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Journal articles on the topic 'Tar spot of corn'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

McCoy, A. G., M. G. Roth, R. Shay, Z. A. Noel, M. A. Jayawardana, R. W. Longley, G. Bonito, and M. I. Chilvers. "Identification of Fungal Communities Within the Tar Spot Complex of Corn in Michigan via Next-Generation Sequencing." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 3 (January 2019): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-03-19-0017-r.

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Tar spot is a fungal disease complex of corn that has been destructive and yield limiting in Central and South America for nearly 50 years. Phyllachora maydis, the causal agent of tar spot, is an emerging corn pathogen in the United States, first reported in 2015 from major corn producing regions of the country. The tar spot disease complex putatively includes Monographella maydis (syn. Microdochium maydis), which increases disease damage through the development of necrotic halos surrounding tar spot lesions. These necrotic halos, termed “fish-eye” symptoms, have been identified in the United States, though Monographella maydis has not yet been confirmed. A recent surge in disease severity and loss of yield attributed to tar spot in the United States has led to increased attention and expanded efforts to understand the disease complex and how to manage it. In this study, next-generation sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA was used to identify fungal taxa that distinguish tar spot infections with or without fish-eye symptoms. Fungal communities within tar spot only lesions were significantly different from communities having fish-eye symptoms. Two low abundance operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified as Microdochium sp., however, neither were associated with fish-eye symptom development. Interestingly, a single OTU was found to be significantly more abundant in fish-eye lesions compared with tar spot lesions and had a 91% ITS1 identity to Neottiosporina paspali. In addition, the occurrence of this OTU was positively associated with Phyllachora maydis fish-eye symptom networks, but not in tar spot symptom networks. Neottiosporina paspali has been reported to cause necrotic lesions on various monocot grasses. Whether the related fungus we detected is part of the tar-spot complex of corn and responsible for fish-eye lesions remains to be tested. Alternatively, many OTUs identified as Phyllachora maydis, suggesting that different isolate genotypes may be capable of causing both tar spot and fish-eye symptoms, independent of other fungi. We conclude that Monographella maydis is not required for fish-eye symptoms in tar spot of corn.

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2

Valle-Torres, J., T. J. Ross, D. Plewa, M. C. Avellaneda, J. Check, M. I. Chilvers, A. P. Cruz, et al. "Tar Spot: An Understudied Disease Threatening Corn Production in the Americas." Plant Disease 104, no. 10 (October 2020): 2541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-20-0449-fe.

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Tar spot of corn has been a major foliar disease in several Latin American countries since 1904. In 2015, tar spot was first documented in the United States and has led to significant yield losses of approximately 4.5 million t. Tar spot is caused by an obligate pathogen, Phyllachora maydis, and thus requires a living host to grow and reproduce. Due to its obligate nature, biological and epidemiological studies are limited and impact of disease in corn production has been understudied. Here we present the current literature and gaps in knowledge of tar spot of corn in the Americas, its etiology, distribution, impact and known management strategies as a resource for understanding the pathosystem. This will in turn guide current and future research and aid in the development of effective management strategies for this disease.

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3

Oh, Sungchan, Da-Young Lee, Carlos Gongora-Canul, Akash Ashapure, Joshua Carpenter, A. P. Cruz, Mariela Fernandez-Campos, et al. "Tar Spot Disease Quantification Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132567.

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Tar spot is a foliar disease of corn characterized by fungal fruiting bodies that resemble tar spots. The disease emerged in the U.S. in 2015, and severe outbreaks in 2018 caused an economic impact on corn yields throughout the Midwest. Adequate epidemiological surveillance and disease quantification are necessary to develop immediate and long-term management strategies. This study presents a measurement framework that evaluates the disease severity of tar spot using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS)-based plant phenotyping and regression techniques. UAS-based plant phenotypic information, such as canopy cover, canopy volume, and vegetation indices, were used as explanatory variables. Visual estimations of disease severity were performed by expert plant pathologists per experiment plot basis and used as response variables. Three regression methods, namely ordinary least squares (OLS), support vector regression (SVR), and multilayer perceptron (MLP), were used to determine an optimal regression method for UAS-based tar spot measurement. The cross-validation results showed that the regression model based on MLP provides the highest accuracy of disease measurements. By training and testing the model with spatially separated datasets, the proposed regression model achieved a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (ρc) of 0.82 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.42. This study demonstrated that we could use the proposed UAS-based method for the disease quantification of tar spot, which shows a gradual spectral response as the disease develops.

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4

Kleczewski, Nathan M., James Donnelly, and Russ Higgins. "Phyllachora maydis, Causal Agent of Tar Spot on Corn, Can Overwinter in Northern Illinois." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-04-19-0030-br.

