Academic literature on the topic 'Tar spot of corn'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tar spot of corn"
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McCoy, A. G., M. G. Roth, R. Shay, Z. A. Noel, M. A. Jayawardana, R. W. Longley, G. Bonito, and M. I. Chilvers. "Identification of Fungal Communities Within the Tar Spot Complex of Corn in Michigan via Next-Generation Sequencing." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 3 (January 2019): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-03-19-0017-r.
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Tar spot is a fungal disease complex of corn that has been destructive and yield limiting in Central and South America for nearly 50 years. Phyllachora maydis, the causal agent of tar spot, is an emerging corn pathogen in the United States, first reported in 2015 from major corn producing regions of the country. The tar spot disease complex putatively includes Monographella maydis (syn. Microdochium maydis), which increases disease damage through the development of necrotic halos surrounding tar spot lesions. These necrotic halos, termed “fish-eye” symptoms, have been identified in the United States, though Monographella maydis has not yet been confirmed. A recent surge in disease severity and loss of yield attributed to tar spot in the United States has led to increased attention and expanded efforts to understand the disease complex and how to manage it. In this study, next-generation sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA was used to identify fungal taxa that distinguish tar spot infections with or without fish-eye symptoms. Fungal communities within tar spot only lesions were significantly different from communities having fish-eye symptoms. Two low abundance operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified as Microdochium sp., however, neither were associated with fish-eye symptom development. Interestingly, a single OTU was found to be significantly more abundant in fish-eye lesions compared with tar spot lesions and had a 91% ITS1 identity to Neottiosporina paspali. In addition, the occurrence of this OTU was positively associated with Phyllachora maydis fish-eye symptom networks, but not in tar spot symptom networks. Neottiosporina paspali has been reported to cause necrotic lesions on various monocot grasses. Whether the related fungus we detected is part of the tar-spot complex of corn and responsible for fish-eye lesions remains to be tested. Alternatively, many OTUs identified as Phyllachora maydis, suggesting that different isolate genotypes may be capable of causing both tar spot and fish-eye symptoms, independent of other fungi. We conclude that Monographella maydis is not required for fish-eye symptoms in tar spot of corn.
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Valle-Torres, J., T. J. Ross, D. Plewa, M. C. Avellaneda, J. Check, M. I. Chilvers, A. P. Cruz, et al. "Tar Spot: An Understudied Disease Threatening Corn Production in the Americas." Plant Disease 104, no. 10 (October 2020): 2541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-20-0449-fe.
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Tar spot of corn has been a major foliar disease in several Latin American countries since 1904. In 2015, tar spot was first documented in the United States and has led to significant yield losses of approximately 4.5 million t. Tar spot is caused by an obligate pathogen, Phyllachora maydis, and thus requires a living host to grow and reproduce. Due to its obligate nature, biological and epidemiological studies are limited and impact of disease in corn production has been understudied. Here we present the current literature and gaps in knowledge of tar spot of corn in the Americas, its etiology, distribution, impact and known management strategies as a resource for understanding the pathosystem. This will in turn guide current and future research and aid in the development of effective management strategies for this disease.
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Oh, Sungchan, Da-Young Lee, Carlos Gongora-Canul, Akash Ashapure, Joshua Carpenter, A. P. Cruz, Mariela Fernandez-Campos, et al. "Tar Spot Disease Quantification Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132567.
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Tar spot is a foliar disease of corn characterized by fungal fruiting bodies that resemble tar spots. The disease emerged in the U.S. in 2015, and severe outbreaks in 2018 caused an economic impact on corn yields throughout the Midwest. Adequate epidemiological surveillance and disease quantification are necessary to develop immediate and long-term management strategies. This study presents a measurement framework that evaluates the disease severity of tar spot using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS)-based plant phenotyping and regression techniques. UAS-based plant phenotypic information, such as canopy cover, canopy volume, and vegetation indices, were used as explanatory variables. Visual estimations of disease severity were performed by expert plant pathologists per experiment plot basis and used as response variables. Three regression methods, namely ordinary least squares (OLS), support vector regression (SVR), and multilayer perceptron (MLP), were used to determine an optimal regression method for UAS-based tar spot measurement. The cross-validation results showed that the regression model based on MLP provides the highest accuracy of disease measurements. By training and testing the model with spatially separated datasets, the proposed regression model achieved a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (ρc) of 0.82 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.42. This study demonstrated that we could use the proposed UAS-based method for the disease quantification of tar spot, which shows a gradual spectral response as the disease develops.
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Kleczewski, Nathan M., James Donnelly, and Russ Higgins. "Phyllachora maydis, Causal Agent of Tar Spot on Corn, Can Overwinter in Northern Illinois." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-04-19-0030-br.
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Tar spot on corn (Zea mays L.), caused by the obligate fungal pathogen Phyllachora maydis Maubl., was first detected in the United States in 2015. Currently, the disease has been detected in 172 counties across Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Although observations indicate that P. maydis likely overwinters in the region, this has not been conclusively proven. Samples of corn foliage heavily infected with P. maydis were recovered from two fields in northern Illinois in March 2019. Ascospores were extracted and were applied to corn seedlings under controlled greenhouse conditions. Symptoms of tar spot were observed 17 days after inoculation, and ascospores were extracted from stromata to confirm P. maydis. This is the first conclusive proof that P. maydis can overwinter the United States. We also present a preliminary greenhouse method that, if optimized, may be used to study this pathosystem under controlled conditions.
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Malvick, D. K., D. E. Plewa, D. Lara, N. M. Kleczewski, C. M. Floyd, and B. E. Arenz. "First Report of Tar Spot of Corn Caused by Phyllachora maydis in Minnesota." Plant Disease 104, no. 6 (June 2020): 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-19-2167-pdn.
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Groves, Carol L., Nathan M. Kleczewski, Darcy E. P. Telenko, Martin I. Chilvers, and Damon L. Smith. "Phyllachora maydis Ascospore Release and Germination from Overwintered Corn Residue." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-10-19-0077-rs.
