Journal articles: 'Target shift'

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Fukushima, Tetsuya, Isao Hasegawa, and Yasushi Miyashita. "Prefrontal Neuronal Activity Encodes Spatial Target Representations Sequentially Updated After Nonspatial Target-Shift Cues." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00306.2003.

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We examined prefrontal neuronal activity while monkeys performed a sequential target-shift task, in which, after a positional cue indicated the initial saccade target among 8 peripheral positions, the monkeys were required to internally shift the target by one position on every flash of a target-shift cue. The target-shift cue appeared in the center 0 to 3 times within a single trial and was always the same in shape, size, and color. We found selective neuronal activity related to the target position: when the target-shift cue implied the target shift to particular peripheral positions, neurons exhibited early-dominant and late-dominant activity during the following delay period. The early-dominant target-selective activity emerged early in the delay just after the presentation of the target-shift cue, whereas the late-dominant activity gradually built up toward the end of the delay. Because the target-shift cue was not related to any specific target location, the early-dominant target-selective activity could not be a mere visual response to the target-shift cue. We suggest that the early-dominant activity reflects the transitory representation for the saccade target that was triggered by the nonspatial target-shift cue, whereas the late-dominant activity reflects the target representation in the spatial working memory or the preparatory set for the possible impending saccade, being repeatedly updated during sequential target shifts.

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Shames, Iman, Adrian N. Bishop, Matthew Smith, and Brian D. O. Anderson. "Doppler Shift Target Localization." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 49, no. 1 (January 2013): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6404102.

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Becher, Viktor. "When and why do translators add connectives?" Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 23, no. 1 (August 10, 2011): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.23.1.02bec.

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Additions and omissions of connectives (e.g. conjunctions, connective adverbs, etc.) are a frequent phenomenon in translation. The present article reports on a study whose aim was to elucidate translators’ motivations for performing such shifts, focusing on the addition of connectives. The study was carried out on a bidirectional parallel corpus containing translations of business texts between English and German. Connective additions and omissions were identified, counted and analyzed taking into account the surrounding linguistic context of the shift in question, possibly associated shifts performed by the translator, alternative translation options, etc. It was found that the vast majority of identified shifts were attributable to previously established English-German contrasts in terms of syntax, lexis, and communicative norms. The findings suggest that it is unnecessary to assume that translators follow a “universal strategy” of explicitation, as it has often been done in the literature (cf. e.g. Blum-Kulka’s Explicitation Hypothesis).

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Chi, Chia-Fen, and Chia-Liang Lin. "Aiming Accuracy of the Line of Gaze and Redesign of the Gaze-Pointing System." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3 (December 1997): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.1111.

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The current experiment tested the aiming accuracy of the eye for targets at nine different positions and of two different sizes. The left eye was tracked to record the line of gaze with an infrared eye-monitoring device. For each subject, horizontal shift, vertical shift, standard deviations of the X and Y coordinates, and 95th percentile of the horizontal and vertical shifts from the nine target centers were calculated to indicate the precision, accuracy, and possible design limits of the gaze points. Analysis showed that the target's position had a strong effect on the vertical shift, standard deviations of the Y coordinate, and 95th percentile of the vertical shift. The effect of target size was not significant on any of the dependent measures. The research findings have important implications for the redesign of the gaze-pointing device. Visual targets appearing below the horizontal line of sight should be larger than those above Based on the 95th percentile of the horizontal and vertical shifts, targets should be approximately 2.0° wide and 2.4° long above or coinciding with the horizontal line of gaze and 2.6° wide and 3.9° (cm) long below the horizontal line of gaze.

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Mandal, Saumen, and Atanu Biswas. "Shift-invariant target in allocation problems." Statistics in Medicine 33, no. 15 (February 18, 2014): 2597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.6110.

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Phillips, J. O., L. Ling, A. F. Fuchs, C. Siebold, and J. J. Plorde. "Rapid horizontal gaze movement in the monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 1632–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.4.1632.

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1. We studied horizontal eye and head movements in three monkeys that were trained to direct their gaze (eye position in space) toward jumping targets while their heads were both fixed and free to rotate about a vertical axis. We considered all gaze movements that traveled > or = 80% of the distance to the new visual target. 2. The relative contributions and metrics of eye and head movements to the gaze shift varied considerably from animal to animal and even within animals. Head movements could be initiated early or late and could be large or small. The eye movements of some monkeys showed a consistent decrease in velocity as the head accelerated, whereas others did not. Although all gaze shifts were hypometric, they were more hypometric in some monkeys than in others. Nevertheless, certain features of the gaze shift were identifiable in all monkeys. To identify those we analyzed gaze, eye in head position, and head position, and their velocities at three points in time during the gaze shift: 1) when the eye had completed its initial rotation toward the target, 2) when the initial gaze shift had landed, and 3) when the head movement was finished. 3. For small gaze shifts (< 20 degrees) the initial gaze movement consisted entirely of an eye movement because the head did not move. As gaze shifts became larger, the eye movement contribution saturated at approximately 30 degrees and the head movement contributed increasingly to the initial gaze movement. For the largest gaze shifts, the eye usually began counterrolling or remained stable in the orbit before gaze landed. During the interval between eye and gaze end, the head alone carried gaze to completion. Finally, when the head movement landed, it was almost aimed at the target and the eye had returned to within 10 +/- 7 degrees, mean +/- SD, of straight ahead. Between the end of the gaze shift and the end of the head movement, gaze remained stable in space or a small correction saccade occurred. 4. Gaze movements < 20 degrees landed accurately on target whether the head was fixed or free. For larger target movements, both head-free and head-fixed gaze shifts became increasingly hypometric. Head-free gaze shifts were more accurate, on average, but also more variable. This suggests that gaze is controlled in a different way with the head free. For target amplitudes < 60 degrees, head position was hypometric but the error was rather constant at approximately 10 degrees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Al-Harahsheh, Ahmad Mohammad. "Cohesion and coherence shift in Jabra’s translation of Hamlet." Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, no. 56 (2022): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.56.07.