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Tar spot on corn (Zea mays L.), caused by the obligate fungal pathogen Phyllachora maydis Maubl., was first detected in the United States in 2015. Currently, the disease has been detected in 172 counties across Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Although observations indicate that P. maydis likely overwinters in the region, this has not been conclusively proven. Samples of corn foliage heavily infected with P. maydis were recovered from two fields in northern Illinois in March 2019. Ascospores were extracted and were applied to corn seedlings under controlled greenhouse conditions. Symptoms of tar spot were observed 17 days after inoculation, and ascospores were extracted from stromata to confirm P. maydis. This is the first conclusive proof that P. maydis can overwinter the United States. We also present a preliminary greenhouse method that, if optimized, may be used to study this pathosystem under controlled conditions.

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5

Malvick, D. K., D. E. Plewa, D. Lara, N. M. Kleczewski, C. M. Floyd, and B. E. Arenz. "First Report of Tar Spot of Corn Caused by Phyllachora maydis in Minnesota." Plant Disease 104, no. 6 (June 2020): 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-19-2167-pdn.

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6

Groves, Carol L., Nathan M. Kleczewski, Darcy E. P. Telenko, Martin I. Chilvers, and Damon L. Smith. "Phyllachora maydis Ascospore Release and Germination from Overwintered Corn Residue." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-10-19-0077-rs.

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Tar spot of corn, caused by Phyllachora maydis, has been reported in several upper Midwest states in the United States. This has led to expanded efforts to more thoroughly understand the biology of P. maydis and the epidemiology of tar spot. This study determined the potential for P. maydis ascospore release and germination from overwintered P. maydis-infected corn residues from various locations in the upper Midwest. Corn residue samples collected in the spring of 2019 from 12 fields in four states were examined. Ascospore release and germination were observed in all residue samples collected. The mean total number of ascospores released per milliliter of water ranged from 3.6 × 103 to 4.8 × 106 after 4-h incubation and 3.7 × 103 to 4.4 × 106 after 24-h incubation. The mean percent spore germination ranged from 0.7 to 24.1% after 4-h incubation and 2.4 to 24.9% after 24-h incubation. There was a significant inverse relationship between total numbers of ascospores released and the percent germination of the ascospores. Samples from Illinois consistently yielded the greatest total ascospore release but were also consistently among the samples with the lowest percent ascospore germination. Samples from Wisconsin and Indiana were among the lowest for total ascospore numbers but were among the highest for total ascospore germination. These findings provide evidence that P. maydis can overwinter in multiple areas of the upper Midwest. Future research should focus on reducing infested corn residue to reduce initial infection by P. maydis.

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7

Mueller, Daren S., Kiersten A. Wise, Adam J. Sisson, Tom W. Allen, Gary C. Bergstrom, Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette, Carl A. Bradley, et al. "Corn Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2016 to 2019." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-20-0038-rs.

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Annual reductions in corn (Zea mays L.) yield caused by diseases were estimated by university Extension-affiliated plant pathologists in 26 corn-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2016 through 2019. Estimated loss from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon & E.Y. Daniels) caused the greatest estimated yield loss in parts of the northern United States and Ontario in all years except 2019, and Fusarium stalk rot (caused by Fusarium spp.) also greatly reduced yield. Tar spot (caused by Phyllachora maydis Maubl.), a relatively new disease in the United States, was estimated to cause substantial yield loss in 2018 and 2019 in several northern states. Gray leaf spot and southern rust (caused by Puccinia polysora Underw.) caused the most estimated yield losses in the southern United States. Unfavorable wet and delayed harvest conditions in 2018 resulted in an estimated 2.5 billion bushels (63.5 million metric tons) of grain contaminated with mycotoxins. The estimated mean economic loss due to reduced yield caused by corn diseases in the United States and Ontario from 2016 to 2019 was US$55.90 per acre (US$138.13 per hectare). Results from this survey provide scientists, corn breeders, government agencies, and educators with data to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in corn pathology and disease management.

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8

Telenko, Darcy E. P., Tiffanna J. Ross, Sujoung Shim, Qinhu Wang, and Raksha Singh. "Draft Genome Sequence Resource for Phyllachora maydis—An Obligate Pathogen That Causes Tar Spot of Corn with Recent Economic Impacts in the United States." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 7 (July 2020): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-20-0075-a.

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Phyllachora maydis is an important fungal pathogen that causes tar spot of corn and has led to significant yield loss in the United States and other countries. P. maydis is an obligate biotroph belonging to the Sordariomycetes class of Ascomycota. Due to the challenges posed by their obligate nature, there is no genome sequence available in the Phyllachora genus. P. maydis isolate PM01 was collected from a corn field in Indiana and the genome was determined by next-generation sequencing. The assembly size is 45.7 Mb, with 56.46% repetitive sequences. There are 5,992 protein-coding genes and 59 are predicted as effector proteins. This genome resource will increase our understanding of genomic features of P. maydis and will assist in studying the corn–P. maydis interaction and identifying potential resistant candidates for corn breeding programs.

