Journal articles on the topic 'Tannin-resistant bacteria'
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Smith, Alexandra H., and Roderick I. Mackie. "Effect of Condensed Tannins on Bacterial Diversity and Metabolic Activity in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 2 (February 2004): 1104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.2.1104-1115.2004.
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ABSTRACT The effect of dietary condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) on rat fecal bacterial populations was ascertained in order to determine whether the proportion on tannin-resistant bacteria increased and if there was a change in the predominant bacterial populations. After 3 weeks of tannin diets the proportion of tannin-resistant bacteria increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 0.3% ± 5.5% to 25.3% ± 8.3% with a 0.7% tannin diet and to 47.2% ± 5.1% with a 2% tannin diet. The proportion of tannin-resistant bacteria returned to preexposure levels in the absence of dietary tannins. A shift in bacterial populations was confirmed by molecular fingerprinting of fecal bacterial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Posttreatment samples were generally still distinguishable from controls after 3.5 weeks. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands and characterization of tannin-resistant isolates indicated that tannins selected for Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides species. Dot blot quantification confirmed that these gram-negative bacterial groups predominated in the presence of dietary tannins and that there was a corresponding decrease in the gram-positive Clostridium leptum group and other groups. Metabolic fingerprint patterns revealed that functional activities of culturable fecal bacteria were affected by the presence of tannins. Condensed tannins of Acacia angustissima altered fecal bacterial populations in the rat gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a shift in the predominant bacteria towards tannin-resistant gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides species.
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Odenyo, AA, and PO Osuji. "Tannin-resistant ruminal bacteria from East African ruminants." Reproduction Nutrition Development 37, Suppl. 1 (1997): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19970763.
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O'May, Che, and Nathalie Tufenkji. "The Swarming Motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Is Blocked by Cranberry Proanthocyanidins and Other Tannin-Containing Materials." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 9 (March 4, 2011): 3061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02677-10.
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ABSTRACTBacterial motility plays a key role in the colonization of surfaces by bacteria and the subsequent formation of resistant communities of bacteria called biofilms. Derivatives of cranberry fruit, predominantly condensed tannins called proanthocyanidins (PACs) have been reported to interfere with bacterial adhesion, but the effects of PACs and other tannins on bacterial motilities remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether cranberry PAC (CPAC) and the hydrolyzable tannin in pomegranate (PG; punicalagin) affected the levels of motilities exhibited by the bacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacterium utilizes flagellum-mediated swimming motility to approach a surface, attaches, and then further spreads via the surface-associated motilities designated swarming and twitching, mediated by multiple flagella and type IV pili, respectively. Under the conditions tested, both CPAC and PG completely blocked swarming motility but did not block swimming or twitching motilities. Other cranberry-containing materials and extracts of green tea (also rich in tannins) were also able to block or impair swarming motility. Moreover, swarming bacteria were repelled by filter paper discs impregnated with many tannin-containing materials. Growth experiments demonstrated that the majority of these compounds did not impair bacterial growth. When CPAC- or PG-containing medium was supplemented with surfactant (rhamnolipid), swarming motility was partially restored, suggesting that the effective tannins are in part acting by a rhamnolipid-related mechanism. Further support for this theory was provided by demonstrating that the agar surrounding tannin-induced nonswarming bacteria was considerably less hydrophilic than the agar area surrounding swarming bacteria. This is the first study to show that natural compounds containing tannins are able to blockP. aeruginosaswarming motility and that swarming bacteria are repelled by such compounds.
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Karekar, Manish Dattatraya, Sumit Chavan, Rajal Dave, Abhishek Chatla, Mansi Kamble, Richa Raut, and Mukund Ambawade. "Screening of Phytochemicals against Multiple Drug Resistant Bacteria from Clinical Isolates." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1108.007.
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Plants, a rich source of therapeutic compounds because its tremendous applications in the pharmaceutical industry. To find a new and effective antimicrobial compound from the selected plant, the solvents like methanol, Ethanol, Chloroform, Hexane, Xylene, and water were used to evaluate systematically. In vitro antimicrobial activity was performed using Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) clinical isolates by Kirby Bauer Method. Solvent extracts showed more antimicrobial activity compared to aqueous extracts of both plants. Phytochemical analysis of Piper betel leaves showed the presence of Glycoside, Tannin, Terpenoid, Coumarin, Flavonoid, and Phenol whereas Achyranthes aspera roots were lacking Phenol and Tannin. Thus, present studies suggest the medicinal use of bioactive components from traditional plants Piper betel and Achyranthes aspera in the treatment of various infectious diseases.
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Malki, S., H. Nouadri, R. Bakli, and M. Boudjouref. "A comparative study on phenolic profiles and biologicial activity of Artemisia campestris L. From Algeria as affected by extraction solvents." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.11(1).p46-60.
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The genus Artemisia includes the biggest genus of Asteraceae has many healthful uses in human diseases. The present study was conducted to eva-luate in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of field wormwood, Artemisia campestris L. growing wild in the easthern of Algeria. The aerial parts of the plant were dried at shade and extracted with acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Total phenolic, flavonoid, flavanol and flavone, tannin and anthocyanin contents of different extracts from the whole plant were determined. The obtained results indicated that the ethyl acetate extract possessed high phenolic, flavonoid, flavanol and flavone contents and exhibited good antioxidant activity by DPPH, FRAP, ß- carotene bleaching methods. However, acetone extract showed strong antiradical property against H2O2 and high tannin content. These findings provide evidence that the polyphenolic extract of A. campestris L. is a natural source of antioxidant against oxidative damage. A. campestris extracts were also tested in vitro for its antimicrobial potential against three strains of pathogenic bacteria, using the disk diffusion method. The extracts showed the best antibacterial effect for all microbial strains tested even those resistant to some antibiotics. Fractionation and characterization of A. campestris active components may enhance the pharmaceutical industry of new drugs against pathogenic bacteria.
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Cheesman, Matthew J., Alan White, Ben Matthews, and Ian E. Cock. "Terminalia ferdinandiana Fruit and Leaf Extracts Inhibit Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Growth." Planta Medica 85, no. 16 (October 9, 2019): 1253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1013-0434.
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AbstractThe development of multiple antibiotic–resistant bacteria has vastly depleted our repertoire of effective antibiotic chemotherapies. The development of multi-β-lactam-resistant strains are particularly concerning due to our previous reliance on this class of antibiotics because of their initial efficacy and broad-spectrum activity. With increases in extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistance and an expanded resistance to other classes of antibiotics, there is an urgent need for the development of effective new antibiotic therapies. Terminalia ferdinandiana is an endemic Australian plant known for its high antioxidant and tannin contents. T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts have strong antibacterial activity against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. However, T. ferdinandiana extracts have not been tested against ESBL and MRSA antibiotic-resistant pathogens. An objective of this study was to screen T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts for bacterial growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against β-lactam-sensitive and -resistant E. coli strains and against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by liquid dilution techniques. The fruit methanolic extract, as well as the methanolic, aqueous, and ethyl acetate leaf extracts strongly inhibited the growth of the MRSA, with MICs as low as 223 µg/mL. In contrast, the extracts were ineffective inhibitors of ESBL growth. Metabolomic fingerprint analysis identified a diversity and relative abundance of tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids, several of which have been reported to inhibit MRSA growth in isolation. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use.
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Devkota, Anjana, and Anita Sahu. "Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screening of leaf extract of Mikania micrantha H.B.K." Journal of Natural History Museum 30 (December 1, 2018): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v30i0.27603.
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Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screening of leaves of Mikania micrantha was tested in laboratory against phytopathogenic fungi and human pathogenic bacteria. The leaves samples were extracted in distilled water and methanol. The crude extracts of leaves were assessed in-vitro for antimicrobial activity using different concentrations (50, 100, 150,200, and 250 mg/ml) against five fungal strains (viz. Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytopthora capsici, Alternaria brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea) and six bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcusfaecalis and Staphylococcus aureus). Antifungal activity was tested by Poison Food Technique and Linear Mycelium growth Reduction (LMGR) percentage was determined. In crude extractof M. micrantha, the highest LMGR percentage was found in F. oxysporum in both distilledwater and methanol extract. Antibacterial activity was carried out by Disc Diffusion method. In the crude leaf extract of M. micrantha Gram negative bacteria was found more resistant than Gram positive bacteria. Methanol extract was found more effective in determining the Zone of Inhibition for all the strains of bacteria in all the concentrations. The plant extracts were found more effective in showing antibacterial activity than antifungal activity. The phytochemicalscreening revealed that the selected species contained tannin, saponins, alkaloid, flavonoid, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids. This result supports the potential of this plant species used as a new chemotherapeutic drug.
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Handayani, Rezqi, and Nurul Qamariah. "Uji Daya Hambat Formulasi Salep Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Hati Tanah (Angiopteris sp) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus." Daun: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian dan Kehutanan 5, no. 2 (December 16, 2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/daun.v5i2.469.
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Hati Tanah tuber (Angiopteris sp) is a plant part that is often used by Dayak tribes in Central Kalimantan as a medicine to heal wounds. This plant is known to contain flavonoid, saponin, tannin and catechol compounds which in previous studies have proven that ethanol extract of this plant can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes infection in wounds. Some of these strains of bacteria are resistant to available antibiotics. In this study two bases of ointment were used, namely, the bottom of the hydrocarbon ointment and the base of the water-soluble lotion. This study aims to determine the ointment formulation which can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria. Plant extraction is done by the soxhletation method. The inhibitory test in this study uses a process of planting discs that contain active substances as the primary test material. The results showed that the base ointment formulation which could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was an ointment formulation with a water-soluble base.
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Hamid, Ibrahim Siddig, and Ikram Mohamed Eltayeb. "IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ISOLATED SHIGELLA FLEXNERI AND SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE TO THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI AND PEGANUM HARMALA." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2019v11i1.29411.
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Objective: This study represents the first attempt to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Peganum harmala, and Trachyspermum ammi seeds extract against the isolated bacillary dysentery-causing microorganisms.Methods: T. ammi and P. harmala were extracted by 96% ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were screened for their phytochemical constituents. Their antimicrobial activity against the isolated dysentery-causing microorganisms was evaluated using the agar diffusion method.Results: The antimicrobial activity result showed that, the two isolated bacteria, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella dysenteriae were found to be sensitive to the extract of T. ammi seed with inhibition zones up to 25 mm, compared to the inhibition zone of 20 mm produced by Gentamycin standard drug, this is mainly due to the presence of the different phytochemical in the extract such as tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids which are well known for their antimicrobial effects. The two isolated bacteria were found to be insensitive (zero mm) to P. harmala extract, Amoxicillin, and Amoclan (Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid) standard drugs, this is due to the fact that, the phytochemicals constituents of P. harmala possess the antagonistic effect to each other’s. Addition to; these bacteria became resistant to both Amoxicillin and Amoclan.Conclusion: From the results it concludes, T. ammi seeds extract had a considerable level of antimicrobial activity against bacillary dysentery-causing microorganisms resistant to Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid drugs.
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Bueno, Paulo Inácio, Daisy Machado, Marcelo Lancellotti, Carolina Passarelli Gonçalves, Maria Cristina Marcucci, Alexandra Christine Helena Frankland Sawaya, and Adriana de Melo. "In silico studies, chemical composition, antibacterial activity and in vitro antigen-induced phagocytosis of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): e35911225748. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.25748.
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We investigate the chemical composition of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Stryphnodendron adstringens by evaluating the total polyphenolic and tannin contents, antioxidant activity as well as marker compounds by UHPLC-MS. Through the in silico approach the molecular and pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted for the two major substances found in the extract, the pyrogallol (1) and chlorogenic acid (2). The antibacterial activity was verified by determining the MIC of the extracts on different bacterial strains. The inhibition zone diameter (ZD) of three different extracts of S. adstringens was studied, those with ZD>10mm proceeded to the determination of the MICs. The most active antimicrobial sample was S. adstringens ST3. The extracts of S. adstringens analyzed herein demonstrated not only high content of polyphenols and total tannins, but also antioxidant activity and activity against important bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae as well as against multiresistant bacteria such as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effects of S. adstringens extract on the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans and Candida. kefyr from two normal individuals were studied. We propose that the effect of S. adstringens on the neutrophils may be related to a possible mechanism for regulation functions in these cells.
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Olawale, Oluwatoyosi Ezekiel, Olubukola Olusola-Makinde, and Muftau Kolawole Oladunmoye. "Antibacterial Efficacy and Phytochemical Screening of Ocimum gratissimum Leaf Extracts against Some Selected Bacteria Isolated from Stool Samples of Diarrhea Patients." Nigerian Journal of Technological Research 16, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtr.v16i2.7.
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This study investigated the antibacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts on antibiotic resistant bacteria from stool samples of diarrhea patient attending specialist hospitals in Ondo State, Nigeria. O. gratissimum leaf extracted with acetone, methanol and hot water solvents were assayed for qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals. Bioactive extracts were partially purified using standard chromatographic techniques. The crude and purified acetone extract had inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli (13.00±0.58 and 26.67±0.33 mm) according to CLSI, 2014 standard. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of purified acetone extract were 12.5 and 25 mg/ml respectively. Saponin had the highest quantity (42.50±0.32 mg/ml) on acetone extract while tannin had the lowest (1.29±0.01 mg/ml). O. gratissimum leaf acetone extract could be promising candidate in the treatment of diarrhea infection which is a major concern in paediatric medicine.
Keywords: Diarrhea, Ocimum gratissimum L., Antibacterial
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Widyawati, Utmi Arma, Okmes Fadriyanti, Boima Situmeang, and Saronom Silaban. "ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF GLETANG (Tridax procumbens) FROM WEST SUMATERA, INDONESIA." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 04 (2022): 2382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1547084.
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The study evaluates the antibacterial activities of different parts of gletang (Tridax procumbens) against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis oral pathogens bacteria. The extracts of different parts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of extracts of the plants was investigated using the agar Kirby-Bauer method and chlorhexidine as a positive control. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacteriocide concentration (MBC) using the ELISA reader micro-dilution method in 96-well microplates. The part of Tridax procumbens was extracted with ethanol 96%. Phytochemical screening showed that the leaf extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannin, and saponin, while stem extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannin, and the flower alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. The results showed that % of the leaf, stem, and flower of Tridax procumbens with concentrations of 20, 40, and 60% had antibacterial activity against S. mutans and E. faecalis in the resistant to moderate category. The MIC values of stem, leaf, and flower T. procumbens against S. mutans were 2.5, 10, and 5%, respectively, and MBC values were 10, 20, and 20%, respectively. The MIC values of stem, leaf, and flower gletang against E. faecalis were 5, 10, and 10%, respectively, and MBC values were 10, 40, and 40%, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity was shown in the stem extract of gletang.
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MANNS, DAVID C., JOHN J. CHUREY, and RANDY W. WOROBO. "Variable Efficacy of the Proteinaceous Antifungal YvgO in Select Fruit Juices and Teas as a Complement with UV Methods of Food Protection†." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 1851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-128.
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Heat-resistant fungal spores present a processing challenge for beverages and fruit juices, as thermal and UV strategies are often inadequate in reducing heat-resistant fungal burdens to acceptable levels. While effective against pathogenic or invasive bacteria, germicidal UV light treatments also fail to achieve an appreciable reduction of heat-resistant fungal spores. As an alternative, the efficacy of the antifungal protein YvgO was examined across a selection of fruit juices and teas, as well as solid model matrices. Compared with its efficacy in analogous liquid matrices, the apparent efficacy of YvgO was diminished on acidified solid matrices due to a reduction in YvgO diffusion. Using an XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] tetrazolium dye cytotoxicity assay, the effective concentrations to reduce growth by 50% were elucidated in samples challenged with Byssochlamys fulva H25. The MICs were determined and ranged from 2 ppm in apple juice and acidified teas to approximately 3 to 12 ppm for lemonade and orange, white cranberry, blueberry, prune, cherry, and grape juices. Apple cider and nonacidified teas showed reduced efficacy, with MICs exceeding 100 ppm. Tannin-rich products readily removed YvgO from the product, impairing its efficacy. Adding bovine serum albumin as a competitive inhibitor effectively reversed the YvgO-tannin association and restored efficacy in black but not green tea matrices. When challenged with a 5-log CFU inoculum of B. fulva, the shelf lives of the products were extended for various times up to 28 days in a concentration-dependent manner. However, initial efficacy was not predictive of shelf life extension, as some products exhibited improved protection at just two- and fourfold concentrations above the MIC, while others only exhibited long-term stability when concentrations exceeded 20 times the MIC. As such, YvgO may be an attractive alternative to currently available protection strategies and will provide needed diversity for natural food protectants.
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Perin, Gessica, Matheus D. Baldissera, Matheus Fernandes, Mauricio Barreta, Renata A. Casagrande, Luiz Gustavo Griss, Bruno F. Fortuoso, et al. "Effects of tannin-containing diets on performance, gut disease control and health in broiler chicks." Animal Production Science 59, no. 10 (2019): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18393.
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The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens, and the possibility of antibiotic residues in meat and meat products are seen as a threat to animal and human health. The search for alternatives to conventional drugs, including natural compounds, is an interesting approach to prevent the adverse effects of antibiotics. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the addition of tannin (as a quebracho extract) in the diet of broiler chickens could be used to replace in-feed antimicrobials and coccidiostatic drugs, to exert positive effects on animal health and performance. The use of tannin in the diet of broiler chicks as an additive (at 0.5% for 1–10-day-old birds; and 1.0% for 11–42-day-old broiler chickens) enhanced their bodyweight, weight gain and daily weight gain on Day 42 of life, compared with the untreated control group (P < 0.05). However, these findings were not observed when tannin was added at 0.5%. Moreover, broiler chickens fed with an extract containing tannins showed higher erythrocyte counts, as well as haemoglobin and haematocrit concentrations than did those in the control group, whereas counts of total leukocytes and lymphocytes were lower (P < 0.05). The use of a diet with tannins did not influence meat quality compared with a diet containing zinc bacitracin and salinomycin, which altered some parameters associated with meat colour. Moreover, the diet with tannins reduced (P < 0.05) the number of oocysts of Eimeria sp. (36-day-old broilers) and the total faecal bacterial counts (42-day-old broilers) compared with the control group. Finally, intestinal histopathology showed that the addition of tannins minimised the degree of lesions (Degree 1) compared with the control group (Degree 3). On the basis of these results, we concluded that the use of quebracho extract containing tannins can be a suitable approach to improve the performance of broiler chickens, replacing in-feed antibiotics and coccidiostatic drugs. The use of tannins did not change meat quality; however, it caused positive effects on the immune system, and exerted potent bactericidal and coccidiostatic properties, reinforcing its use as a replacement for conventional drugs.
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Akter, Saleha, Michael E. Netzel, Ujang Tinggi, Simone A. Osborne, Mary T. Fletcher, and Yasmina Sultanbawa. "Antioxidant Rich Extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana Inhibit the Growth of Foodborne Bacteria." Foods 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8080281.
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Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is a native Australian plant containing phytochemicals with antioxidant capacity. In the search for alternatives to synthetic preservatives, antioxidants from plants and herbs are increasingly being investigated for the preservation of food. In this study, extracts were prepared from Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit, leaves, seedcoats, and bark using different solvents. Hydrolysable and condensed tannin contents in the extracts were determined, as well as antioxidant capacity, by measuring the total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Total phenolic content was higher in the fruits and barks with methanol extracts, containing the highest TPC, hydrolysable tannins, and DPPH-free radical scavenging capacity (12.2 ± 2.8 g/100 g dry weight (DW), 55 ± 2 mg/100 g DW, and 93% respectively). Saponins and condensed tannins were highest in bark extracts (7.0 ± 0.2 and 6.5 ± 0.7 g/100 g DW). The antimicrobial activity of extracts from fruit and leaves showed larger zones of inhibition, compared to seedcoats and barks, against the foodborne bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration in response to the different extracts ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy images of the treated bacteria showed morphological changes, leading to cell death. These results suggest that antioxidant rich extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruits and leaves have potential applications as natural antimicrobials in food preservation.
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Hafizha, H., Ketut Suardita, and Nirawati Pribadi. "Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Batang Pisang Ambon (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) terhadap Pertumbuhan Enterococcus faecalis." Conservative Dentistry Journal 8, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v8i2.2018.85-90.
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Background: Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most common bacteria in root canal after endodontic treatment. This species is found in about 77% of the cases that resistant to treatment. It is necessary to develop an alternative for intracanal dressing, one of the potential substance is natural ingredients. The stem of ambonese banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) extract contains active substances such as tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, and antraquinone, which have been known for their antibacterial potency. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ambonese banana stem (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) extract against Enterococcus faecalis. Method: This research was a laboratory experimental study. Ambonese banana stem extract was made by maceration method with ethanol 96% and certain dilution was performed to obtain various concentration. Value of MIC and MBC of ambonese banana stem extract against Enterococcus faecalis were known by counting the growth of bacteria colonies on blood agar media in CFU/ml. Result: The percentages of bacteria colonies at concentration 85%; 82,5%; 80%; 77,5%; 75%; 72,5%; 70%; and 67,5% of ambonese banana stem extract in sequence were 0%; 0%; 0%; 0%; 0%; 0%; 7,44%; and 14,53% from the positive control. Conclusion: The stem of ambonese banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) extract had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 70% concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at 72,5% concentration against Enterococcus faecalis.
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Sitorus, Panal. "Uji Efek Kombinasi Amoksisilin Dengan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih (Piper Betle L) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia Coli Dan Staphylococcus Aureus." Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM) 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i1.67.
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Konsep baru untuk pengobatan infeksi bakteri resisten adalah dengan kombinasi antibiotika dengan ekstrak herbal. Ekstrak daun sirih memiliki aktivitas anti bakteri terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus kerena daun sirih mengandung metabolit sekunder. Kombinasi ekstrak daun sirih dengan amoksisilin, perlu diuji untuk mengetahui efek antibaktreri masing-masing dibandingkan dengan kombinasinya. Mengetahui karakteristik dan skrining fitokimia simplisia dan ekstrak daun sirih serta uji aktivitas anti bakteri kombinasi amoksisilin dengan ekstrak daun sirih terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini meliputi ekstraksi serbuk simplisia dengan maserasi, Karakterisasi simplisia untuk mengetahui kadar air, kadar sari larut dalam air, kadar sari larut dalam etanol, kadar abu total dan kadar abu tidak larur asam, serta skrining fitokimia simplisia dan ekstrak daun sirih serta uji aktivitas anti bakteri kombinasi amoksisilin dengan ekstrak daun sirih terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus dengan metode difusi agar menggunakan cakram kertas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serbuk simplisia daun sirih memiliki kadar air 3,66%; , kadar sari larut dalam air 22,54%, kadar sari larut dalam etanol 14,65%, kadar abu total9,25% dan kadar abu tidak larur asam 1,03%. Komponen kimia pada simplisia dan ekstrak etanol serbuk daun sirih adalah flavonoid, tannin, saponin dan steroid. Ekstrak etanol serbuk daun sirih menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus masing-masing pada KHM 8 mg/ml dan 9 mg/ml. Amoksisilin menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus masing-masing pada KHM 5 g/ml dan 10 g/ml dengan diameter zona hambat 6,83mm dan 7,05 mm. Diameter zona hambat terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus meningkat ketika bakteri uji dipaparkan dengan kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun sirih dengan amoksisilin. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi Amoksisilin dengan Ekstrak etanol daun sirih menunjukkan efek yang sinergis.
A new concept to treat resistant bacterial infection is using antibiotic combination with herbal extract. Betel leaves extract has an anti-bacteria activity towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus since it contains secondary metabolite. Betel leavesextract combination with amoxicillin is needed to be tested to find evaluatetheiranti-bacteria effects and compare with its combination. By finding the characteristics and phytochemical screening simplicia and the betel leaves extract and also the anti-bacteria activity of amoxicillin combination with betel leaves to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This research covered extraction of simplicia powder using macerationmethod. The simplicia characteristics were conductedto determinethe water content, dissolved extract content in water, dissolved extract content in ethanol, total ash, and the acidic undissolved ash, and also the phytochemical screening of simplicia and the betel leaves extract and also the anti-bacteria activity of amoxicillin combination with betel leaves to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using diffusion method using paper disc method. The result indicated that the betel leaves powder simplicia had 3.66% of water content, 22.54% of dissolved content extract in water, 14.65% of dissolved content extract in ethanol, 9.25% of ash content, and 1.03% of acidic undissolved ash content. The chemical components in simpliciaand ethanol extract of betel leaves were flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and steroid. The ethanol extract of betel leaves inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with MIC of 8 mg/ml and 9 mg/ml. Amoxicillin inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with MIC of5 g/ml and 10 g/ml with diameter of inhibition zone of 6.83 mm and 7.05 mm, respectively. The diameter of inhibition zone towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus increased when the bacteria exposed to the combination of betel leaves ethanol extract and Amoxicillin. The research indicated that Amoxicillin combination with betel leaves ethanol extract showed synergistic effect.
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Okonkwo-Uzor, Nkechi J., Cynthia Obi, Adaobi Enwelum, Ugochukwu M. Okezie, Peter M. Eze, Festus B. C. Okoye, and Charles O. Esimone. "Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Secondary Metabolites of an Endophytic fungus of Azadirachta indica." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 5-S (October 15, 2022): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i5-s.5642.
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Background: Recent upsurge in the mortality rate and long hospital stays as a result of antimicrobial resistance caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria is a huge burden to public health sector. Intensive search for more effective and newer agents to deal with these problems. Endophytes are a novel source of potentially useful medicinal compounds. Aim: The study aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of an endophytic fungus isolated from Azadirachta indica against multi drug resistant bacteria species. Method: Endophytic fungus was isolated from fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica. The fungus was fermented in rice medium, and the secondary metabolites were extracted. The antimicrobial activity of the extract against laboratory strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger) was determined. The fungal extract was also evaluated for antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay method. Using GC-FID analysis, some constituents of the fungal extracted were identified. Result: At 1 and 0.5 mg/mL, the fungal extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae but no activity against the other test microbes. However, the fungal extract of A. indica showed excellent antioxidant activity due to possession of bioactive secondary metabolites. Conclusion: The result of GC-FID showed the presence of Rutin, Lunamarin, Anthocyanin, Catechin, Naringenin, Flavan 3 ol, Sapogernin, Tannin, Spartein, Naringin, Flavonones, Steroids, Kaemferol, Cyanogenic glycoside, Phytate, Epicatechin, Reseveratol, Cardic glycoside and Epihedrine at different concentrations. This study reveals the dynamic potentials of the endophytic fungus of A. indica as the bedrock of naturally occurring bioactive agent.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica, endophytes, GC-FID, secondary metabolites, medicinal plants, phytochemicals.
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Halabi, Abdulghani Ashraf, Bassma H. Elwakil, Mohamed Hagar, and Zakia A. Olama. "Date Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Cultivar Extracts: Nanoparticle Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 13, 2022): 5165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165165.
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The pharmaceutical research sector’s inability to produce new drugs has made it difficult to keep up with the rate at which microbial resistance is developing. Recently, nanotechnology and its combinations with natural products have been the saviors against multidrug resistant bacteria. In the present investigation, different Egyptian and Saudi date cultivars were extracted and then phytochemically analyzed and tested for possible antimicrobial activities against multidrug resistant (MDR) microbes. The results revealed that extract of the flesh of fresh “Hayany” fruit (Egyptian date) showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with high levels of phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin concentrations (538.578 µg/mL, 28.481 µg/mL, and 20.888 µg/mL, respectively) and high scavenging activity, with an IC50 reaching 10.16 µg/mL. The highest synergistic activity was found between fresh “Hayany” fruit extract and amikacin. Novel nano-fresh fruit of “Hayany” date extract was synthesized using a ball-milling technique. The vesicle size was 21.6 nm, while the PDI and zeta potential were 0.32 and +38.4 mV, respectively. The inhibition zone diameters of nano-fresh fruit of “Hayany” date extract/amikacin reached 38 mm and 34 mm, with complete microbial eradication after 9 h and 6 h, against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In conclusion, date fruit extract could be used as a candidate bioactive compound in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Rajani Chowdary Akkina, Payala Vijayalakshmi, and Raaththika R. "Evaluation of Anti-microbial activity of methanolic extract of Costus igneus plant against multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 3796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2552.
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Costus igneus plants are highly active against the majority of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. The purpose of the current study was intended to evaluate the anti-microbial potential of methanolic extract of Costus igneus over multidrug-resistant bacteria, specifically to methicillin, vancomycin, carbapenems, colistin. The study also focused on the antifungal activity of the plant extract against Candida species. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to identify the presence of the active chemicals such as steroids, alkaloid, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponin, tannin, glycosides, quinones, coumarins and phenolic compounds using standard protocols. Anti-microbial activity of C. igneus was assessed through agar well diffusion technique and Minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC) by using multidrug-resistant Gram-positive microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms (E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter species) and also Candida albicans. At 120mg/ml C.igneus plant extract concentration, maximum zone of inhibition was obtained with all the nine tested microorganisms and however the zone of inhibition was slighter with regular standard potential antibiotics like colistin, imipenem etc. Anti-microbials of plant origin possesses tremendous therapeutic potential as they can accomplish the requirements with fewer sideeffects that are routinely associated with synthetic anti-microbials. In this investigation, it was established that C. igneus leaf extract possesses excellent anti-microbial activity which can be attributed to the occurrence of phytochemicals. Further discovery of plant-derived anti-microbials should be continued to trim down the usage of powerful drugs which pose bad side effects.
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Pratiwi, Liza. "Antibacterial Activity of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDSS) Loaded with Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.,) Peels against Baccilus subtitis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients." Majalah Obat Tradisional 26, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/mot.58116.
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Diabetic Foot Ulcer is a complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by open sores on the surface of the skin or mucous membranes as well as extensive dead tissue followed by bacterial invasion. Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer are resistant to some antibiotics so that alternative therapies such as potential traditional medicines involving mangosteen peels are being developed. Mangosteen peels contain compounds of phenolic, tannin, flavonoid, and xanton. To improve the stability of α-mangostin and improve bioavailability, it requires the preparation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS). This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial effect of optimal SNEDDS of ethyl acetate fraction from mangosteen peels against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus and to analyze the comparison of inhibition zone diameter between the optimal SNEDDS formula of the ethyl acetate fraction from mangosteen peels and ethyl acetate fraction without SNEDDS against the bacteria. This study began with making 70% ethanol extract from mangosteen peels which was then fractionated to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction was made into optimal SNEDDS formula resulted of Design Expert software with Tween 80, PEG 400, and VCO. The optimal SNEDDS formula of the ethyl acetate fraction from the mangosteen peels was tested for its antibacterial effectiveness against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results revealed that SNEDDS loaded of ethyl acetate fraction from mangosteen peels had antibacterial activity against both types of Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, which cause diabetes ulcers, and that it did not have antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus. Moreover, the tested SNEDDS loaded ethyl acetate fraction and ethyl acetate fraction without SNEDDS had strong inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis. Meanwhile, they provided such a smaller inhibition zone as tested against Staphylococcus aureus that they had moderate antibacterial activity.
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Silva, Vanessa, Rupesh Kumar Singh, Nelson Gomes, Bruno Gonçalves Soares, Adriana Silva, Virgílio Falco, Rosa Capita, et al. "Comparative Insight upon Chitosan Solution and Chitosan Nanoparticles Application on the Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Individual Grape Components of Sousão Variety." Antioxidants 9, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020178.
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Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, has been previously proposed as an elicitor in plants to prevent pathogen infections. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of chitosan solution and chitosan nanoparticles treatment applied on the grapevine variety Sousão with respect to the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity of its individual grape components. Grapevine plants of selected lines were sprayed with chitosan solution and chitosan nanoparticles, and ethanolic extracts of stems, seeds and skins were prepared from grapevines treated and not treated with chitosan. Total phenolic, anthocyanin and tannin contents were studied, and the identification of the individual phenolic compounds was performed by HPLC-DAD. The antimicrobial susceptibility method was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Overall, there was small increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in grape components treated with chitosan solution. Seed extracts showed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The studied individual components obtained from chitosan-treated grapevines could represent an added value due to the increased antioxidant and antibacterial potentials. The phenolic compounds found in components may be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as natural food preservers and antibiotic adjuvants.
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Abd Hamid, Hazrulrizawati, Senait Sileshi Zeyohannes Roziasyahira M, and Mashitah M. Yusoff. "RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA: A PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.12773.
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ABSTRACTRhodomyrtus tomentosa is a common wood, prevalent in areas with undemanding soil conditions and resistant toward pests and diseases. The plantcan be found in China, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Literature and artwork indicate that R. tomentosa played an importantholistic role in the daily lives of several ancient cultures, providing medicinal benefits. R. tomentosa exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacologicaleffects and has been used to treat colic diarrhea, wounds, heartburn, abscesses, gynecopathy, and as a pain killer. R. tomentosa was used in traditionalChinese medicine to treat urinary tract infection. 42 compounds have been isolated from this plant and structurally elucidated. They comprisephloroglucinol, flavonoid, terpenoid, anthracene glycoside, tannin, and other compounds. Rhodomyrtone, a member of the acylphloroglucinolsdemonstrated a significant activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria. Rhodomyrtone exhibited both antimicrobial and anti-infectiveactivities. Several biological activities have been documented as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, osteogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory.R. tomentosa has been studied extensively for alternative antimicrobial agents. Although rhodomyrtone exhibited potential activity with a very lowminimum inhibitory concentration value, the mechanisms of action of this compound are still unclear. Furthermore, toxicity studies on it extract tovalidate pharmacological activities are required.Keywords: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Kemunting, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, Biological activities, Chemical constituents.
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Omachi, Andrew. "INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALISON MICROORGANISMS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 1040–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13647.
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The rise in several deadly diseases like infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria implies re-inventing the wheel on drug discovery. Perhaps, extensive research has been dedicated to identifying alternatives to mitigating the effects of antibiotics resistance. Over the years, plants have contributed significantly to traditional medicine, proven effective in human health care, and were extensively used as alternative antibiotics in certain conditions. Thus, the current studys primary purpose is to determine the phytochemical contents and the antimicrobial activity of T. occidentalison microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The result of the phytochemical analysis conducted on the leaf and seed of T. occidentalisrevealed alkaloids, tannin, steroids, flavonoids, phenol, and saponins. However, it was found that tannins and phenol were mainly deposited in the plants seed. Also, the antimicrobial analysis conducted revealed that S. aureus was more vulnerable to the ethanol, acetone, and hot aqueous extracts of T. occidentalis. At the same time, P. aeruginosa and C. Albicans showed sensitivity to ethanol and acetone exposure but failed to react to the hot aqueous extracts. The study concludes that the observed biological reactions shown by the aqueous extracts of T. occidentaliscorroborate the traditional application of this plant as an alternative antibiotic.
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Pathak, Deepika, Kruti M. Dave, and Luluaa Aliasgar. "Antimicrobial Properties of Rosa Indica (A New Start with Nature)." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 16, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2755.
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Plants have been played an important role as a resource of natural medicines for human health, from the long period of time. Some plants show antimicrobial properties. The most important merit of using plant derived medicines is that they are low priced, readily available and showing minor side effect. The present study deals with the antibacterial potential of crude extracts of petals of Rosa indica. Through agar disk diffusion method the antimicrobial potential of Rosa indica was examined. Petals were collected, dried and its crude extract was obtained. Methanol and acetone were used as the extraction solvent. These extract were examined against two gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and two gram-negative (E-coli, Salmonella typhi) bacteria. Extracts prepared by all solvents showed antimicrobial action and established zone(s) of inhibition. By performing phytochemical tests we have observed positive results for flavanoid, tannin and alkaloid. These phytochemical have capability to inhibit the growth of microorganism or can fight against microorganism. Rich source of compounds have been obtained in this particular plant. For inhibition of multiple drug resistant microorganisms, this extract can be tested. For making herbal drugs, extract of Rosa indica may prove to be useful as an advance step in future.
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Kryvtsova, M. V., I. Salamon, J. Koscova, and M. Y. Spivak. "Antibiofilm forming, antimicrobial activity and some biochemical properties of Vaccinium vitis idaea leaf and berry extracts on Staphylococcus aureus." Biosystems Diversity 28, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012031.
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Infections caused by Staphylococcus genus bacteria remain a relevant problem due to the high percentage of antibiotic-resistant biofilm-forming strains of isolates of this genus. Herbs are a promising source for many biologically active compounds with antimicrobial properties. The aim of the research was to study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm formation activity of berry and leaf extracts of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. upon clinical isolates of S. aureus, and the main biochemical properties of these extracts. For the purpose of analysis, we used S. aureus isolated from the mouth cavities and pharynx of human patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. The plants for the study were gathered in Pylypets, Mizhhiria rayon, Zakarpatska oblast (Transcarpathia). From Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., leaf and berry extracts were produced. To determine the chemical properties of the extracts, the following constituents were investigated: total tannin, flavonoids, total phenols, anthocyanins (by spectrophotometric method), and the total amount of vitamin C in berry extract (chromatographically). The antimicrobial activity was studied by diffusion-into-agar method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. The antibiofilm activity of the extracts was tested in standard 96-well microtitration plates. The main chemical composition of ethyl extracts of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. berries and leaves was identified. The level of tannins in leaf extracts was established to be higher than in fruit extracts (3.50% and 0.26% per 100 g of extract, respectively). It was shown that extracts of V. vitis-idaea berries and leaves demonstrate high antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of S. aureus. Further it was established that leaf extracts had high ability to destroy the bacterial biofilm of S. aureus. Leaf extracts were also able to destroy the formed biofilm. Even in the 0.01% concentration, leaf extract inhibited the formation of the biofilm by 69.9% and caused the destruction of the formed biofilm by 62.5%. Thereby, the obtained results show good prospects for the use of V. vitis-idaea leaf extracts as an anti-staphylococcal remedy with antibiofilm forming properties.
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Ferreira, Jessyka Alencar, Dárcio Luiz de Sousa Júnior, Ana Emília Formiga Marques, and Rafael De Carvalho Mendes. "Prospecção Fitoquímica e Análise da Atividade Antimicrobiana e Moduladora in Vitro do Extrato Hidroalcoólico das Folhas de Senna spectabilis." Ensaios e Ciência: Ciências Biológicas, Agrárias e da Saúde 23, no. 3 (December 18, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2019v23n3p262-267.
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O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a composição química da Senna spectabilis, averiguar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro e analisar seu efeito modulador da atividade antibiótica. Os ensaios fitoquímicos foram realizados seguindo o método proposto por Matos (1997), baseando-se na observação visual de alteração de cor ou formação de precipitado após a adição dos reagentes específicos. Os testes de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e modulação foram determinados pelo ensaio de microdiluição em caldo, seguindo as recomendações do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). As cepas utilizadas foram Saphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Salmonella entérica. Após essas análises se verificou a presença significativa dos metabólitos secundários taninos condensados, alcaloides, esteroides e saponinas. Nos resultados referentes à avaliação da ação antimicrobiana do extrato de S. spectabilis contra as cepas testadas se observou que houve crescimento bacteriano em todas as concentrações aplicadas, não apresentando assim nenhuma CIM clinicamente relevante. Na modulação, o extrato em combinação com os antibióticos testados mostrou efeito sinérgico contra a maioria das bactérias testadas, potencializando o efeito dos antibióticos utilizados. Portanto, este estudo abre caminho para futuras pesquisas que auxiliem a identificar na S. spectabilis, moléculas que atuem sinergicamente a antibióticos, tornando-se uma alternativa como adjuvante de antimicrobianos e no combate a infecções bacterianas resistentes às diversas drogas. Palavras-chave: Atividade Antibacteriana. Senna spectabilis. Fitoquímica. Sinergismo. AbstractThe objective of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of Senna spectabilis, to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential and to analyze its modulating effect of antibiotic activity. Phytochemical assays were performed following the method proposed by Matos (1997), based on visual observation of color change or precipitate formation after the addition of specific reagents. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and modulation tests were determined by the broth microdilution assay, following the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The strains used were Saphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. After these analyzes, it was verified the significant presence of the secondary condensed tannin metabolites, alkaloids, steroids and saponins. In the results regarding the evaluation of the antimicrobial action of S. spectabilis extract against the tested strains it was observed that there was bacterial growth in all the applied concentrations, thus presenting no clinically relevant MIC. In modulation, the extract in combination with the tested antibiotics showed synergistic effect against most of the tested bacteria, enhancing the effect of the antibiotics used. Therefore, this study paves the way for future research to help identify S. spectabilis molecules that act synergistically to antibiotics, becoming an alternative as an adjunct to antimicrobials and in the fight against bacterial infections resistant to various drugs. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity. Senna spectabilis. Phytochemistry. Synergism.
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Mahmiah, Mahmiah, Serdian Pinaris Rama, and Pramudita Riwanti. "Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Batang Rhizophora mucronata Poiret terhadap Salmonella thypi, Lignières 1900 (Enterobacteriaceae : Gammaproteobacteria)." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 23, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v23i2.5577.
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Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease of the small intestine caused by Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C. Antibiotics commonly used for Salmonella infections are fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. However, Salmonella has been resistant to these antibiotics. The many occurrences of antibiotic resistance encourage researchers to find solutions. Rhizophora mucronata is a mangrove from the family Rhizophoraceae. Phytochemically, Rhizophora mucronata is rich in many kinds of compounds such as tannins, alkaloids, flavanoids, terpenoids and saponins which important in suppressing pathogenic microorganisms. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Rhizophora mucronata bark against the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria looked at the clear zone around the well. This research is an experimental laboratory study using the well diffusion method. Rhizophora mucronata bark samples were extracted by maceration method. The results is the inhibition zone diameter methanol extract of Rhizophora mucronata bark with concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (b / v) classified as moderate (9.22 mm) to strong (13.78 mm) , the greater the concentration, the greater the diameter of the inhibition zone. Demam tifoid adalah penyakit infeksi akut usus halus yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella typhi atau Salmonella paratyphi A, B dan C. Antibiotik yang umum digunakan dalam penatalaksanaan infeksi bakteri yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella adalah fluoroquinolones dan tetrasiklin. Akan tetapi, Salmonella telah mengalami resisten terhadap antibiotik tersebut. Rhizophora mucronata merupakan mangrove dari famili Rhizophoraceae. Secara fitokimia, Rhizophora mucronata kaya dengan beberapa macam senyawa seperti tannin, alkaloid, flavanoid, terpenoid dan saponin yang berperan penting dalam menekan mikroorganisme patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol kulit batang Rhizophora mucronata terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Salmonella typhi dengan melihat adanya zona bening disekitar sumuran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratories dengan menggunakan metode difusi sumuran. Sampel kulit batang Rhizophora mucronata dilakukan ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diameter zona hambat yang dihasilkan oleh ekstrak metanol kulit batang Rhizophora mucronata dengan konsentrasi 20 %, 40 %, 60 % dan 80 % (b/v) tergolong sedang (9,22 mm) hingga kuat (13,78 mm), semakin besar kosentrasi maka semakin besar juga diameter zona hambatnya.
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Kurniawan, Kurniawan Kurniawan, and Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas. "EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK KAPANG ENDOFIT ISOLAT BR-S1 (A) TERHADAP BAKTERI Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)." Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory 6, no. 2 (January 7, 2019): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33992/m.v6i2.417.
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Background Tea parasitic plant (Scurrula oortiana L.) is one of medicinal plants (herba medicina) containing several active compounds but its utilization is still constrained by some problems, so that there needs other approaches by utilizing potential of BR-S1 (A) isolate endophytic fungi which grows in these plants to control MRSA pathogenic bacteria. Objective This research aimed to examine the effectiveness of the four types of BR-S1 (A) endophytic fungi extract from the origin of tea parasites to the growth of MRSA bacteria.Methods The researchers used laboratory experimental method by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and the data obtained were analyzed statistically. Result The research result showed that MRSA bacteria had various sensitivity on four types of BR-S1 (A) isolate endophytic fungi; with its highest sensitivity on extract of ethyl acetate and its lowest sensitivity was extract of n-hexane (no inhibition). The difference of sensitivity test results was suspected to be related to active compound content found in ethyl acetate extract in form of flavonoid and tannin class compounds which had been proven to inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion It can be concluded that the four types of BR-S1 (A) endophytic fungus extract originating from tea parasites, only ethyl acetate extract was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of MRSA bacteria, this is due to the content of two active compounds from the flavonoid and tannin groups.
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Limbago, Jomel S., Josette Sosas, Angelie A. Gente, Parif Maderse, Marjorie M. Rocamora, and Dennis K. Gomez. "Antibacterial effects of mangrove ethanolic leaf extract against zoonotic fish pathogen Salmonella arizonae." Journal of Fisheries 9, no. 2 (August 15, 2021): 92205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.260.
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The emergence of multiple drug-resistant pathogens, affecting aquaculture and public health, has put the spotlight on alternative medicine research. This study was conducted to evaluate the In vitro and In vivo antibacterial activity of mangrove ethanolic leaf extract (MLEE) against Salmonella arizonae isolated from Carassius auratus. In vitro, antimicrobial activity of 10 mangrove species and 13 commercial antibiotics were determined using the agar diffusion method. MLEE with the highest antimicrobial activity were subjected to qualitative phytochemical tests and bioassay experiments. In vivo antibacterial activity of MLEE was assessed using C. auratus intraperitoneally injected with S. arizonae. Results showed that Sonneratia alba has the highest antimicrobial activity against S. arizonae followed by Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Sonneratia ovata, Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha, and Bruguiera cylindrica. However, bacterial isolate was resistant to A. rhumpiana, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, and Laguncularia racemosa. Interestingly, S. alba has comparable antimicrobial activity with amoxicillin, trimethoprim, novobiocin, and cefixime. The activity of S. alba could be attributed to the presence of flavonoids, saponin, sterols, tannin, and terpenoids. Moreover, S. alba has reduced and delayed the onset of goldfish mortality infected with S. arizonae. Based on these findings, the S. alba MLEE, is a potential antimicrobial resource against S. arizonae.
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Krause, Denis O., Wendy J. M. Smith, and Christopher S. McSweeney. "Use of community genome arrays (CGAs) to assess the effects of Acacia angustissima on rumen ecology." Microbiology 150, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 2899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26953-0.
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This research developed a community genome array (CGA) to assess the effects of Acacia angustissima on rumen microbiology. A. angustissima produces non-protein amino acids as well as tannins, which may be toxic to animals, and CGA was used to assess the effects of this plant on the ecology of the rumen. CGAs were developed using a 7·5 cm×2·5 cm nylon membrane format that included up to 96 bacterial genomes. It was possible to separately hybridize large numbers of membranes at once using this mini-membrane format. Pair-wise cross-hybridization experiments were conducted to determine the degree of cross-hybridization between strains; cross-hybridization occurred between strains of the same species, but little cross-reactivity was observed among different species. CGAs were successfully used to survey the microbial communities of animals consuming an A. angustissima containing diet but quantification was not precise. To properly quantify and validate the CGA, Fibrobacter and Ruminococcus populations were independently assessed using 16S rDNA probes to extracted rRNA. The CGA detected an increase in these populations as acacia increased in the diet, which was confirmed by rRNA analysis. There was a great deal of variation among strains of the same species in how they responded to A. angustissima. However, in general Selenomonas strains tended to be resistant to the tannins in the acacia while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was sensitive. On the other hand some species, like streptococci, varied. Streptococcus bovis-like strains were sensitive to an increase in acacia in the diet while Streptococcus gallolyticus-like strains were resistant. Strep. gallolyticus has independently been shown to be resistant to tannins. It is concluded that there is significant variation in tannin resistance between strains of the same species. This implies that there are specific molecular mechanisms at play that are independent of the phylogenetic position of the organism.
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Murdiyansah, Sandi, Dewa Ayu Citra Rasmi, and I. Gde Mertha. "Centella asiatica Activities towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Growth." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 20, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v20i3.1418.
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Centella asiatica contains some secondary metabolic compounds, e.g. tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and triterpenoid, known as medicinal plants as well, one of which is as a anti-bacterial. The present study aimed at examining the activities of Centella asiatica extract towards the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The extraction of C. asiatica was done by using ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents and the activity test employed seaweed diffusion. The hindrance power of Centella asiatica extract was tested in 30%, 50%, and 95% and the data were analyzed qualitatively with the standard issued by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute and quantitatively with ANOVA. It shows that Centella asiatica extract in the ethyl acetate can hinder the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in the acetate concentration of 50% and 70% at the sensitive level and Escherichia coli at the intermediate level in the extract concentration of 50% and 70%. However, Centella asiatica activities in the ethanol solvent hinders the growth of either Centella asiatica or Escherichia coli with resistant category in the extract concentration of 70%. The hindrance power of Centella asiatica extract in ethyl acetate in the growth of Staphylococcus aureus is significantly more effective than that of Centella asiatica extract in the ethanol solvent
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Dramane Paré, Jotham Yhi-pênê N’do, Vincent Ouédraogo, Abdel Magid Arsène Ouoba, and Adama Hilou. "Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. and Sterculia setigera Del. extracts as a potential inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 virulence factors to combat bacterial pathogenicity." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2021.5.1.0075.
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The abuse of antibiotics has led to the widespread development of resistant bacterial strains, there is a need for the development of antimicrobial agents with new properties. Aim of this study was to determine the anti-quorum sensing potential (expression of virulence factor inhibition) of ethanolic extracts of S. birrea and S. setigera on Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The ability of the extracts to inhibit the production of violacein by C. violaceum and the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined to determine anti-quorum sensing activity. The phytochemical screening and the determination of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were carried out. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured using anti-free radical DPPH model and the reducing of the ferric ion capacity. For the inhibition of the production of violacein, S. setigera presented the best result with an inhibition of 70.19% compared to the negative control which is 1% DMSO. This inhibition is greater than that of ascorbic acid used as a reference. This species was also the most active on biofilm formation with an inhibition of 72.24% compared to the negative control, it thus showed greater activity than that of ascorbic acid used as a positive reference. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of tannin, flavonoids, triterpenes, saponosides, coumarin in our two extracts. S. birrea gave the best total polyphenol content with 326.05 ± 117.90 mg EAG / g of extract and showed the best result on the DPPH radical with an inhibition of 73.33 ± 1.46% which is statistically equal to that of gallic acid used as a reference. These extracts showed good antibacterial activity by inhibiting the quorum sensing system. Thus, they could therefore be used for the manufacture of anti-quorum sensing phytomedicines without a bactericidal effect.
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Rahardjo, Mia, Eko Budi Koendhori, and Yuani Setiawati. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL LIDAH BUAYA (Aloe vera) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus." Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala 17, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jks.v17i2.8975.
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Abstrak. Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu flora normal pada kulit, membran mukosa, orofaring, saluran pencernaan dan vagina yang berpotensi menjadi patogen. Pertumbuhan S. aureus yang berlebihan dapat menimbulkan infeksi yang serius baik di manusia atau hewan. Dan sekarang, beberapa S. aureus dikabarkan telah resisten terhadap antibiotik karena proses mutasi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis mencoba memberi alternatif pengobatan dengan memanfaatkan ekstrak etanol gel Aloe vera yang menurut beberapa penulis lain, gel Aloe vera mengandung antraquinone, tannin, polysaccharide, flavonoid, and saponin yang bersifat sebagai antibakteri. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode difusi dan dilusi. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsentrasi 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, dan 0% pada metode difusi. Sementara itu metode dilusi menggunakan konsentrasi 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125%, 1,5625% kontrol positif (+), dan kontrol negatif (-).Dari pengamatan hasil penelitian, tidak didapatkan zona inhibisi pada metode difusi serta tidak dapat ditentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dan konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Hal ini terkait dengan rendahnya senyawa aktif yang digunakan di sampel gel Aloe vera dalam penelitian ini akibat pengaruh dari faktor lingkungan, perbedaan usia tanaman dengan literatur awal, proses degradasi dan reaksi enzimatik, adanya perbedaan metode ekstraksi, serta proses oksidasi saat terpapar oleh udara. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol gel Aloe vera terhadap Staphylococcus aureus tidak dapat ditentukandengan metode difusi dan metode dilusi. (JKS 2017; 2: 65-71) Kata Kunci : Gel lidah buaya (Aloe vera), Staphylococcus aureus, antibakteri, metode difusi dan dilusi. Abstract. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the normal flora in human skin, mucous membrane, oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina which potentially becomes a pathogen. The excessive growth of S. aureus can cause many serious infection whether in human or animal. And nowadays, some of S.aureus have become resistant to antibiotic caused by its mutation. According to that case, researcher try to find an alternative solution by using Aloe vera gel ethanol extract that some other researchers say it contains antraquinone, tannin, polysaccharide, flavonoid, and saponin as anti bacterial compound. This research aimed to find out the effectiveness of Aloe vera gel ethanol extract in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus.This research is designed as an laboratorium experimental with difusion and dilusion method. Test performed with using 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% concentration in difusion method and using 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125%, 1,5625% concentration , positive control (+) and negative control (-) in dilution method. There is no inhibition zone in difusion method, also no minimum inhibitory concentration and no bactericidal concentration can be seen in dilution method that inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This result might be related to the minimal amount of active compound in this sample, that is taken from Aloe vera gel. The amount of active compound can be influenced by the environment, difference in Aloe’s age, degradation process and enzymatic reaction, difference in extraction method and also influenced by oxidation process when it’s exposed to air. Based on the results, anti bacterial activity of Aloe vera gel ethanol extract towards Staphylococcus aureus can not be determined in difusion and dilution method. (JKS 2017; 2: 65-71) Key words : Aloe vera gel, Staphylococcus aureus, antibacterial, difusion and dilusion method
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Wang, Hongwei, Fangying Song, Jing Feng, Xia Qi, Li Ma, Lixin Xie, Weiyun Shi, and Qingjun Zhou. "Tannin coordinated nanozyme composite-based hybrid hydrogel eye drops for prophylactic treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis." Journal of Nanobiotechnology 20, no. 1 (October 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01653-w.
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AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa infection is a severe acute suppurative ulcer that engulfs virtually the entire tissue in a short period and leads to devastating destruction. Antibiotic therapy is a common approach for the prophylaxis and treatment of P. aeruginosa infection. However, it is often associated with serious side effects, complications, and multidrug resistance. Therefore, it has been a long-standing challenge to explore safe and effective methods for controlling P. aeruginosa infection. Herein, tannin-coordinated nanozyme composite-based hybrid hydrogels (TCNH) are developed and characterized for the prophylactic treatment of P. aeruginosa and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections using mouse keratitis as the animal model. The TCNH eye drops are constructed by photoinitiated free radical polymerization of acetylated gelatin solution containing self-synthesized tannin-coordinated Co3O4/Ag nanozyme composite. The as-prepared TCNH displays good dispersibility, peroxidase-like activity and in vitro/in vivo biocompatibility. The nanozyme composite in TCNH seems to penetrate the interior of bacteria and exhibited significant broad-spectrum antibacterial activity owing to its intrinsic and nanozymic catalytic properties. Furthermore, TCNH eye drops can be successfully applied to treat P. aeruginosa and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa keratitis. The findings of this study reveal the potential of tannin-coordinated nanozyme composite-based hybrid hydrogel eye drops for treating infectious diseases. Graphical Abstract
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Adounkpe, Ferdinand, Aimé Cézaire Ayena, Viridiane Aholoukpe, Victorien Dougnon, Jean-Robert Klotoe, Marc Medehouenou, and Lamine Baba-Moussa. "Use of the leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll (Euphorbiaceae) and prospects for treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria." Bulletin of the National Research Centre 46, no. 1 (May 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00821-0.
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Abstract Background Africa has a rich and diverse flora that people use for their food and health needs. This study aims to explore the possibility of using aqueous and/or ethanolic extracts of Alchornea cordifolia leaves as an alternative in the fight against multi-resistant bacteria responsible for gastritis and urinary tract infections. Results The results show that 100% of the tested bacilli (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa) are resistant to the 10 antibiotic disks tested. This resistance is 66.66% for quinolones and fluoroquinolones. S. aureus was found to be resistant to glycopeptides and aminoglycosides. Three ESBL genes are identified in bacilli against only one type of ESBL gene in cocci. 100% of the bacilli carry the SHV genes, and S. aureus has the Mec A gene. The aqueous extract exerted a bactericidal effect on all the strains with MICs and BMCs varying, respectively, from 0.76 to 50 mg/ml and BMCs from 0.76 to 100 mg/ml. Only 40% of the chemical groups (tannin, flavonoids, mucilages and sterol-terpenes) sought were present in the aqueous extract. The ethanolic extract is not active. Conclusions Based on these data, the aqueous extract of A. cordifolia leaves is a good phytomedical candidate for the treatment of gastritis (stomach cramps, watery or bloody diarrhea) and urinary tract infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
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K.C.A., Jalal,, Zaima Azira, Kamaruzzaman B.Y, Akbar John, and Said Imaddudeen. "Antibacterial property of crude extract from stem-bark and leaves of Rhizophora apiculata against selected bacterial fish pathogens." IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia 15, no. 1 (April 6, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v15i1.1366.
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Introduction: Recently the wide range of commercial antibiotics in fish feed for aquaculture practices has led to antibacterial resistance, environmental pollution and residue build-up in fish tissue. Therefore new sources of antibiotics from natural sources need to be investigated to circumvent these problems. Rhizophora apiculata has been reported to have high antimicrobial activity due to the high concentration of tannin in the bark of the tree. Methods: Based on these contexts, this study was conducted to measure the antimicrobial activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate and distill water extracts from the stem-bark and the leaves of R. apiculata. 9 species of bacteria consist of B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P.aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, H. alvei, V. alginolyticus, V. paraheamolyticus and E. coli were tested to measure their susceptibility to the extracts. The extracts were dissolved into 2 different concentrations which were 10 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL or 10 ug/disc and 50 ug/disc respectably, to determine the inhibitory effect of the extract upon the bacterial fish pathogen. Results: 2 species of Gram-positive bacteria which were B. subtilis and S. epidermidis have shown positive results with 9.0 mm to 16.0 mm of inhibition zone respectably while the other bacteria were resistant to the extract concentration administered. Conclusions: A continuous monitoring need to be carried out to comprehend the potential of Rhizophora apiculataas and other mangrove plants, which can be applied as an alternative source for environmental friendly antibacterial drug in pharmaceutical and aquaculture industries.
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Fabowale, P. O., A. O. Ogundare, P. Awoyinka, and O. Agunloye. "Trema orientalis Linn. Blume: Susceptibility Patterns of Selected Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Fungi to the Leaf Extracts." South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, December 14, 2020, 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2020/v8i230190.
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This study investigates the antifungal and antibacterial activities of extracts of Trema orientalis linn. Blume. The selected isolates used in the study includes Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus faecalis, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus mirabilis, Haemolytic Streptococcus viridian, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans ,and Aspergillus flavus. The antibiogram profile of the organism was obtained using the disc diffusion method. Tannin, flavonoid, Terpenoid, Saponin, and cardiac glycosides were found present in T. orientalis. The antibiotic sensitivity test reveals the presence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria. The agar well diffusion method was used to assay the antibiotic activities of the extract. The extracts were prepared from T. orientalis using Methanol and petroleum ether as extraction solvents. The antibacterial assay shows the efficacy of the methanol and petroleum ether extracts except on S. aureus ATCC 43300 and Shigella dysenteriae. The highest zones of inhibition by methanol and petroleum ether extracts were recorded on Salmonella typhi of 22.003 ± 0.003 mm and 32.002 ± 0.002 mm, respectively. The fungal isolates were susceptible to the extracts with the zones 11.67±0.33 mm and 13.67±0.33 mm. The results of the sensitivity test compared well with that of the antimicrobial test. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ranged between 3.125- 25.00 mg/mL. T. Orientalis contains bioactive compounds that has antimicrobial effects. The leaf of Trema orientalis has broad - spectrum activity, hence T. Orientalis methanol and Petroleum ether extracts is recommended for exploration as source of antimicrobial agents.
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Okata-Nwali, D. O., C. V. Uzoh, C. O. Okeh, B. Ugwu, O. J. Owolabi, A. M. C. Isirue, and M. M. Egwu-Ikechukwu. "Phytochemical Evaluation and Antimicrobial Potential Assessment of Some Spices on Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms in Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, April 28, 2021, 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i26b31483.
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The antibacterial activity of Monodora myristica, Xylopia aethiopica, Piper guineense, Tetrapleura tetraptera against selected human pathogens like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus mutans were ascertained using standard microbiological procedures. The herbaceous plants were sun dried and ground into powdery form. Fifty grams (50 g) each of the herbaceous plants were submerged into three (3) different extraction solvents (Ethanol, Methanol and Aqueous) in a conical flask, the flask were shaken intermittently for 24 hours. The herbaceous plants were sieved using whatman number one filter paper. The sieved extracts were allowed to air dry and the dried extracts were stored in a sterile sample bottle in the refrigerator until use. Agar well diffusion technique was used to determine the antibacterial activity/efficacy of the herbaceous plants. The antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica were determined. The result showed that aqueous extract had antimicrobial activity against all the test bacteria, ethanol extract had activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, but showed no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella typhi. Methanol extract had activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Aqueous extract had activity similar to that of ethanol and methanol except that Streptococcus mutans which showed resistance to ethanol and methanol extracts was susceptible to aqueous extracts. Phytochemical analysis conducted shows that the herbaceous plant extracts contains substances such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, flavonoid and phenol. The result obtained from this study revealed that these herbaceous extracts possess bioactive substances which had antibacterial activity on the test bacterial used in the study. Ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Azadiractha Indica, Monodora myristica, Xylopia aethiopica, piper guineense, and Tetrapleura tetraptera had a remarkable activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and Klebsiella pneumonia while Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella typhi were resistant to both ethanol and methanol extracts. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies should be carried out to identify the active constituents responsible for their antibacterial activity.
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Kumar, Sanjeev, Arup Kumar Samanta, P. Roychoudhury, Honeysmita Das, Kalyan Sarma, Richa Sarkar, Fatema Akter, P. K. Subudhi, and T. K. Dutta. "Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Methanol Leaf Extract of Citrus maxima against Clinical Isolates of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Indian Journal of Animal Research, Of (August 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-4559.
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Background: Mitigation process to curb the ever increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance through development of new class of antimicrobials is slow and costly affairs. Research on alternative to conventional antimicrobials using plant based products as good source of numerous phytochemicals have potential to cope up the antimicrobial resistance. The present study was formulated on detection of in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of methanol leaf extract of Citrus maxima against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Leaves of Citrus maxima plants were collected from the campus of College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram and processed for preparation of methanol crude extract. The plant extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical and antioxidant properties using DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Twenty well characterized biofilm producing and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from milk of mastitic cows from Mizoram were received from the cultural repository of the department. The plant extracts were subjected to determine their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against all the bacterial isolates including S. aureus (ATCC 29213) by in vitro agar well diffusion method and 96 well microtiter plate methods, respectively. The MIC value of the plant extracts were determined by microdilution method. Result: In the methanol leaf extract of C. maxima alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannin and phenol and flavonoids were detected by qualitative analysis. Saponin, protein, free amino acids, steroids and carbohydrates were not detected. The free radical scavenging potential of the extract was found to be 10.66±1.84% to 36.10±1.98%, which was comparatively lower than ascorbic acid (83.39±0.13% to 89.76±0.24%). A total of 8 (40.0%), 5 (25.0%) and 7 (35.0%) strains were recorded as weak, moderate and strong biofilm producer. Maximum antibacterial activity against standard culture was observed with the zone of inhibition of 18 mm at 200 mg/mL concentration and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. Maximum antimicrobial activities against clinical isolates were recorded with 11.8±1.13 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. The clinical isolates exhibited highest (85.94±1.00%) biofilm inhibition at 6.25 mg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever report on antibiofilm and antioxidative activities of C. maxima leaf extracts against any bacteria.
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Hidanah, Sri, Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum, Kadek Rachmawati, Soeharsono Soeharsono, Gede Govinda Ananta Trika, Masy' Ariel Huda, and Tsania Putri Widiati. "The activity of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) extract on Salmonella pullorum infected broilers." Veterinary World, May 31, 2022, 1373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.1373-1382.
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Background and Aim: Pullorum is an acute and chronic disease caused by Salmonella pullorum, often infecting chicken farms. Pullorum disease treatment using antibiotics that do not follow the control dose can cause bacteria to become antibiotic-resistant. Meniran contributes to inhibiting and antagonizing bacteria and can increase the efficiency of chicken feed because of its bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. This study aimed to determine the activity of Meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) in broilers infected with S. pullorum. Materials and Methods: In vitro study that was conducted includes phytochemical test, diffusion, and dilution methods using Meniran extract at 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% concentrations and tylosin at 2% concentration. The data of the dilution method (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] and minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC]) were processed using probit analysis to determine LC50. In vivo study was conducted by randomly dividing 20 broilers into five treatment groups, four per group. The chickens (except in group P0–) were infected with S. pullorum aged 14 days. Then, the treatment was conducted according to the divided groups when the chickens were aged 21-34 days. The said treatments are P0– (uninfected S. pullorum and unadministered with Meniran extract), P0+ (infected with S. pullorum and unadministered with Meniran extract), and P1, P2, and P3 (infected with S. pullorum and administered with Meniran extract with 5%, 10%, and 20% concentrations, respectively). Data from the phytochemical test were analyzed as descriptive. The data from the diffusion method were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test. Then, the results of broilers' performance were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test. Results: The phytochemical test showed positive for alkaloid, tannin, saponin, flavonoid, and steroid/triterpenoid. The diffusion method formed the largest zone at 40% concentration with 15.6 mm, while 20%, 10%, and 5% had average of 13.15 mm, 8.38 mm, and 5.8 mm, respectively. The dilution method (MIC and MBC) exhibited the antibacterial ability of Meniran extract against S. pullorum at 20% dose and LC50 14.118% concentration. The Meniran extract administration in broilers exhibited improved performance of chickens infected with S. pullorum, with the administration of 20% dose of Meniran extract showing the best result. Conclusion: About 20% concentration Meniran extract can serve as an antibacterial agent and showed the best results in broilers infected with S. pullorum.
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Wuon, Kleysia D., Damajanty H. C. Pangemanan, and P. S. Anindita. "Uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) Getah Kulit Buah Pisang Goroho (Musa acuminafe L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus." e-GIGI 6, no. 2 (July 2, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/eg.6.2.2018.20853.
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Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is the most dominant cause of odontogenuic abscess, albeit, it is resistant to various types of antibiotics. The sap of goroho banana peel (Musa acuminafe L.) contains antibacteria compounds inter alia flavonoid, saponin, and tannin. This study was aimed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the sap of goroho banana peel to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This was a true experimental study with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. We used serial dilution with turbidimetry and spectrophotometry as the test methods. Goroho banana was taken from Kelurahan Winangun, Kecamatan Malalayang meanwhile S. aureus bacteria were obtained from Microbiology Laboratory of Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University. The result of turbidimetry after incubation showed that the tube of 50% of goroho sap looked clear. Measuring absorbance values before and after incubation using spectrophotometer UV-Vis showed that the MIC of the goroho sap was at 25%. Conclusion: The MIC of the sap of goroho banana peel (Musa acuminafe L.) to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was at concentration of 25%.Keywords: sap of goroho banana peel (Musa acuminafe L.), S. aureus, MIC Abstrak: Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri penyebab abses odontogenik yang paling dominan. Saat ini S. aureus telah resisten terhadap berbagai jenis antibiotik. Getah kulit buah pisang goroho (Musa acuminafe L.) merupakan tanaman herbal yang mengandung senyawa antibakteri, yaitu flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) getah kulit buah pisang goroho terhadap pertumbuhan S. aureus. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental murni dengan randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode serial dilusi dengan pengujian turbid-metri dan spektrofotometer. Pisang goroho diperoleh dari Kelurahan Winangun, Kecamatan Malalayang. Bakteri S. aureus diambil dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Hasil penelitian turbid-metri sesudah inkubasi menunjukkan bahwa tabung dengan konsentrasi getah kulit buah pisang goroho 50% terlihat mulai jernih. Pengukuran nilai absorbansi sebelum dan sesudah inkubasi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan bahwa KHM getah kulit buah pisang goroho (Musa acuminafe L.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus terdapat pada konsentrasi 25%. Simpulan: Konsentrasi hambat minimum getah kulit buah pisang goroho (Musa acuminafe L.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus terdapat pada konsentrasi 25%Kata kunci: getah kulit buah pisang goroho (M. acuminafe), S. aureus, KHM
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Awoyinka, E. O., A. O. Ogundare, and T. T. Adebolu. "Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Stem Extract of Andrographis paniculata- Nees on Some Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Isolates." Journal of Advances in Microbiology, November 29, 2019, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2019/v19i230188.
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The aim of this research is to investigate the antibacterial and phytochemical properties of stem extract of Andrographis paniculata (Nees). The phytochemical and antibacterial activities of the stem of Andrographis paniculata were determined using standard methods. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponin, tannin, terpenoid, phlobotannin and flavonoid in methanol, n- hexane, and aqueous extracts, but there was absence of tannin in the aqueous extract. Saponin was the most abundant in the methanol extract with the value of 20.22 mg/ml, followed by the n-hexane extract (19.56 mg/ml) while the least was recorded against the aqueous extract (15.34 mg/ml). Flavonoid and terpenoid were present in appreciable amount in all the extracts. Resistant pattern against the antibiotics considered are as follows: Gentamycin (56%), Cefuroxime (100%), Ceftazidime (100%), Augmentin (100%), Ofloxacin (33%), Ampicillin (100%), Nitrofurantoin (67%), Ciprofloxacin (50%), Ceftriaxione (100%), Erythromycin (33%) and Cloxacin (100%). S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, S. dysentriae, and P. mirabilis showed complete resistance to all the antibiotics used while on the gram positive bacterial isolates, B. cereus was resistant to all the antibiotics used. All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to n- hexane and methanol extracts with the zone of inhibition ranging from 10-17 mm and 11-28 mm respectively. The aqueous extract did not exert much antibacterial activity on the tested isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound was the most susceptible to the methanol extract with the value of 28 mm. All the gram positive isolates used were more susceptible to the n- hexane extract such as S. aureus, E. faecalis and B. cereus with the zone of inhibition of 17 mm, 19 mm and 16 mm respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ranged between 3.125 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml. Findings from this study suggest that the stem extract of A. paniculata especially methanolic extract possess broad spectrum activities against the antibiotic resistant isolates tested, hence could be used for the treatment of infections implicated by the bacterial used in this study.
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Jati, Misnawi. "Changes in procyanidins and tannin concentration as affected by cocoa liquor roasting." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 26, no. 3 (August 31, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v26i3.139.
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AbstractPratylenchus coffeae is a parasitic nematoda that infected the roots of some plants, one of them is coffee. The Infection of Pratylenchus coffeae cause root tissue damage that led to root lession and make root become rotten, it will interfere the ability of roots to absorb water and nutrients in the soil which resulted in the growth of plants. At the moment, control of Pratylenchus coffeae are following integrated pests management (IPM) program, which integrated between the use of coffee resistant clone and application of biological agents. Research on biological control was conducted more intensive, at the moment; due to it is friendlier save against environment and cheaper then using chemical nematicides. The research was conducted to know the effects of Micorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB),Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis in suppressing the population of P. coffeaeas well as their effect on growth of coffee seedling. Coffee arabica (Coffea arabica L.) seedling one moth old were used in the experiment. The experiment prepared with eight treatments and five replications, as follows: A (Pseudomonas diminuta with density of 108 cfu / ml), B (Pseudomonas diminuta with density of 2x108 cfu / ml), C (Bacillus subtilis with density of 108 cfu / ml ), D (Bacillus subtilis with density 2x108 cfu / ml), E (Carbofuran nematicide 5 g formulation / pot), F (Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis with each density of 108 cfu / ml), K- (Nematoda inoculation but without bacteria and nematicide), K+ (coffee seedling without any additional treatment). The experiment was conducted for sixteen weeks or about four months. The results of the experiment showed that application of MHB could suppress population of P. coffeae and increase coffee seedling growth significantly. Inoculation of B. subtilis at 108 cfu per seedling suppressed significantly nematoda population of 71.3% compared with untreated seedling but inoculated with nematoda. It was not significant different with carbofuran treatment which could suppress nematoda population by 89.7%. The same result also occur on the treatment of P. diminuta at density level 2.108 cfu/seedling, which could suppress nematoda population by 64.2%. Seedling growth were treated with MHB also significantly increase compared with seedling without treatment and inoculation of nematodas, especially on the treatment of B.subtilis at density level 108 cfu and P.diminuta at density level of 108 cfu, with increasing level of 35.4% and 34.2 %, respectively.Keywords: MHB (Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria), Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.), Pratylenchus coffeae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas diminuta.
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Arzola-Alvarez, Claudio, Robin C. Anderson, Michael E. Hume, Evelyn Ledezma, Oscar Ruiz-Barrera, Yamicela Castillo-Castillo, Alejandro Arzola-Rubio, et al. "Effect of Select Tannin Sources on Pathogen Control and Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Composted Poultry Litter Intended for Use as a Ruminant Crude Protein Feedstuff." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (June 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.930980.
Full textAbstract:
Poultry litter is a good crude protein supplement for ruminants but must be treated to kill pathogens before feeding. Composting effectively kills pathogens but risks loss of ammonia due to uric acid degradation. The objectives of this study were to test the ability of tannins to reduce pathogens and preserve uric acid during poultry litter composting. In two experiments, poultry litter was mixed with phosphate buffer and distributed to 50-ml tubes (three tubes/treatment per sample day) amended with 1 ml buffer alone or buffer containing pine bark, quebracho, chestnut, or mimosa tannins. Treatments achieved 0.63% (wt/wt) quebracho, chestnut, or mimosa tannins in experiment 1, or 4.5% pine bark or 9% quebracho, chestnut, or mimosa tannins in experiment 2. Tubes were inoculated with a novobiocin- and nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium, closed with caps, and incubated at successive 3-day increments at 22, 37, and 42°C, respectively. In experiment 1, bacterial counts in contents collected on days 0, 6, and 9 revealed a treatment by day effect (p < 0.03), with the Salmonella challenge being 1.3 log10 CFU/g higher in quebracho-treated composts than in untreated controls after 6 days of composting. After 9 days of composting, Salmonella, wildtype Escherichia coli, and total aerobes in untreated and all tannin-treated composts were decreased by about 2.0 log10 CFU/g compared to day 0 numbers (3.06, 3.75, and 7.77 log10 CFU/g, respectively). Urea and ammonia concentrations tended (p < 0.10) to be increased in chestnut-treated composts compared to controls and concentrations of uric acid, urea, and ammonia were higher (p < 0.05) after 9 days of composting than on day 0. Despite higher tannin application in experiment 2, antibacterial effects of treatment or day of composting were not observed (p > 0.05). However, treatment by time of composting interactions was observed (p < 0.05), with quebracho- and chestnut-treated composts accumulating more uric acid after 24 h and 9 days of composting and chestnut-, mimosa- or quebracho-treated composts accumulating less ammonia than untreated composts. Results demonstrate that composting may effectively control pathogens and that tannin treatment can help preserve the crude protein quality of composting poultry litter.
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Oyinloye, Oladapo E., and Olumuyiwa S. Alabi. "Preliminary phytochemical screening, antimicrobial potentials and GC-MS analysis of Secamone afzelli Rhoem (Asclepiadaceae) leaves extracts." Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, December 4, 2020, 3728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48198/njpas/20.a10.
Full textAbstract:
Secamone afzelli is used ethno-medicinally as remedies for stomach, colic and gastro-intestinal tract infections. This study screened the hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of S. afzelli leaves for phytocompounds, antimicrobial activity and identified bioactive compounds in the most active extract using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. S. afzelli (200mg) leave was extracted by soxhlet apparatus using three solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol) and the phytochemicals determined. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was determined by agar-diffusion and agar-dilution methods respectively against selected resistant bacterial and fungal clinical isolates. The most active of the three crude extracts was analysed by GC-MS for bioactive compounds identification. Presence of carbohydrates, anthraquinone, glycosides, proteins, tannin, phenolic compounds and steroids were determined. The three extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts) had antibacterial (Range of inhibition zone = 10 to 18 mm and MICs 12.5 to 200 mg/mL) but no antifungal activity. The ethanol extract was the most active with 29 bioactive compounds including piperazine, phytol, leucine methyl ester, N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)- 1Pentanamine, 7-propyl-pyrrolizin-1-thione and 4,5-dimethylnonane. The antibacterial activity and arrays of bioactive compounds detected in S. afzelli leaves suggest that the plant may be a good source of novel antimicrobial compounds.