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1
Bragina, Zinaida, Tat'yana Vasil'kova, Natal'ya Gorbina, Irina Zhupley, Aleksey Zorin, Oksana Ivanova, Natal'ya Isina, et al. Priorities of socio-economic development of rural areas in the context of global challenges. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1870593.
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The monograph examines the priority areas of rural development caused by the global challenges of the economy and society as a whole. The main factors of rural development, multidirectional links between the economy of municipalities and the level of economic development and economic security of the region are noted. The most important organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of the agricultural sector are shown: state support, tax regulation, introduction of information and communication technologies and digitalization. Applied solutions for managing costs and financial results, directions for diversifying the rural economy, and the feasibility of developing cooperation are outlined. The
target positive directions of structural shifts in agriculture, ensuring the achievement of food security, are outlined.
It is intended for managers and specialists of agricultural organizations, local governments, researchers, teachers and students of higher educational institutions.
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Denton, Helen. Chapter 14 Coupled Enzyme Activity and Thermal Shift Screening of the Maybridge Rule of 3 Fragment Library Against Trypanosoma brucei Choline Kinase; A Genetically Validated Drug Target. InTechOpen, 2013.
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Barcelona, Antonio. Metaphor and Metonymy in Language and Art. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0014.
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Interpreting sacred notions of the Hebrew Bible in a non-literal sense was part of the hermeneutical manoeuvres of Early Christian writers. They proceeded by deliteralization and metaphorization, meta-linguistic speech acts by which a word usually understood in its literal sense receives a non-literal meaning. The author develops a two-phase model of Paul’s notion of the ‘circumcision of the heart.’ First the initial values (Jewishness and ritual circumcision) are projected upon a newly created target, inwardness. Then the original value is abolished. This process can be termed a value-shift, versus similar instances which should be seen as value-extensions, the source value being preserved and extended to other realms. Corollaries of value-shift and value-extension are duty-shift and duty-extension. From a socio-religious perspective, metaphorization accompanies a widening of the religious community; it reveals itself to be a moment in the genesis of new philosophical concepts, such as inwardness as the locus of redemption.
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Mitchell, Koritha. The Black Lawyer. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036491.003.0005.
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This chapter traces the shift in the community conversation from an emphasis on black soldiers who return from fighting overseas and must be defended by white attorneys to the increasing visibility of black lawyers. Crisis magazine coverage notes this shift, and lynching dramas similarly identify the black attorney as a figure embodying the race's faith in truth and justice. The mob's target in A Sunday Morning in the South (of which author Georgia Douglas Johnson wrote white-church and black-church versions) aspires to be a lawyer. In For Unborn Children by Myrtle Smith Livingston, the mob's victim is already an attorney. Placing a spotlight on these men, the scripts preserve community perspectives that are rejected by courts of law and the court of public opinion.
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Bisschops, Ralph. Metaphor in Religious Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012.
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Interpreting sacred notions of the Hebrew Bible in a figurative sense was part of the hermeneutical manoeuvres of Early Christian writers. They proceeded by deliteralisation and metaphorisation. Paul’s notion of the ‘circumcision of the heart’, which is intimately linked to that of the ‘inner Jew’, was an attempt to internalise Jewish law-abidingness whilst abolishing its initial dignity. The chapter develops a two-phase model behind Paul’s metaphorisations. First the initial values (Jewishness and ritual circumcision) are projected onto a newly created target, namely inwardness. Subsequently, the original value is abolished. This process can be termed a value-shift, in contradistinction to similar instances which should be seen as value-extensions the source value being preserved and merely extended. . Corollaries of value-shift and value-extension are duty-shift and duty-extension. From a socio-religious perspective, metaphorisation goes along with a widening of the religious community. In the last resort, however, it reveals itself to be a moment in the genesis of new theological and even philosophical concepts such as inwardness as the locus of redemption.
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Lambert, David G. Mechanisms and determinants of anaesthetic drug action. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0013.
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This chapter is broken into two main sections: a general description of the principles of ligand receptor interaction and a discussion of the main groups of ‘targets’; and explanation of some common pharmacological interactions in anaesthesia, critical care, and pain management. Agonists bind to and activate receptors while antagonists bind to receptors and block the effects of agonists. Antagonists can be competitive (most common) or non-competitive/irreversible. The main classes of drug target are enzymes, carriers, ion channels, and receptors with examples of anaesthetic relevance interacting with all classes. There are many examples in anaesthesia where multiple interacting drugs are co-administered—polypharmacology. To give an example: neuromuscular blockade. Rocuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker acting as a competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Rocuronium competes with endogenous acetylcholine to shift the concentration–response curve for contraction to the right. The degree of contractility is less for a given concentration of acetylcholine (agonist) in the presence of rocuronium. Using the same principle, the rightward shift can be compensated by increasing the amount of acetylcholine (as long as the amount of rocuronium presented to the receptor as an antagonist remains unchanged, its action can be overcome by increased agonist). Acetylcholine at the effect site is increased by acetylcholinesterase inhibition with neostigmine. One of the side-effects of neostigmine is that it acts as an indirect parasympathomimetic. In the cardiovascular system this would lead to muscarinic receptor-mediated bradycardia; these effects are routinely reversed by the competitive muscarinic antagonist glycopyrrolate.
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Arsenault, Elizabeth Grimm. Geneva Convention Compliance in Iraq and Afghanistan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379774.003.0005.