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9

Ruhl, G., M. K. Romberg, S. Bissonnette, D. Plewa, T. Creswell, and K. A. Wise. "First Report of Tar Spot on Corn Caused by Phyllachora maydis in the United States." Plant Disease 100, no. 7 (July 2016): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-15-1506-pdn.

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10

McCoy, A. G., M. K. Romberg, E. R. Zaworski, A. E. Robertson, A. Phibbs, B. D. Hudelson, D. L. Smith, et al. "First Report of Tar Spot on Corn (Zea mays) Caused by Phyllachora maydis in Florida, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin." Plant Disease 102, no. 9 (September 2018): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-18-0271-pdn.

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11

Winderl, Christian, Bettina Anneser, Christian Griebler, Rainer U. Meckenstock, and Tillmann Lueders. "Depth-Resolved Quantification of Anaerobic Toluene Degraders and Aquifer Microbial Community Patterns in Distinct Redox Zones of a Tar Oil Contaminant Plume." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 3 (December 14, 2007): 792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01951-07.

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ABSTRACT Microbial degradation is the only sustainable component of natural attenuation in contaminated groundwater environments, yet its controls, especially in anaerobic aquifers, are still poorly understood. Hence, putative spatial correlations between specific populations of key microbial players and the occurrence of respective degradation processes remain to be unraveled. We therefore characterized microbial community distribution across a high-resolution depth profile of a tar oil-impacted aquifer where benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) degradation depends mainly on sulfate reduction. We conducted depth-resolved terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting and quantitative PCR of bacterial 16S rRNA and benzylsuccinate synthase genes (bssA) to quantify the distribution of total microbiota and specific anaerobic toluene degraders. We show that a highly specialized degrader community of microbes related to known deltaproteobacterial iron and sulfate reducers (Geobacter and Desulfocapsa spp.), as well as clostridial fermenters (Sedimentibacter spp.), resides within the biogeochemical gradient zone underneath the highly contaminated plume core. This zone, where BTEX compounds and sulfate—an important electron acceptor—meet, also harbors a surprisingly high abundance of the yet-unidentified anaerobic toluene degraders carrying the previously detected F1-cluster bssA genes (C. Winderl, S. Schaefer, and T. Lueders, Environ. Microbiol. 9:1035-1046, 2007). Our data suggest that this biogeochemical gradient zone is a hot spot of anaerobic toluene degradation. These findings show that the distribution of specific aquifer microbiota and degradation processes in contaminated aquifers are tightly coupled, which may be of value for the assessment and prediction of natural attenuation based on intrinsic aquifer microbiota.

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12

Alexander, Roy. "Urban Tar-spot." Mycologist 2, no. 1 (January 1988): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(88)80109-5.

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13

Tamakaew, N. "Tar spot fungi from Thailand." Mycosphere 8, no. 8 (2017): 1054–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/8/6.

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14

Pugh, GJF. "Urban tar-spot of sycamore." Mycologist 1, no. 3 (July 1987): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(87)80084-8.

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15

Astuti, Dwi, Suryo Wiyono, Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat, Trikoesoemaningtyas Trikoesoemaningtyas, and Satya Nugroho. "Tar spot disease of sorghum plants caused by Phyllachora sp. in Bogor, Gunung Kidul and West Lombok, Indonesia." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 23, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.12338-46.

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The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) plant is highly tolerant and adapted to drought. It has the potential to be developed and planted on marginal land in Indonesia. Tar spot disease is one of the obstacles to sorghum cultivation. In Indonesia, there is no report yet about this disease, especially on sorghum. To achieve optimal disease management, information on disease incidence and severity levels, as well as pathogen tar spot disease identification, are required. The aims of this study were to morphologically identify the pathogen and determine the level of incidence and severity of tar spot in sorghum cultivation areas in Bogor Regency, Gunung Kidul Regency, and West Lombok Regency. The disease observations were carried out on 17 sorghum varieties from the three areas with no experimental design. The results of the observation of the tar spot disease incidence in 17 varieties of sorghum from Bogor, Gunung Kidul, and West Lombok were 100%. The level of tar spot disease severity varied from 32.4% in the Latu Keta sorghum variety to the highest of 87.9% in the Samurai sorghum variety. The macroscopic and microscopic observation results of tar spot on sorghum plants showed that the cause of the tar spot disease was the Phyllachora fungi. This is the first report of a tar spot on sorghum caused by Phyllachora sp. in Indonesia.

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16

Sampangi, R. K., S. K. Mohan, and H. R. Pappu. "Identification of New Alternative Weed Hosts for Iris yellow spot virus in the Pacific Northwest." Plant Disease 91, no. 12 (December 2007): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1683b.