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Tar spot of corn, caused by Phyllachora maydis, has been reported in several upper Midwest states in the United States. This has led to expanded efforts to more thoroughly understand the biology of P. maydis and the epidemiology of tar spot. This study determined the potential for P. maydis ascospore release and germination from overwintered P. maydis-infected corn residues from various locations in the upper Midwest. Corn residue samples collected in the spring of 2019 from 12 fields in four states were examined. Ascospore release and germination were observed in all residue samples collected. The mean total number of ascospores released per milliliter of water ranged from 3.6 × 103 to 4.8 × 106 after 4-h incubation and 3.7 × 103 to 4.4 × 106 after 24-h incubation. The mean percent spore germination ranged from 0.7 to 24.1% after 4-h incubation and 2.4 to 24.9% after 24-h incubation. There was a significant inverse relationship between total numbers of ascospores released and the percent germination of the ascospores. Samples from Illinois consistently yielded the greatest total ascospore release but were also consistently among the samples with the lowest percent ascospore germination. Samples from Wisconsin and Indiana were among the lowest for total ascospore numbers but were among the highest for total ascospore germination. These findings provide evidence that P. maydis can overwinter in multiple areas of the upper Midwest. Future research should focus on reducing infested corn residue to reduce initial infection by P. maydis.
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Mueller, Daren S., Kiersten A. Wise, Adam J. Sisson, Tom W. Allen, Gary C. Bergstrom, Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette, Carl A. Bradley, et al. "Corn Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2016 to 2019." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-20-0038-rs.
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Annual reductions in corn (Zea mays L.) yield caused by diseases were estimated by university Extension-affiliated plant pathologists in 26 corn-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2016 through 2019. Estimated loss from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon & E.Y. Daniels) caused the greatest estimated yield loss in parts of the northern United States and Ontario in all years except 2019, and Fusarium stalk rot (caused by Fusarium spp.) also greatly reduced yield. Tar spot (caused by Phyllachora maydis Maubl.), a relatively new disease in the United States, was estimated to cause substantial yield loss in 2018 and 2019 in several northern states. Gray leaf spot and southern rust (caused by Puccinia polysora Underw.) caused the most estimated yield losses in the southern United States. Unfavorable wet and delayed harvest conditions in 2018 resulted in an estimated 2.5 billion bushels (63.5 million metric tons) of grain contaminated with mycotoxins. The estimated mean economic loss due to reduced yield caused by corn diseases in the United States and Ontario from 2016 to 2019 was US$55.90 per acre (US$138.13 per hectare). Results from this survey provide scientists, corn breeders, government agencies, and educators with data to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in corn pathology and disease management.
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Telenko, Darcy E. P., Tiffanna J. Ross, Sujoung Shim, Qinhu Wang, and Raksha Singh. "Draft Genome Sequence Resource for Phyllachora maydis—An Obligate Pathogen That Causes Tar Spot of Corn with Recent Economic Impacts in the United States." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 7 (July 2020): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-20-0075-a.
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Phyllachora maydis is an important fungal pathogen that causes tar spot of corn and has led to significant yield loss in the United States and other countries. P. maydis is an obligate biotroph belonging to the Sordariomycetes class of Ascomycota. Due to the challenges posed by their obligate nature, there is no genome sequence available in the Phyllachora genus. P. maydis isolate PM01 was collected from a corn field in Indiana and the genome was determined by next-generation sequencing. The assembly size is 45.7 Mb, with 56.46% repetitive sequences. There are 5,992 protein-coding genes and 59 are predicted as effector proteins. This genome resource will increase our understanding of genomic features of P. maydis and will assist in studying the corn–P. maydis interaction and identifying potential resistant candidates for corn breeding programs.
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Ruhl, G., M. K. Romberg, S. Bissonnette, D. Plewa, T. Creswell, and K. A. Wise. "First Report of Tar Spot on Corn Caused by Phyllachora maydis in the United States." Plant Disease 100, no. 7 (July 2016): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-15-1506-pdn.
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McCoy, A. G., M. K. Romberg, E. R. Zaworski, A. E. Robertson, A. Phibbs, B. D. Hudelson, D. L. Smith, et al. "First Report of Tar Spot on Corn (Zea mays) Caused by Phyllachora maydis in Florida, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin." Plant Disease 102, no. 9 (September 2018): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-18-0271-pdn.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Tar spot of corn"
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Lehmensiek, Anke. "Genetic mapping of gray leaf spot resistance genes in maize." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51776.