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US compliance with the Geneva Conventions in Iraq and Afghanistan appeared to vary with the particular subject matter and battle space. In military operations during the last decade, the United States assessed the legality of virtually every proposed target to avoid the intentional targeting of civilians. Legal specialists also, however, flagrantly overlooked Common Article 3’s minimum prescription that all captured individuals have the right to be treated humanely. This variation in compliance is explained by the shift in mission objectives: When the United States approached these conflicts as purely counterterror operations, the goal was to disrupt the enemy. However, under the population-centric counterinsurgency mission, noncompliance with the Geneva Conventions equated to mission failure. The shift from counterterrorism to counterinsurgency increased US sensitivity to civilian casualties and the operational consequences of detainee abuse. By adapting practice to comply with the Conventions, the people became the prize in the war on terror.
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Lee, Bonmyong. Stereotactic Core Biopsy. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0055.
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Stereotactic biopsy systems utilize angled mammography images and parallax shift to localize and sample a target. The most common indication for stereotactic core biopsy is to sample suspicious/indeterminate calcifications, but it can be used to biopsy any mammographic finding (mass, developing asymmetry, architectural distortion). In benign cases, core biopsy may avoid unnecessary surgery. In malignant cases, core biopsy allows for a pathological diagnosis prior to lumpectomy, and better surgical planning. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical procedures, provides a practical guide to stereotactic core biopsy. Topics discussed include stereotactic core biopsy equipment, procedure protocols and pitfalls, clinical management, and imaging follow-up.
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Walsh, Richard A. When Less Is More. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0006.
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The natural history of PD produces a predominance of nonmotor complications in the later years that can often be more disabling than the motor complications due to their impact on quality of life. Quality of life is less impaired by motor symptoms than it is by cognitive impairment, hallucinations, autonomic involvement, and sleep disruption. Carer burden can be significant, and a shift of emphasis toward maximizing quality of life for patient and carer over the achievement of continuous dopaminergic stimulation is required. Recognition of the carer burden is an important facet of the palliative neurology consultation, which should target resources to limit carer burnout in recognition of their critical role.
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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Osmotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0005.
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Osmotic drugs are ubiquitously used in neurocritically ill patients. Mannitol and hypertonic saline are readily available in emergency departments and intensive care units to reduce intracranial pressure. Mannitol depletes and hypertonic saline expands the volume status. Hyperosmolar fluids increase the intravascular osmolality, draw water from the brain, reduce or temporize shift, and reduce globally increased intracranial pressure from any cause. These osmotic fluids change fluid compartments and cannot be used indiscriminately. Particularly when they are administered regularly, close monitoring is needed and target goals should be set. This chapter discusses triggers for the use of these osmotic agents, how to judge their effect, and how to dose adequately.
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Ibata-Arens, Kathryn C. Beyond Technonationalism. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503605473.001.0001.
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What explains the rapid and sustained economic rise of Asian countries in high-technology industries, including biomedicals? The biomedical industry, comprised mainly of biopharmaceuticals and medical devices, is among the fastest growing globally and has been an economic-development target of national governments around the world. The book presents a conceptual framework to assess national government management of innovation and entrepreneurship in the fast-growing biomedical industry in Asia, which at current growth rates is on track to become the center of the world economy. Four Asian countries—China, India, Japan, and Singapore—are compared in terms of innovation capacities, government policy, and firm-level strategies underlying competitive advantages in high technology. The book argues that countries that pursue networked technonationalism have been effective in upgrading innovation capacity and also encouraging entrepreneurial activity in targeted industries. The study begins with a global-level analysis of biomedical innovation and entrepreneurship, identifying emerging concentrations of scientific citation, patenting, and firm creation—paying close attention to trends in Asian economies and future prospects. Findings indicate a gradual shift to Asian economies of many biomedical-innovation and new-business-creation activities. The book concludes with implications for innovation policy and entrepreneurship strategy in Asia and elsewhere.
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author, Moye M. J., ed. Upside: Profiting from the profound demographic shifts ahead. AMACOM, 2017.
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Zogby, John, Kenneth W. Gronbach, and M. J. Moye. Upside: Profiting from the Profound Demographic Shifts Ahead. AMACOM, 2017.
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Milivojević, Sanja. Race, Gender, and Border Control in the Western Balkans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0006.
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This chapter looks at the intersection of race, gender, and migration in the Western Balkans. Immobilizing mobile bodies from the Global South has increasingly been the focus of criminological inquiry. Such inquiry, however, has largely excluded the Western Balkans. A difficult place to research, comprising countries of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, the region is the second-largest route for irregular migrants in Europe (Frontex 2016). Indeed, EU expansion and global developments such as wars in Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq have had a major impact on mobility and migration in the region. The chapter outlines racialized hierarchies in play in contemporary border policing in the region, and how these racialized and gendered practices target racially different Others and women irregular migrants and asylum seekers. Finally, this chapter maps the impact of such practices and calls for a shift in knowledge production in documenting and addressing such discriminatory practices.
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Meredith, Tami M. Women’s Use of Computer Games to Practice Intrasexual Competition. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.47.
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Digital gaming, whether performed using a game console, cellular telephone, or desktop computer, is now a popular entertainment activity. While men still dominate among game developers and players, this disparity has been reduced as game designers shift their views and develop games that support women’s style of play. In particular, women desire to practice and perform the competitive styles they use when performing real-world intrasexual competition: self-promotion, competitor derogation and manipulation, target manipulation, and the building of social hierarchies to obtain allies or spread information needed to support these strategies. Women play games and compete, both among each other and against game challenges, if given the opportunity to do so in a meaningful and realistic manner where they can practice their preferred competitive skills. This chapter examines digital gaming with respect to women’s competitive strategies to identify how games can support these strategies and appeal to women.
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Seyfried, Thomas N., and Laura M. Shelton. Metabolism-Based Treatments to Counter Cancer. Edited by Jong M. Rho. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0012.
