Academic literature on the topic 'Tarbut (Organization : Poland)'

Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the role of the organization and its impact on the process of making consumer purchasing decisions on the example of Poland and to explain how gender differentiates behavior. Design/methodology/approach: In order to achieve the goal set in this article, first a literature review was used, then the diagnostic survey method was used. As a research tool, a questionnaire was used, which concerned the purchasing process and consumer behavior towards marketing activities undertaken by the organization. 199 consumers took part in the study. Findings: The conducted research shows that Polish consumers are aware that companies influence them during the shopping process. Organizations use a variety of marketing activities to influence the consumer in the purchase decision process, both in-store and online. The answers obtained varied depending on gender (these differences are not statistically significant). The results indicate that despite the awareness of consumers related to the influence of the organization on them in the purchasing process, they are often affected by this influence. Practical implications: Modern marketing departments should pay attention to the gender of the consumer, as it is one of the determinants in the purchase process. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt appropriate marketing communication tools that will highlight the needs of a specific target group. On the other hand, awareness of the factors affecting the customer's purchasing process will allow the organization to achieve greater sales effectiveness. Originality/value: This article extends the current research by explaining the differences between genders and the marketing activities undertaken by the organization in the process of making purchasing decisions by the consumer. Keywords: consumer gender, consumer behavior, purchasing decisions, marketing activities, Poland. Category of the paper: Research paper.

Alternative action organizations (AAO) usually rise during economic crises to offer direct support and solidarity to their constituency groups. These groups may be less involved recipient beneficiary groups or more participative groups collaborating and creating networks of support to sustain the needs of their members. This article compensates for the lack of empirical knowledge about such groups by systematically describing AAOs’ constituency groups in nine different European countries. The analysis is based on detailed data from the websites of a random sample of more than 4,000 AAOs in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom—countries representing different welfare regimes, as well as experience of the 2008 economic crisis. Results demonstrate that there are significant intracountry variations of groups reported as major beneficiaries and participants by the AAOs, but this variation is related to the solidarity orientation of the organization rather than the country’s welfare regime or experience of economic crises. Mutual support organizations, which focus on collaborating for common interests, tend to target active constituency such as less vulnerable local communities and alternative economy consumer-producer initiatives. Distribution-oriented organizations, however, are more likely to target more vulnerable recipient beneficiary groups such as children, families, the poor, and migrants. We also show some significant country differences, as different constituency groups are represented relatively equally as targets of AAOs in Sweden, while being more “biased” toward alternative consumers and small enterprises in France. Results encourage further comparative research about constituency beneficiary and participant groups and the voluntary sector.

Information is, was and will be one of most valuable resources of any organization and nation. It is not a surprise, that information is a subject of systematic protection and on the other hand, information is the target of various attacks. Thanks to the modern information and communication technologies and ubiquitous tools of global communications, it is very easy, by manipulating information, to influence not only individuals, but whole social groups and nations. Those organized attacks take form of information operations, that are part of information warfare in noosphere. Furthermore, they can be treated as a fixed component of a hybrid wars. This article presents considerations about legal aspects of information operations in Poland. The purpose of this article is to outline the essence of information operations, their relation to the hybrid warfare and most of all indicate the legal aspects of information operations in Poland.