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gray leaf spot (GLS) of maize, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, can reduce grain yields by up to 60% and it is now recognized as one of the most significant yield-limiting diseases of maize in many parts of the world. The most sustainable and long-term management strategy for GLS will rely heavily on the development of high-yielding, locally adapted GLS resistant hybrids. Molecular markers could be useful to plant breeders to indirectly select for genes affecting GLS resistance and to identify resistance genes without inoculation and at an early stage of plant development. Only two studies in the USA have examined quantitative trait loci (QTL) association with GLS resistance. The aim of this study was to map GLS resistance genes in a resistant Seed Co LTD, Zimbabwean inbred line. Molecular markers linked to the GLS resistance QTL were identified by using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique together with bulked segregant analysis. Eleven polymorphic AFLP fragments were identified and converted to sequence-specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction) markers. Eight of the 11 converted AFLP markers were added to the maize marker database of the University of Stellenbosch. Five of the 8 converted AFLP markers were polymorphic between the resistant and the susceptible parent. They were amplified on the DNA of 230 plants of a segregating F2 population and linkage analysis was performed with MAPMAKER/EXP. Two linkage groups consisting of two markers each, with a linkage distance of 10.4 cM (LOD 22.83) and 8.2 cM (LOD 55.41) between the two markers, were identified. QTL mapping with MAPMAKER/QTL confirmed the presence of QTL in both linkage groups. Two publicly available recombinant inbred families (Burr et a/., 1988) were used to localize the converted AFLP markers on the genetic map of maize. The QTL, which were identified with the AFLP markers, were mapped to chromosomes 1 and 5. Another AFLP marker was mapped to chromosome 2 and a further to chromosome 3. To obtain more precise localizations of the QTL on chromosomes 1 and 5, sequence-tagged site markers and microsatellite markers were used. The markers were amplified on the DNA of the 230 plants of the F2 population and linkage analysis was performed with MAPMAKER/EXP. The order of the markers was in agreement with the UMC map of the Maize Genome Database. Interval mapping using MAPMAKERlQTL and composite interval mapping using QTL Cartographer were performed. The QTL on chromosome 1 had a LOD score of 21 and was localized in bin 1.05/06. A variance of 37% was explained by the QTL. Two peaks were visible for the QTL on chromosome 5, one was localized in bin 5.03/04 and the other in bin 5.05/06. Both peaks had a LOD score of 5 and 11% of the variance was explained by the QTL. To test the consistency of the detected QTL, the markers flanking each QTL were amplified on selected plants of two F2 populations planted in consecutive years and regression analysis was performed. Both the QTL on chromosome 1 and the QTL on chromosome 5 were detected in these populations. Furthermore, the presence of a QTL on chromosome 3 was confirmed with these populations. A variance of 8 -10% was explained by the QTL on chromosome 3. In this study, a major GLS resistance QTL was thus mapped on chromosomes 1 and two minor GLS resistance QTL were mapped on chromosomes 3 and 5 using a resistant Seed Co LTD, Zimbabwean inbred line. Markers were identified which could be used in a marker-assisted selection program to select for the GLS resistance QTL.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grys blaarvlek (GBV) van mielies, veroorsaak deur die swam Cercospora zeaemaydis, kan graanopbrengs met tot 60% verlaag en word beskou as een van die vernaamste opbrengs-beperkende siektes wêreldwyd. Die toepaslikste langtermyn stragtegie vir GBV beheer sal wees om plaaslike mieliebasters met hoë opbrengs en GBV weerstand te ontwikkel. Molekulêre merkers kan nuttig deur plantetelers gebruik word om weerstandsgene te selekteer. Seleksie is moontlik in die afwesigheid van inokolum en op 'n vroeë stadium van plant ontwikkeling. Slegs twee vorige studies (in die VSA) het kwantitatiewe-kenmerk-Iokusse (KKL), vir GBVweerstand ondersoek. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die GBV weerstandsgene in 'n weerstandbiedende ingeteelde lyn (Seed Co BPK, Zimbabwe) te karteer. Molekulêre merkers gekoppel aan die GBV weerstands KKL is geïdentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van die geamplifiseerde-fragmentlengte-polimorfisme- (AFLP-) tegniek en gebulkte-segregaat-analise. Elf polimorfiese merkers is geïdentifiseer en omgeskakel na volgorde-spesifieke PKR (polimerase kettingreaksie) merkers. Agt van die elf omgeskakelde AFLP-merkers is by die mieliemerker databasis van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch gevoeg. Vyf van die 8 omgeskakelde AFLP-merkers was polimorfies tussen die bestande en vatbare ouers. Hulle is geamplifiseer op die DNA van 230 plante van 'n segregerende F2-populasie en is gebruik in 'n koppelingstudie met MAPMAKER/EXP. Twee koppelingsgroepe, elk bestaande uit twee merkers, met onderskeidelik koppelingsafstande van 10.4 eM (LOD 22.83) en 8.2 eM (LOD 55.41) tussen die merkers, is geïdentifiseer. KKL-kartering het getoon dat KKL in albei koppelingsgroepe aanwesig is. Twee kommersieël beskikbare, rekombinant-ingeteelde families (Burr et aI., 1988) is gebruik om die omgeskakelde AFLP-merkers op die mielie genetiese kaart te plaas. Die KKL wat met die AFLP-merkers geïdentifiseer is, is gekarteer op chromosome 1 en 5. 'n Verdere AFLP-merker is op chromosoom 2 gekarteer en 'n ander op chromosoom 3. Ten einde die KKL op chromosome 1 en 5 meer akkuraat te karteer, is volgordege- etikeerde en mikrosatelliet merkers gebruik. Die merkers is geamplifiseer op die DNA van die 230 plante van die F2-populasie en koppelings-analises is uitgevoer. Die volgorde van die merkers was dieselfde as die van die UMC-kaart in die Mielie Genoom Databasis. Interval kartering met MAPMAKER/QTL en komposiet interval kartering met QTL Cartographer is uitgevoer. Die KKL op chromosoom 1 het 'n LOD-telling van 21 gehad en is in bin 1.05/06 geplaas. Die KKL was verantwoordelik vir 37% van die variansie. Twee pieke was onderskeibaar vir die KKL op chromosoom 5, een in bin 5.03/04 geleë en die ander in bin 5.05/06. Elke piek het 'n LOD-telling van 5 gehad en die twee KKL was verantwoordelik vir 11% van die variansie. Om die herhaalbaarheid van die effek van die KKL te toets is die merkers naaste aan elke KKL geamplifiseer op geselekteerde plante van twee F2-populasies wat in opeenvolgende jare geplant is. Regressie analise is op die data gedoen. Beide die KKL op chromosoom 1 en die KKL op chromosoom 5 kon in hierdie populasies geïdentifiseer word. Verder kon die aanwesigheid van 'n verdere KKL op chromosoom 3 in hierdie populasies bevestig word. Laasgenoemde KKL was verantwoordelik vir 8-10% van die totale variansie. In hierdie studie is daar dus 'n hoof GBV-weerstands KKL gekarteer op chromosoom 1 en twee kleiner GBV-weerstands KKL gekarteer op chromosome 3 en 5. Merkers is geïdentifiseer wat moontlik in merker-gebaseerdetelingsprogramme gebruik kan word om plante te selekteer wat die GBVweerstands KKL het.
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Saito, Belisa Cristina [UNESP]. "Characterization of corn inbred lines for disease resistance." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150400.