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Accumulating evidence indicates that cancer is a type of mitochondrial metabolic disease. Chronic damage to mitochondria causes a gradual shift in cellular energy metabolism from respiration to fermentation. Consequently, fermentable metabolites become the drivers of cancer. Mitochondrial injury can explain the long-standing “oncogenic paradox,” and all major hallmarks of cancer including genomic instability. Restriction of fermentable fuels therefore becomes a viable therapeutic strategy for cancer management. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a metabolic therapy that lowers blood glucose and elevates blood ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are a “super fuel” for functional mitochondria, but cannot be metabolized efficiently by tumor mitochondria. The efficacy of KDs for cancer management can be enhanced when used together with drugs and procedures (such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy) (that further target fermentation. Therapeutic ketosis can represent an alternative, nontoxic strategy for managing and preventing a broad range of cancers while reducing healthcare costs.
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Braun, Benjamin. Central Bank Planning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0009.
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Central banks have increasingly used communication to guide market actors’ expectations of future rates of interest, inflation, and growth. However, aware of the pitfalls of (financial) central planning, central bankers until recently drew a line by restricting their monetary policy interventions to short-term interest rates. Longer-term rates, they argued, reflected decentralized knowledge and should be determined by market forces. By embracing forward guidance and quantitative easing (QE) to target long-term rates, central banks have crossed that line. While consistent with the post-1980s expansion of the temporal reach of monetary policy further into the future, these unconventional policies nevertheless mark a structural break—the return of hydraulic macroeconomic state agency, refashioned for a financialized economy. This chapter analyses the theoretical and practical reasoning behind this shift in the governability paradigm and examines the epistemic and reputational costs of modern central bank planning and the non-market setting of long-term bond prices.
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Davies, Paul. Control Shifts via Share Acquisition Contracts with Shareholders (Takeovers). Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.28.
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This chapter examines the regulatory issues that arise when there is an offer to acquire shares directly from one or more shareholders of a company such that control of that company shifts to the acquirer. It begins with a comparison between control shifts implemented by contract and corporate transactions which produce the same result. It identifies three principal areas where contract may need to be supplemented by takeover-specific rules arising out of the coordination costs of target shareholders, powers of target management, and agency costs of non-controlling shareholders. It then considers how takeover regulation could be fashioned so as to promote efficient and discourage inefficient transfers of control. The chapter concludes by focusing on the choices actually made in four countries: Japan, Germany, UK, and the United States.
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Martin, Christopher. No Longer Newsworthy. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501735257.001.0001.
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Workers in the U.S. have been increasingly invisible since the late 1960s, as the news media shifted their focus to upscale audiences and lost sight of the American working class. This bookcharts the decline of labor reporting and the shift in worker news narratives from a labor-based to a consumer-based perspective during the twentieth century. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, most American newspapers became part of large, publicly traded media companies and refocused their target market from a mass audience to upscale readership. America’s white working class, a segment of the broader working class cut adrift from mainstream journalism, eventually found the rising conservative media – right-wing newspapers, Christian television, vitriolic talk radio, Fox News, and later a host of conservative web sites that specialize in stoking white, working class grievances. The newspaper industry’s upscale turn resulted in a momentous fallout: the decline of labor reporting, changing narratives about workers, the popular deployment of frames tagging labor unions and pro-worker policies as “job killers,” the loss of political voice for the working class, the rise of conservative media, and the conditions for a Donald Trump presidency.
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Rose, Emily, ed. Pediatric Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190073879.001.0001.
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This book comprehensively covers common (and less common but important) pediatric emergencies in a practical and clinically focused manner. The target audience is general emergency providers (emergency medicine physicians, attendings, resident trainees, and advance practice providers) primarily who care for both adults and children. The chapters compare and contrasts the presentation and care of specific diseases in children with care in adults. The unique features of care in children are emphasized and this book is broadly organized by involved organ systems. Each chapter of this book is authored by a practicing Pediatric Emergency Medicine doctor who is nationally recognized expert. The chapters are clinically focused and synthesize years of clinical experience and incorporation of the most up to date evidence-based care. Each chapter is chock full of practical clinical pearls that can be used at the bedside on the next shift. This book is unique as it is more clinically focused than a traditional textbook but more comprehensive than a typical clinical guide. Additionally, this book is written by carefully selected and nationally recognized experts in Pediatric Emergency Medicine from academic institutions throughout the United States.
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DeCredico, Mary A. Confederate Citadel. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179254.001.0001.
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Richmond, Virginia, became the capital of the Confederate States of America in May 1861. From that point on, it would be the target of multiple Union “On to Richmond” campaigns. Richmond was symbolic: its capitol building bore the imprimatur of the Revolutionary War generation and had been designed by Thomas Jefferson; on its grounds was a famous equestrian statue of George Washington. Nearby was St. John’s Church, where Patrick Henry had demanded liberty—or death. But Richmond was an anomaly in the antebellum South. It supported a diverse population of whites, slaves, free people of color, and immigrants. It had modernized during the 1850s. By 1860, it ranked thirteenth nationally in manufacturing and boasted a robust commercial economy. When civil war erupted in 1861, it was only logical to shift the Confederate capital to the city on the James. Richmond became the keystone of the rebellion. Its people would sacrifice until there was literally nothing left. Rather than allow the Union army to take the city in 1865, the Confederacy’s military leaders fired the tobacco housed there, which created a firestorm that nearly destroyed the city. When the Federals entered Richmond on April 3, they could see the detritus that was a testament to the city’s and its citizens’ contributions to the Confederacy.
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Panagopoulos, Costas. Bases Loaded. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197533062.001.0001.