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Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus) is an economically important viral pathogen of onion bulb and seed crops in several parts of the United States and the world (1). IYSV is primarily transmitted by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and there is no evidence of seed transmission (1). However, susceptible cultivated and weed species could serve as reservoirs of inoculum from which thrips could acquire the virus to introduce and spread it in onion fields. Samples from asymptomatic and symptomatic volunteer onion plants in some of the commonly cultivated crops in the region (corn, wheat, grapes, mint, carrot, alfalfa, and sugar beets) and several common weeds in and around onion bulb and seed fields with a history of IYSV in Idaho and Washington were collected during the months of July, August, September and October of 2006. More than 175 samples from 35 plant species were analyzed for IYSV by a commercially available ELISA kit (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). With the exception of a few volunteer onions, none of the other plant species had any symptoms of virus infection. Symptoms on volunteer onions included characteristic diamond-shaped lesions. To confirm the presence of IYSV in the ELISA-positive samples, total nucleic acids were extracted (2) and used in a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay (3). The primer pair consisted of 5′-TAA AAC AAA CAT TCA AAC AA-3′ and 5′-CTC TTA AAC ACA TTT AAC AAG CAC-3′. This primer pair flanks the nucleocapsid (N) gene of IYSV and generates an approximate 1.2-kb amplicon (3) that includes the complete N gene. An amplicon of expected size was obtained from each IYSV-positive sample. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced. There was a 95% sequence identity with known IYSV sequences. While several weed species gave ELISA values that suggested the presence of IYSV, results of RT-PCR assays failed to confirm the presence of the virus. This discrepancy between ELISA and RT-PCR results could be due to nonspecific reaction in ELISA (4) or difficulty associated with obtaining RT-PCR-quality templates for amplification. Only volunteer onions and the following weeds tested positive for IYSV by ELISA and RT-PCR: redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris), kochia (Kochia scoparia), prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). Of these, redroot pigweed was recently reported to be ELISA-positive for IYSV (1). This information on the wider natural host range of IYSV, including potential alternative hosts that could serve as virus reservoirs, is useful for a better understanding of the disease epidemiology and in developing an integrated management strategy for reducing the impact of this disease. References: (1) D. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 90:1468, 2006. (2) H. R. Pappu et al. HortScience 40:697, 2005. (3) H. R. Pappu et al. Arch. Virol. 151:1015, 2006. (4) T. N. Smith et al. Plant Dis. 90:729, 2006.

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17

Winsor, Susan. "Tar Spot: a New Fungus Amongus." Crops & Soils 55, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crso.20176.

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18

Davison, E. M., and F. C. S. Tay. "Management of tar spot disease caused by Phyllachora grevilleae subsp. grevilleae on Hakea myrtoides (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 5 (2010): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10008.

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Hakea myrtoides Meisn. is an attractive shrub that has a restricted distribution in the south-west of Western Australia. It is not killed by fire but re-sprouts from basal lignotubers. Its leaves are often severely affected by tar spot disease, caused by the biotrophic, stromatic ascomycete Phyllachora grevilleae (Lév.) Sacc. subsp. grevilleae (Lév) Sacc. This disease is spread by ascospores that are produced during the wettest months of the year: late autumn, winter and spring. Badly infected populations of H. myrtoides were burnt, either in a controlled burn in November 2007, or in a wildfire in January 2008. The incidence of tar spot disease on leaves of burnt plants in 2008 and 2009 was 4.4%, while its incidence on unburnt plants was significantly higher (25.1%). The incidence of flowering in 2009 was similar in both burnt and unburnt populations. Tar spot disease is common on H. myrtoides; it is present on 77% of collections of this host in the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH).

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19

Helbawanti, Octaviana, and Masyhuri -. "Volatility and Market Integration of Spot-Forward Corn Price in Indonesia." Media Trend 14, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v14i1.4379.

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This study aims to determine the volatility and market integration between the price of corn in the Indonesian spot market and futures market in the international market. The data used in this research is secondary data consisting of Indonesian corn spot price and corn forward price referring commodity exchange, Chicago. Data in the form of monthly time series in 2007 until 2016. ARCH / GARCH method is used to measure the volatility at spot and forward price, whereas the market integration of spot and forward corn is used Johansen Cointegration and Engel-Granger Causality method. The results show that spot and forward prices of corn occur high volatility. The best ARCH/GARCH model for spot price is GARCH (2,0) with the volatility value of 0,91 and for forward price is GARCH (2,0) with the volatility value of 1.12. It means that volatility of spot and forward influenced by the increase and fluctuations of spot and forward price two previous periods. Between the spot and forward market, there is market integration and a one-way causal relationship. The market integration indicates there is long-run relationship, while one way indicates the spot price effect on the forward price, not vice versa.

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20

Trapero, A., and M. E. Sánchez. "Quercus canariensis, a New Host of Trabutia quercina." Plant Disease 87, no. 2 (February 2003): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.2.201b.

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Quercus canariensis Willd. is an oak species endemic to northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. This species is particularly abundant in the southwestern Andalucía Region of southern Spain. During a disease survey in this area from 1997 to 1998, we observed Q. canariensis trees affected by a tar spot disease. Tar spot lesions were clearly differentiated by a black, crustose, and shiny stromata (10 to 20 mm in diameter) on the upper surface of leaves mainly arranged along leaf veins but also scattered randomly over the leaf surface. On most leaves there was little necrosis, and on most trees the damage was not serious, although some trees located in the most humid areas were severely affected with leaf chlorosis and heavy defoliation. Other Quercus species in the area, such as Q. ilex and Q. suber, did not show signs of tar spot. One fungus species was consistently associated with tar spots. The fungus formed ascomata, 250 to 400 µm in diameter, embedded in the stromata. Asci were clavate or saccate, 45 to 55 × 17 to 22 µm, eight spored, and short stalked. The ascus apex was acute to obtuse. Ascospores were arranged irregularly, 20 to 25 (-30) × 5 to 8.5 µm, fusiform to ellipsoidal fusiform, often curved and flattened on one side, thin walled, hyaline, aseptate, and smooth without a gelatinous sheath or appendage. Based on these characteristics, the fungus was identified as Trabutia quercina (Rudolphi ex Fr.) Sacc. & Roum., a pathogen causing tar spot in several Quercus species in the Northern Hemisphere (1). Samples were deposited in the Plant Pathology Mycotheca at the University of Córdoba, Spain (MIC-888 to MIC-897). To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. quercina on Q. canariensis and the first report of this pathogen in Spain. Reference: (1) P. F. Cannon. Mycopathologia 135:69, 1996.

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21

Chandel, Sunita, and Vijay Kumar. "First report of tar spot of Toona (Toona ciliata) in India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 784–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i2.1275.

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A new foliar disease of toona tree has been reported during continuous surveys conducted at Solan district of Himachal Pradesh during August, 2015 to December, 2015. On the basis of morphological characteristics of the fungus, the fungus was identified as Rhytisma acerinum, which produces symptoms on upper surface of the leaves as numerous small, superficial and blackish lesion which later gives the similar appearance as given by tar. Tar spot of the toona tree produces the ascomata whose size ranges from 14-16 µm with average of 15µm, asci length varied from 60-80 x 9.5-10.2 µm and size of ascospores varied from 52-58 x 1.8-2.0 µm. Tar Spot disease of leaves of Toona in Himachal Pradesh is the first report of its occurrence and more work is needed so that the disease could remain in manageable level.

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22

Ceballos, H. "Inheritance of Resistance to Tar Spot Complex in Maize." Phytopathology 82, no. 5 (1992): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-82-505.

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23

Johnston, Peter R. "Tar‐spot fungi onNothofagusin New Zealand ‐ a preliminary report." New Zealand Journal of Botany 37, no. 4 (December 1999): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1999.9512664.

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24

Lipps, P. E. "Gray Leaf Spot Epiphytotic in Ohio Corn." Plant Disease 71, no. 3 (1987): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-0281f.

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25

Watrin, Clifford G., and Edward B. Radcliffe. "Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.138a.

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Abstract Sweet corn was planted 15 Jun at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount MN. Treatments were 1 row, 50 ft long, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Plants were spaced at 7 to 8-inch intervals within rows, 30 inches apart. Twenty-five first ins tar ECB were placed on the silks of all ears in all treatments on 13 Aug. Experimental treatments were separated by 1 row of corn, untreated and not artificially infested with ECB. Insecticidal sprays were applied 3 times, 12, 21, and 27 Aug, to the silk area of the ears. Foliar treatments were applied using a CO2 powered hand-sprayer delivering 36 gal of water/acre at 35 psi. Granular treatments were hand applied by “shaker” in a 12-inch band over the silks. Evaluations were made 16 Sep by scoring 25 randomly selected ears per plot for presence of live ECB larvae or ECB damage to the ear.

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26

Mihail, J. D., R. L. McGraw, P. E. Verslues, and S. J. Taylor. "Episodic Dynamics of Tar Spot of Annual Lespedeza Within and Among Years." Plant Disease 81, no. 5 (May 1997): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.5.535.

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The temporal and spatial dynamics of six tar spot epidemics were examined at two sites in mid-Missouri during 1990 to 1992. The sites, 48 km apart, differed in topography (flat versus slope), soil texture (silt loam versus silty-clay loam), and cropping history (orchard versus row crops). Temporal dynamics of disease incidence differed more among years than between sites. During 1990, temporal dynamics of the two epidemics followed a classic monotonic increase, whereas disease increase was episodic for the four epidemics observed during 1991 and 1992. Disease increase was associated with shading of the plant canopy or with the presence of dodder. Disease increase was related inversely to intercepted photosynthetically active radiation. Taken together, these observations suggest that factors that increase shading in the lespedeza canopy also increase tar spot incidence. For only two of the six epidemics was there a significant relationship between disease incidence (proportion of leaflets diseased) and disease severity (proportion of leaflet area diseased), with disease severity rarely exceeding 10%. These observations suggest that relatively low tar spot incidence may result in significant leaf losses, which would reduce lespedeza hay quality and yield. Further, this study demonstrates the importance of experimental repetition in both space and time to fully appreciate the range of disease dynamics for a single pathosystem.

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27

Dacco, R., and S. Satchell. "Forward and spot exchange rates in a bivariate TAR framework." European Journal of Finance 7, no. 2 (June 2001): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518470122779.

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28

Reid, L. M., X. Zhu, J. Wu, C. Voloaca, T. Woldemariam, and K. K. Jindal. "CO466 corn inbred line." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0290.

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CO466 is a short-season corn (Zea mays L.) inbred line with excellent combining ability with both Iodent and stiff stalk inbred testers, and the early maturing AAFC line CL30. CO466 has moderate resistance to eyespot, Goss’s bacterial wilt, grey leaf spot, common rust, and fusarium stalk rot.

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Li, Da Zhong, and Ying Jie Wu. "Engineering Optimization for Tar Removal Process in Corn Straw Gasification." Advanced Materials Research 462 (February 2012): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.462.559.

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The LS-SVM(the least square supporting vector machine) model of tar removal process by catalytic cracking in corn straw gasification was established according to the experimental data in [2]. On this base, a multi-objective optimization function was put forward, by which the Pareto-optimal solutions were gained in a single run. From the perspective of engineering optimization, the efficient solutions that are suitable for power generation and gas supply were selected respectively from the Pareto-optimal solutions by analysising different demands for gas.

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30

YANG, CHUN-LIN, XIU-LAN XU, YING-GAO LIU, KEVIN D. HYDE, and ERIC H. C. MCKENZIE. "A new species of Phyllachora (Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales) on Phyllostachys heteroclada from Sichuan, China." Phytotaxa 392, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.392.3.2.

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Phyllachora species usually cause leaf tar spot disease associated with living leaves in various hosts. In this study, a sample of stem tar spot was collected from a Phyllostachys heteroclada forest in Ya’an City, Sichuan Province, China. Here we introduce a new taxon in the genus Phyllachora through using morphology, information on host and multigene phylogeny of three genes (LSU, SSU, ITS). Within the family Phyllachoraceae, members of the genus Phyllachora form five groups with maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies. The new species Phyllachora heterocladae clusters with eight undetermined Phyllachora species in a highly supported clade and morphologically differs from other similar species in having relatively long asci with a noticeable apical ring, fusiform to ellipsoid ascospores with many guttules and a thick gelatinous sheath and botuliform or falciform spermatia with 1-septate or aseptate.

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31

Saputri, Nining, Sartono Joko Santosa, and Saiful Bahri. "KAJIAN MACAM PUPUK HAYATI TERHADAP INTENSITAS PENYAKIT BERCAK DAUN Cercospora sp PADA TANAMAN JAGUNG HITAM." Innofarm:Jurnal Inovasi Pertanian 22, no. 1 (April 19, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33061/innofarm.v22i1.3534.

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This study is titled Study of Biological Fertilizers on the intensity of Leaf Spots (Cercospora sp.) On Black Corn (Black Aztec) with the aim to study the types of biological fertilizers on the intensity of Cercospora sp. which began on November 9, 2019, in Jembangan Village, Gagaksipat Village, Ngemplak District, Boyolali District, Central Java, with a height of 150m (asl). This study uses a single factor Complete Randomized Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 10 treatments and 3 replications. The data from the results of this study were analyzed with the Duncan at the 5% level. The parameters observed include: intensity of leaf spot disease, weight of cob with corn husk per plant (gram), weight of cob without corn husk per plant (gram), weight of 100 corn seeds (gram). The results showed that: (1) Symptoms of leaf spot disease appear evenly on all biological fertilizers, symptoms of disease attack began to appear at the age of 30 days after planting. (2) In the treatment of biological fertilizer Megharizo on black corn concertration 10 ml/1,2 l (B2) can reduce the intensity of leaf spot disease. (3) The application of biological fertilizer from three doses has not been able to increase the yield of black corn to the weight of corn with corn husk, weight of corn without corn husk, and weight of 100 seeds.

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32

Mao, Lirui, Hanxu Li, Yuanchun Zhang, Chengli Wu, and Yan Geng. "Preparing coal water slurry from BDO tar to achieve resource utilization: gasification process of BDO tar-coal water slurry." E3S Web of Conferences 131 (2019): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913101050.

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1, 4-Butanediol (BDO) is an important organic and fine chemical raw material, but the waste liquid (BDO tar) discoal charged from the BDO production plant is complex in composition, contains salt, and is complicated to handle. In this study, BDO tar was treated by the method of waste-coal water slurry, and the gasification process of blending BDO tar was studied. The results show that as the BDO tar content increases, the organic component in the BDO tar causes the temperature point corresponding to the peak of the maximum reaction rate to migrate to the high temperature zone during the initial temperature to 150 °C. In the temperature range of 200 °C~300 °C, the weight loss of BDO tar leads to a significant weight loss peak of TG curves. From 600 °C to the final reaction temperature range, the alkali metal Na enriches the surface of the coal char with more active “spot”, and due to the alkali metal Na limits the graphitization of coal char, the active sites increase, which increases the coal char gasification reaction activity.

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33

Karami, S. M., M. R. Kavosi, G. Hajizadeh, and H. Jalilvand. "Biotechnical control of tar spot (Rhytisma acerinum) disease on velvet maple (Acer velutinum Boiss) in vitro." Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 8 (September 1, 2014): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/50/2014-jfs.

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Several different fungi can cause tar leaf spot diseases in maple trees, including three fungi of the genus Rhytisma. Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fries is an ascomycete that forms black stromata known as tar spot on the adaxial surface of the leaves of Acer species. The tar spot (R. acerinum) disease has been increasing in incidence and severity in maples of Hyrcanian forests, northern Iran, in recent years. One of the best ways to manage infestations by R. acerinum is through adequate biotechnical techniques. The isolation of fungal spore colonies was evaluated using different dosages of Oxywet 10% (50, 100, 200, 500 µl), Gentamicin 5% (100, 200, 400; 1,000 µl), and Amoxicillin antibiotics 20% (25, 50, 100, 250 µl) in 100 ml of distilled water in each treatment. All possible combinations of single doses were applied using light and dark treatments. In light conditions, it appears that the Oxywet (200 µl) had the significant effect on controlling R. acerinum. Reduced fungal growth, coefficient and inhibition of fungal growth were observed in the light treatment. The other antibiotics (Gentamicin, Amoxicillin) were not so effective in controlling this pathogen. Results of spore germination showed a significant difference between all treatments. All treatments were tested in pure cultures in the laboratory only. The results obtained cannot be expected of the same effectiveness in open field trials.  

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34

Wang, Kai, Jian Guo Jiang, and Rong Feng Sun. "Experimental Research of Biomass Pyrolysis Characteristics at Low Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.522.

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The pyrolysis characteristics for two types biomass material was tested at 230°C~250°C, and the pyrolysis product component was on-line analyzed by using moisture micro-detection teller, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer computer and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Besides, two different algorithms were used to evaluate the test error. In addition, the generated tar gas was secondary decomposed at 800°C. It is found that the tar was broken up completely, which increased the hydrogen content sharply in the pyrolysis gas. The test data shows that the heat value of cotton stalk improves better than that of the corn stalk after pyrolysis, so it is more suitable for cotton stalk than corn stalk to improve the value in use by means of low temperature pyrolysis technology.

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35

Kosiba, Piotr. "Impact of air pollution on the occurrence of Rhytisma acerinium "tar-spot" on mapie leaves." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 76, no. 4 (2011): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2007.037.

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The aim of the study was, to find out whether the occurrence of <em>Rhytisma acerinium</em> and the variability of numbers of the "tar-spot" fungus on <em>Acer platanoides</em> leaves depend on the degree of environmental pollution. <em>A significant</em> variability was found between sites in relation to contents of chemical elements in soils, leaves and numbers of "tar-spots". The similarity of sites presented in dendrograms classified them as industrial, urban-agglomeration and vehicle-transport areas. The factor and PCA analyses showed that two factors differentiate the soil of the sites in respect of Fe, Cu, Co, Mo, Cr, Ni, Cd and N, S, Mn, Pb. In case of leaves of <em>A. platanoides</em> populations differentiate them in respect of N, S, Fe, Pb, Zn, Co, Be, Cr, Cd and Mn, Cu, Mo. The different air pollutions affect significantly the numbers of "tar-spots" on leaves. Sites with the highest contents of elements do not show "tar-spots", and the factors restricting their occurrence are the high contents, mainly of N, S (NO<sub>X</sub>, SO<sub>X</sub>) and heavy metals. In sites, with the lowest contents of these elements massive infections take place. The occurrence of <em>R. acerinium</em> corresponding with the level of site pollution can be used as a tool for evaluation of the degree of environmental pollution.

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36

Grimmett, Ivan J., Keegan A. Smith, and Felix Bärlocher. "Tar-spot infection delays fungal colonization and decomposition of maple leaves." Freshwater Science 31, no. 4 (December 2012): 1088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/12-034.1.

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37

Pereira, Jadergudson, José Luiz Bezerra, Elisandro Ricardo Drechsler-Santos, and Leonor Costa Maia. "First report of Phyllachora serjaniicola causing tar-spot on Cardiospermum grandiflorum." Tropical Plant Pathology 35, no. 4 (August 2010): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-56762010000400007.