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O milho é uma das culturas mais extensamente cultivadas em todo mundo. A incidência e a severidade de doenças têm aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos acarretando perdas no rendimento e afetando a qualidade dos grãos. Muitos trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos na tentativa de identificar híbridos resistentes às principais doenças que acometem a cultura do milho, mas poucos são os relatos de estudos com linhagens. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi: 1) identificar linhagens resistentes e susceptíveis com base na área abaixo da curva de progresso de doenças (AACPD) para os sintomas de ferrugem tropical (TR), ferrugem polissora (SR), cercosporiose (GLS), helmintosporiose (NLB), mancha marrom (PBS) e mancha branca (PLS); 2) identificar linhagens resistentes e suscetíveis com base nos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica para os sintomas de cercosporiose, helmintosporiose, mancha marrom e mancha branca; 3) identificar as melhores datas de semeadura, com a maior ocorrência das doenças, para fins de avaliação de linhagens e outros genótipos para resistência. Cinquenta linhagens, derivadas de populações com grãos flint e dent, foram avaliadas em blocos casualizados com três repetições, aos 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após a semeadura em duas épocas, para medição da AACPD. Para a análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, 41 linhagens foram avaliadas em blocos casualizados com três repetições, 30 dias após o florescimento feminino, em onze épocas de semeadura, usando o método de análise de regressão. Foram atribuídas notas de 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9 correspondendo a 0, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 e > 80% de área foliar com sintomas de doença. Para a AACPD, a análise de variância conjunta foi significativa para TR, SR, GLS e PLS e a interação linhagens x épocas foi significativa para ferrugem tropical e polissora. Para GLS e NLB as 41 linhagens foram classificadas como resistentes, sendo que as maiores severidades de doenças ocorreram nas semeaduras entre Junho e Setembro. As linhagens IVF1-3, IVF1-7, IVF1 -9, IVF1-10, IVF1 -11, IVF1 -25, IVF1-230, IVD1-2, IVD1 -2-1, IVD1-3, IVD1-9, IVD1 -12, 2F, 3F, 6F, 9F, 10F, 4C, 2D e 7D foram classificadas como resistentes para as doenças estudadas, sendo indicadas para o desenvolvimento de sintéticos. Para a mancha marrom e mancha branca, as semeaduras de Abril, Junho, Julho e Agosto apresentaram maiores severidades de doenças. As linhagens IVD1-9, IVD1-10, 7D, 10D e 2F podem ser indicadas no desenvolvimento de sintéticos resistentes.
Corn is one of the most widely cultivated crops in the worldwide. The incidence and severity of diseases affecting crops have increased significantly in the past years, leading to yield losses and affecting grain quality. Many studies have been carried out with the attempt to identify hybrids that are resistant to the main diseases, but few reports have studied inbred lines. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1) identify resistant and susceptible inbred lines based on the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for tropical rust, southern rust, gray leaf spot, northern leaf blight, physoderma brown spot and phaeosphaeria leaf spot; 2) identify resistant and susceptible inbred lines based on adaptability and stability parameters for symptoms of gray leaf spot (GLS), northern leaf blight (NLB), physoderma brown spot (PBS) and phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS); 3) identify the best planting dates, with the highest occurrence of diseases, for the purpose of evaluating inbred lines and other genotypes for resistance. For AUDPC, fifty inbred lines, derived from populations with flint and dent grains, were evaluated in randomized block designs with three replications, at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after planting in two seasons. For the analysis of adaptability and stability, forty-one inbred lines were evaluated in randomized blocks with three replications, 30 days after silking, in eleven planting dates, using regression analysis method. The scale of scores from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 corresponding to 0, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and > 80% of leaf area with disease symptoms was used. For AUDPC, the joint analysis of variance was significant for TR, SR, GLS and PLS, while the interaction inbred lines x environments, was significant for TR and SR. For GLS and NLB, forty-one inbred lines were classified as resistant and the highest severities of diseases occurred in planting dates between June and September. The inbred lines IVF1-3, IVF1-7, IVF1 -9, IVF1-10, IVF1 -11, IVF1 -25, IVF1-230, IVD1-2, IVD1 -2-1, IVD1-3, IVD1-9, IVD1 -12, 2F, 3F, 6F, 9F, 10F, 4C, 2D and 7D were classified as resistant to the diseases studied and are indicated to produce synthetics. For PBS and PLS, the plating dates of April, June, July and August showed higher disease severity. The inbred lines IVD1-9, IVD1-10, 7D,10D and 2F may be indicated to produce synthetics.
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Saito, Belisa Cristina. "Characterization of corn inbred lines for disease resistance /." Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150400.
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Orientador: João Antonio da Costa AndradeResumo: O milho é uma das culturas mais extensamente cultivadas em todo mundo. A incidência e a severidade de doenças têm aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos acarretando perdas no rendimento e afetando a qualidade dos grãos. Muitos trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos na tentativa de identificar híbridos resistentes às principais doenças que acometem a cultura do milho, mas poucos são os relatos de estudos com linhagens. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi: 1) identificar linhagens resistentes e susceptíveis com base na área abaixo da curva de progresso de doenças (AACPD) para os sintomas de ferrugem tropical (TR), ferrugem polissora (SR), cercosporiose (GLS), helmintosporiose (NLB), mancha marrom (PBS) e mancha branca (PLS); 2) identificar linhagens resistentes e suscetíveis com base nos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica para os sintomas de cercosporiose, helmintosporiose, mancha marrom e mancha branca; 3) identificar as melhores datas de semeadura, com a maior ocorrência das doenças, para fins de avaliação de linhagens e outros genótipos para resistência. Cinquenta linhagens, derivadas de populações com grãos flint e dent, foram avaliadas em blocos casualizados com três repetições, aos 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após a semeadura em duas épocas, para medição da AACPD. Para a análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, 41 linhagens foram avaliadas em blocos casualizados com três repetições, 30 dias após o florescimento feminino, em onze épocas de semeadura, us... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Carter, Michele R. "Gray leaf spot of corn : yield loss and evaluation of germplasm for resistance /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020049/.
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Nazareno, Nilceu Ricetti Xavier de. "Influence of infected corn residue as a source of primary inoculum of Cercospora zeae-maydis (Tehon and Daniels) the cause of gray leaf spot of corn /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487759914762668.