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Over the past few decades, a fundamental shift in political campaign strategy has been afoot in U.S. elections: Political campaigns have been gradually shifting their attention away from swing voters toward their respective, partisan bases. Independents and weak partisans have been targeted with less frequency, and the emphasis in contemporary elections has been on strong partisans. This book documents this shift—away from persuasion toward base mobilization—in the context of U.S. presidential elections and explains that this phenomenon is likely linked to several developments, including advances in campaign technology and voter-targeting capabilities as well as insights from behavioral social science focusing on voter mobilization. The analyses show the 2000 presidential election represents a watershed cycle that punctuated this shift. The book also explores the implications of the shift toward base mobilization and links these developments to growing turnout rates for strong partisans and attenuating participation among independents or swing voters over time. The book concludes these patterns have contributed to heightened partisan polarization in the United States.
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Bliss, Catherine. A Sociogenomic World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses a paradigm shift in the genomic sciences wherein scientists have gone from ignoring race to studying it. It argues that the field has adopted a sociogenomic approach to race, in which scientists understand race as a muddled mix of genetic and social factors. Scientists responsible for seminal genome projects, who have faced pressure from the US public health establishment and an array of experts on race, now prioritize race-targeted research, minority recruitment, and analysis of genomic health disparities. As a result large-scale sequencing projects, pharmaceuticals, and postgenomic research have become ever more racialized, while race has taken on an irrevocably genomic imprimatur. This paradigm shift has occurred because of changes across a number of powerful social domains of expertise within science, medicine, and policy. This chapter thus draws upon events taking place in a variety of institutional, regulatory, and normative contexts.
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Fernandes, Sujatha. Charting the Storytelling Turn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190618049.003.0002.
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This chapter aims to give an overview of how the storytelling turn occurred in recent decades. It is a chronicle of the broad shifts that led from the more deeply oppositional storytelling tactics of the 1960s and 1970s social movements to the transactional, therapeutic, and then market-based model of storytelling that currently predominates. During the 1980s and 1990s, social movement storytelling was repurposed by states, international agencies, and the culture industries. In truth commissions, courtrooms, and talk shows, stories were abstracted from the goals of building mass movements that confronted power, and they were reoriented toward transaction and negotiation. In the new millennium, with broader shifts from productive capital to finance capital and the intensification of market values in guiding vast spheres of personhood and practices, storytelling has come to be configured more closely on the model of the market. Nonprofit storytelling and advocacy storytelling are increasingly defined by a business model that emphasizes stories as an investment that can increase competition positioning, help to build the organization’s portfolio, and activate target audiences.
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Bermeo, Sarah Blodgett. Conclusion: Rethinking Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851828.003.0007.
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The evidence throughout the book illustrates that industrialized states view development promotion as a key component in foreign policy. The concluding chapter offers synthesis and considers the potential impact of these findings for related areas of research. The shift toward targeted development implies that there may be changes over time in the effectiveness of development policy. Additionally, it suggests that while development promotion has increased in some countries, those not targeted may find themselves left even further behind. Finally, the desire for targeting calls for a rethinking of the role of multilateral institutions on development issues. It is useful to think of bilateral and multilateral development efforts as complements that can capitalize on the desire for bilateral development promotion while using multilateral channels to provide development assistance that is left off the bilateral foreign policy agenda.
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Suls, Jerry, and Ladd Wheeler. On the Trail of Social Comparison. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.13.
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Social comparison, a major source of social influence, refers to the selection and utilization of information about other people’s standings and opinions to make accurate self-assessments or to protect or enhance self-esteem. We survey the development of comparison theory over six decades, its ambiguities, and reformulations based on the psychology of attribution and social cognition. Selective comparisons allow people to gauge how well they have fulfilled their potential and capacity to accomplish important tasks, and whether their beliefs, values, and actions are appropriate and worthwhile. Exposure to superior and inferior targets shifts self-evaluations toward (assimilation) or away (contrast) from the targets, depending on the kinds of information made cognitively accessible by the situation or by individual differences. To illustrate comparison’s effects on social influence, applications, such as the effects of academic tracking on self-esteem and effects of large social networks on mental and physical health outcomes, are described.
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Gorman, Gráinne S., and Patrick F. Chinnery. Mitochondrial diseases. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0011.
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This chapter critiques ten seminal papers that epitomize the advent and evolution of mitochondrial medicine from the latter half of the last century up until today. These important bodies of work span the pre-molecular and molecular eras, from when diagnostic yield was based on meticulous clinical and biochemical characterization of patients, up until now, with targeted next-generation sequencing revolutionizing our diagnostic approach. The first clinical description of a mitochondrial disorder is reviewed and the subsequent landmark papers that define current clinical and molecular understanding of human diseases caused by inherited disorders of mitochondrial dysfunction are chronicled. The chapter also charts the shift in emphasis from diagnosis to the development of treatments and novel approaches for disease prevention.
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Kachun, Mitch. Michelle Obama, the Media Circus, and America’s Racial Obsession. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036606.003.0004.
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This chapter shifts the focus to Michelle Obama, a figure whose family's experiences of enslavement, emancipation, and northward migration make her nearly as important a cultural figure as her husband. It explains how media coverage of Michelle Obama during the campaign was shaped not only by Americans' expectations of prospective first ladies, but by a long history of powerful stereotypes of black women and their bodies. While praised and admired by many, Michelle Obama had become a target whose attackers utilized an ever-expanding twenty-four/seven cable news cycle and the unprecedented forum of the blogosphere to promulgate every sort of personal and political attack. In the process, they dredged up deep-seated stereotypes of African American women—the domineering “mammy,” the hypersexualized “jezebel,” the more recently minted “angry black woman”—and used them to construct an unappealing and even threatening image of the candidate's wife.
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Alexander, D. J., N. Phin, and M. Zuckerman. Influenza. Edited by I. H. Brown. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0037.
