEGF-TT and mTOR groups, respectively. Median TTF was 6.9 months vs. 5.1 and 3.9 and ORR was 25% vs. 17.8% and 5.8% in the ICI, VEGF-TT and mTOR groups, respectively. After adjusting for IMDC risk group, histological subtype, and age, the hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.58 (95% CI 0.35-0.94, p=0.03) for ICI vs. VEGF-TT and 0.48 (95% CI 0.29-0.80, p=0.005) for ICI vs. mTOR. Conclusions: In advanced nccRCC, first-line ICI based treatment appears to be associated with improved OS compared to VEGF and mTOR targeted therapy. These results need to be confirmed in prospective randomized trials. [Table: see text]
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Imjidee, Nuchanad, and Soh Bee Kwee. "Normalization Techniques For Translating Cultural - Specific Expressions." LSP International Journal 7, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/lspi.v7.15264.
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For readability of audience in target culture (TC), cultural-specific expressions (CSEs) which have been embedded with specific characteristics, need specific techniques to transfer them into target language (TL). This study aims to identify normalization techniques (NTs) from domestication strategies to show that they are particularly necessary for CSE translation. Based on the previous studies of different scholars, the overlap between domestication and normalization is clarified, following by the clarification of the relation between normalization and the use of translator’s subjectivity, as well as the distinction between CSEs and universals for simple explanation on what normalization and CSE are. Last but not least, the overlapping NTs, classified from domestication strategies will be unified. Finally, illustration of normalization of CSEs, selected from Thai target text (TT) and its English source text (ST), The Da Vinci Code (DVC), a novel by Dan Brown, will give an overt explanation of how each NT is used to deal with CSEs in order to show relation between characteristics of CSEs and each NT. This will answer why NTs are necessary.
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Beuselinck, Benoit, Alexandra Karadimou, Gabrielle Couchy, Bart Claes, Diether Lambrechts, Joost Berkers, Robert Paridaens, et al. "A pharmacogenomic scoring system predicting median time to progression (mTTP) on sunitinib (SUN) as first-line treatment in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 5_suppl (February 10, 2012): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.5_suppl.359.
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359 Background: There are no established biomarkers predicting outcome of SUN treatment in mRCC. Methods: We assessed 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10 genes on fresh frozen clear cell RCC nephrectomy specimens originating from pts who developed metastatic disease. Results: We processed 79 samples. In 49 pts, normal kidney tissue adjacent to the tumor was used, in 30 pts only tumoral tissue was available. After nephrectomy and in presence of synchronous or metachronous metastasis, all pts received SUN as 1st line treatment. We observed associations between several SNPs and mTTP: In the promotor region of the gene encoding for IL-8 (proangiogenic growth factor): rs4073: TT or TA versus (vs) AA variant: mTTP 12 mo vs not reached (NR) (p=0.02). In ABCB1 (involved in drug transport): rs2032582: TA or TT vs GT/GA or GG: 9 vs 16 mo (p=0.03). rs1128503: TT vs CT or CC: 9 vs 16 mo (p=0.02). In VEGFR3 (a target of SUN): rs307826 : GA vs AA: 9.3 vs 18 mo (p=0.01). rs307821 : GT vs GG: 10 vs 16 mo (p=0.08). rs448012 : CC/CG vs GG: 12 mo vs NR (p=0.02). In NR1/2 (promotor leading to increased CYP3A4 expression): rs3814055: TT vs CC/CT: 13 vs 18 mo (p=0.02). rs1054190: CC vs CT: 14 vs 20 mo (p=0.14). In PDGFR-alpha (another SUN target): rs1800812: TT vs GG/GT: 3.5 vs 16 mo (p<0.0001). A scoring system combining 7 non-overlapping SNPs was build and pts were classified in a favorable, intermediate and unfavorable SNP profile group. A link with mTTP and response rate was found, but not with established clinical prognostic scores (MSKCC). Conclusions: SNPs in genes linked to the pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of SUN can probably predict outcome of SUN treatment in mRCC. Our results confirm in part previous observations made by other groups in pazopanib or SUN (in IL-8, VEGFR3 and NR1/2) and highlight the potential role of other SNPs (in ABCB1, NR1/2 and PDGFR). Extension of the series and univariate/multivariate validation are ongoing. [Table: see text]
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Sipayung, Kammer Tuahman, Syahron Lubis, Edi Setia, and Roswita Silalahi. "Explicitation and Implicitation of Conjuctive Relation in Target Text of Principle Language Learning and Teaching(PLLT)." IJELTAL (Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v2i1.66.
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Explicitation, implicitation and meaning change are the kinds of cohesion shift which is the important topic to investigate in translation. The confirmation of explicitation and implicitation translation process and its devices that is adopt by Noor Cholis and Yusi Avianto Pareanom in translating conjuction activites between sentences and clauses from English (ST) to Bahasa (TT). The data of this research are several conjuction which is appear in every chapter from Principle of Language Learning Language. To prove the hypothesis of explicitation based on Blum-Kulka (1986) is also the aim of this research then the analysis about conjuntive relation is done based on Haliday and Hasan (1976). The result of this reaserach shown us that 1) The hypotheis is positive or the portion of explicitation is bigger (63,52%), Implicitation (28,93%), meaning change (7,54%). 2) Addition is 16 devices and omision 24 devices of conjuction are adopted by the translator. 3) translators applied explicitated to the four types of conjuction such as: additive (39,60% ), adversative (26,73% ), causal (10,89% ) and temporal (22,77%) and implicitated to the four types of conjuction additive (26,08% ), adversative (39,13% ), causal (23,91% ) and temporal (10,86%) while the meaning change on additive (66,66% ), adversative (33,33% ), causal (0% ) and temporal (0%). From the finding above, it is described that additive conjunction potrayed more explicit than other and adversative conjunction more implicit than the other while additive conjunction experiences more meaning change than the other types of conjuction.
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Ciobanu, Dragoş, Valentina Ragni, and Alina Secară. "Speech Synthesis in the Translation Revision Process: Evidence from Error Analysis, Questionnaire, and Eye-Tracking." Informatics 6, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics6040051.
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Translation revision is a relevant topic for translator training and research. Recent technological developments justify increased focus on embedding speech technologies—speech synthesis (text-to-speech) and speech recognition (speech-to-text)—into revision workflows. Despite some integration of speech recognition into computer-assisted translation (CAT)/translation environment tools (TEnT)/Revision tools, to date we are unaware of any CAT/TEnT/Revision tool that includes speech synthesis. This paper addresses this issue by presenting initial results of a case study with 11 participants exploring if and how the presence of sound, specifically in the source text (ST), affects revisers’ revision quality, preference and viewing behaviour. Our findings suggest an improvement in revision quality, especially regarding Accuracy errors, when sound was present. The majority of participants preferred listening to the ST while revising, but their self-reported gains on concentration and productivity were not conclusive. For viewing behaviour, a subset of eye-tracking data shows that participants focused more on the target text (TT) than the source regardless of the revising condition, though with differences in fixation counts, dwell time and mean fixation duration (MDF). Orientation and finalisation phases were also identified. Finally, speech synthesis appears to increase perceived alertness, and may prompt revisers to consult external resources more frequently.
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Luis Mangini. "Comparative analysis of the Spanish and French versions of the treaty called "Family Pact" of 1761." ENDLESS : International Journal of Future Studies 1, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endless.v1i1.4.
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This paper offers a comparative analysis of the Spanish and French versions of the Pacte de Famille of 1761, where the mutual military alliance of both crowns of Spain and France are reinforced. The main object of this study aims, firstly, the compared linguistic analysis of this historical document; and secondly, to conclude if it is possible to differentiate a Source Text (ST) and a Target Text (TT). This question is not clarified in the Collection of 1796. Once the political and institutional instrument has been introduced, we proceed to study its structure, specially the organization of its articles. Then, both versions are analyzed from lexical-semantic, syntactic and pragmalinguistic levels. The final conclusions will collect the reflections and reasons about the possible translation, adaptation or parallel writing.
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Luis Mangini. "Comparative analysis of the Spanish and French versions of the treaty called "Family Pact" of 1761." ENDLESS: International Journal of Future Studies 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v1i1.4.
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This paper offers a comparative analysis of the Spanish and French versions of the Pacte de Famille of 1761, where the mutual military alliance of both crowns of Spain and France are reinforced. The main object of this study aims, firstly, the compared linguistic analysis of this historical document; and secondly, to conclude if it is possible to differentiate a Source Text (ST) and a Target Text (TT). This question is not clarified in the Collection of 1796. Once the political and institutional instrument has been introduced, we proceed to study its structure, specially the organization of its articles. Then, both versions are analyzed from lexical-semantic, syntactic and pragmalinguistic levels. The final conclusions will collect the reflections and reasons about the possible translation, adaptation or parallel writing.
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Faghih, Esmail, and Roya Moghiti. "Persian Renderings of English Conceptual Discourse Patterns: A Case Study of Animal Farm." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, no. 3 (July 31, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.3p.55.
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Discourse includes both structural and conceptual patterns. Most of these patterns are different in various languages. A conceptual pattern in source language can be realized in different ways in target language. Therefore, the translator should be aware of differences between SL and TL conceptual patterns because rendering these patterns from the source text into the target one can be problematic. The present descriptive study aimed to investigate the conceptual discourse patterns and related ideologies in George Orwell’s Animal Farm and its Persian translations. Accordingly, the researchers selected and analyzed the samples based on Fairclough’s (2001) approach to CDA. Based on the findings, Gheybi (2010) has been more successful in rendering the conceptual discourse patterns and ideologies, because her translation was much more similar to the source text in terms of conceptual discourse patterns as compared to the translation by Hoseyni and Nabizadeh (2003). The findings indicated that the translators’ ideological and socio-cultural norms affect their translation strategies and lexical and grammatical choices and this in turn influences their success to recognize and transmit the ST implicit ideologies into TT.
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Chevdar, Daria. "Peculiarities of Machine Translation of Political Discourse." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 26, no. 27 (February 2019): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2018-27-25.
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The article is devoted to the specificity of translating scientific and technical discourse from English into Ukrainian in terms of communicative-functional and linguistic approaches. The translator’s goal is to produce a target text that would convey the same information as conveyed by the ST; the amount of the communicatively relevant information in the TT must be the same as in the ST. The results of the paper discover that the implementation of the strategy of communicatively equivalent translation determines the use of certain tactics that come down to a set of translation operations. Key words: scientific and technical discourse, communicative-functional approach, strategy of translation, tactic, operation.
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Izwaini, Sattar. "Translation and linguistic recycling in Arabic." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 60, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 487–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.60.4.05izw.
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Linguistic expressions in every language have established patterns with meanings that can be inferred by linguistic conventions. Languages have their own norms and expressing systems that make transferred linguistic formulas seem odd. Any deviation from the established patterns can be referred to as interference. Interference in translation is the transfer of some linguistic aspect of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The term includes any kind of influence that is exerted by the linguistic properties of the ST on the linguistic properties of the TT. Lexical items and syntactic structures of the source language are copied into the TT, resulting in the phenomenon called ‘translationese’. As a result of interference, translation has introduced a plethora of words, expressions, and constructions into Arabic, resulting in a change in modern Arabic style. One phenomenon that Arabic has witnessed in modern times is linguistic recycle. This term refers to the re-utilization of translated expressions and syntactic structures in Arabic in its intra-linguistic operation (opposed to the inter-linguistic event of translation). The language community has been using these translation-introduced formulations although they do not conform to the canonical patterns of Arabic. Being unaware of this fact, speakers of Arabic use the translation-introduced expressions and constructions instead of the native ones although they have at their disposal a variety of formulations to express the same ideas. Linguistic recycle can be categorized into the three areas of lexis, syntax, and culture. Using a contrastive approach, the paper investigates the areas of lexis and syntax, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its impact on Arabic. Corpora of Arabic have been used to detect and verify occurrences of expressions and structures.
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Dwi Hastuti, Endang. "AN ANALYSIS ON SUBTITLING STRATEGIES OF ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE." Register Journal 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v8i1.57-80.
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The focus of this research is to identify the subtitling strategies applied in the subtitling of Romeo and Juliet movie. This research belongs to descriptive qualitative research along with purposive sampling techniques. The objects of the research are English sentences spoken by the actors and actress in Romeo and Juliet movie as a source text (ST) and its Indonesian subtitling as a target text (TT).The research findings show that the subtitling strategies applied in Romeo and Juliet movie are expansion, paraphrase, transfer, imitation, condensation, decimation, deletion, taming, and resignation. Among those strategies; condensation is the most dominant one due to the limited space and subtitling time appearance because in the subtitling process, there should be a thrifty translation whereas, the accuracy of Romeo and Juliet subtitling depends on the context covers the text, both situation context and cultural context. There are three components covers the situation context, namely field, mode/channel, and tenor/relation. The key words: subtitling strategy, subtitling accuracy, thrifty translation
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S., Nurhayati. "The Analysis of Category Shift in Surah Ibrahim Verses 1-52." International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL) 1, no. 2 (August 7, 2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v1i2.1034.
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Abstracts The translation from the source language into the target language cannot be exact equivalents as both languages are widely different in structure and cultural background. One of the rules in doing the translation is about the shift. This study was carried out to examine the category shift of the translation of Surah Ibrahim verses 1-52. The data collection uses the source text (English text) and targets text (Indonesian text) from the Quran. The step of this research is to scan all English words (ST) and their Indonesian translation (TT) instead of, according to Catford's theory (1965: 76) ) Identify category transfers. These transfers are divided into structural transfers, class transfers, unit transfers, and intra-system transfers. The dominant category shift results are Unit Shift (46, 71%); Structure Shift with 16,78%; Intra System Shift with the percentage of 16,45%. It was found that several combinations of the category shifts were Unit Shift + Intra System Shift, Unit Shift + Class Shift, Unit Shift + Structure Shift, and Intra System Shift + Structure Shift with a low percentage. The findings of this study were not in line with the writer's previous research for the number of the kinds of the category shift and its domination. It is expected that this study can be one of the references of another related research.
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Zhang, Meifang. "Social context and translation of public notices." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 55, no. 2 (June 17, 2009): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.55.2.03zha.
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To study the translation of public notice is in effect seeking insights which take us beyond translation itself towards the whole relationship between language activity and the social context in which the translation is intended to function. Social context is an important aspect in the study of language and translation because the three are inextricably linked. This paper attempts to investigate the text types, text functions and the translations of public notices functioning in the social context of Macao SAR of China. It tries to deduce about the contexts in which the ST and TT were produced, the purpose for which they were produced and the target reader for whom they were produced. The study is carried out in the light of Reiss’s theory of text typology (2000) and the Hallidayan systemic functional linguistics. It is hoped that this study will identity differences in public notice translation and explore the reasons behind the differences, and also be a test case for examining the role of functional theories of language in explaining some phenomena of translation. Texts for the analysis are extracted from the database for a research project undertaken by the present writer, and the analysis is conducted in terms of three text types and functions: informative, expressive and operative. The results of this study reveal that although one of the language functions might be dominant in a single text in a public notice, overlapping or combining functions are very often bestowed upon most texts. They also show that although invariance in the transfer of content could be achieved in the translation of informative texts, and an analogous form in the translation could be found in the transfer of an expressive text, there are more differences than similarities in the translation of texts with operative functions. Possible reasons behind the differences between the source and target texts are discussed. It is argued that the differences are most possibly caused by differences in cultural values, different religious backgrounds and different expectations between readers of the source and target texts.