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Du, Min. "A greenhouse screening method for resistance to gray leaf spot in maize." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42953.
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Wallhead, Matthew W. "Foliar Fungicide Effects on Gray Leaf Spot and Yield of Hybrid Corn as Influenced by Application Timing, Hybrid Characteristics and Production Practices." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1324573828.
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Donahue, Patrick J. "Inheritance of reactions to gray leaf spot and maize dwarf mosaic virus in maize and their associations with physiological traits." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54518.
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Gray leaf spot, caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis, can be a yield-limiting factor in maize where continuous minimum tillage practices are followed. Commercial corn hybrids were evaluated for response to gray leaf spot for seven years at two Virginia locations (Shenandoah and Wythe Counties) and one year at a third location in Virginia (Montgomery County). Yield losses, when comparing resistant to susceptible classes, were approximately 2,000 kg ha⁻¹ at Wythe County in 1982, 750 kg ha⁻¹ at Shenandoah County in 1984, and 2,150 kg ha⁻¹ at Montgomery County in 1988. The inheritance of reaction to gray leaf spot was studied using a 14 inbred diallel in Montgomery and Wythe Counties, Virginia in 1987 and 1988 planted in randomized complete block designs. Resistance was found to be highly heritable and controlled by additive gene action. Inbreds producing high yielding, resistant, and agronomically superior hybrids were identified (B68, NC250, Pa875, Va14, Va17, and Va85); and several hybrids between these lines had high levels of resistance, high yield, and good general agronomic characters (B68 x KB1250, KB1250 x Pa875, and NC250 x Pa875). Currently available inbreds could be used to produce hybrids with higher levels of resistance than hybrids currently available to growers, and these could serve as a basis for gray leaf spot breeding programs. Lesion size measurements were not correlated with disease scores. Late-season photosynthesis rates were associated positively with resistance. The hybrids of some inbreds were found to produce high levels of pigment (believed to be anthocyanins) around the gray leaf spot lesions. These did not limit the size of the individual lesion later in the season. Some pigment(s)-producing genotypes were found to be resistant when the pigment character was expressed. This type of resistance must prevent or inhibit infection of the leaf but not later colonization, once established. Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) also limits maize production in some areas where johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L.) is a problem. Resistance to MDMV was found to be mainly additive and highly heritable. However, a strong specific combining ability component was found, indicating that the background of the material receiving resistance genes may have a strong effect on the expression of resistance. Inbreds capable of producing high-yielding, resistant, and agronomically acceptable hybrids are available (B68, NC250, A632, Pa875, Va17, and Va85); and several hybrids between these lines have high levels of resistance, high yield, and good general agronomic characters (B68 x KB1250, KB1250 x Pa875, and NC250 x Pa875).Ph. D.
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Lewis, Aaron D. "Gasification of Biomass, Coal, and Petroleum Coke at High Heating Rates and Elevated Pressure." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4373.
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Gasification is a process used to convert any carbonaceous species through heterogeneous reaction to obtain the desired gaseous products of H2 and CO which are used to make chemicals, liquid transportation fuels, and power. Both pyrolysis and heterogeneous gasification occur in commercial entrained-flow gasifiers at pressures from 4 to 65 atm with local gas temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Many gasification studies have been performed at moderate temperatures, heating rates, and pressures. In this work, both pyrolysis and char gasification experiments were performed on coal, petroleum coke, and biomass at conditions pertinent to commercial entrained-flow gasifiers. Rapid biomass pyrolysis experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure in an entrained-flow reactor for sawdust, switchgrass, corn stover, and straw mostly using a peak gas temperature of 1163 K at particle residence times ranging from 34 to 113 ms. Biomass pyrolysis was modeled using the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization model assuming that biomass pyrolysis occurs as a weighted average of its individual components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). Thermal cracking of biomass tar into light gas was included using a first-order model with kinetic parameters regressed in the current study. Char gasification rates were measured for biomass, petroleum coke, and coal in a pressurized entrained-flow reactor at high heating-rate conditions at total pressures between 10 and 15 atm. Peak centerline gas temperatures were between 1611 and 1879 K. The range of particle residence times used in the gasification experiments was 42 to 275 ms. The CO2 gasification rates of biomass and petroleum coke chars were measured at conditions where the reaction environment consisted of approximately 40 and 90 mol% CO2. Steam gasification rates of coal char were measured at conditions where the maximum H2O concentration was 8.6 mol%. Measured data was used to regress apparent kinetic parameters for a first-order model that describes char conversion. The measured char gasification rates were far from the film-diffusion limit, and are pertinent for pulverized particles where no internal particle temperature gradients are important. The modeling and measured data of char gasification rates in this research will aid in the design and efficient operation of commercial entrained-flow gasifiers, as well as provide validation for both existing and future models at a wide range of temperatures and pressures at high heating-rate conditions.
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Lanza, Fabrício Eustáquio. "Mancha-branca do milho: etiologia e resistência de genótipos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4378.
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The main objectives of this work were to identify the causal agent of the maize White Spot, to obtain preliminary information on the disease dispersal in the field and to characterize the reaction of maize hybrids and inbreds to the disease. For the etiological studies, isolations were performed from white spot lesions the anasarca phase, resulting in the development of bacterial colonies. Maize hybrids BRS2022, BRS1010, 1D2195, BRS1040, BRS1035, BRS1031, BRS3025, BRS1030, 2B710 e P30F35 and inbred lines L3, L228-3, 521274, 521236 e 262841-1-4-1 were evaluated under natural epidemic in a randomized block design with three replications. Cultivars were planted in single row plots, separated by two rows of the resistant hybrid BRS1010. Spreader rows were formed by planting the susceptible genotype DAS657 0,5 m apart and in front of each block. Disease severity was evaluated at a weekly internal starting 60 days after planting, through a 1 to 9 scale of disease severity where 1= no disease and 9= 100% of leaf area affected. Ratings were taken at three different locations within each plot: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 meters inoculum source. Data were used for the calculation of the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), disease severity at 50% of epidemic development (Y50), disease severity at the end of the epidemic, and the rate of disease progress. Inoculations on the susceptible hybrid DAS657, in the greenhouse, reproduced the typical symptoms of the disease. Re-isolations from theses lesions confirmed the presence of the same bacteria isolated from the field, which identified as Pantoea ananatis, confirming previous reports on the involvement of this bacteria in the initial lesions of this disease. No disease gradient was observed based on the disease severity observed in each point of evaluation within each plot. A better distinction between the level of resistance of maize genotypes was obtained through AUDPC and Ymáx values. Maize hybrids BRS1030, BRS1035 and BRS1010 and inbreds L3, and L228-3 were the most resistant genotypes. These inbred lines may be useful in breeding programs for resistance to maize white spot.