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Influenza is a highly infectious, acute illness which has affected humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Infl uenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when it has been estimated that between 50–100 million deaths occurred worldwide.There are two important viral surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA binds to sialic acid receptors on the membrane of host cells and is the primary antigen against which a host’s antibody response is targeted. The NA cleaves the sialic acid bond attaching new viral particles to the cell membrane of host cells allowing their release. The NA is also the target of the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral agents that include oseltamivir and zanamivir and newer agents such as peramivir. Both these glycoproteins are important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation.Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 antigenically distinct HA (H1–16) and 9 NA subtypes (N1–9). Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. Each virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype.Last century, the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains in humans, termed antigenic shift, occurred on three occasions, 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), resulting in pandemics. The frequent epidemics that occur between the pandemics are as a result of gradual antigenic change in the prevalent virus, termed antigenic drift. Epidemics throughout the world occur in the human population due to infection with influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, or with influenza B virus. Phylogenetic studies have led to the suggestion that aquatic birds that show no signs of disease could be the source of many influenza A viruses in other species. The 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain is thought to have arisen as a result of spontaneous mutations within an avian H1N1 virus. However, most pandemic strains, such as the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are considered to have emerged by genetic re-assortment of the segmented RNA genome of the virus, with the avian and human influenza A viruses infecting the same host.Influenza viruses do not pass readily between humans and birds but transmission between humans and other animals has been demonstrated. This has led to the suggestion that the proposed reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses takes place in an intermediate animal with subsequent infection of the human population. Pigs have been considered the leading contender for the role of intermediary because they may serve as hosts for productive infections of both avian and human viruses, and there is good evidence that they have been involved in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; particularly the spread of H1N1 viruses to humans. Apart from public health measures related to the rapid identification of cases and isolation. The main control measures for influenza virus infections in human populations involves immunization and antiviral prophylaxis or treatment.
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Maud, Gonne, Merrigan Klaartje, Meylaerts Reine, and van Gerwen Heleen, eds. Transfer Thinking in Translation Studies. Leuven University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461663726.
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The concept of transfer covers the most diverse phenomena of circulation, transformation and reinterpretation of cultural goods across space and time, and are among the driving forces in opening up the field of translation studies. Transfer processes cross linguistic and cultural boundaries and cannot be reduced to simple movements from a source to a target (culture or text). In a time of paradigm shifts, this book aims to explore the potential and interdisciplinary power of transfer as a concept and an analytical tool to account for complex cultural dynamics. The contributions in this book adopt various research angles (literary studies, imagology, translation studies, translator studies, periodical studies, postcolonialism) to study an array of entangled transfer processes that apply to different objects and aspects, ranging from literary texts, legal texts, news, images and identities to ideologies, power asymmetries, titles and heterolingualisms. By embracing a process-oriented way of thinking, all these contributions aim to open the ‘black box’ of transfer in the widest sense.
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Davey, Kent. Magnetic field stimulation: the brain as a conductor. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0005.
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For the purposes of magnetic stimulation, the brain can be treated as a homogeneous conductor. A properly designed brain stimulation system starts with the target stimulation depth, and it should incorporate the neural strength–duration response characteristics. Higher-frequency pulses require stronger electric fields. The background of this article is the theoretical base determining, where in the brain TMS induces electrical activity, and whether this shifts as a function of differences in the conductivity and organization of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. The use of strong electric fields to treat many neurological disorders is well established. Both in the treatment of incontinence and clinical depression, the electric field should be sufficiently strong to initiate an action potential. The frequency, system voltage, capacitance, core stimulator size, and number of turns are treated as unknowns in a TMS stimulation design. This article presents the possible topological changes to be considered in the future.
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Schneider, Florian. Selling Sovereignty on the Web. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876791.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 examines the East China Sea dispute on China’s web. This includes an analysis of the official Chinese Diaoyu Islands website, but also of various military news portals and the web presence of non-governmental advocacy groups. While the issue is more dynamic, and notably involves more commercial actors, than the Nanjing Massacre case of the previous chapter, Chinese sites nevertheless fall back on traditional mass-media scripts. The analysis also reveals how this nationalist topic ‘sells’ in digital China: the prominent web resources make heavy use of advertising pop-ups and click-bait, and they juxtapose nationalist imagery with violence, pornography, and gambling offers. The chapter argues that, on China’s web, the issue of the East China Sea dispute is governed by a tacit consensus between political and commercial actors to commodify nationalist symbols for consumption by a specific target demographic, and that this practice shifts Sino–Japan discourses into chauvinistic directions.
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Sanders, Rebecca. The Fate of Human Rights in the Global War on Terror. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870553.003.0006.
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American officials attempted to construct the plausible legality of torture, indefinite detention, targeted killing, and mass surveillance in the global war on terror. These efforts were largely successful, foreclosing prosecution and ensuring impunity for human rights violations. Moreover, with the exception of torture, many of these counterterrorism practices persist and enjoy widespread acceptance. Around the world, international human rights and humanitarian law have been weakened by American efforts to erode and reinterpret constraints on state violence. This has created space for more overt attacks on legal norms by the Trump administration, which has signaled its intent to shift American national security legal culture toward the politics of exception. At the same time, international law advocates are pushing back. The chapter concludes by reflecting on possible pathways for promoting a culture of human rights in the United States.
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Sandstrom, Marlene J. The Peer Nature of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0011.
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Relational aggression (RA), which involves the manipulation of a target’s relationships, peer status, or reputation, is an inherently interpersonal weapon. This chapter focuses on the peer context of RA, and addresses core questions about the association between RA and social constructs such as group acceptance, rejection, popularity, and friendship. What are the interpersonal costs and benefits of RA? What factors might explain why some relationally aggressive children are able to achieve and maintain popularity and social centrality despite being disliked? How does RA play out within mutual friendships? And how do the peer dynamics surrounding RA shift across development? The chapter begins with a discussion of RA in relation to group-level peer experiences (i.e., peer liking/acceptance; disliking/rejection; perceived popularity) and then turns to an exploration of RA within the context of friendships. It concludes with a discussion of selection and influence effects in regard to relationally aggressive behavior.