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This research aims at studying the cohesion and coherence shifts in Jabra’s translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet in Arabic. A translator is a mediator between the source text (ST) and the target readers who expect an adequate and a coherent translation of the ST. The shift of cohesion and coherence can disrupt the continuity of the target text (TT). The sample of the research consisted of 172 lines taken from different acts and scenes involving potential problems in cohesion and coherence from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, translated by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. Blum-Kulka’s approach of cohesion and coherence shifts in translation was employed as a theoretical framework. The data analysis was based on meaning shift and explicitness shift in discourse and their effects on the continuity and understanding of the TT. The study concluded that the shift of cohesion and coherence in translation does not only affect the continuity of thoughts and events but disrupts the understanding of the target readers as well.

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Zhang, Yu, Shuo Feng, Xiaohua Sun, and Haoyu Yang. "Research on Tracking Algorithm for Fast-Moving Target in Sport Video." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2017.6153.

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Tracking of player actions from sports video sequence is the hotspot in computer vision technology. The state transfer equation and the observing equation In the target tracking system are often nonlinear and non-gauss and mean shift algorithm cannot track the visual target effectively. The paper analyzes the principle and the shortage of the traditional mean shift algorithm. The reason for its weakness is analyzed too. A new tracking algorithm that combines the particle filtering and mean shift is proposed In order to effectively trace the fast-moving target. It estimates the position by particle filter in the previous frame of the targets. The position of the target is updated by the mean shift algorithm. Experimental comparisons show that it has better fusion performance for tracking the fast-moving players in sport video.

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Putri, Vania Mendoza, and Hamzah Hamzah. "Translation Shift Analysis of ANTARA News." English Language and Literature 10, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ell.v10i4.114921.

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Many research of translation shift analysis has been studied, but it is not common to find translation shift analysis approach in analysing online news. The study is aimed to analyze the types of translation shift in the Indonesian – English translation in ANTARA News. Translation shift is the alteration of lexicogrammar in source language occurred when a translator is translating a text in order to get the equivalent meaning in the target language. There are two types of translation shift introduced by Catford (1965): level shift and category shifts (structure shift, class shift, unit shift, intra-system shift). The research applied descriptive qualitative methodology. The research focused on finding out the types translation shifts that occurred in the ANTARA News. The data in this research are five selected news reported about COVID-19 in Indonesia, collected by browsing official website of ANTARA News both in Indonesian and English versions. The news that is being studied in this research applied the theory of translation shift by Catford (1965), and the utterances are the source of the data, as Indonesian is the source language (SL) and another as an English the target language (TL). The data are saved in the table of indicators in the format of Microsoft Word. After finishing the analysis, it was found out that there are 76 shifts in ANTARA News with five categories. Level shift appeared 4 times, structure shift appeared 31 times, class shift appeared 14 times, unit shift appeared 21 times, and intra-system shift appeared 6 times. In conclusion, it does not rule out the possibility that translation shift can still appear in non-fiction text such as online news, due to the difference between the languages in many aspects such as linguistic feature, cultural background, and grammatical form.

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Deng, Zheng Hong, Ting Ting Li, and Ting Ting Zhang. "An Adaptive Tracking Algorithm Based on Mean Shift." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2607.

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Object tracking is to search the most similar parts to targets in video sequences. Among the various tracking algorithms, mean shift tracking algorithm has become popular due to its simplicity, efficiency and good performance. This paper focused on mean shift tracking algorithm, which is a modeling mechanism based on statistical probability density function. In practice, when the background of the tracking and characteristics of the target are similar, pixels of background occupy a large proportion in the histogram. The traditional mean shift cannot adapt to the mutative scene. Meanwhile, if there is block or disappearance, the result is not exact. Three algorithms were given for above difficulties. A weighted template background was established, that can highlight the features of target and improve real-time. Then this paper presented a selective mechanism to update the target model. Every component is updated based on the contribution to the target model. Finally, the Kalman filter was combined with mean shift algorithm. We saw the prediction points of Kalman filter as the initial point, carried out the mean shift iteration and then updated Kalman filter using the ultimate location. Extensive experimental results illustrated excellent agreement with these methods.

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Kulke, Louisa, Janette Atkinson, and Oliver Braddick. "Relation Between Event-Related Potential Latency and Saccade Latency in Overt Shifts of Attention." Perception 49, no. 4 (April 2020): 468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620911869.

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Controlled shifts of attention between competing stimuli are crucial for effective everyday visual behaviour. While these typically involve overt shifts of fixation, many past studies used covert attention shifts in which fixation is unchanged, meaning that some response components may result from the inhibition of eye movements. In this study, the neural events in the human brain when making overt shifts of attention are studied through the combination of event-related potential recording with simultaneous eye tracking. Fixation shifts under competition (central target remains visible when a peripheral target appears) were compared with noncompetition (central target disappears). A longer latency for competition compared with noncompetition, which is found in the saccadic response, is already present in the early occipital positivity when a single target is presented for the fixation shift. These results indicate that the requirement to disengage from a current target affects the time course of neural processing at an early level. However, the relation is more complex when the participant is required to choose which of two targets to fixate.

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Sipayung, Kammer Tuahman. "Translation Shifts on Reference by Machine Translation in Descriptive Text." Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v6i1.362.

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Translation shifts are one of strategy to get a high-quality translation. It’s also used to solve the absent meaning on the target text. The objectives of this research are to describe the translation shifts (based on the theory of Blum-Kulka about kinds of shift and Halliday and Matthiesen on cohesion theory), which are done by machine translation in descriptive texts. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative research design to achieve the aims of this research. The source of data in this research is descriptive text. The data of this research are pair of words in source and target text. The form of words (pair of words in source and target) are in reference form based on the theory of Halliday about lexical devices. The researcher used interactive data analysis (data condensation, data display, and verifying/conclusion) to get the research findings. This research shows that Yandex translation made translation shifts more (35 times) often than the others. From the whole types of translation shifts (cohesion shifts: implicitation, explicitation, and meaning change), implicitation shift placed a high frequency among machines translation, however explicitation shift placed in the low frequency, and the medium frequency is placed by meaning change. It is to indicate that machine translation still lacks to produce a high level in the target than a source.

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Mizdrak, Anja, Ding Ding, Christine Cleghorn, Tony Blakely, and Justin Richards. "Hitting the Target but Missing the Point? Modelling Health and Economic Impacts of Different Approaches to Meeting the Global Action Plan for Physical Activity Target." Sports Medicine 51, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01398-2.

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Abstract Background The World Health Organization launched the Global Action Plan for Physical Activity (GAPPA) in 2018, which set a global target of a 15% relative reduction in the prevalence of physical inactivity by 2030. This target, however, could be acheived in various ways. Methods We use an established multi-state life table model to estimate the health and economic gains that would accrue over the lifetime of the 2011 New Zealand population if the GAPPA target was met under two different approaches: (1) an equal shift approach where physical activity increases by the same absolute amount for everyone; (2) a proportional shift approach where physical activity increases proportionally to current activity levels. Findings An equal shift approach to meeting the GAPPA target would result in 197,000 health-adjusted life-years (HALYs) gained (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 152,000–246,000) and healthcare system cost savings of US$1.57b (95%UI $1.16b–$2.03b; 0% discount rate). A proportional shift to the GAPPA target would result in 158,000 HALYs (95%UI 127,000–194,000) and US$1.29billion (95%UI $0.99b–$1.64b) savings to the healthcare system. Interpretation Achieving the GAPPA target would result in large health gains and savings to the healthcare system. However, not all population approaches to increasing physical activity are equal—some population shifts bring greater health benefits. Our results demonstrate the need to consider the entire population physical activity distribution in addition to evaluating progress towards a target.

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Cheng, Xuan, Liping Song, and Hongbing Ji. "Extended Target GMPHD Filter Based on Mean Shift and Graph Structure." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 36, no. 3 (June 2018): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20183630420.

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In view of excessive measurements partition number, a large computation load of extended target tracking and leakage estimation when the extended targets cross, an extended target tracking algorithm based on GMPHD with mean shift and graph structure is proposed. Firstly, the kernel density estimation is used to eliminate the clutter measurements. Secondly, mean shift algorithm is adopted to divide the extended target measurements set, and sub-division is considered to carry or not based on the information fed back from the updated graph structure. Then, the extended target GMPHD algorithm is used to filter. Finally, the graph structure is updated by the one-step predicted value of the filtering result, and the updated graph structure information is used to guide the measurement partition at the next moment. Matlab simulation shows that the algorithm proposed decreases largely the number of measurements partition, reduces the computational complexity, and solves the leakage estimation problem when the targets cross.

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Donohue, Sarah E., Jens-Max Hopf, Mandy V. Bartsch, Mircea A. Schoenfeld, Hans-Jochen Heinze, and Marty G. Woldorff. "The Rapid Capture of Attention by Rewarded Objects." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 4 (April 2016): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00917.

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When a stimulus is associated with a reward, it becomes prioritized, and the allocation of attention to that stimulus increases. For low-level features, such as color, this reward-based allocation of attention can manifest early in time and as a faster and stronger shift of attention to targets with that color, as reflected by the N2pc (a parieto-occipital electrophysiological component peaking at ∼250 msec). It is unknown, however, if reward associations can similarly modulate attentional shifts to complex objects or object categories, or if reward-related modulation of attentional allocation to such stimuli would occur later in time or through a different mechanism. Here, we used magnetoencephalographic recordings in 24 participants to investigate how object categories with a reward association would modulate the shift of attention. On each trial, two colored squares were presented, one in a target color and the other in a distractor color, each with an embedded object. Participants searched for the target-colored square and performed a corner discrimination task. The embedded objects were from either a rewarded or non-rewarded category, and if a rewarded-category object were present within the target-colored square, participants could earn extra money for correct performance. We observed that when the target color contained an object from a rewarded versus a non-rewarded category, the neural shift of attention to the target was faster and of greater magnitude, although the rewarded objects were not relevant for correct task performance. These results suggest that reward associations of complex objects can rapidly modulate attentional allocation to a target.

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Corneil, Brian D., Christine A. Hing, Dorothy V. Bautista, and Douglas P. Munoz. "Human Eye-Head Gaze Shifts in a Distractor Task. I. Truncated Gaze Shifts." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 1390–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1390.

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This study examines two current ideas regarding the control of eye-head gaze shifts. The first idea stems from recent studies involving electrical stimulation in the primate superior colliculus that suggest that a residual feedback of gaze displacement persists for ∼100 ms after completion of a gaze shift. In light of this hypothesis, we examined the accuracy of gaze shifts generated very soon after the end of a preceding gaze shift. Human subjects were presented with a visual or auditory target along with an accompanying stimulus of the other modality. The accompanying stimulus appeared either at the same place as the target or at the diametrically opposite position, in which case it was termed a distractor. Subjects often made an incorrect gaze shift (IGS) in the direction of the distractor, followed by a recorrect gaze shift (RGS) in the direction of the target. We found that RGSs were accurately driven to the target, even when they followed IGSs by <5 ms, regardless of the size of the IGS. The second idea is that a gaze shift cannot be cancelled in midflight. The end point of IGSs frequently fell short of the distractor. The dynamics of these movements, and of the head movement components during the IGSs in particular, suggests that these hypometric IGSs were planned for a much larger excursion but were truncated and superceded by the reversing RGSs. These results emphasize that the gaze shifting system can change the desired goal of a gaze shift in midflight and that the superceding movement is accurate regardless of the metrics or timing of the preceding movement.

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叶, 鸿源. "Application of Mean Shift Algorithm in Target Tracking Field." Computer Science and Application 10, no. 07 (2020): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/csa.2020.107143.

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WANG Shou-feng, 王寿峰, and 白俊奇 BAI Jun-qi. "Bandwidth-adaptive Mean Shift Infrared Target Tracking Algorithm." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 43, no. 5 (2014): 510003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20144305.0510003.

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DU, Yan Shen, Ping WEI, Wan Chun LI, and Hong Shu LIAO. "Doppler Shift Based Target Localization Using Semidefinite Relaxation." IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E97.A, no. 1 (2014): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transfun.e97.a.397.

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ZHANG, Ling, Da-yong JIANG, Wei HE, and Yang ZHOU. "Improved target tracking algorithm based on Mean-shift." Journal of Computer Applications 28, no. 12 (February 26, 2009): 3120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2008.03120.

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Fan, Xinyue. "An Improved Mean Shift Algorithm for Target Tracking." Journal of Information and Computational Science 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.12733/jics20105221.

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Chan, Y. T., and F. L. Jardine. "Target localization and tracking from Doppler-shift measurements." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 15, no. 3 (July 1990): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.107154.

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Ikeda, Yoshio. "Shift in Research Target from Plant to Animal." Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 1, no. 1 (2008): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1881-8366(08)80008-0.

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Mabruroh, Mabruroh. "An Analysis on Indonesian English Translation Shifts Found in Two Short Stories of Bilingual Children Book Series Published by “Gema Insani”." LUNAR 2, no. 02 (November 5, 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/ln.v2i02.532.

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English is international language which everyone should understand even a little. In this research, the researcher deals about translation shift especially in the bilingual children books. Indonesian is the source language while English as the target language. The objective of this research are to find out kinds of translations shift and to know how are the translation shift applied in translating two of short stories there are “Cerita Si Lebah and Cerita Si kupu-kupu”. This book very interesting, many children like to read this book, because this book makes children easy to learn English. In book Cerita Si Lebah and Si Kupu-Kupu translating Indonesian into English there are a shifting. Shift is departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL into the TL. There are two types Translation shift they are Level Shift and Category Shift. The method of this research uses descriptive qualitative method. The data analysis used by the researcher is content analysis. The researcher read and compares both Indonesian as the source language and English as the target language. The researcher took the entire sentence from the Indonesian text and English text, check whether there are shifts in translations which are taken the valid data. Then, analyze the types of translation shifts occurred and draw conclusion based on the analysis. The objects being analyzed are books entitle Cerita Si Lebah and Cerita Si Kupu-Kupu. The researcher takes the data from that’s book found 22 data there are 1 data is Level Shift and 21 data is category shift. Then, from Cerita si Lebah was found 9 data, they are level shift and category shift. The category shifts found are unit shift, structure shift and class shift. From Cerita Si Kupu-Kupu book found 13 data they are category shift, they are structure shift and Intra system shift. So, it can be concluded that the translation shift found in two short are mostly category shift.

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S., Nurhayati. "The Analysis of Category Shift in Surah Ibrahim Verses 1-52." International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL) 1, no. 2 (August 7, 2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v1i2.1034.

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Abstracts The translation from the source language into the target language cannot be exact equivalents as both languages are widely different in structure and cultural background. One of the rules in doing the translation is about the shift. This study was carried out to examine the category shift of the translation of Surah Ibrahim verses 1-52. The data collection uses the source text (English text) and targets text (Indonesian text) from the Quran. The step of this research is to scan all English words (ST) and their Indonesian translation (TT) instead of, according to Catford's theory (1965: 76) ) Identify category transfers. These transfers are divided into structural transfers, class transfers, unit transfers, and intra-system transfers. The dominant category shift results are Unit Shift (46, 71%); Structure Shift with 16,78%; Intra System Shift with the percentage of 16,45%. It was found that several combinations of the category shifts were Unit Shift + Intra System Shift, Unit Shift + Class Shift, Unit Shift + Structure Shift, and Intra System Shift + Structure Shift with a low percentage. The findings of this study were not in line with the writer's previous research for the number of the kinds of the category shift and its domination. It is expected that this study can be one of the references of another related research.

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Tomlinson, R. D., and P. S. Bahra. "Combined eye-head gaze shifts in the primate. II. Interactions between saccades and the vestibuloocular reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 56, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1558–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.56.6.1558.

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The mechanisms of eye-head coordination were studied in two alert juvenile rhesus monkeys. Animals were trained to follow a target light to obtain a water reward and the combined eye-head gaze shifts in response to target steps with a variably sized horizontal components were studied. During a certain random portion of the gaze shifts, a torque motor was used to perturb the head to investigate the operational state of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) during the saccadic gaze shift. The effects of perturbing the head were assessed during five different conditions: horizontal target steps ranging from 10 to 80 degrees in amplitude; oblique target steps where the vertical component was larger than the horizontal component; purely vertical target steps 10-40 degrees in amplitude; both horizontal and oblique target steps delivered while the animals' saccades had been slowed by the use of diazepam; and large spontaneous gaze shifts in response to both sounds and visual stimuli. Comparison of perturbed and unperturbed large-amplitude (greater than 40 degrees) gaze shifts indicate that the VOR is turned off for most of the duration of the movement. Nonetheless, there is an apparent interaction between the saccadic eye movement and the head movement, thus, as the head velocity increases, the eye velocity decreases so that gaze velocity remains nearly constant throughout the gaze shift. Since the VOR is turned off when this interaction occurs, it must represent an interaction between the actual eye and head movement motor programs themselves. Although the results were not quite as clear for small saccades (less than 20 degrees), experiments on animals whose saccades had been slowed either by the use of diazepam or by combining a small horizontal component with a large vertical component indicate that the VOR is left on during these smaller gaze shifts. During quite small gaze shifts (less than 10 degrees), the VOR is clearly functioning; however, as the size of the gaze shift is increased, this becomes less clear, and there appears to be a region where the VOR operates with a gain substantially less than normal before it enters the large gaze shift region where the VOR is turned off entirely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Kang, Zheng Xi, Hui Zhao, and Yuan Zhen Dang. "Target Tracking Analysis Based on Corner Registration." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 1997–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.1997.

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Target tracking algorithm based on Mean-Shift and Kalman filter does well in linear tracking. However, the algorithm might lose the target when the trace of mobile target is curve or the acceleration is not constant. To cope with these drawbacks, this paper proposes Target Tracking Analysis Based on Corner Registration. The algorithm modifies the initial iteration center of Mean-Shift by using the corner features combined with affine transformation theory and then the Mean-Shift can track the target. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results demonstrate that this method can overcome the drawbacks we talk above and make achievements in target tracking.

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Zhao, Yi Zhi, Huan Wang, and Guo Cai Yin. "Research on Mean Shift Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4021.

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Computer vision is a diverse and relatively new field of study. Object tracking plays a crucial role as a preliminary step for high-level image processing in the field of computer vision. However, mean shift algorithm in the target tracking has some defects, such as: the application of fixed bandwidth for probability density estimation usually causes lack of smooth or too smooth; moving target often appears partial occlusion or complete occlusion due to the complexity of the background; background pixels in object model will induce localization error of object tracking, and so on. Therefore, this paper elaborates several elegant algorithms to solve some of the problems. After discussing the application of Mean shift in the field of target tracking, this paper presented an improved Mean shift algorithm by combining Mean Shift and Kalman Filter.

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Liu, Yu, and Xiaoyan Wang. "Mean Shift Fusion Color Histogram Algorithm for Nonrigid Complex Target Tracking in Sports Video." Complexity 2021 (April 22, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569637.

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We analyze and study the tracking of nonrigid complex targets of sports video based on mean shift fusion color histogram algorithm. A simple and controllable 3D template generation method based on monocular video sequences is constructed, which is used as a preprocessing stage of dynamic target 3D reconstruction algorithm to achieve the construction of templates for a variety of complex objects, such as human faces and human hands, broadening the use of the reconstruction method. This stage requires video sequences of rigid moving target objects or sets of target images taken from different angles as input. First, the standard rigid body method of Visuals is used to obtain the external camera parameters of the sequence frames as well as the sparse feature point reconstruction data, and the algorithm has high accuracy and robustness. Then, a dense depth map is computed for each input image frame by the Multi-View Stereo algorithm. The depth reconstruction with a too high resolution not only increases the processing time significantly but also generates more noise, so the resolution of the depth map is controlled by parameters. The multiple hypothesis target tracking algorithms are used to track multiple targets, while the chunking feature is used to solve the problem of mutual occlusion and adhesion between targets. After finishing the matching, the target and background models are updated online separately to ensure the validity of the target and background models. Our results of nonrigid complex target tracking by mean shift fusion color histogram algorithm for sports video improve the accuracy by about 8% compared to other studies. The proposed tracking method based on the mean shift algorithm and color histogram algorithm can not only estimate the position of the target effectively but also depict the shape of the target well, which solves the problem that the nonrigid targets in sports video have complicated shapes and are not easy to track. An example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and adaptiveness of the applied method.

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Declercq, Elien. "Cornillie, Bert, José Lambert & Pierre Swiggers, eds. 2009. Linguistic Identities, Language Shift and Language Policy in Europe." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 23, no. 1 (August 10, 2011): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.23.1.14dec.

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Borden, Jonathan A., Jen-san Tsai, and Anita Mahajan. "Effect of subpixel magnetic resonance imaging shifts on radiosurgical dosimetry for vestibular schwannoma." Journal of Neurosurgery 97 (December 2002): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0445.

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Object. The purpose of this study was to evaluate subpixel magnetic resonance (MR) imaging shifts of intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas (VSs) with respect to the internal auditory canal (IAC) as documented on computerized tomography (CT) scanning and to investigate the source of imaging-related localization errors in radiosurgery as well as the effect of such shifts on the dosimetry for small targets. Methods. A shift of the stereotactic coordinates of intracanalicular VSs between those determined on MR imaging and those on CT scanning represents an error in localization. A shift vector places the tumor within the IAC and measures the CT scan/MR image discrepancy. The shift vectors were measured in a series of 15 largely intracanalicular VSs (all < 1.5 cm3 in volume). Using dose volume histogram measurements, the overlap between shifted and unshifted tumors and radiosurgical treatment plans were measured. Using plastic and bone phantoms and thermoluminescent dosimetry measurements, the correspondence between CT and MR imaging targets and treatments delivered using the Leksell gamma knife were measured. Combining these measurements, the correspondence between intended and actual treatments was measured. Conclusions. The delivery of radiation to CT-imaged targets was accurate to the limits of measurement (∼ 0.1 mm). The MR imaging shifts seen in the y axis averaged 0.9 mm and in the z axis 0.8 mm. The corresponding percentage of tumor coverage with respect to apparent target shift decreased from 98 to 77%. This represents a significant potential error when targets are defined solely by MR imaging.

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Lathifah, Syifa'ul, and Januarius Mujiyanto. "Formal Shifts Use on Achieving Pragmatic Equivalence in English – Indonesian Translation of KungFu Panda." English Education Journal 11, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v11i1.45412.

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This study is concerned with the analysis of Catford’s formal shifts use in speech act translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia in Kung Fu Panda movie. The analysis covers the use of level shift and category shift on achieving pragmatic equivalence and how the visual-verbal relation happened along with the pragmatic achievement process. This study took documentation and a questionnaire on collecting the data. In this study, a theory from Baker (1992) was applied to analyze pragmatic equivalence achievement. Moreover, the theory from Halliday (1994) in Martinec and Salway (2005) was used to identify visual-verbal relations. The results of the study depicted (1) the use of level shift and category shift were very needed which led to pragmatic equivalence achievement (95,3%). Based on the target readers and expert raters, (2) the visual-verbal relation helped the translator on target text arrangement by providing the context of which the speech act was being uttered. The visual-verbal relation identified in the Kung Fu Panda movie were exposition (12,7%), enhancement (9,3%), extension (5,3%) and locution relation (72,7%). (3) The translator tended to use category shift dominantly (66,67%) for recreating the most suitable target text that was similar to the source text’s pragmatic meaning.The large identification of visual-verbal relation locutionallowed target and expert readers to perceive the meaning lied in speech act only from the word given.

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Hendrastuti, Retno. "PERGESERAN RIMA DALAM PUISI TERJEMAHAN TAUFIQ ISMAIL (Rhyme Shift in Poems Translated by Taufiq Ismail)." Kandai 13, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jk.v13i1.154.

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One of indications of the success in poetry translation is source language (SL) rhyme and meaning can be transferred into target language (TL) simultaneously. However, sometimes rhyme translation shift cannot be avoided to keep the meaning of SL. This is a qualitative descriptive research that aims to explore rhyme shift and its effect toward translation meaning accuracy. The data were SL-TL rhymes pairs found in eight poems translated by Taufiq Ismail. The analysis result showed that there were various rhyme shifts, including fixed rhymes, partial shift rhymes, and full shift rhymes. Accurate rhyme shifts (without any type rhyme shift) happens on more than a half of entire data. The shifts found were not influence the accuracy of poem meaning. Basically, those were developed as an effort to preserve poems message as a part of universal literature piece.

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Shofiarizqi, Bintang, and Rahayu Puji Haryanti. "The Existence of Grammatical Shifts in The English – Indonesian Translation Done by English Language Department Students." English Education Journal 13, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v13i1.70783.

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Translation is transferring the meaning from the source language into the target language. Therefore, the shift in translation could be occurred because of the difference between two languages. To understand the translation shifts more detail, this study was composed by taking the translation shift as the theme of study. This study focused on explainning the existence of grammatical shifts in the English into Indonesian translation of an essay text done by the 5th semester students of English Language department at Walisongo Islamic State University. The subject of this study consisted of 15 people of 5th semester students of Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang. Meanwhile, the object of this study was the translation results produced by the students. This study was a descriptive qualitative study emphasizing the detailed understanding of the result of the study. In order to collect the data, this study used test and documentation of the students’ translation results. Based on the analysis, there were found two main types of shifts, including level shift and category shift, in the students’ translation result. The category shift was divided into four types, such as structure shift, class shift, unit / rank shift, and intra-system shift. The dominant translation shift that found in this study was unit / rank shift as much as 28.81 %, that followed by structure shift (25.07 %), intra-system shift (20.89 %), level shift (18.53 %), and class shift (6.70 %). Those kinds of grammatical shifts will be explained in this study, in order to increase the knowledge about the grammatical shifts in translation.

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Xu, Pengcheng, Boyu Wang, and Charles Ling. "Class Overwhelms: Mutual Conditional Blended-Target Domain Adaptation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 3 (June 26, 2023): 3036–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i3.25407.

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Current methods of blended targets domain adaptation (BTDA) usually infer or consider domain label information but underemphasize hybrid categorical feature structures of targets, which yields limited performance, especially under the label distribution shift. We demonstrate that domain labels are not directly necessary for BTDA if categorical distributions of various domains are sufficiently aligned even facing the imbalance of domains and the label distribution shift of classes. However, we observe that the cluster assumption in BTDA does not comprehensively hold. The hybrid categorical feature space hinders the modeling of categorical distributions and the generation of reliable pseudo labels for categorical alignment. To address these, we propose a categorical domain discriminator guided by uncertainty to explicitly model and directly align categorical distributions P(Z|Y). Simultaneously, we utilize the low-level features to augment the single source features with diverse target styles to rectify the biased classifier P(Y|Z) among diverse targets. Such a mutual conditional alignment of P(Z|Y) and P(Y|Z) forms a mutual reinforced mechanism. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art in BTDA even compared with methods utilizing domain labels, especially under the label distribution shift, and in single target DA on DomainNet.

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Alemu, Abebe Yirga, Zhi Jun Pei, and Jun Zhang. "Mean Shift Tracking with Advanced Background-Weighted Histogram." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.706.

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Tracking objects in videos using mean shift technique has brought to public attention. In background-weighted histogram (BWH) algorithm proposed by Kernel-Based Object tracking attempts to reduce the interference of background target localization in mean shift tracking. However, in this paper we prove that the weights assigned to pixels in the target candidate region by BWH are proportional to those without background information, i.e. BWH does not introduce any new information because the mean shift iteration formula is invariant to the scale transformation of weights. We then propose an Advanced BWH (ABWH) formula by transforming only the target model but not the target candidate model. The ABWH scheme can effectively reduce background’s interference in target localization and for the target not well initialized, it can still robustly track the object, which is hard to achieve by the conventional target representation and it lead to faster convergence and more accurate localization than the usual target representation in mean shift tracking.

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Poole, Daniel, Eleanor Miles, Emma Gowen, and Ellen Poliakoff. "Shifting attention between modalities: Revisiting the modality-shift effect in autism." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 83, no. 6 (April 30, 2021): 2498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02302-4.

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AbstractSelective attention to a sensory modality has been observed experimentally in studies of the modality-shift effect – a relative performance benefit for targets preceded by a target in the same modality, compared to a different modality. Differences in selective attention are commonly observed in autism and we investigated whether exogenous (automatic) shift costs between modalities are increased. Autistic adults and neurotypical controls made speeded discrimination responses to simple visual, tactile and auditory targets. Shift costs were observed for each target modality in participant response times and were largest for auditory targets, reflective of fast responses on auditory repeat trials. Critically, shift costs were similar between the groups. However, integrating speed and accuracy data using drift-diffusion modelling revealed that shift costs in drift rates (reflecting the quality of information extracted from the stimulus) were reduced for autistic participants compared with neurotypicals. It may be that, unlike neurotypicals, there is little difference between attention within and between sensory modalities for autistic people. This finding also highlights the benefit of combining reaction time and accuracy data using decision models to better characterise selective attention in autism.

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Molina, Daniel Martinez, Rozbeh Jafari, Marina Ignatushchenko, Takahiro Seki, E. Andreas Larsson, Chen Dan, Lekshmy Sreekumar, Yihai Cao, and Pär Nordlund. "Monitoring Drug Target Engagement in Cells and Tissues Using the Cellular Thermal Shift Assay." Science 341, no. 6141 (July 4, 2013): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1233606.

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The efficacy of therapeutics is dependent on a drug binding to its cognate target. Optimization of target engagement by drugs in cells is often challenging, because drug binding cannot be monitored inside cells. We have developed a method for evaluating drug binding to target proteins in cells and tissue samples. This cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is based on the biophysical principle of ligand-induced thermal stabilization of target proteins. Using this assay, we validated drug binding for a set of important clinical targets and monitored processes of drug transport and activation, off-target effects and drug resistance in cancer cell lines, as well as drug distribution in tissues. CETSA is likely to become a valuable tool for the validation and optimization of drug target engagement.

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Donatus, Darso. "CATEGORY SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION: A CASE STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES INTO INDONESIAN." Lingua Scientia 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ls.v25i1.18818.

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This study aims at identifying the types of category shifts and explaining their occurrence in the translation of complex noun phrases from English into Indonesian in The Valley of Fear Novel. The data were collected using observation method which was supported by implementing note taking technique in order to find out, identify, and classify the data. The data were analyzed by applying the qualitative descriptive method. The theory applied in this study is the theory of translation proposed by Catford (1965) to identify the types of category shifts found and to explain their occurrence. The result shows that all types of category shifts proposed by Catford (1965) such as structure shift, class shift, intra-system shift, and unit shift are found in the translation. Structure shift occurs in the highest frequency of 339 cases or about 66,86% out of total 507 cases, class shift occurs 75 cases or 14,79 % out of total 507 cases, and intra-system shift occurs 48 cases or 9,46 % out of total 507 cases, and unit shift occurs 45 cases or 8,87 % out of total 507 cases. The occurrence of category shift is caused by the different characteristics of source language and target language.

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Wang, Wei, Chun Ping Wang, and Qiang Fu. "An Image Tracking Method Based on Color Co-Occurrence Histograms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.936.

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Aiming at the result of Mean-Shift tracking method is not satisfactory when color of the target is similar to the back ground or another similar object is close to the target, a real- time target tracking method combined with Mean shift and color co-occurrence histograms (CCH) was proposed in this paper. The method used CCH to represent target model of the Mean-Shift. And then the Mean-Shift was used to locate the target position. Moreover, the studied model updating strategy based on multi-scale CCH and the similarity measure of Bhattacharyya value is constructed in the method. Experiments in the complex environment were done. The results show that the proposed method has more accurate target locating and better robustness than the traditional Mean-Shift.

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Fikri, Muhammad Rizalul, and Riski Lestiono. "Translation Shift in Indonesian-English Versions of Holy Quran Sura An Nas." Jurnal Linguistik Terapan 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jlt.v9i2.91.

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Translation shift has turned into an appealing and intriguing topic to depart from. Shift cannot be avoided when it comes to transferring one language into another language. It is caused by the rules that each language has. Translation shifts are divided into 2 kinds which are category shifts and level shift. Category shifts fall into 4 categories which are structure shit, unit shift, class shift, and intra system shift. The objectives of this current study are to 1) discover types of translation shift which appear in the Indonesian and English translation versions of Holy Quran Sura An Nas and 2) find out the most dominant shift occurring in the Indonesian and English translation versions of Holy Quran Sura An Nas. Qualitative design was employed to arrive at the answers to the quest. This current study has revealed that three kinds of category shift, which are unit shift, class shift, and intra system shift, are found except structure shift. Holy Quran is divine Scripture. We seek refuge min syarril-waswāsil-khannās from setan yang bersembunyi (the evil of the retreating whisper) – detecting unit shift from adjective clause into prepositional phrase. This sort of investigation is mainly human inquiry to interpret the Source Language (SL) into Target Language (TL) in various versions within the limitation of human imperfection.

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Kasap, Bahadir, and A. John van Opstal. "Modeling auditory-visual evoked eye-head gaze shifts in dynamic multisteps." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 1795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00502.2017.

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In dynamic visual or auditory gaze double-steps, a brief target flash or sound burst is presented in midflight of an ongoing eye-head gaze shift. Behavioral experiments in humans and monkeys have indicated that the subsequent eye and head movements to the target are goal-directed, regardless of stimulus timing, first gaze shift characteristics, and initial conditions. This remarkable behavior requires that the gaze-control system 1) has continuous access to accurate signals about eye-in-head position and ongoing eye-head movements, 2) that it accounts for different internal signal delays, and 3) that it is able to update the retinal ( TE) and head-centric ( TH) target coordinates into appropriate eye-centered and head-centered motor commands on millisecond time scales. As predictive, feedforward remapping of targets cannot account for this behavior, we propose that targets are transformed and stored into a stable reference frame as soon as their sensory information becomes available. We present a computational model, in which recruited cells in the midbrain superior colliculus drive eyes and head to the stored target location through a common dynamic oculocentric gaze-velocity command, which is continuously updated from the stable goal and transformed into appropriate oculocentric and craniocentric motor commands. We describe two equivalent, yet conceptually different, implementations that both account for the complex, but accurate, kinematic behaviors and trajectories of eye-head gaze shifts under a variety of challenging multisensory conditions, such as in dynamic visual-auditory multisteps.

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Zhou, Chang, Zhen-Bo Zhu, and Zi-Yue Tang. "A Novel Waveform Design Method for Shift-Frequency Jamming Confirmation." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1569590.

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Shift-frequency jamming is generally used to form range false targets for ground-based early-warning radar systems; the frequency shift value of such interference is larger than the Doppler shift value of the moving target, and the key element to suppress the shift-frequency jamming is the frequency shift value estimation. However, in the low- or medium-pulse repetition frequency (PRF) mode, it is challenging to estimate the accurate frequency shift due to the velocity ambiguity. To solve this problem, a novel sparse Doppler-sensitive waveform is designed based on the ambiguity function theory, where the basic idea is to design a waveform sensitive to a specific Doppler but insensitive to other Dopplers; therefore, this waveform can recognize the specific Doppler of the target unambiguously. To apply the designed waveform in practice, the detection and estimation processing flow is provided based on the waveform diversity technique and the family of the sparse Doppler-sensitive waveforms. Simulation experiments are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed method, and we conclude that the advantage of this method is that it can be used to confirm the specific Doppler of the target unambiguously with few pulses even under the condition of a low PRF.

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Chen, Jian-jun, Guo-cheng An, Suo-fei Zhang, and Zhen-yang Wu. "Small Target Tracking Based on Histogram Interpolation Mean Shift." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 32, no. 9 (December 2, 2010): 2119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2009.01245.

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LIN, Qing, Yuan-xiang CHEN, Shi-tong WANG, and Yong-zhao ZHAN. "Mean-Shift tracking algorithm with adaptive bandwidth of target." Journal of Computer Applications 29, no. 12 (March 2, 2010): 3329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2009.03329.

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Jia, Danping, Lifeng Zhang, and Chunhua Li. "The Improvement of Mean-Shift Algorithm in Target Tracking." International Journal of Security and Its Applications 9, no. 2 (February 28, 2015): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2015.9.2.03.

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Gao, Jun. "Improved mean shift algorithm for multiple occlusion target tracking." Optical Engineering 47, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 086402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2969127.

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Yamada, Y., K. Miura, and T. Kawabe. "Temporal course of position shift for a peripheral target." Journal of Vision 11, no. 6 (May 11, 2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.6.6.

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Sorbello, Massimiliano, Arash Afshari, and Stefan De Hert. "Device or target? A paradigm shift in airway management." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 35, no. 11 (November 2018): 811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/eja.0000000000000893.

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Dart, Melanie L., Thomas Machleidt, Emily Jost, Marie K. Schwinn, Matthew B. Robers, Ce Shi, Thomas A. Kirkland, et al. "Homogeneous Assay for Target Engagement Utilizing Bioluminescent Thermal Shift." ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9, no. 6 (April 16, 2018): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00081.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Target shift'

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