Este trabalho objetivou confrimar o agente causal da mancha-branca do milho, obter informações preliminares sobre a dispersão do patógeno e caracterizar a reação de genótipos de milho a doença. Para o estudo etiológico, isolados foram obtidos de lesões de manchabranca em fase de anasarca, resultando em desenvolvimento de colônias bacterianas. Híbridos de milho, BRS2022, BRS1010, 1D2195, BRS1040, BRS1035, BRS1031, BRS3025, BRS1030, 2B710 e P30F35 e as linhagens L3, L228-3, 521274, 521236 e 262841-1-4-1 foram avaliados sob epidemia natural em delineamento de blocos ao acaso e três repetições. Os cultivares foram plantados em fileiras de cinco metros, separadas por uma linha do híbrido resistente BRS1010. A cortina suscetível (fonte de inóculo) formada pelo híbrido DAS657, foi plantada na parte frontal de cada bloco, afastada 0,5 m. A severidade da doença foi avaliada em intervalos semanais a partir dos 60 dias do plantio, utilizando uma escala de 1 a 9, onde: 1= sem doença e 9= 100% de área foliar afetada. As avaliações foram realizadas em 6 pontos dentro da parcela afastados 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 metros da fonte de inóculo. Os dados de severidade foram usados para o calculo da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), severidade da doença na metade da epidemia (Y50), severidade da doença no final da epidemia (Ymáx), e taxa de progresso da doença. Com inoculações em híbrido suscetível DAS657, em casa de vegetação, foi possível reproduzir os sintomas típicos da doença. Reisolamento a partir dessas lesões confirmou a presença da mesma bactéria isolada do campo, identificada como Pantoea ananatis, corroborando relatos do envolvimento desta bactéria nos sintomas iniciais da doença. Não foi observada a formação de um gradiente de dispersão baseado na severidade da doença observada em cada ponto de avaliação dentro da parcela. A melhor distinção entre os níveis de resistência de genótipos de milho foi obtida pelos valores de AACPD e Ymáx. Os híbridos de milho BRS1030, BRS1035 e BRS1010 e as linhagens L3, e L228-3 foram os genótipos mais resistentes. Essas linhagens podem ser usadas em programas de melhoramento visando resistência a mancha-branca.
Books on the topic "Tar spot of corn"
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Boudreau, Mark Alan. Effects of intercropping beans with maize on angular leaf spot and rust of beans. 1991.
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Esteban Salvador, María Luisa, Emilia Fernandes, Tiziana Di Cimbrini, Gonca Güngör Göksu, and Rachael Jones. Donne e Governance Nazionale dello Sport: un Approccio Europeo Guida alle interviste. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Zaragoza, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/uz.978-84-18321-47-4.
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Questo volume contiene 52 interviste a donne partecipanti ai consigli delle Federazioni Sportive Nazionali (National Sport Federations NSFs) di cinque paesi europei: Italia, Portogallo, Spagna, Turchia e Regno Unito. Queste interviste sono state videoregistrate e realizzate tra marzo 2019 e giugno 2022.Il volume un prodotto intellettualedel progetto ERASMUS+ “Corporate governance in sports organization: a gendered approach (GESPORT Project”, finanziato dalla Commissione Europea. L’obiettivo del volume è dare voce e visibilità alle donne presidenti, vicepresidenti e componenti dei consigli delle NSFs al fine di sensibilizzare l’opinione pubblica sulla necessit ell’uguaglianza di genere nei processi decisionali delle organizzazioni sportive. Con questo volume, il progetto GESPORT ha voluto condividere con un pubblico più ampio possibile le esperienze, i sentimenti e le opinioni di queste donne in merito al loro ruolo nei consigli federali, alla discriminazione e all’uguaglianza di genere, alle politiche e alle misure per promuovere l’inclusione di genere.
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Esteban Salvador, María Luisa, Tiziana Di Cimbrini, Emilia Fernandes, Gonca Güngör Göksu, and Charlotte Smith. La corporate governance nelle organizzazioni sportive: un approccio di genere. Report finale 2022. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Zaragoza, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/uz.978-84-18321-52-8.
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Il progetto "La corporate governance nelle organizzazioni sportive: un approccio di genere" (di seguito progetto GESPORT), ha l’obiettivo di promuovere l'uguaglianza tra uomini e donne nei processi decisionali nelle organizzazioni sportive in Europa. Il fine ultimo è favorire l'accesso delle donne ai consigli direttivi delle federazioni sportive, coerentemente con le azioni previste per il mondo dello sport da Erasmus +. Allo stesso tempo, Il progetto GESPORT vuole contribuire alle politiche europee per rafforzare e sostenere il buon governo nello sport attraverso una maggiore conoscenza del ruolo femminile nei processi decisionali strategici. In questa sede abbiamo scelto di definire il genere in termini binari, come "maschio" e "femmina". Tuttavia, siamo consapevoli che si tratta di termini ambigui in cui non tutti possono o vogliono essere riconosciuti. Per questo motivo, una parte di questo report è dedicata a tratteggiare qualche riflessione sulla questione del non-binario come identità sociale e transgender nell
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Londoño M., Jaime E., Hansel Mera, and Enrique Rodriguez Caporali, eds. Hacer la ciudad moderna. Cali en la primera mitad del Siglo XX. Universidad Icesi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/eui/escr.22.2022.