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Lee, Chirstoph I. Imaging-Guided Biopsy for Diagnosing Prostate Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0030.
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This chapter, found in the abdominal and pelvic pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance fusion imaging-guided biopsy for diagnosing prostate cancer. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Researchers found that this method of biopsy among men with suspected prostate cancer, compared to standard extended-sextant ultrasound-guided biopsy, is associated with higher detection of high-risk prostate cancer and lower detection of low-risk prostate cancer. In addition, targeted biopsy may significantly shift the distribution of risk in men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer toward more high-risk disease. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Chadwick, Andrew. Donald Trump, the 2016 U.S. Presidential Campaign, and the Intensification of the Hybrid Media System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.003.0011.
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Chapter 10 extends the conceptual framework to the extraordinary 2016 U.S. election, showing how Donald Trump’s rise and Hillary Clinton’s downfall were enabled by key aspects of the hybrid media system. The chapter deciphers the main components of Trump’s digital campaign, in particular its shift toward an intensive Facebook advertising strategy and its use of targeted advertising to try to reduce turnout among potential Democrat voters. It shows how Trump was able to translate his celebrity capital into political capital through the use of social media, particularly Twitter, to influence press and television coverage. Chapter 10 also discusses how hybrid media played a decisive role in the Women’s March, the biggest single-day protest in U.S. history. The march, when integrated with the actions of professional fact-checking journalists, became an important part of the counter-inauguration that subverted Trump’s ability to set the agenda during his first week in office.
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Marmysz, John. From Night to Survival: Nihilism and the Living Dead. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424561.003.0007.
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This chapter scrutinizes the structure of George Romero’s Living Dead films in light of Friedrich Nietzsche’s distinction between passive and active nihilism. The films analysed include Night of the Living Dead, Dawn of the Dead, Day of the Dead, Land of the Dead, Diary of the Dead and Survival of the Dead. It is argued that in this series there is a progressively building ambiguity in Romero’s attitude toward the passive forces of the zombie invasion and the active efforts of the human survivors. Initially, Romero’s sympathy seems to be with the humans; especially with minorities, women and the disabled. Yet as the films progress, sympathy shifts toward the undead, who are increasingly depicted as targets of human cruelty and abuse. What begins as a nightmare of nihilistic passivity eventually ends with a nightmarish scenario of nihilistic activity, exposing the awful potential of human power unleashed from moral constraint.
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Delisio, T. I. M., and Doria Helison. Academic Shit 2020-2021: 52 Weekly Planner Contact Logbook with Goals Target and Federal Holidays Schedule Organizer Start Again to-Do List for 12 Monthly Calendar, with Large 8. 5X11 Inches Size Matte Cover. Independently Published, 2020.
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Podder, Sukanya. Peacebuilding Legacy. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863980.001.0001.
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Abstract A fundamental challenge plagues the global peacebuilding community. How can technocratic approaches to peacebuilding that are rooted in short-term, project-based execution of activities further the longer-term transformative outcomes like altering young people’s attitudes and beliefs about peace and violence? In response to this global challenge, in Peacebuilding Legacies, Sukanya Podder addresses an important gap relating to the long-term effects of peacebuilding programmes involving children and young people. Podder unpacks the concept of peacebuilding legacy through the lens of time, transformation, and intergenerational peace. Podder also develops unique qualitative cues for measuring legacy in terms of the institutional, normative, and organizational logics. If norms resonate strongly with the local context, they are likely to encourage strong retention and meaningful adoption over time. Successful institutionalization of project models through planned handover to successor national organizations or government departments holds the key to stronger local ownership. Organizational learning and reflection can support this process through a more strategic approach to programming and through post-exit studies. With regard to attitude change, Podder found that the media and peace education projects that targeted individuals’ ingrained beliefs and values but overlooked the role of group social norms had only limited persuasive effects. To shift the values, practices, norms, and beliefs of the younger generation, the mindset of the older generation must also be targeted. Changes in the legal, political, economic, and other social institutions are critical for long-term and meaningful transformation. This requires adopting an ecological model of peace.
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Tambe, Ashwini. Defining Girlhood in India. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042720.001.0001.
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At what age do girls gain the maturity to make sexual choices? This question provokes especially vexed debates in India, where early marriage is a widespread practice. India has served as a focal problem site in NGO campaigns and intergovernmental conferences setting age standards for sexual maturity. Over the last century, the country shifted the legal age of marriage from twelve, among the lowest in the world, to eighteen, at the high end of the global spectrum. Ashwini Tambe illuminates the ideas that shaped such shifts: how the concept of adolescence as a sheltered phase led to delaying both marriage and legal adulthood; how the imperative of population control influenced laws on marriage age; and how imperial moral hierarchies between nations provoked defensive postures within India. Tambe's transnational feminist approach to legal history shows how intergovernmental debates influenced Indian laws and how expert discourses in India changed UN terminology about girls. Ultimately, the well-meaning focus on child marriage became tethered less to the well-being of girls themselves and more to parents' interests, population control targets, and the preservation of national reputation.
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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. Multiracials and Civil Rights. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830329.001.0001.
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Commanding greater public attention is the idea that discrimination against multiracial (racially-mixed) people is a distinctive challenge to the enforcement of civil rights law. This perspective is based upon the belief that multiracials experience racial discrimination in a unique manner that makes it necessary to reformulate traditional civil rights law. Multiracials and Civil Rights, based upon a close examination of many multiracial discrimination legal cases in a variety of equality law contexts, demonstrates the fallacy and danger of that conjecture. The book elucidates the distinction between the presumed exceptional space that multiracial persons are rhetorically imagined to occupy in the public discourse, and the binary non-white versus white realities they actually experience when targeted for discrimination. Rather than point to a need for a shift away from the existing civil rights laws, the cases instead indicate the need for further support of the current structures. The book concludes that multiracial discrimination cases are helpful in highlighting the continued need for attention to white supremacy and for fortifying the focus of civil rights law on racial privilege and the lingering legacy of bias against non-whites.
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McKenna, Tony. Has Political Correctness Gone Mad? Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350429604.
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Woke social justice warriors lurk around every corner, ready to cancel free speakers and police common sense. Muslims love nothing better than abolishing Christmas. FemiNazi’s throw false accusations at the pillars of our society. Decried by right-wing pundits and politicians alike, the idea of ‘political correctness’ is often painted as a form of left-wing totalitarianism but in this pithy, clear-headed account, Tony McKenna explains how the concept itself is in fact one of the great conspiracy theories of our times. From the fear of ‘cancel culture’ to the demonization of grassroots social movements, this is a searing dissection of how the exclusionary agendas for so long played out in our media and party politics have been successfully dressed up as campaigns for freedom and common sense. Tackling some of the favourite bogeymen of tabloids and scaremongers, McKenna dissects the language, rhetoric and ideology that turns refugees into insects, social justice into ‘wokery’, and makes predators out of anyone from dark skinned men to trans women. He provides a full analysis of historically important social liberation movements like BLM and #MeToo, giving the historical and cultural contexts for their emergence. As the tried-and-tested politics of stigmatization and exclusion shift from old targets to new, this an explanation of one of society’s most insidious narratives, and how it allows dominant orthodox culture to cast the subjects of its oppressive tactics as the dreaded ‘global liberal elite’.
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Curtis A, Bradley. 10 War Powers and the War on Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190217761.003.0010.
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This chapter considers the relevance of international law within the U.S. legal system to the United States’ initiation and conduct of war. After briefly reviewing some of the most relevant treaties relating to war and warfare, the chapter considers the Constitution’s distribution of war authority between Congress and the President. It then discusses how international law, including the provisions in the UN Charter relating to the authority of the Security Council, as well as collective self-defense treaties, might affect the President’s war authority. The chapter then shifts to the “war on terrorism” and discusses the relevance of international law, including the Geneva Conventions, to issues concerning the scope of the military’s detention authority in that conflict, with particular reference to the Supreme Court’s 2004 decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. International law and other issues relating to the use of military commissions to try terrorist suspects are also considered. The chapter concludes by discussing legal debates relating to coercive interrogation and targeted killing.
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Mallinson, Christine. Language and Its Everyday Revolutionary Potential. Edited by Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger, and Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.38.
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Centering on the English language reform movement, this chapter describes three main strategies through which feminists have targeted language, both as an object to reform and a platform for revolution. First, it describes the strategy of challenging man-made language forms, exemplified in debates over masculine generics. Second, it discusses the strategy of creating and institutionalizing egalitarian naming practices in order to reclaim the power to name and define. By tracing such forms as Ms., it becomes evident that even small shifts in language use can contribute to cultural change. Third, it describes the strategy of linguistic disruption, illustrated through such neologisms as herstory and womyn, gender-neutral forms such as singular they, and third-gender forms such as zie and zir. By using language creatively and sometimes radically to reject patriarchal language, respond to gender bias, and empower women, feminist activists and everyday speakers alike can employ linguistic practices to promote equality.
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Datta, K. L. Growth and Development Planning in India. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190125028.001.0001.
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The central theme of this book is to appraise the role of planning to maximize the rate of economic growth, and improve the standards of living and quality of life of the people in India since Independence. The book addresses four core areas. First, it delves into the circumstances which led to the adoption of planning and presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic scenario that unfolded in the six decades between 1951 and 2011, documenting shifts in growth and development strategy. Second, it explores the rate and pattern of economic growth, and traces reasons behind the shortfall in growth rate from the target. Third, the book contextualizes the backdrop against which economic reform measures were introduced to understand how different areas and sectors of the economy were integrated with the reform process. Fourth, it analyses the transition from growth measures pursued until the 1970s, to a mix of growth and redistribution from the 1980s, and then to inclusive growth in the 2000s, and finds out how income, especially of the poor and marginalized sections of the population increased. It makes an assessment of the level and change in poverty over time, and the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction. These four thematic areas of the book are essential to understand the process of economic growth and its impact on the lives of the people in India's rapidly changing socio-economic environment. Finally, it assesses the economic scenario in the 2010s, when planning was abandoned, and pinpoints the reasons behind dipping growth rate, and suggests measures for its revival.
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Feinstein, Yuval. Rally 'round the Flag. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197629710.001.0001.
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This book revisits the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon in the United States, which is characterized by a sudden and sharp increase in the public approval rating of the sitting US president in response to a war or security crisis. Notably, relatively few wars and security crises have generated rallies. Therefore, the book examines the conditions and processes through which rallies have emerged. The first chapter characterizes the rally phenomenon, explains its political importance, and discusses the book’s broader contribution. The following theoretical discussion (Chapters 2–3) critically assesses the relevance of influential arguments about public opinion for the rally phenomenon and then introduces a novel rally theory. Five empirical chapters feature an extensive comparative investigation of public reactions to US military actions and security crises in the years 1950–2020, through which the author identifies the unique sets of conditions for the emergence of rallies in this period. A sixth empirical chapter analyzes survey data to identify individual-level mechanisms of attitude shifts during rally periods. The findings reveal that rally periods have emerged in the United States in the focal period only under circumstances that lead most Americans to believe it was necessary to take military action to maintain or restore collective honor and gain the respect of other nations. In most rallies, a desire to restore collective honor and prestige stemmed from a preexisting feeling of national humiliation. In response, presidential rhetoric that appealed to national sentiment to justify military action and marked the target around a despised national enemy evoked positive emotions that motivated the majority in the public to rally behind the commander-in-chief. The book concludes by proposing future directions for research on the rally phenomenon in the United States and other countries.
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Buffon, Marciano, and Ivan Luiz Steffens. Tributação e constituição: Por um modo de tributar hermeneuticamente adequado à principiologia constitucional brasileira. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-066-3.
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The formal establishment of the Law and Democratic State by the 1988 Constitution introduces a paradigm shift with the commitment of a social nature to build a free, just and solidary society. In the tax field, this change suggests a targeted taxation to achieve these ends by the use of the redistributive function, with progressive taxation. However, despite the new institutional framework, the national taxation keeps regressive, and has promoted a redistribution of income in reverse. The study aims to address how taxation is being constructed and exercised, as well as its compliance with the paradigm of democratic rule of law. The analysis runs through the conceptual outlines of Law Democratic State, arising influence of the welfare state and Constitutionalism Contemporary post-war and the use of tax function in these state models. In the second phase, the study runs for the constitutional principles on tax matters, from the Hermeneutics of the Law Review, classified into two groups with a view to its relationship with the legal security and solidarity. Finally, it examines the composition of the tax burden and its discussion in the media, gathered with the possibility of greater transparency in taxation. It also analyzes the possibility of redistribution of the tax burden by applying the constitutional principles on taxes on income, wealth and consumption. The survey results indicate the need for structural modification of taxation in search of greater progressivity, given the current regressivity, which can be achieved by using the principle arsenal already provided by the Constitution.
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Ryff, Carol D., and Robert F. Krueger, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Integrative Health Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676384.001.0001.
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This handbook signals a paradigm shift in health research. Population-based disciplines have employed large national samples to examine how sociodemographic factors contour rates of morbidity and mortality. Behavioral and psychosocial disciplines have studied the factors that influence these domains using small, nonrepresentative samples in experimental or longitudinal contexts. Biomedical disciplines, drawing on diverse fields, have examined mechanistic processes implicated in disease outcomes. The collection of chapters in this handbook embraces all such prior approaches and, via targeted questions, illustrates how they can be woven together. Diverse contributions showcase how social structural influences work together with psychosocial influences or experiential factors to impact differing health outcomes, including profiles of biological risk across distinct physiological systems. These varied biopsychosocial advances have grown up around the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) national study of health, begun over 20 years ago and now encompassing over 12,000 Americans followed through time. The overarching principle behind the MIDUS enterprise is that deeper understanding of why some individuals remain healthy and well as they move across the decades of adult life, while others succumb to differing varieties of disease, dysfunction, or disability, requires a commitment to comprehensiveness that attends to the interplay of multiple interacting influences. Put another way, all of the disciplines mentioned have reliably documented influences on health, but in and of themselves, each is inherently limited because it neglects factors known to matter for health outside the discipline’s purview. Integrative health science is the alternative seeking to overcome these limitations.
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Hsu, Madeline Y. The Good Immigrants. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164021.001.0001.
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Conventionally, U.S. immigration history has been understood through the lens of restriction and those who have been barred from getting in. In contrast, this book considers immigration from the perspective of Chinese elites—intellectuals, businessmen, and students—who gained entrance because of immigration exemptions. Exploring a century of Chinese migrations, the book looks at how the model minority characteristics of many Asian Americans resulted from U.S. policies that screened for those with the highest credentials in the most employable fields, enhancing American economic competitiveness. The earliest U.S. immigration restrictions targeted Chinese people but exempted students as well as individuals who might extend America's influence in China. Western-educated Chinese such as Madame Chiang Kai-shek became symbols of the U.S. impact on China, even as they patriotically advocated for China's modernization. World War II and the rise of communism transformed Chinese students abroad into refugees, and the Cold War magnified the importance of their talent and training. As a result, Congress legislated piecemeal legal measures to enable Chinese of good standing with professional skills to become citizens. Pressures mounted to reform American discriminatory immigration laws, culminating with the 1965 Immigration Act. Filled with narratives featuring such renowned Chinese immigrants as I. M. Pei, this book examines the shifts in immigration laws and perceptions of cultural traits that enabled Asians to remain in the United States as exemplary, productive Americans.
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Bricker, Andrew Benjamin. Libel and Lampoon. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846150.001.0001.
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Legal pressures fundamentally shaped English satire during the long eighteenth century. Rather than being purely repressive, however, the law often encouraged authors and their booksellers to find creative ways to write and publish satire to circumvent both the authorities and the courts. As part of their strategy, satirists developed verbally evasive forms of satire, producing coyly ironic, densely allegorical, and circumlocutory rhetorical styles markedly unlike the seventeenth century’s most bald-faced manuscript lampoons. Shifty printers and booksellers also complicated the mechanics of detection and prosecution through a host of publication ruses. In effect, the elegant insults, comical periphrases, and booksellers’ tricks that came to typify eighteenth-century satire were a way of writing and publishing born of legal necessity. Early on, these emergent satiric practices stymied the authorities and the courts. But they also eventually led to new legislation and innovative courtroom procedures that targeted satire’s most routine evasions. Especially important were a series of eighteenth-century rulings that increased the legal liabilities of printers and booksellers and that expanded and refined doctrines for the courtroom interpretation of verbal ambiguity, irony, and allegory. By the mid-eighteenth century, satirists and their booksellers faced a range of newfound legal pressures. Rather than disappearing, however, personal and political satire began to migrate to dramatic mimicry and caricature. Such acoustic and visual forms relied less on verbal ambiguity and were therefore not subject to either the provisions of preperformance dramatic licensing or courtroom interpretive procedures that had earlier enabled the prosecution of printed satire.