Abstract Aims An integral part of the World Health Organization (WHO) plan to reduce suicide by 10% by 2020 is to identify areas and demographic groups, which should be priority target groups for preventive activities. This study aimed to present the demographic differences between victims of suicide by hanging in the Warsaw metropolitan area, in Poland, by examining the sobriety of victims. Methods Data for analysis were obtained from the documentation of the Department of Forensic Medicine (DFM) at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW). The retrospective analysis included 358 out of 466 victims of suicides by hanging in the Warsaw metropolitan area, in Poland, recorded in the DFM documentation covering 2011–2013. The data gathered included age, gender, the cause of death, a post-mortem examination as well as the level of ethanol in the blood and muscles of victims. Results In both groups, men accounted for a larger percentage of victims than women, P = 0.068. In the no-alcohol group, the victims were older than in the alcohol group (47.52 ± 19.21 vs. 40.88 ± 12.77) (P < 0.001). The majority of the studied population were victims aged 25–34 (22.90%), mainly men (20.95%). Young men were also the largest group among victims in the alcohol group (28.33%). The most numerous age group among no-alcohol group were older victims aged 55–64 (19.10%), especially men (16.29%). Conclusion Regardless of sobriety, men were the largest group of suicide victims in the study population, which means that men die suicide more often than women. Differences in gender proportions are related to age. In the studied population, it was primarily young victims, mainly men. These are the groups that should be priority target groups for preventive activities aimed at reducing the number of suicides. The presence of ethanol in more than half of the victims of suicide in the study population indicates that alcohol is an important suicidal risk factor.

This paper examines influenza vaccine coverage rates (VCR) in Poland and Sweden during the 2003/4 and 2004/5 influenza seasons. An average sample of 2,500 persons was interviewed in each country and each season. Questions regarded age and possible chronic diseases, as well as information on whether they had had an influenza vaccination in the given season. Those who had not received the vaccine were also asked to give reasons for non-vaccination. About one in four (Sweden) to one in three (Poland) of the persons surveyed belonged to high-risk groups (>=65 years of age or suffering from chronic diseases). In the 2004/5 season, 17% (CI 12-19%) of the Polish elderly and 45% (CI 39-50%) of the Swedish elderly were vaccinated. In Poland, 9% (CI 7-12%) of respondents younger than 65 years of age with a chronic condition were vaccinated, whereas in Sweden the corresponding rate was 12% (CI 9-16%). In both countries, the VCR did not change significantly from the previous season. Personal invitations resulted in a higher VCR. In Sweden, the most frequently mentioned reasons for not being vaccinated were the assumption of not qualifying for a vaccination and perceived resistance. In Poland in both years, perceived resistance to flu and the cost of the vaccination were the most often mentioned reasons. The influenza vaccination rates in Poland and Sweden remain far below World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for the high-risk population. No increase in VCR as demonstrated in this study may indicate that these two countries will not be able to meet the 2010 WHO target, if no further action is taken concerning vaccine uptake.

Purpose: The intent of this study is to get insight into the different views on Roma health in Poland to improve health, access to healthcare and broaden the understanding of the limitations for the Roma inclusion in the mainstream of organizational behaviour of health and well-being institutions. Design/methodology/approach: The lack of institutional success up to date in the conduct of policies supporting the Roma on the path to an even standard of living, including health, suggests seeking new organizational approaches. To find the answers to these questions “What views do the Roma/Roma experts/Polish society have on Roma health?” qualitative research was done: six semi-structured openended interviews were conducted in the Roma community in Ochotnica Górna village in the Carpathian Mountains (across three generations), one structured and two semi-structured open-ended interviews with experts, observations of the living environments of the Roma interviewees and collection of newspaper articles as well as an analysis of different statistical data. Findings: The main insights that were provided by the views of Roma experts are the differences of approaches to health issues between Roma groups in Poland. The main insights that the newspaper articles give into the views of the society on Roma health are that the denigrating view on the Roma is still present in society, as some statements created a narrative of ‘othering’. This study also shows the change of views in time, as conformation to Romanipen principles is being relaxed among younger generations so their view on health and health care is changing. The policy in Poland that addresses the health issue of Roma is the National Roma Integration Policy 2014–2020, targeted to the whole Polish Roma population, homogeneously, although the target population is rather heterogeneous. This should be changed in the coming years. Research limitations/implications: A serious limitation in the research was the lack of willingness of both of the Roma people and Roma experts to participate in the study, and especially to share their insights on health, the protection of which follows the restrictive tradition of Romanipen. Generally, conducting research only in Ochotnica Gorna narrows the scope of this study to one particular village, even if the organizational solution is similar all over Poland. Originality/value: The value of the obtained results is increased by their uniqueness, as the separate issues of Roma health are not raised in Polish literature.

Mental health of children and adolescents is one of important issues managed as part of preventive interventions not only in Poland, but throughout the European Union. Many studies have shown continuous deterioration of mental health among children and adolescents. Alarming data have been published by the World Health Organization, which show that up to 20% of children suffer from various types of mental problems, hence the need for interventions that will put an end to this process. The most important target set by the European Union countries is to introduce large-scale multilevel preventive measures aimed at the total population, referred to as universal prevention. In addition to universal prevention, European Union countries, including Poland, implement targeted interventions for those at risk and those already diagnosed, as part of preventive mental health care. These measures are part of the WHO Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2030, which encompasses the following objectives: promote mental well-being, enhance recovery, and reduce the mortality, morbidity and disability for persons with mental disorders. This plan was intended to focus on improving mental health care and implementing comprehensive actions at the local level in all European Union countries, which often requires legislative changes in member states. Mental health is becoming the focal point of national and local interventions in Poland. Fast and free access to specialists close to one’s place of residence becomes crucial.

The article considers training of circular economy specialists in the Republic of Poland by various subjects: higher education institutions in the process of postgraduate education, conducting permanent seminars on closed-loop economy; national and European organizations dealing with problems of circular economy; it has been shown that training of circular economy specialists in the Republic of Poland also takes place in technological service centres, at the Polish Green Building Council, private companies and during environmental fairs, etc. The purpose of the training is to form students' competence in the implementation of environmental reactivation processes in urban areas, understanding of the need to revive degraded areas and determine their functions taking into account environmental conditions and consumer needs. The content of training for each organizational form and the duration of training have been revealed; the characteristics of each target group regarding preparation for introduction of circular economy have been provided. The following conclusion has been made: training of specialists capable of solving problems of the transition to circular economy not only at higher education institutions, but also in the system of specialists’ postgraduate education and in the process of various trainings and seminars organized by Foundations and Organizations, provides specialists in various areas with an opportunity to gain knowledge on circular economy and to focus their professional activities on solving strategic environmental problems and building a business in accordance with defined goals of a sustainable development of society. Today in Ukraine the understanding of the need to change the economic model for the sustainable development of society and the training of specialists in the circular economy is just beginning. Under such conditions, the experience of the Republic of Poland is of considerable interest to higher education institutions, business structures and companies in education and professional development in circular economics.

A review of the specialist literature and analysis of own study results reveal that a scale of the phenomena of undeclared work is both globally and locally significant and differentiated. Comparative research for the entire geographical area is difficult, as these are countries with very diverse economies. This was due to historical conditions, dynamic of socio-political changes and ties with other political alliances, membership in organizations and economic partnerships. The aim of the empirical research was to identify the financial aspects of undertaking work in the grey zone from the workers point of view. The study target group were chosen from unemployed registered at the Municipal Employment Office in Płock, Mazovia Region. Results show that the unemployed turn to undeclared work for financial reasons, such as higher reimbursement, unsatisfactory income or excessively high social insurance contributions. Respondents assessed their financial situation most often as bad, and indicated difficulties in finding work through registered employment. People who undertake work in a grey zone are predominantly those from low income groups, socially excluded, migrants, long time unemployed.

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientists’ views on international experience in the professional training of future specialists in the socionomic sphere to work with families raising children with special needs (master's level). Peculiarities of theoretical and practical training of future specialists in the social sphere (master's level) in colleges and universities of the USA, Canada, Sweden, Great Britain, France, Germany, Poland are discussed. According to the world standards, the selected countries demonstrate breakthrough achievements, a high level of professional training of the target group of specialists. The main approaches to the organization of professional training of future specialists in the socionomic sphere are specified, namely the integration of theory and practice in the learning process, interdisciplinary of programs and disciplines, interactivity of educational process organization, participation of stakeholders, practical orientation of the training (activity of students in social agencies under the guidance of mentors). The emphasis is put on certain teaching methods, specifically on discussion, situational, problematic methods, the use of «reflexive breaks», «open communication», practical activities in the laboratory, group forms of work.

Within the theoretical framework of social representations this chapter features the web-based multi-faced sources of information about three European capitals: London, Madrid, and Warsaw. In line with the “modelling approach to social representations”, the research verifies a set of three hypotheses concerning each considered web-based media source (a: institutional municipal websites; b: social networks; c: Google Earth) and its relationship with more traditional forms of communication. The communicative capacity of the municipal websites and the manner of creating virtual itineraries by Google Earth are related to the overall self-rated importance of sources of information about cities; while exchanges about the same target cities through social networks reflect the interactive nature of interpersonal communication. The results from web-based media studies will be also compared with those based on the field study, involving 420 first-time visitors from France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, UK, and USA, contacted before and after their first-time visit.

This chapter examines the Jewish intercessor (shtadlan) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, long the target of opponents’ bile and consistently defended by die-hard advocates. It addresses several fundamental questions regarding the shtadlan, his activities, and his role as a communal functionary. In doing so, the chapter attempts to draw a more well-rounded picture of the shtadlan, but also shed more light upon the relationship between Jewish communities in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the various powers that ruled the Commonwealth. Conclusions drawn from this analysis of the Jewish community are compared with the experiences of other communities, Jewish and non-Jewish, within the Commonwealth and elsewhere. This analysis is used to determine whether the shtadlan was a phenomenon particular to a specific space, time, and culture, or rather was representative of a more general pattern of political organization and behaviour practised in different Jewish communities throughout the ages.

Numerous firm-level studies indicate a positive relationship between innovation and exports, being an important indicator of international competitiveness. The aim of this chapter is to present a cross-country analysis of the relationship between innovation and exports of firms in selected new EU Member States from the CEE region. All types of innovation (i.e. product, process, organizational, and marketing innovation) are analyzed and their relationship with international sales is assessed in this chapter. The analysis is based on Community Innovation Survey (CIS) micro data of 10,903 innovative manufacturing firms from Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania for the 2006 – 2008 period. The logistic regression models are constructed to identify the relationship between each type of innovation and firms' export sales. The reverse causality (i.e. the effect of international sales on firm innovation) is also investigated. The strongest relationship between the introduction of product innovation and export sales on all foreign target markets was revealed for firms in all CEE countries. The influence of other types of innovation on export sales was also proved positive, though weaker, in most of these countries. The influence of international sales on firm's innovation in all surveyed countries was weaker than the impact of innovation on export.

Introduction COFFE project proposes the transferring and modernizing an on-line tool "Simulation enterprise", dedicated to vocational school students which enables users to run virtual enterprise producing mobile phones and manage it in an environment reflecting real economic conditions. The game is concentrated on developing entrepreneurial skills and encouraging users to run in the future own business. The main aims and objectives are: o increasing knowledge on enterprise functioning and enterprise management, o raising awareness in the field of contemporary economic conditions in Poland and other partner countries, o helping game users to develop entrepreneurship and use this knowledge for learning and developing competences from areas: entrepreneurship, mathematics, ICT and foreign languages, o raising awareness among key stakeholders in the field of key competences which are necessary to possess to get employed. The COFFE PROJECT COFFE project is a partnership of six organizations and institutions, which are: educational institution (University of Economics and Innovation, Poland and GEA College, Slovenia), non-governmental organization (OIC Poland), counseling services and career guidance (CPIP Romania), chambers of commerce (Cambra Tarrasa from Spain) and research centres (RCI, Cyprus). The consortium partners are familiar with issues connected with developing entrepreneurial attitudes as well as experienced in multilateral projects within LLP Programme as all of them participated previously in LLP, either as leading partner or as a partner organization/institution. The project will cause an increase of entrepreneurial attitudes amongst young people (mainly vocational school students) and other interested in development their entrepreneurial skills, increase their knowledge from macro-economy as well as popularize using modern training methods (e-learning and simulation games) which are recently becoming more attractive and effective. Learning by games "Business Simulation" game system is the Internet application simulating realities of the contemporary market within the business realm. Games take place in the virtual world and reflect the basic rules and dependencies existing in the business world. Players play a role of owners of companies producing mobile phones. Their task is to start and develop their companies in the reality of competition with other enterprises of similar profile and run by other players. Competing on this difficult market requires a skillful management of the company's potential and resorting to cooperation with trade partners. The object of the game's simulated market are mobile phones. Each one is characterized by two features: quality level and functionality level. In the game, time runs in a constant manner. Its flow is measured in units called steps. The bigger unit applied is a period, which is a multiple of steps of the game. Notions of periods and steps may be respectively identified with months and days in the real world. In the game there is no equivalent of a year. The world in which the game takes place has its geographical properties. It is all divided into locations, each of which is situated in a given country and has its geographical coordinates. At the start of the game, all the business entities which require their headquarters are automatically located on the map. These are players' companies, clients, suppliers, warehouses and transport companies. It means that each company receives an investment plot on some country's territory and therefore the access to trade partners existing in a particular country. In order to enter into partnership with foreign companies, a player's company will have to establish a branch in a neighboring country. The screen describing a given branch of a player's company, presents a kind of magnification of a singular part of the world map. It also includes a list of organizational units which have their headquarters in this location together with providing their basic parameters. Below, there is also a component showing values of factors describing a given branch, such as being assigned to a given country, its parameters on the world map, a quantity of building plots and its value. An empty, newly bought investment plot includes several free building plots. A player decides on ways of its exploitation. Particular building plots in this location will be taken over by buildings belonging to organizational units. With the moment of its purchase, one of building plots is automatically taken over by an administration building which represents a workplace on managerial staff and administration. Furthermore, a company branch screen has an option of changing its name. Results The paper presents the study case of the implementation of the COFFE project in Romania. We present aspects about: o the developing of the on-line simulation game, designed for specific purpose and target group o the impact of this tool which will reflect economical conditions to the students o the use of modern technologies to make the training process as attractive as possible o the promotion of the entrepreneurship, innovativeness and self-employment

The article is part of a doctoral dissertation, the aim of which is to implement the Policy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence from 2020 in Poland by modelling and implementing program activities to support the implementation of new technologies in the small and medium-sized enterprise sector (SME), along with their cyclical monitoring and validation. The doctoral thesis assumes that the realization of the goal will be carried out through the collection and production of a set of good practices that will support and facilitate the implementation of solutions based on artificial intelligence for SME, as well as their popularization in this group, which will fill the implementation gap (lack of addressing the needs of this target group) and the research gap (description of program mechanisms addressing the problems of policy implementation). For this purpose, a platform provided by the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence in the form of a website is being used and adapted in Polish market, where an entrepreneur will be able to easily validate his or her level of maturity and can see what technologies are adequate for implementation in his or her enterprise. The conceptual work on the portal identified three main challenges facing SMEs: the difficulty in finding trusted AI suppliers, the lack of knowledge in AI, and the lack of identification of business topics and strategies where AI could be implemented in the organization. By using the portal and describing a specific way to validate suppliers, which will also be the subject of this article, SMEs can count on programmatic support in applying AI to business operations. During the implementation of this tool in Poland, the author of the publication focused on entrepreneurs who do not use technologies or the possible implementation of technologies raises many questions (for example, of a legal nature), and thus blocks the possibility of possible implementation. The article will indicate how AI solution providers are added (assessment list), how SMEs can find out their level of implementation, as well as what recommendations for changes to the portal have come from each side so as to ensure the best possible functioning of this portal in the Polish market, thus addressing the research and implementation problem of the PhD.