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Este es un libro con sabor a manifiesto que refiere la necesidad de mayores espacios de encuentro y diálogo entre quienes siguen a su manera la trama histórica de Cali, y desde ahí, con un público bastante variopinto tal cual la sociedad de nuestros días. Pensado y escrito al mismo tiempo en que en esta ciudad las voces de jóvenes llamaban a tomarse por asalto los cielos e infiernos, recopila doce ensayos producidos por historiadores, historiadoras y en menor medida por sociólogos y científicos políticos que desde hace un buen tiempo han inscrito la perspectiva del tiempo en cada uno de sus análisis para evitar recaer en un presentismo ingenuo. Trece textos que en conjunto permiten parafrasear el epígrafe propuesto para escenificar una visita a la Cali del pasado, no tanto por amor y reverencia a ese pasado, tal cual el cuadro febril del melancólico anticuario que con cada vuelta de sol aumenta sus padecimientos, sino mejor desde el consabido gesto nietzscheano que celebra escapar de ese rebaño que no sabe qué significa el ayer ni el hoy por vivir atado al poste del momento. Textos que nos hablan de la Cali pensada, planificada, construida, controlada y hasta a la deriva, de sus impresos, actores, de sus pasiones, de cuerpos reverenciados entre el sport y la bohemia, de impresos constitutivos de universos simbólicos y de papel, de herencias y legados, de escrituras y testamentos. Un libro escrito sobre Cali, contra Cali y hasta a pesar de Cali [Jaime E. Londoño M., Hansel Mera y Enrique Rodríguez Caporali].
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Sánchez González, María, ed. #DIenlínea UNIA : guía para una docencia innovadora en red. Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56451/10334/5981.
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El presente libro, en coherencia con la filosofía que inspira el curso en formato Spoc titulado Formación para la docencia innovadora (#DIenlínea) en el que se basa y para el que es un recurso didáctico, se ofrece en abierto en línea, al igual que ésta y otras actividades que venimos trabajando para la formación del profesorado en e-learning, innovación educativa y competencias digitales conforme al marco Europeo del DigComp, desde Innovación de la Universidad Internacional de Andalucía (UNIA). En él se recogen las experiencias, prácticas y orientaciones metodológicas de los mejores expertos y expertas que trabajan en la última frontera de la innovación educativa, quienes de forma asequible y fácil muestran tecnologías y técnicas para responder a las principales hitos de transformación digital de la docencia, como son: los principios y planteamientos metodológicos de una enseñanza enfocada como innovación, la creación de contenidos digitales multimedia e interactivos, cómo, qué y cuándo emplear herramientas para la evaluación online, la tutoría y el seguimiento de los estudiantes en línea, etcétera. Todo ello de tal modo que favorezca el autoaprendizaje y una enseñanza más personalizada en todas sus modalidades (híbridas, a distancia y semipresenciales).
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Lademann, Amy, and Rick Lademann. Pilates and Conditioning for Athletes. Human Kinetics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718214163.
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Gain the competitive edge with the innovative training methods in Pilates and Conditioning for Athletes. This science-based, multidimensional approach to athletic conditioning helps you build a strong and flexible foundation by infusing Pilates into training, resulting in complete training programs that tap into the seven pillars of training needed for success: • Agility • Flexibility • Mobility • Power • Speed • Stability • Strength Begin with proven assessment protocols that have helped elite and professional athletes reach the pinnacle of their careers and remain there. Evaluate your movement patterns, range of motion, strength base, flexibility, and core strength to determine your baseline and guide your selection of exercises and sequences to turn weaknesses into strengths. Then follow detailed instructions for 124 Pilates mat and traditional conditioning exercises to strengthen your core, improve your posture, increase flexibility, and correct muscle imbalances. You will learn the following: • Breathing exercises to increase lung capacity and reduce stress • Stretching routines to open your hips, hamstrings, and back • Joint articulation to improve range of motion and balance • Resistance training for strength and power • Medicine ball training for working in diagonal and transverse planes • A dynamic warm-up series to begin each training session You can take the confusion out of your training plan by adding one or more of the 19 foundational, intermediate, and sport-specific workouts to help you achieve your performance goals. Successful athletes never leave their training to chance: Every workout is planned, every exercise is done for a specific reason, and each movement and program builds upon the previous one. Whether you are a weekend warrior, a college or professional athlete, or a 70-year-old triathlete, Pilates and Conditioning for Athletes will help you incorporate Pilates training to become a stronger, faster, healthier, and better-equipped athlete.
Book chapters on the topic "Tar spot of corn"
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Walton, Jonathan D., Richard Ransom, and John W. Pitkin. "Northern Corn Leaf Spot: Chemistry, Enzymology, and Molecular Genetics of a Host-Selective Phytotoxin." In Plant-Microbe Interactions, 94–123. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6019-7_5.
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Kono, Y. "Structural Studies on Host-Specific Pathotoxins in Corn Blight and Citrus Brown Spot Diseases." In Phytotoxins and Plant Pathogenesis, 7–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73178-5_2.
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Grondeau, C., V. Cerceau, C. Bureau, and R. Samson. "Evidence that Acidovorax valerianellae, Bacterial Black Spot of Corn Salad (Valerianella locusta) Agent, is Soil Transmitted." In Pseudomonas syringae and related pathogens, 89–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0133-4_9.
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"Tar Spot (Rhytisma sp.)." In Fungipedia, 158–65. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691195384-019.
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"Tak ing Re spon si bil ity for Re cord ing Grades." In Classroom Management Simplified, 141–44. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315855233-36.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Tar spot of corn"
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Ahmad, Aanis, Varun Aggarwal, Dharmendra Saraswat, Aly El Gamal, and Guri Johal. "Deep Learning-Based Disease Identification and Severity Estimation Tool for Tar Spot in Corn." In 2022 Houston, Texas July 17-20, 2022. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202201193.
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Oh, Sungchan, Da-Young Lee, Carlos Gongora-Canul, Andres Cruz-Sancan, Akash Ashapure, Mariela Fernandez, Darcy Telenko, Jinha Jung, and Christian Cruz. "Estimation of Visual Rating of TAR Spot Disease of Corn Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Data and Machine Learning Techniques." In IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss39084.2020.9324331.
