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1
Dewey, John K. Electrostatic target detection: A preliminary investigation. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.
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Lee, Christina. The SH3 domain of the yeast protein Fus1 binds and unusual target sequence. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.
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Behrle, Charles D. Computer simulation studies of multiple broadband target localization via frequency domain beamforming for planar arrays. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1988.
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Berube, Christina Louise. Characterization of PIDD, a death domain-containing p53 target gene. 2006.
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Bohon, Cara. Research Domain Criteria. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.2.
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A primary goal of the research domain criteria (RDoC) project from the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States is to better characterize and understand the pathology and etiology of mental illness by examining constructs with biological underpinnings and their effects on psychiatric symptoms. This endeavor shows promise in helping to better conceptualize dysfunction in the field of eating disorders, where there appears to be great heterogeneity within diagnostic groups. Treatments designed for a particular diagnosis may result in improved remission rates if they instead target underlying mechanisms of eating disorder symptoms. This system is not without challenge and limitations, however. This chapter includes a brief review of relevant literature on the proposed RDoC functional domains in eating disorders and discussion of the benefits and costs of this type of approach in improving patient care.
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Anagnostopoulou, Elena. Voice, manners, and results in adjectival passives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0005.
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The chapter argues that there are two functional heads in the VP domain: a little v head introducing an event and Voice introducing the external argument. Evidence is drawn from adjectival passives, which split into several types that can be described in terms of this architecture. The chapter explores the interaction between Voice, v, and manner vs. result interpretations of verbal meaning in resultant state vs. target state adjectival passives. First, a summary is given of the main arguments for postulating a v head and a Voice head in adjectival passives. The chapter then focuses on the absence of Voice in target state adjectival passives. New evidence for the absence of Voice comes from two empirical domains: constraints on verb classes that are allowed and disallowed to form target state adjectival passives and a phenomenon of coercion of manner, instrument-based denominal verbs into result verbs in target state adjectival passives.
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Goldman, Alvin I. Theory of Mind. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0017.
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The article provides an overview of ‘Theory of Mind’ (ToM) research, guided by two classifications. The first covers four competing approaches to mentalizing such as the theory-theory, modularity theory, rationality theory, and simulation theory. The second classification is the first-person/third-person contrast. Jerry Fodor claimed that commonsense psychology is so good at helping predict behavior that it is practically invisible. It works well because the intentional states it posits genuinely exist and possess the properties generally associated with them. The modularity model has two principal components. First, whereas the child-scientist approach claims that mentalizing utilizes domain-general cognitive equipment, the modularity approach posits one or more domain-specific modules, which use proprietary representations and computations for the mental domain. Second, the modularity approach holds that these modules are innate cognitive structures, which mature or come on line at preprogrammed stages and are not acquired through learning. The investigators concluded that autism impairs a domain-specific capacity dedicated to mentalizing. Gordon, Jane Heal, and Alvin Goldman explained simulation theory in such a way that mind readers simulate a target by trying to create similar mental states of their own as proxies or surrogates of those of the target. These initial pretend states are fed into the mind reader's own cognitive mechanisms to generate additional states, some of which are then imputed to the target.
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Skopeteas, Stavros. Information Structure in Modern Greek. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.15.
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This chapter deals with the prosodic and syntactic reflexes of information structure in Modern Greek. The relevant properties of this language are: (a) the word order is sensitive to information structure, such that topics and foci target positions in the left periphery and background information is right dislocated; (b) the intonational nucleus depends on the focus domain and is realized through pitch accents; and (b) definite complements must be doubled through co-referent clitic pronouns if they are not accented, which depends on information structure. This chapter introduces these phenomena and outlines their interaction for the expression of information structural notions.
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Pillai, Jagan A. Predementia Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0009.
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Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are currently conceptualized as proteinopathies with a long trajectory of pathological changes preceding the onset of clinical symptoms by over a decade. Predementia, the stage of disease before onset of clinical symptoms and dementia where significant irreversible neuronal damage and cognitive decline have yet to occur, is seen as a promising stage to target for a new generation of therapeutic interventions. This chapter reviews the growing understanding of the predementia stages across NDDs and some of the developing challenges to the present clinical characterization of the predementia stage. It further surveys the clinical trials being currently undertaken across NDDs in this domain.
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Axel-Tober, Katrin. Origins of verb-second in Old High German. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0003.
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This chapter investigates the characteristics of the left sentence periphery in Old High German. In the earlier OHG prose texts we still find some archaic characteristics of a non- or pre-verb-second grammar. These include residual and partly productive features of a non-conflated C-domain arguably inherited from Proto-Germanic or even Proto-Indo-European. On the other hand, there is ample evidence that the precursor of the so-called prefield position already existed in OHG and that it was already a target for both operator movement and Stylistic Fronting. All these phenomena shed interesting light on the question of which syntactic steps the language had to take in order consolidate its verb-second grammar.
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Hinterhölzl, Roland, and Svetlana Petrova. Prosodic and information-structural factors in word order variation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0014.
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This chapter proposes an analysis that derives the word order variation in dependent clauses in OHG within a universal VO base order, plus additional cyclic leftward movement operations that target different information-structural projections in the complex left periphery of the clause. More precisely, it is argued that categories conveying contrastive information land in [Spec,FocP], with the finite verb targeting Foc° and marking the left edge of the new-information focus domain, while background information is placed further left, between ForceP and FocP. This positional realization of the verb and phrases expressing different semantic types of focus is considered a special strategy of disambiguating broad from narrow focus, as well as of avoiding the clash of two focus phrases in the middle field of clauses with multiple foci.
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Hoerl, Christoph. Jaspers on explaining and understanding in psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0008.
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This chapter offers an interpretation of Jaspers’ distinction between explaining and understanding, which relates this distinction to that between general and singular causal claims. Put briefly, I suggest that when Jaspers talks about (mere) explanation, what he has in mind are general causal claims linking types of events. Understanding, by contrast, is concerned with singular causation in the psychological domain. Furthermore, I also suggest that Jaspers thinks that only understanding makes manifest what causation between one element of a person’s mental life and another ultimately consists in – that is, the particular way in which one psychic event can emerge from or arise out of another. I contrast the resulting view both with a view on causation in psychiatry recently put forward by John Campbell, and also with another view that is the target of Campbell’s attack, which is due to Donald Davidson and Daniel Dennett.
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Valeriano, Brandon. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618094.003.0001.
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This chapter evaluates the efficacy of modern cyber strategies and how states coerce rivals in the digital domain. It argues that these campaigns are neither as revolutionary nor as novel as they seem. It finds that cyber disruptions, short-term and long-term espionage, and degradation operations all usually fail to produce concessions. When states do compel a rival, which is measured as a change in behavior in the target that is strategically advantageous to the initiator, the cyber operation tends to occur alongside more traditional coercive instruments such as diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, and military threats and displays. Cyber capabilities complement, but do not replace traditional statecraft. Theoretical and empirical investigation of cyber strategies and their efficacy should therefore precede development of suggestions for sound foreign policy responses to state-backed cyber intrusions or craft international frameworks that constrain the proliferation of politically motivated malware. This book is a critical first step.
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Ming, Liang. Identification of DNA-binding domains and target genes of the Hindsight zinc-finger protein. 2006.
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van der Hulst, Harry. Harmony as licensing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813576.003.0003.
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This chapter develops an explicit theory of vowel harmony based on unary elements and lateral and positional licensing which is embedded in a general dependency-based theory of phonological structure (called ‘Radical CV Phonology’). Harmony is analyzed in terms of a licensing requirement, which results in ‘agreement’, both intra-morphemically and inter-morphemically, that is, within the domain of the word In essence, the view put forward is that lexical vowel harmony involves the selection of lexically listed allomorphs. Licensing will be the selection mechanism for the proper allomorph. The chapter discusses the treatment of morpheme-internal harmony, trigger and targets in harmony, and the notion of cyclicity.
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Baldwin, Austin S., and Margarita Sala. Perceived Satisfaction with Health Behavior Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0004.
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Perceived satisfaction with health behavior change is defined as the overall assessment of the various positive and negative experiences and outcomes that result from engaging in the target behavior. Perceived satisfaction is theorized to be a critical predictor of health behavior change maintenance. It is therefore important to understand both (1) determinants of satisfaction and (2) the effect of satisfaction on health behavior change maintenance. This chapter reviews evidence across several different behavioral domains suggesting that perceived satisfaction is an important predictor of health behavior change maintenance. However, evidence to date is not yet clear on why people are satisfied with the changes they make or how best to intervene on this construct.
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Atta-ur-Rahman and Khurshid Zaman, eds. Topics in Anti-Cancer Research: Volume 8. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898114043821190801.
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Topics in Anti-Cancer Research covers new developments in the field of cancer. Novel drugs as anticancer agents include natural and synthetic phenazines and other anti-cancer compounds. It also encompasses the role of estrogen as endocrine disruptors and strategies targeting cancer stem cells for the treatment of different types of cancers, including myeloma and renal cell cancer. The diversity of researches and topics published in this eBook Series will be valuable to cancer researchers, clinicians, and cancer professionals aiming to develop novel anti-cancer targets for the treatment of various cancers. The topics covered in the eighth volume of this series are as follows: Novel Drugs for Multiple Myeloma Synthetic Estrogens are Endocrine Disruptors via Inhibition of AF1 Domain of ERs Recent Progress of Phenazines as Anticancer Agents Cancer Stem Cell Targeting for Anticancer Therapy: Strategies and Challenges
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Whittal, Maureen. Cognitive Therapy for OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0038.
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Cognitive treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) offers an alternative to exposure-based treatments. This chapter explicates the theory underpinning the treatment, along with the belief domains targeted. Cognitive treatment of OCD should be seen as a modular treatment, with strategies varying according to the subtype presentations (i.e., cognitive treatment for a primary obsessional can look quite different from cognitive treatment for a doubter/checker). This chapter introduces the various treatment strategies and reviews outcome research using cognitive protocols.
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Mease, Philip. Biologic treatments for psoriatic arthritis apart from TNF inhibition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0030.
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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an immunologically mediated inflammatory disease characterized by arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, spondylitis, and psoriasis. Prior to the introduction of targeted biologic medications, such as TNF inhibitors, the ability to control disease activity was limited, with only modest effects noted with traditional oral medications such as methotrexate and sulfasalazine. The introduction of TNF inhibitors substantially changed the outlook of PsA patients, yielding significant response in all relevant clinical domains and demonstrating the ability to inhibit progressive structural damage of joints. However, not all patients responded to these agents and many patients displayed initial response which waned over time, partly due to immunogenicity (development of antibodies which blocked full therapeutic effect of the biologic protein), or because of tolerability and side effect issues. Thus, it has been important to develop new medicines which target other key cytokines and immunologic pathways. Several medicines with a different mechanism of action have been approved or are in development for the treatment of PsA. Ustekinumab inhibits both IL12 and IL23 and thus is felt to work in both the TH1 and TH7 pathways of inflammation. The oral medicine apremilast inhibits phosphodiesterase 4, thus modulating the cyclic AMP pathway in immunologic cells, yielding an anti-inflammatory effect. Both of these medicines have been approved for the treatment of PsA as well as psoriasis. An emerging group of therapies, the IL17 inhibitors, has demonstrated significant effectiveness in psoriasis and PsA and one of these, Secukinumab, has been approved for psoriasis, PsA, and AS. Other medicines in development include the co-stimulatory blockade agent, abatacept, oral Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, and an emerging group of therapies which inhibit IL23. As modulators of immune cell function, these agents have the potential to increase risk for infection, as well as other side effects. These must be discussed with the patient and considered when determining overall risk benefit analysis regarding their use. The emergence of medicines with a different mechanism of action than TNF inhibition has broadened and strengthened our ability to effectively treat PsA.
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Green, Donald P., Allison J. Carnegie, and Joel Middleton. Political Communication. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.022.
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In an effort to overcome the limitations of survey research and lab experimentation, researchers studying the effects of communication have increasingly turned to field experimentation, or randomized trials conducted in real-world settings. This essay describes the research designs and findings from illustrative field experiments in three substantive domains. First, the authors consider public information campaigns designed to encourage voters to hold public officials accountable for performance in office. Second, they discuss individually targeted information designed to encourage voters and taxpayers to comply with social norms. Finally, they review recent attempts to study the electoral effects of television and radio advertisements. This array of studies illustrates how field experiments may contribute to a broad range of important theoretical and policy debates.
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Ghebrehewet, Samuel, Alex G. Stewart, David Baxter, Paul Shears, David Conrad, and Merav Kliner, eds. Health Protection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.001.0001.
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This book is an accessible and practical core text on the three domains of health protection: Communicable Disease Control, Emergency Preparedness Resilience and Response (EPRR), and protection of the public from environmental hazards (Environmental Public Health). The editors have attempted to develop an “all hazards approach” to dealing with health protection situations. Most health protection books confine themselves to one of the three domains, whereas this book presents a practical and all hazards approach, with some account of the overarching principles of health protection on which day-to-day practice rests. The target audience is health protection practitioners, students, doctors, nurses and other non-medical professionals who may encounter health protection issues in their daily practice. From a clear introduction to the essential principles of health protection work, the book guides readers through how to manage real health protection incidents using a combination of case studies and quick reference action checklists. Each case study provides a common health protection scenario which develops in stages, in the same way as a real-life case or incident. As the story unfolds, the reader will learn about the nature and significance of the specific threat to population health, the practical steps and issues involved in an effective public health response and the health protection principles underpinning that response. Other chapters outline the general principles of health protection, providing a deeper understanding of key tools and mechanisms, as well as insights into new and emerging health protection issues. A series of individual checklists dealing with a broad range of commonly-faced diseases, hazards and incidents complete the book. These give concise and practically-focused information that can be used even by non-specialists in time-pressured situations. In particular, the variety of chapters covered throughout the book, on Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness Resilience and Response, and Environmental Public Health, offer a unique perspective borne out of practical experience, not easily accessible elsewhere.
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Haber, Suzanne N. Neurocircuitry Underlying OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0020.
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Structural and functional imaging studies have identified abnormalities in the brains of individuals with OCD. The most consistent findings point to pathology in the circuitry connecting the prefrontal cortex with the basal ganglia, and especially to abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and striatum. This chapter describes the detailed anatomy and interconnectivity of these structures, together with its functional correlates, to provide context for the more detailed treatment of abnormalities seen in OCD provided in the chapters that follow. These corticostriatal circuits are critical for reward processing, reward learning, and action selection, and so disruption in these circuitries in OCD may underlie abnormalities in these domains. Precisely defining the anatomy of these circuits and how it is disrupted in OCD, at both the group and individual level, is increasingly important, as it may help us to optimize anatomically targeted treatment strategies.
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Bliss, Catherine. A Sociogenomic World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses a paradigm shift in the genomic sciences wherein scientists have gone from ignoring race to studying it. It argues that the field has adopted a sociogenomic approach to race, in which scientists understand race as a muddled mix of genetic and social factors. Scientists responsible for seminal genome projects, who have faced pressure from the US public health establishment and an array of experts on race, now prioritize race-targeted research, minority recruitment, and analysis of genomic health disparities. As a result large-scale sequencing projects, pharmaceuticals, and postgenomic research have become ever more racialized, while race has taken on an irrevocably genomic imprimatur. This paradigm shift has occurred because of changes across a number of powerful social domains of expertise within science, medicine, and policy. This chapter thus draws upon events taking place in a variety of institutional, regulatory, and normative contexts.
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Dietz, Laura J., Laura Mufson, and Rebecca B. Weinberg. Family-based Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Preadolescents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190640033.001.0001.
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Family-based Interpersonal Psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for Depressed Preadolescents presents the rationale and basic principles for interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and for interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (IPT-A), a developmental adaptation that is designed to treat adolescents, ages 12 to 18 years, with depression. The heart of this book introduces family-based interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed preadolescents (FB-IPT), a psychosocial treatment for preadolescent depression for children between 7 and 12 years. FB-IPT is conceptually rooted in an interpersonal model of depression and in developmental research on the antecedents of depression in youth. FB-IPT focuses on improving two domains of interpersonal impairment in depressed preadolescents—parent–child conflict and peer impairment—as a means to decrease preadolescents’ depressive symptoms. Stronger interpersonal skills and relationships buffer depressed preadolescents from stressors that arise during this important developmental period. Research shows that preadolescent depression is an important public health concern because it is often a gateway condition that increases the risk for recurrent depression in adolescence. Preteen depression not only interferes with normative social development at a formative period but also results in residual impairments in interpersonal functioning, which may increase risk for recurrent depression into adolescence and adulthood. Effective interventions for depression in the preadolescent period that target family and interpersonal risk factors may reduce risk for depression recurrence in adolescence. Chapters 5 through 17 of this Therapist Guide describe in detail the steps for conducting FB-IPT with depressed preadolescents and their parents.
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Morris, Michael. Real Likenesses. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861751.001.0001.
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This book offers a new approach to artistic representation, worked out in detail for the cases of paintings, photographs, and novels. It presents a paradox in the case of each of the three art forms, and argues for a thesis (the Non-Distraction Thesis) about the relation between medium and content. It then argues that the dominant theories of representation in the three art forms are incompatible with that thesis. Fresh light is thereby cast on familiar topics: the supposed phenomenon of ‘twofoldedness’, in the case of paintings; the alleged ‘transparency’ of photographs; the ‘paradox of fiction’, in the case of novels. Illusionistic theories, ‘seeing-in’ theories, imagination theories, and resemblance theories are the target in the case of paintings; theories which take photographs to be transparent pictures, in the case of photographs; and imagination theories, abstract-artefact theories, and theories which mix the two, in the case of novels. Having raised problems for existing theories in these domains, the book proposes for each art form a novel way of understanding the relation between the medium and the content. The new model is developed first for the case of paintings: it is proposed that the face you see in a painting is a real thing made of paint, which is, in a way, a face, in virtue of resembling a real face. This model is then applied to photographs, and to novels, with care taken to explain in each case how a suitable object might be constructed in the medium.
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Ben, Saul, and Akande Dapo, eds. The Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198855309.001.0001.
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International humanitarian law is the law that governs the conduct of participants during armed conflict. This branch of law aims to regulate the means and methods of warfare as well as to provide protections to those who do not, or who no longer, take part in the hostilities. It is one of the oldest branches of international law and one of enduring relevance today. This book provides an authoritative and practical overview of this important area of law. The book covers the foundations of international humanitarian law, including its sources, scope of application, and provides an overview of the classification of conflicts and domains of warfare. Chapters then deal with traditional issues that arise in the application of this body of law, such as the basic principles of the conduct of hostilities, the fundamental guarantees provided by this body of law, as well the law relating to weapons, detention, and specifically protected persons. The book also considers the implementation of this body of law, including through criminal prosecution for war crimes. Finally, it addresses the relationship between international humanitarian law and modern challenges relating to protection of the environment, human rights, and terrorism. The book targets professionals, as well as advanced students, with information and analysis of sufficient depth to enable them to perform their tasks with understanding and confidence. It also serves as a first port of call, a one stop shop, and a regular reference work for those interested in international humanitarian law.
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Zucker, Robert A., and Sandra A. Brown, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Adolescent Substance Abuse. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199735662.001.0001.
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This Handbook explores the origins, development, and course of substance use as it emerges and unfolds in adolescence. Given the large causal network involved in adolescent substance use and abuse as well as its powerful impact, both at the time of use and in terms of the long term outcomes and complications of use, the domains covered by this volume range from infancy to adulthood, and from molecular genetics to social policy. The book is organized into eight sections, beginning with a review of the conceptual framework. It explains why a developmental framework is essential in understanding the adolescent period and goes on to discuss the epidemiology of substance use and abuse. It then examines the similarities and differences among the different drugs of abuse, namely: nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, prescription drugs, and other illicit drugs. The remaining sections deal with etiology and course in the context of adolescent development; the correlation between developmental tasks and adolescent substance abuse; clinical symptomatology and comorbidity; and the different assessment and intervention methods that have been developed to address the problem of adolescent alcohol and other drug abuse. These interventions include targeted prevention approaches, family-based treatments, twelve-step approaches, and inpatient and outpatient models. The book concludes with a chapter that analyzes the multi-level structure of public policy for the prevention of alcohol, tobacco, and drug problems among the youth.
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Ryff, Carol D., and Robert F. Krueger, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Integrative Health Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676384.001.0001.
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This handbook signals a paradigm shift in health research. Population-based disciplines have employed large national samples to examine how sociodemographic factors contour rates of morbidity and mortality. Behavioral and psychosocial disciplines have studied the factors that influence these domains using small, nonrepresentative samples in experimental or longitudinal contexts. Biomedical disciplines, drawing on diverse fields, have examined mechanistic processes implicated in disease outcomes. The collection of chapters in this handbook embraces all such prior approaches and, via targeted questions, illustrates how they can be woven together. Diverse contributions showcase how social structural influences work together with psychosocial influences or experiential factors to impact differing health outcomes, including profiles of biological risk across distinct physiological systems. These varied biopsychosocial advances have grown up around the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) national study of health, begun over 20 years ago and now encompassing over 12,000 Americans followed through time. The overarching principle behind the MIDUS enterprise is that deeper understanding of why some individuals remain healthy and well as they move across the decades of adult life, while others succumb to differing varieties of disease, dysfunction, or disability, requires a commitment to comprehensiveness that attends to the interplay of multiple interacting influences. Put another way, all of the disciplines mentioned have reliably documented influences on health, but in and of themselves, each is inherently limited because it neglects factors known to matter for health outside the discipline’s purview. Integrative health science is the alternative seeking to overcome these limitations.
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Hainline, Brian, Lindsey J. Gurin, and Daniel M. Torres. Concussion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190937447.001.0001.
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Concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury, is common, and occurs both in sport and as a result of falls or accidents. Concussion has become an increasingly recognized public health concern, largely driven by prominent media coverage of athletes who have sustained concussion. Although much has been written about this condition, its natural history is still not well understood, and practitioners are only now beginning to recognize that concussion often manifests in different clinical domains. These may require targeted treatment in and of themselves; otherwise, persistent post-concussive symptoms may develop. Although most individuals who sustain a concussion recover, and although concussion is a treatable condition, it is important that concussion be managed early and comprehensively to avoid a more prolonged clinical trajectory. A relatively recent term often used in the setting of concussion is repetitive head impact exposure—a biomechanical force applied to the head that does not generate a clinical manifestation of concussion, but may result in structural brain changes. Although it is often assumed that repetitive head impact exposure leads to long-term neurological sequelae, the science to document this assumption is in its infancy. Repeated concussions may lead to depression or cognitive impairment later in life, and there is an emerging literature that repeated concussion and repetitive head impact exposure are associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy or other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently there is no known causal connection between concussion, repetitive head impact exposure, and neurodegeneration, although this research is also still in its infancy.
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Ortbals, Candice, and Lori Poloni-Staudinger. How Gender Intersects With Political Violence and Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.308.
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Gender influences political violence, which includes, for example, terrorism, genocide, and war. Gender uncovers how women, men, and nonbinary persons act according to feminine, masculine, or fluid expectations of men and women. A gendered interpretation of political violence recognizes that politics and states project masculine power and privilege, with the result that men occupy the dominant social position in politics and women and marginalized men are subordinate. As such, men (associated with masculinity) are typically understood as perpetrators of political violence with power and agency and women (associated with femininity) are seen as passive and as victims of violence. For example, women killed by drone attacks in the U.S. War on Terrorism are seen as the innocent, who, along with children, are collateral damage. Many historical and current examples, however, demonstrate that women have agency, namely that they are active in social groups and state institutions responding to and initiating political violence. Women are victims of political violence in many instances, yet some are also political and social actors who fight for change.Gendercide, which can occur alongside genocide, targets a specific gender, with the result that men, women, or those who identify with a non-heteronormative sexuality are subject to discriminatory killing. Rape in wartime situations is also gendered; often it is an expression of men’s power over women and over men who are feminized and marginalized. Because war is typically seen as a masculine domain, wartime violence is not associated with women, who are viewed as life givers and not life takers. Similarly, few expect women to be terrorists, and when they are, women’s motivations often are assumed to be different from those of men. Whereas some scholars argue that women pursue terrorism for personal (and feminine) reasons, for example to redeem themselves from the reputation of rape or for the loss of a male loved one, other scholars maintain that women act on account of political or religious motivations. Although many cases of women’s involvement in war and terrorism can be documented throughout history, wartime leadership and prominent social positions following political violence have been reserved for men. Leaders with feminine traits seem undesirable during and after political violence, because military leadership and negotiations to end military conflict are associated with men and masculinity. Nevertheless, women’s groups and individual women respond to situations of violence by protesting against violence, testifying at tribunals and truth commissions, and constructing the political memory of violence.
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Rosati, Alexandra G. Ecological variation in cognition: Insights from bonobos and chimpanzees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Bonobos and chimpanzees are closely related, yet they exhibit important differences in their wild socio-ecology. Whereas bonobos live in environments with less seasonal variation and more access to fallback foods, chimpanzees face more competition over spatially distributed, variable resources. This chapter argues that bonobo and chimpanzee cognition show psychological signatures of their divergent wild ecology. Current evidence shows that despite strong commonalities in many cognitive domains, apes express targeted differences in specific cognitive skills critical for wild foraging behaviours. In particular, bonobos exhibit less accurate spatial memory, reduced levels of patience and greater risk aversion than do chimpanzees. These results have implications for understanding the evolution of human cognition, as studies of apes are a critical tool for modelling the last common ancestor of humans with nonhuman apes. Linking comparative cognition to species’ natural foraging behaviour can begin to address the ultimate reason for why differences in cognition emerge across species. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont prochement liés, pourtant ils montrent d’importantes différences dans leur sociologie naturelle. Alors que les bonobos vivent dans des environnements avec peu de diversité de climat entre saisons et plus d’accès à des ressources de nourriture alternatives, les chimpanzés ménagent une compétition étalée spatialement et des ressources plus variées. Je soutiens que la cognition des chimpanzés et bonobos montre les signatures psychologiques de leur écologie naturelle divergente. Les témoignages courants montrent que, malgré les forts points communs dans en cognition, les grands singes expriment des différences au niveau de compétences cognitives importantes au butinage. En particulier, les bonobos démontrent une mémoire spatial moin précise, moin de patience, et plus d’aversion de risques que les chimpanzés. Ces résultats fournissent des signes dans l’étude de l’évolution de la cognition humaine. Les études des grands singe sont un outil d’importance majeure dans la modélisation du dernier ancêtre commun des humains et grands singes non-humains. Faire des liens cognitives comparatives entre le butinage des différentes espèces peut commencer à dévoiler les raisons pour les différences de cognition entre espèces.