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38

Bajet, Narceo B., B. L. Renfro, and Jorge Manuel Valdéz Carrasco. "Control of tar spot of maize and its effect on yield." International Journal of Pest Management 40, no. 2 (January 1994): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879409371868.

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39

LEITH, I. D., and D. FOWLER. "Urban distribution of Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fries (tar spot) on sycamore." New Phytologist 108, no. 2 (February 1988): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb03694.x.

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40

Sauer, Aline Vanessa, Katia Regina Rocha, Ricardo Martins Gonçalves, Walter Fernandes Meirelles, José Edson Fontes Figueiredo, Ivanildo Evódio Marriel, and Luzia Doretto Paccola-Meirelles. "Survival of pantoea ananatis, causal agent of maize white spot disease in crop debris." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (June 23, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.2015v1i1p21.

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Maize white spot, caused by the bacterium Pantoea ananatis, is one of the most detrimental diseases of maize in Brazil and has contributed to significant yield reduction. In this study, P. ananatis isolates were recovered from maize white spot lesions, healthy leaves, corn crop residues and Digitaria horizontalis. All the bacterial isolates were identified and characterized by morphological traits analysis, acid production from sorbitol and glycerol, ice nucleation activity, metabolic fingerprint similarities and molecular analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction with species-specific primers for P. ananatis (ANAF/ANAR). Results showed that isolates recovered from maize white spot lesions were similar to those isolates collected from other sources. It suggests that corn crop residues, D. horizontalis and healthy leaf surface of the corn plant itself, could be a source of survival for P. ananatis.

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41

李, 宇佳. "Mechanical Characteristics Analysis of Corn Straw and Gasification Tar Blending Molding." Hans Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology 12, no. 03 (2022): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjcet.2022.123024.

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42

Elwinger, G. F., M. W. Johnson, R. R. Hill, and J. E. Ayers. "Inheritance of Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot of Corn." Crop Science 30, no. 2 (1990): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000020021x.

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43

COATES, S. T. "Sources of Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot of Corn." Plant Disease 78, no. 12 (1994): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-78-1153.

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44

Currah, R. S., R. A. Stockey, and B. A. LePage. "An Eocene Tar Spot on a Fossil Palm and Its Fungal Hyperparasite." Mycologia 90, no. 4 (July 1998): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761225.

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45

Hudler, George W. "Unusual Epidemic of Tar Spot on Norway Maple in Upstate New York." Plant Disease 71, no. 1 (1987): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-0065.

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46

Currah, R. S., R. A. Stockey, and B. A. LePage. "An Eocene tar spot on a fossil palm and its fungal hyperparasite." Mycologia 90, no. 4 (July 1998): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1998.12026955.

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47

Jung, Bok Nam, Ji-Hyun Park, and Hyeon-Dong Shin. "First report of Rhytisma filamentosum causing tar-spot disease on Salix koriyanagi." Forest Pathology 50, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): e12577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12577.

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HUSSAIN, Zahid, Khan Bahadar MARWAT, John CARDINA, and Ijaz Ahmad KHAN. "Xanthium strumarium L. impact on corn yield and yield components." TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 38 (2014): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/tar-1210-53.

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ANAK ENTUNI, CHYNTIA JABY, and TENGKU MOHD AFENDI ZULCAFFLE. "Identification of Corn Leaf Diseases Comprising of Blight, Grey Spot and Rust Using DenseNet-201." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4224.2022.

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Corn is a vital commodity in Malaysia because it is a key component of animal feed. The retention of the wholesome corn yield is essential to satisfy the rising demand. Like other plants, corn is susceptible to pathogens infection during the growing period. Manual observation of the diseases nevertheless takes time and requires a lot of work. The aim of this study was to propose an automatic approach to identify corn leaf diseases. The dataset used comprises of the images of diseased corn leaf comprising of blight, grey spot and rust as well as healthy corn leaf in YCbCr colour space representation. The DenseNet-201 algorithm was utilised in the proposed method of identifying corn leaf diseases. The training and validation analysis of distinctive epoch values of DenseNet-201 were also used to validate the proposed method, which resulted in significantly higher identification accuracy. DenseNet-201 succeeded 95.11% identification accuracy and it outperformed the prior identification methods such as ResNet-50, ResNet-101 and Bag of Features. The DenseNet-201 also has been validated to function as anticipated in identifying corn leaf diseases based on the algorithm validation assessment.

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Hidayat, Ardi, Ucuk Darusalam, and Irmawati Irmawati. "DETECTION OF DISEASE ON CORN PLANTS USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK METHODS." Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21609/jiki.v12i1.695.

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Deep Learning is still an interesting issue and is still widely studied. In this study Deep Learning was used for the diagnosis of corn plant disease using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method, with a total dataset of 3.854 images of diseases in corn plants, which consisted of three types of corn diseases namely Common Rust, Gray Leaf Spot, and Northern Leaf Blight. With an accuracy of 99%, in detecting disease in corn plants.

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