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Lipps, Patrick E. "Gray Leaf Spot of Corn." In Proceedings of the 1992 Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-487.
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Robertson, Alison. "Corn diseases of 2014: Northern corn leaf blight, Physoderma brown spot, ear and stalk rots." In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-154.
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Shi, Yunye, Diego M. Yepes Maya, Regis Nascimento, Tejasvi Sharma, Albert Ratner, and Electo E. Silva Lora. "Experimental and Simulation Studies of Corn Kernel Gasification in a Double Air Stage Downdraft Reactor." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88010.
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Biomass gasification is the devolatilization and incomplete combustion of biomass resulting in the production of a combustible gas mixture including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) methane (CH4), and traces of other hydrocarbons (CnHm), and referred to as producer gas. Producer gas can be cleaned and then used in various engines or can be converted to various biofuels. This paper presents an experimental and simulation-based evaluation of producer gas quality resulting from corn kernel gasification in a two-stage downdraft gasifier. Test conditions were selected, based on the results of previous studies, to yield high conversion efficiency and low tar production. Experimental tests were performed with an air flow of 25 Nm3/h and with 80% of the air supplied to the first gasification stage. Simulations based on a chemical and thermal equilibrium model were carried out to examine the effect of equivalence ratio (ER) changes. Both the experimental and modelling results show that using a two-stage air supply leads to a significant reduction in the tar content of the producer gas, while maintaining a high gasification efficiency.
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Baliyan, Anupam, Vinay Kukreja, Vikas Salonki, and Kuldeep Singh Kaswan. "Detection of Corn Gray Leaf Spot Severity Levels using Deep Learning Approach." In 2021 9th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrito51393.2021.9596540.
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Shi, Yunye, Tejasvi Sharma, Guiyan Zang, and Albert Ratner. "Biomass Gasification in a Pilot-Scale Gasifier." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38958.
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A study of the gasification of corn kernels has been performed on an experimental, pilot-scale (50–100 lbs/hour) gasification unit. Analysis was made on the performance of the gasifier in terms of producer gas generation and composition, char production and process mass balance. In these experiments corn kernels was used so that the shapes and sized of the materials did not influence the results. Experiments were conducted with varying temperature of fuel bed. For each experimental condition, the permanent gas composition was measured continuously by gas chromatography (GC). Tar was collected according to CEN Standard. Bio-char were weighted for mass balance. The results from the study indicate that there were differences between various operational parameters in terms of producer gas concentration and char percentage.
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Zhu, JingFu, and BaiYi Zhang. "Corn leaf disease spot recognition comparative study of Bayesian classification and fuzzy pattern recognition." In Third International Conference on Photonics and Image in Agriculture Engineering (PIAGENG 2013), edited by Honghua Tan. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2019660.
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Martinez, Jeannette C. "Modeling the potential for hot spot remediation to resistance in western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgiferaLeConte)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112061.
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Sharma, Tejasvi, Yunye Shi, Guiyan Zang, and Albert Ratner. "Analysis and Comparison of Biochar From Pilot Scale Downdraft Gasifier." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52444.
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Gasification is incomplete combustion of solid fuel that results in the production of vapor, often referred to as syngas or producer gas, char, and tar. When this process is applied to biomass, the resulting char, referred to as biochar, is produced and has been shown to enhance soil fertility and crop growth. As part of a broader effort, this work examines how the gasification process impacts the biochar generated through downdraft gasification. In contrast to previous publications, which only focused on the syngas compositions, this research paper expands the analysis to the composition of the biochar produced in the gasification systems. In a large-scale gasifier, corn grains at about a 15% moisture level are inserted into a pilot scale downdraft gasifier from the top. In this system, both air and fuel move in the same direction. The air entering the setup is controlled using a damper. Corn grains entering the gasifier pass through a drying zone where the moisture content in it is removed. The dry corn then passes through a combustion and pyrolysis zone, followed by a reduction zone. The high temperature present at the bottom in the reduction zone cracks any tar present in the syngas produced. This syngas exits from the bottom of the gasifier. The char produced has a residence time from half an hour to several hours. About 20% of the fuel that’s inserted in the gasifier is converted to biochar. An ultimate and proximate chemical composition analysis, BET porosity analysis, and an SEM image analysis were carried out on the biochar produced from this system. From the SEM analysis, a surface area of 2.38 m2/g was obtained. From the ultimate and proximate analysis, it was observed that the biochar had higher carbon content and a lack of volatile components compared to other reported biochars and levels similar to activated carbon. From the BET porosity analysis, both small scale and large-scale pores were observed but quantified comparison with other biochar is still on going. Porosity is known to be an important factor in biochar effectiveness as a soil amendment.
Reports on the topic "Tar spot of corn"
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Telenko, Darcy, Martin Chilvers, Nathan Kleczewski, Daren Mueller, Dian Plewa, Alison Robertson, Damon Smith, Adam Sisson, Albert Tenuta, and Kiersten Wise. Tar Spot of Corn. United States: Crop Protection Network, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20201214-2.
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Wise, Kiersten, and Purdue Extension. Corn Disease Management: Tar Spot. United States: Crop Protection Netework, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20190620-008.
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Telenko, D. E. P., M. I. Chilvers, N. Kleczewski, D. L. Smith, A. M. Byrne, P. Devillez, T. Diallo, et al. How Tar Spot of Corn Impacted Hybrid Yields During the 2018 Midwest Epidemic. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Digital Repository, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20190729-002.
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Telenko, Darcy, Martin Chilvers, Alison Robertson, Albert Tenuta, and Damon Smith. Will a Second Fungicide be Worth the Cost for Tar Spot Management? Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20210820-1.
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Robertson, Alison, Dan Schaben, and John Beckman. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timingon Gray Leaf Spot on Hybrid Corn. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1911.
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Robertson, Alison, and Myron Rees. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timingon Gray Leaf Spot on Hybrid Corn. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1931.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
Full textAbstract:
Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor