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1
Conner, Thomas. "Eiszeit Tankred Dorst’s Hamsun: "alt, taub, und tod"." Nordlit 7, no. 2 (August 10, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.1920.
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Kamińska-Ossowska, Ewelina. "Zur Motivik des Märchenhaften im Werk von Tankred Dorst." Fabula 61, no. 1-2 (June 25, 2020): 100–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fabula-2020-0006.
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ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag untersucht Tankred Dorsts Umgang mit Märchenhaftem. Im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit stehen folgende Aspekte: Dorsts Erwägungen über Marionetten und Marionettentheater; Stoffe, Motive und Figuren, die Dorst bekannten Märchen direkt entlehnt hat; die Verbindung der Artus-Welt-Mythen und -Figuren mit märchenhaften Elementen; Kindertheaterstücke. Dorsts Texte sind Variationen auf alte Geschichten. In Sinn- und Rätselbildern spiegeln sich die Grundmuster menschlichen Verhaltens und existentielle Wahrheiten wider. Ziel des Beitrags ist, die Rolle und Umsetzung des Märchenhaften sowie dessen Bezug zur gegenwärtigen Wirklichkeit in Dorsts Werken herauszuarbeiten.
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Schwabe, Willmar. "Neues aus der ESCOP." Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 42, no. 06 (November 25, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1651-6953.
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Bei der diesjährigen Generalversammlung der European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP) Ende Oktober in Nesslau/Schweiz bzw. online fanden Vorstandswahlen statt. Neu gewählte Mitglieder sind Chris Etheridge, Großbritannien, Barbara Steinhoff, Deutschland, und Evelyn Wolfram, Schweiz. Nicht mehr im Vorstand vertreten sind Marijke Frater, Schweiz, und Tankred Wegener, Deutschland, denen für ihre langjährige Mitarbeit herzlicher Dank gebührt. Dem Vorstand gehören aktuell an:
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Ríos, Mario Mendoza. "Tankred Howe, Vandalen, Barbaren und Arianer bei Victor von Vita." Augustinianum 49, no. 2 (2009): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/agstm200949219.
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Zündorf, Ilse. "Leitfaden Phytotherapie. Von Heinz Schilcher, Susanne Kammerer und Tankred Wegener." Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 37, no. 1 (December 14, 2007): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pauz.200790121.
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Sheppard, Richard. "Reviews : Tankred Dorst. Edited by Günther Erken. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Materialien No. 2073, 1989. Pp. 424. DM 24." Journal of European Studies 21, no. 1 (March 1991): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004724419102100119.
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Cabras, Francesco. ""Goffred – Gerusalemme Liberata" XII 59–68. Un'analisi stilistica." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 17 (October 12, 2018): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20811853.17.3.
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"Goffred – Gerusalemme Liberata" XII 59–68. Interpretacja stylistycznaArtykuł skupia się na ściśle stylistycznej analizie epizodu śmierci Kloryndy z Jerozolimywyzwolonej w tłumaczeniu Piotra Kochanowskiego.Riccardo Picchio w 1977 r. opublikował nowatorski artykuł z punktu widzenia metodologicznego,pozostawiając na boku rozpowszechnione aż dotąd podejście do interpretacji polskiejwersji tego poematu, a mianowicie podejście za mocno uwarunkowane stosunkiem pomiędzydwoma tekstami, Tassa i Kochanowskiego. Włoski badacz postarał się przedstawićw nowym świetle arcydzieło polskiego poety: zamiast podkreślić domniemane usterki jegotłumaczenia, Picchio udowodnił, że bardzo często Kochanowski nie przełożył Tassa wedługnaszych oczekiwań nie z tego powodu, że nie umiał dorównać Tassowskiemu mistrzostwu,a raczej dlatego, że miał inne zamiary co do ogólnej koncepcji swojego poematu.Także w przypadku epizodu śmierci Kloryndy okazuje się, że poeta unikał najwyraźniejszychcech stylistycznych tekstu Tassa (ciągła i prawie obsesyjna obecność krwi oraz seksualnośćbohaterki), aby przedstawić czytelnikom raczej grę Losu/Szczęścia z postaciami, przedewszystkim z Tankredem, który walczy, nie będąc tego świadom, ze swoją ukochaną i w końcują zabija.Słowa kluczowe: Piotr Kochanowski, Tasso, Gerusalemme Liberata, Goffred, Klorynda,Tankred, stylistyka "Goffred – Gerusalemme Liberata" XII 59–68. A stylistical interpretationand some methodological observationsAbstractThe article focuses on the strictly stylistic analysis of the episode of Clorinda’s death inGerusalemme Liberata translated by Piotr Kochanowski.In 1977 Riccardo Picchio published an article that was innovative from the methodologicalpoint of view, leaving behind the prevalent approach to interpretation of Polish version ofthe poem, i.e. an approach too strongly conditioned by the relationship between two texts –Tasso’s and Kochanowski’s. Italian researcher attempted at presenting the masterpiece of thePolish poet in a new light: instead of highlighting the alleged faults of the translation, Picchioproved that Kochanowski did not translate Tasso according to our expectations most oftennot because he could not achieve Tasso’s perfection, but rather because he had a differentplan for a general concept of his poem.In the case of the episode of Clorinda’s death it turns out that the poet avoided the mostdistinct stylistic features of Tasso’s text (constant and almost obsessive presence of blood and the sexuality of the character). It was done to present to the readers the way Fate/Luckplays with the characters, most notably with Tancredi who, unknown to him, fights with hislove and finally kills her.Keywords: Piotr Kochanowski, Tasso, Gerusalemme Liberata, Goffred, Clorinda, Tancredi, stylistic
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Bagrat Devadze, Bagrat Devadze. "Bulk Cargo Marine Transportation Industry." Economics 104, no. 10-12 (December 12, 2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs104/10-12/2021-70.
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Bulk cargo is being transported in large parcels to reduce transportation cost calculated per unit of cargo. Its main categories are: liquid cargo, dry bulk cargo and special bulk cargo. The deadweight of the fleet of ships carrying bulk cargo by sea increased 3.4 times in 1990-2020. Dry carriers account for 55% of the fleet and their deadweight increased 4.4 times during the same period. The Oil and oil products tankers account for 37% of the deadweights which has been increased by 2.4 times. The majority of the oil tanker tonnage (over 98%) comes from VLCC, Suezmax and Aframax type vessels. 60% of this is 200 thousands tankers sized more than dwt. The oil tanker freight market in 2002-2019 was characterized by a high level of volatility. VLCC tanker time-charter equivalent ranged from $ 8.7-95.2 thousand in 2002-2019. The variability of time-charter rates in other oil tanker categories was similar. The major part of the tonnage of product tankers (more than 90%) is derived from from LR2, LR1 and MR2 type of vessels. 43% of these are LR2 tankers. This segment of the freight market was also highly variable. LR2 tanker time-charter equivalent ranged from $ 7.5-28.8 thousand in 2011-2019 years. The main part of the tonnage of dry cargo vessels (over 69%) comes from Capesize, Panamax and Supramax type vessels. This segment of the freight market has been declining and highly volatile in recent years. The capesize-type ship time charter equivalent ranged from $ 3.5-30.8 thousands in 2011-2019. Keywords: bulk cargo, oil tanker, bulk carrier, gas carrier, chemical tanker, time charter equivalent.
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Wu, Wenfeng, Yubin Yang, Jianwei Zhang, and Jinshu Lu. "Study on Striking Ship with Loading Impact on the Performance of the Double Hull Oil Tanker Collision." Polish Maritime Research 25, s2 (August 1, 2018): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0072.
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Abstract Due to the great danger of the collision of oil tankers, lots of research on the collision of oil tankers has been carried out. But, at present, the research on the collision of oil tankers mainly focuses on the loading condition of the struck ship, ignores the impact on the loading condition of the striking ship. However, during the actual oil tanker collision, the striking ship is generally in the state of loading. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the analysis of the impact of the loading condition of the striking ship on the collision damage of the oil tanker. In this paper, the effect of striking ship with loading on the impact performance of the side structure during the collision of the cargo double hull oil tanker has been investigated. The ship collision model was established by using the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA which is based on 7000 tons of double hull oil tankers. Based on the analysis of the collision force, impact of striking speed changes, impact of striking deep changes and structural energy absorption during the collision process, the influence of the striking ship with loading on the damage mechanism and the impact performance of the double shell oil ship side structure was expounded. The results show that the influence of the striking ship with loading can be great to the damage to side hull during the research of the collision performance of the oil tanker.
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Vlasiev, М. V., and G. F. Demeshko. "LNG bunkering tankers in marine ports: validation of demand in numbers." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 2, no. 400 (May 16, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2022-2-400-89-98.
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Object and purpose of research. The paper considers specialist vessels for re-fueling gas-engined ships, so-called LNG bunkering tankers (LNG bunkering ship as per the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping). The purpose is to formulate recommendations regarding the bunkering tanker fleet configuration for a marine port taking into consideration their functioning model and projected demand for natural gas motor fuel. Materials and methods. Operational experience of the ship type under consideration as well as the performance factors have been generalized and analyzed. Statistics of bunkering companies operating on the St. Petersburg port market have been collected and systematized enabling us to give recommendations for the projected fuel demand. Main results. Operational characteristics of bunkering tankers in the port bunkering infrastructure have been generalized. An approach is suggested for justifying the required number of LNG re-fueling tankers based on the game theory. The main factors defining the volumes of LNG fuel required in port are highlighted. A case study is given for validation of the bunkering tanker demand in numbers for the port of St. Petersburg. Conclusion. Bunkering tankers are a key link in the bunkering infrastructure of any harbor. LNG tankers are growing in numbers every year, which is related to more stringent requirements for environment pollution and reduced discharges from vessels in operation. This study enables justification of bunkering tanker numbers early in the design of a port bunkering infrastructure.
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Hang, Bai Lin, Wen Chao Li, and Wen Bo Huang. "Defects Analysis of Liquefied Gas Tankers." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.435.
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To a great extent，traffic accidents of liquefied gas tankers are caused by the defects inside the tankers themselves. Analyzing what causes the defects, and putting forward the corresponding prevention measures, to reduce accident risk, is of great significance. In this paper, the research object is a defective liquefied gas tanker in a propylene factory in Shandong. The defects in actual transportation process containing weld joints defects and anti-wave plates are analyzed, and the corresponding solutions are put forward on the basis of the literature analysis. The results show that the main causes of the defects are that the manufacture and processing did not correspond with design data. The defects repair of the liquefied gas tanker should be performed by qualified service units after specific repair plan and relevant formalities are put forward. The repaired liquefied gas tanker should be inspected qualified by the inspection organizations.
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Grbić, Luka, Jelena Čulin, and Toni Bielić. "Inspections on Board Oil Tankers." Pomorstvo 32, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.32.1.13.
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Oil tanker inspections have an important role in enhancing safety and minimizing the risk of oil pollution. However, research has indicated that inspection items are overlapping among inspection regimes observed in a given time span on board oil tankers, thus making negative impact on ship safety, unnecessarily consuming shipboard human resources and having adverse economic effects. In this paper, current inspections performed on board oil tankers have been presented, including duration, intensity and average costs, directly or indirectly paid by shipowners. Our analysis of surveyed components by all regimes has showed that it is possible to reduce critical inspection parameters without compromising safety by introducing a unified inspection method. A content of such inspection, consisting of 529 components, has been presented. Performing the proposed inspection method and sharing its results among interested parties of oil tanker safety regime has been suggested as a measure that could improve oil tanker safety and pollution prevention.
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Valenti, Michael. "Double Wrapped." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 01 (January 1, 1999): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-jan-2.
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This article discusses that a probabilistic study showed that the use of double-hulled shuttle tankers could reduce the probability of spillage resulting from collisions, contact with non-ship objects, and groundings by 75 percent. American petroleum companies are already using double-hulled tankers. The efficacy of double-hulled vessels in preventing environmental threats was borne out in October 1997 by Conoco Inc.’s tanker Guardian. Conoco, based in Houston, has operated a 100 percent double-hulled U.S. tanker fleet since August 1998. Indeed, the company decided to build only double-hulled tankers months before Congress passed OPA 1990. Two new craft will join Conoco’s flotilla of four twin-hulled vessels in 1999. Conoco engineers met a number of challenges when they embarked on building a double-hulled fleet. Double-hulled vessels are inherently more expensive than single-hulled vessels. Maritrans Operating Partners LP, a wholly owned subsidiary of Maritrans Inc. in Philadelphia, operator and owner of one of the nation’s largest fleets of oil tankers, tugboats, and oceangoing petroleum tank barges, found a way to reduce those costs, which may serve as a model for other shipping firms. The 65-year-old company converted a two-decade-old single-hulled tank barge into a double-hulled vessel.
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R., Bosneagu. "The current state of safety onboard oil tankers." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXII, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-19-i2-025.
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Maritime safety is governed by a combination of international rules and regulations. Risk assessment onboard oil tankers involve identifying all the risk factors and quantifying their dimension. The loading/unloading operation on an oil tanker is one of the most dangerous maneuvers due to hazards, such as fuel pollution and fire. Loading a maritime oil tanker at a terminal is a complex activity, requiring a high degree of professional training and organization
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Mitchell, Vincent B. "EVOLUTION OF A WORLD-CLASS TANKER ESCORT SYSTEM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1167.
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ABSTRACT The Ship Escort Response Vessel System (SERVS) of Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (Alyeska) in Valdez Alaska is responsible for overseeing the prevention, preparedness, and response activities for the safe transportation of oil through Prince William Sound. Since the inception of SERVS in 1989, escort vessels have accompanied laden tankers through Prince William Sound from the Valdez Marine Terminal to the Gulf of Alaska, a distance of approximately 70 miles. The tankers pass through the pristine Prince William Sound, which encompasses over 2,500 square miles, with fjord-like topography and a subarctic climate. The evolution of the tanker escort system began with the emergency order issued by the state of Alaska in 1989 immediately after the grounding of the Exxon Valdez. A fleet of 12 vessels, each singular in purpose, was quickly developed: three dedicated pairs of escorts (comprised of an escort response vessel and tug), response barge standby vessels, and four dedicated docking tugs. The emphasis was more on oil spill response than prevention, and there was little interchangeability between vessels and their missions. In subsequent years, a variety of factors has caused changes to the escort system and vessel mix. These included the Disabled Tanker Towing Study, Prince William Sound Risk Assessment Promulgation of Federal Escort Requirements, oil spill response responsibility in the Gulf of Alaska, tanker vapor recovery, reduction in pipeline throughput, and weather restrictions. Additionally, industry instituted voluntary measures such as ice scouts and sentinel standby escorts for inbound tankers in ballast have affected the escort system, in addition to the experience gained in the operation the system. As the escort system matured, there was a marked emphasis and focus on oil spill prevention, fleet modernization, and multipurpose vessels to increase capabilities while maximizing efficiencies. Alyeska/SERVS embarked on a dedicated strategy to upgrade the specialized vessel fleet of 12 vessels to a fleet composed of fewer multipurpose vessels. This strategy encompassed a technological and operational enhancement of the fleet, significantly improving the prevention posture while maintaining the necessary response capabilities. Today, the Alyeska/SERVS escort fleet consists of nine multipurpose vessels. The cornerstones of the escort fleet are the two 10,192 horsepower Voith Schneider enhanced tractor tugs and the three 10,192 horsepower ? drive Prevention and Response Tugs, all specifically designed, constructed, and outfitted for tanker escorting. The combination of these vessels for tanker escorting utilizes complimentary best available technology to ensure the safe transit of tankers through Prince William Sound.
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Gooding, Peter W. "Collision with a Crushable Bow." Marine Technology and SNAME News 38, no. 03 (July 1, 2001): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2001.38.3.186.
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Oil tanker collisions and groundings pose the potential for large spills. Currently, the International Maritime Organization and national governments have design standards for tankers that do not account for a vessel's crashworthiness. By using crashworthiness, a vessel can be optimally designed for both weather and extreme loading situations. Minorsky [1] examined the problem of collision damage on a vessel side wall. Using previous collision data, Minorsky generated a simple damage volume to kinetic energy relationship for the safety of reactors on nuclear-powered ships. Since then, many researchers have provided solutions for the extent of damage on a tanker based on an assumption of a rigid bow collision. Such a formulation does not account for the energy consumed by the bow deformation. As a result, the damage extent to the side of a vessel is overestimated. By adding a crushable bow, the final result will allow for a more optimally designed vessel. This paper provides a simple closed-form solution for modeling the collision resistance of the bulbous bow portions of tankers. This closed-form solution can be combined with side collision solutions to optimally design a tanker for extreme loading conditions.
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Keith, Virgil F. "DOUBLE HULL OIL TANKERS—HOW EFFECTIVE ARE THEY?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-745.
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ABSTRACT The groundings of the Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, spilling more than 10 million gallons of Alaska North Slope crude, and the American Trader off Huntington Beach, spilling almost 400,000 gallons of Alaska North Slope crude, suggest that the construction of oil tankers be re-examined with respect to a design which could reduce both the number and magnitude of oil spills. This paper discusses state-of-the-art tanker technology with respect to spill prevention, effectiveness, and cost. The design features include double hulls, centralized bunker tankers, vacuum-retaining valves, cargo control systems, auxiliary thrusters, electronic charting, and the retransmission of the ship's position. Double hulls provide the highest probability of surviving damage, either from a collision or grounding, with no loss of cargo. Use of double hulls can reduce oil spill incidence by 90 percent in grounding situations and by 75 percent in collisions. The oil spill from the American Trader could have been completely avoided by double hull construction. The arrangement provides spaces below the cargo tanks and on the vessel's sides solely for the carriage of ballast water when the tanker is in ballast condition. These tanks are empty when the tanker is loaded and then also act as the first line of defense in the event of structural damage to the cargo tanks. Tanker design is integrated with port safety measures, including vessel monitoring systems, in this total spill prevention analysis. All aspects of the tanker transportation system are considered.
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Guedes Soares, C., and T. E. Schellin. "Nonlinear Effects on Long-Term Distributions of Wave-Induced Loads for Tankers." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829525.
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A method of long-term formulation of the nonlinear wave-induced vertical load effects on ships was applied to three tanker hulls of different sizes. For large tanker hulls, the nonlinear effect is not significant, and thus linear theories can continue to be used for earlier studies on these kind of ships, contrary to what was shown earlier for containership hulls. However, for smaller tankers, significant nonlinear values were obtained, with both sagging and hogging nonlinear results being larger than the linear ones.
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Grbić, Luka, Jelena Čulin, Mirano Hess, and Svjetlana Hess. "OPTIMUM INSPECTION INTERVAL FOR TANKER IN UNIFIED INSPECTION REGIME." Transport 35, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12692.
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Inspections on board tankers contribute to the prevention of accidents, which can have a significant impact to humans and environment. Therefore a high amount of tanker inspections is performed by various stakeholders. This practice could be made more efficient by introducing unified inspection regime, which covers existing areas of inspection, eliminates overlapping and has the potential to improve safety. In this paper an important aspect in defining inspection regime, inspection interval, is determined considering contradictory goals: lowering the costs of inspection and increasing useful service life of tanker structure and equipment, without compromising safety. A probabilistic approach has been applied to establish inspection schedule, which fulfils a range of requirements. Due to the many varieties of tanker types, their conditions, range of size and age span, the paper focuses on the 10 years AFRAMAX tanker. Results indicate that optimal inspection interval in the unified inspection regime for that tanker should be 3 months. Using modified input parameters, similar approach could be used for other tanker types.
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Hattori, Katsuhiko, and A. N. Perakis. "The Overtonnage of Large Tankers: Status and Prospects." Journal of Ship Production 2, no. 03 (August 1, 1986): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1986.2.3.163.
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The surplus tonnage in the tanker market has been steadily increasing each year since the second oil crisis, with very large and ultra large crude carriers (VLCC's and ULCC's) being hit the hardest. As a result of these constant increases, the market has been very depressed since 1981, with excess tonnage of more than 100 million dwt. After more than four years of such an overwhelming volume of excess tonnage, the overall situation remains unchanged, despite the massive demolitions underway. In spite of this surplus tonnage, wide spot rate fluctuations were registered in 1984, under the growing intensity of the Iran-Iraq conflict, involving attacks on tankers. Still, some contend that there is no alternative but demolition as the mechanism for recovery of the tanker market. This paper makes an analytical assessment of the current and future trends of this huge surplus tonnage of large tankers on the basis of the available data.. An estimation of future trends is also made, using standard system dynamics modeling techniques.
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.., Abedallah Z., Rasha .., and William Thompson. "An Innovative Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Framework for Picking the Right Used Chemical Tankers: A Classified Model-Based Discussion." American Journal of Business and Operations Research 7, no. 2 (2022): 08–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ajbor.070201.
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Because chemical tanker boats are so expensive to build and maintain, shipping firms may not be able to supply their clients with fair transportation pricing. As a result, shipping businesses may find various benefits and chances by purchasing second-hand chemical tanker vessels. But picking a chemical tanker is a hard task that requires overcoming numerous misunderstandings and weighing several conflicting factors. A novel MCDM technique has been proposed in this study for this aim. EDAS approach is used in the proposed model, to handle uncertainty. In order to demonstrate efficacy, relevance, and robustness, the model was used to address decision-making issues involving the selection of suitable second-hand chemical tankers from a pool of 10 (alternatives). The chemical tanker boats were evaluated using 14 distinct choice criteria in the present article. The findings show that the most important factor is CTC6′′ Maintenance cost, and the best and most preferred chemical tanker is CTA6
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Li, Haoqiang, Jihong Chen, Zheng Wan, Xiao Cao, Yaqing Shu, and Yun Bai. "Tanker Selection Based on an Entropy-Weighted Fuzzy Matter Approach." International Journal of Maritime Engineering 163, A1 (April 7, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v163ia1.2.
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As an important aspect of global economic development, the choice of ship type for offshore oil transportation is a key issue in shipping companies making investment decisions. These can have far-reaching impacts regarding economic benefits and operational developments by shipping companies. To facilitate relatively accurate scientific decisions to evaluate the economic nature of tankers on investment plans, the study assigns entropy weights to various indicators and models tanker type economic arguments based on the entropy-weighted fuzzy matter-element approach, and by calculating the Euclid approach degree of each tanker evaluates the choice of tanker ship type. The results from the study show that the entropy-weighted fuzzy matter-element method is very effective in dealing with tanker selection and decision-making under complex and multi-attribute scenarios. Several conclusions are drawn and further work suggested.
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Sugianto, Erik, and Hendika Puji Haditama. "PENGGUNAAN METODE KOMPUTERISASI DALAM PENENTUAN TAHANAN KAPAL TANKER." ROTOR 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/rotor.v10i2.6392.
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The ship resistance is influential to choose the ship's main engine, especially tankers that have large block coefficients. In general, ship resistance was obtained by modeling the vessel on a certain scale and then testing on the experimental tank. However, this test requires high funding, because testing requires special places such as towing tanks that have expensive operating costs. This research is intended to get ship prisoner with computerized method for tanker ship. Then the result is validated by Holtrop mathematical approximation method. The result of computerized method for speed 11.4 knots got the value of ship resistance is 86.2 KN. While the method of mathematical approach generated ship resistance is 74.38 KN. So the ship's resistance used to determine the tanker machine is 86.2 KN.
Keywords: Ship resistance, tanker, computerized
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Rashid, Zulkifli Abdul. "Severity Impact of a Vapour Cloud Explosion (VCE) – Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Road Tanker Accident." ASM Science Journal 18 (January 30, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2023.1086.
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An explosion accident from a road tanker while carrying hazardous materials can have a dangerous effect on road users and the surrounding area through which the road tanker passes. Based on the evidence of the accident case involving the road tanker reported, it shows that this accident case can cause death and destruction to the surrounding property. In Malaysia, several cases of accidents involving road tankers have also occurred. Among the methods used to determine the impact of a road tanker explosion is the use of the consequences analysis method. Currently, there is limited number of software that can be used to determine the impact of a road tanker explosion accident that carries explosive chemicals such as butadiene, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), etc. However, there are weaknesses in the display of the impact results plotted on the map. Where the impact of the explosion is only shown to the 3 main zones, namely building damage, serious injury, and glass breakage. In this paper, the enhanced contour profile method on the impact of an LPG road tanker explosion on human and structural damage is shown.
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Gucma, Stanisław, and Maciej Gucma. "Optimization of LNG terminal parameters for a wide range of gas tanker sizes: the case of the port of Świnoujście." Archives of Transport 50, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5696.
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LNG terminals are built to handle tankers of specific size, with cargo capacities within a narrow scope. This is related to the differences in cargo, fender and mooring systems used for LNG tanker handling of various sizes. The research problem solved in the article is the development of the method for optimal design of a universal LNG cargo handling facility that enables safe operations of LNG tankers in a wide range of cargo capacity that covers almost entire spectrum of global fleet tanker sizes. The article presents a methodology of optimizing the parameters of LNG cargo terminals to accommodate both small bunker ships with cargo capacity of 500 m3 (50 metres in length) to Q-flex type tankers capable of carrying up to 220 000 m3 (320 m in length). The authors have determined conditions for the safe operation of these tankers in sea LNG terminals and described differences in the construction of cargo, fendering and mooring systems. The optimization of both location and terminal parameters for a wide range of gas tanker sizes as well as approach channels leading to the LNG berths was performed using a specially designed two-stage simulation method of optimization. In the first stage the best location of a universal LNG terminal and its berths in the existing port basin is determined. The second stage defines optimal parameters of approach waterways to the berths of a universal LNG terminal. The optimization criterion at both stages was the minimization of the costs to build and to operate a universal LNG terminal. The developed optimization methodology was actually used in the design of the universal LNG terminal in the outer port of Świnoujście. The tests made use of real time simulation (RTS) and non-autonomous models of ships, in which ship movement is controlled by a human (pilot, captain). Simulation tests were performed on a multi-bridge ship handling Polaris simulator with a 3D projection, from Kongsberg Maritime AS. This full-mission bridge simulator (FMBS) is located at the Marine Traffic Engineering Centre, Maritime University of Szczecin. Two simulation ship movement models were built and verified for testing the manoeuvres of port entry and berthing. These are: Q-flex type tanker (length: 320 m) and an LNG bunker ship, 6,000 m3 capacity, 104 m in length. The test results were used in the design of the universal LNG terminal in the outer port of Świnoujście and approach waterways leading to the berths (now this investment project is in progress).
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Hsu, Wen-Kai, Shu-Jun Lian, and Show-Hui Huang. "Risk Assessment of Operational Safety for Oil Tankers - A Revised Risk Matrix." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 4 (February 6, 2017): 775–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000941.
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This paper is aimed at the risk assessment of operational safety for oil tankers. Based on the operational features of oil tankers and relevant literature, the Risk Factors (RFs) of operational safety were first identified. A revised risk matrix based on a fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach was then proposed to assess the risk classes of the RFs. Finally, to validate the research model, the oil tanker fleet of Chinese Petroleum Corporation (CPC) in Taiwan was empirically investigated. The results can provide practical information for oil carriers to improve their ships' operational safety. Furthermore, the revised risk matrix may provide a theoretical reference for methodological researches in safety risk assessments.
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LaBelle, Robert P., and Charles M. Marshall. "APPLICATION OF OIL SPILL SIMULATIONS TO TANKER ROUTING OFF THE U.S. COAST." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-265.
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ABSTRACT Enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 has resulted in increased efforts by the U.S. Coast Guard to identify and evaluate existing tanker routing schemes that may pose a threat to sensitive marine resources. The Minerals Management Service is assisting in these efforts through stochastic applications of its oil spill trajectory models. Restricting tanker routes or establishing tanker-free zones would constrain the potential sites of future tanker spills. This restriction would maximize the available response time for containment, recovery, or natural dispersion of tanker spills. Two analyses are described. In the first analysis, multiple trajectories were simulated from tanker routes off the U.S. west coast. (Similar analyses are planned for the east coast and the Gulf of Mexico.) Contacts with environmental resources, which were assigned sensitivity index values, were plotted as seasonal oil spill contact risk contours. The contours were used to define alternative boundaries of potential tanker-free zones. These alternative boundaries, in turn, may provide specified levels of protection for sensitive marine areas. The second application of oil spill simulations is in the Gulf of Mexico, where the U.S. Coast Guard is evaluating the potential impact of establishing tanker lightering zones. These lightering zones would concentrate traffic in certain areas where large vessels would offload petroleum cargo into smaller tankers for transport ashore. Results of the oil spill trajectory model characterize the risks from these zones.
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Watts, Robert. "Controversial Victory: The “Tanker War” Against Japan, 1942–1944." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0137.
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Abstract In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the Army Air Corps (soon to be Air Force) provoked controversy by criticizing the Navy’s “tanker war” against Japanese oil, stating that Japan’s collapse might have occurred months if not years sooner had a coordinated submarine campaign against tankers been conducted. For years, submariners pointed to a host of problems as to why enemy oil tankers were not targeted effectively until later in the war, including prewar doctrine, faulty torpedoes and lack of intelligence. The reality – classified until the early 1980s – was that intelligence on the Japanese was so sparse that only through a highly classified signal intelligence effort was enough information derived to target enemy oil. This article will examine the developing and maturing link between signal intelligence and submarines using primary sources declassified in the 1980s. The research will demonstrate that there was no single answer to targeting enemy oil tankers, but only through intense analysis and coordination among multiple Services and agencies were the submarines able to launch their devasting offensive against Japanese oil tankers in late 1943.
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Paik, Jeom Kee. "Innovative Structural Designs of Tankers Against Ship Collisions and Grounding: A Recent State-of-the-Art Review." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 01 (January 1, 2003): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.1.25.
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The double-hull design concept is one of the effective ways for oil pollution prevention during collision and grounding accidents of oil tankers. Arguably there might be better design alternatives which improve the structural performance of ships against collision and grounding when compared to the thus far well accepted double-hull concept, or even a double hull that is better in comparison to what is being routinely achieved by today's design methods. In this paper, a recent state-of-the-art review is undertaken on the literature related to more rational tanker structural design procedures and some innovative design concepts for tanker structures against ship collisions and grounding.
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Pazell, Sara, and Robin Burgess-Limerick. "A Human-Centered Approach to the Redesign of a Bitumen Trailer." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 29, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804620908350.
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An electric heat-in-transit tanker (bitumen trailer) revolutionized the operation and design of bituminous tankers. It was developed using human-centered approaches and design philosophy, concepts, methods, and tools previously used in the mining industry. Task-based analysis was useful to contextualize opportunities and hazards. The new tanker improved efficiency in transit, reduced risk for exposure to hot bituminous product, improved access, reduced on-road travel time and risk for fatigue, optimized work performance, and challenged regulators to redefine safe transit requirements. The design process was opportunity based and highlighted the need to shift philosophy to consider performance-based needs of operators, not just equipment.
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Manh Chien, Nguyen. "A STUDY ON THE AIR RESISTANCE OF AN LNG TANKER BY EMPIRICAL AND CFD METHOD." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 11 (March 1, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v06i11.001.
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Air resistance has a significant effazqect on ships with large main deck structures such as container ships, liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanker, and large cruise ships. This paper presents a method to determine the air resistance for LNG tankers model by doing the experimental test in the wind tunnel. In addition, the author also calculates the air resistance by computational fluid (CFD) and compares the calculated results with experimental results.
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Ternus, R. A., M. R. Buetzow, and E. D. Selle. "Chevron's 78000-DWT Lightering Tankers." Marine Technology and SNAME News 27, no. 01 (January 1, 1990): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1990.27.1.1.
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Chevron operates two refineries on the U.S. Gulf Coast, both of which receive imported crude oil by tanker. Very large crude carriers (VLCC's) load this crude overseas and transport it to international waters in the Gulf of Mexico. Here it is transferred at sea to smaller lightering vessels by ship-to-ship transfer. The lightering vessels must be small enough to satisfy the channel and refinery dock dimensional constraints for draft, beam, and length. In 1988 Chevron took delivery of two new 78000-dwt tankers which replaced older conventional tankers that provided this lightering service in the past. These new ships incorporate many specialized features to increase capacity and reduce the turnaround time in this trade. Maneuverability is enhanced by use of a bow thruster, Schilling rudder, and controllable-pitch propeller. Cargo transfer operations are expedited with high-capacity submerged cargo pumps, a special lightering hose crane, and a highly automated cargo control system. These and other features will permit one of these vessels to deliver crude at a rate more than twice that which could be sustained by a conventional tanker. This paper describes these ships in detail and focuses on the special features that together permit this dramatic improvement in lightering performance.
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RODRIGUEZ, JOSE L., PILAR GAVA, MARGARITA MEDINA, and MANUEL NUÑEZ. "Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in Ewes' Raw Milk." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.7.571.
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Ewes' milk samples from 287 farm bulk tanks and 17 transport tankers were analyzed for Listeria over a one-year period. Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua were detected in 2.19% and 2.00% of 1052 farm samples, and in 18.38% and 11.76% of 136 tanker samples, respectively. Incidence of Listeria grayi, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria seeligeri and Listeria welshimeri was under 0.4% in farm samples and under 1% in tanker samples. Most farms (93.38%) produced milk free from L. monocytogenes throughout the one-year sampling period. No seasonal influence on milk contamination by Listeria was found. However, ewes' milk contamination by L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. was significantly higher in farms where cows were also reared than in farms where only ewes were present.
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Ahmadi, Ahmadi, Arica Dwi Susanto, Arys Susanto, and Okol S Suharyo. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE ANP AND SET COVERING METHOD FOR THE ALLOCATION OF TANKER IN THE EAST SEA REGION OF INDONESIA." JOURNAL ASRO 9, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v9i2.78.
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As an archipelago which has a wider sea area than land, Indonesia, in this case the oil company, must be able to serve and accommodate oil throughout the Indonesian sea, especially the eastern region. The lack of tanker cause the run out of fuel oil in remote areas, so there needs to be a sector division included in oil companies. The method used by researchers was the Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach and the set covering problem method. By determining the right dock location for the Tanker, the dock would be able to cover the entire existing sector, and through the determination of the proper tanker assignment plan, the entire territory of Eastern Indonesia would be able to be covered by the presence of the Tanker. The results of the study show that the candidate starting point assignment was produced by 4 (four) ports as the starting point for the assignment of tankers. These ports consist of Ambon in charge of covering sectors 4, 5, 6 and 7, Makasar port was in charge of sector 1 and to cover sector 3 while Tegal port is in charge of covering the patrol sector 2
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Dabbar, John M., and James M. Morgan. "Tractor Tug: Conceptual Design to Implementation." Marine Technology and SNAME News 33, no. 01 (January 1, 1996): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1996.33.1.44.
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ARCO Marine, Inc. researched the feasibility of using a tractor tug of greater than 7000 hp as a dedicated escort tug for its 120 000 dwt oil tankers. This paper describes the analysis, model tests, and contract design package for such a tug. Subsequently, ARCO began using this tug as escort and, through full-scale trials of realistic emergency scenarios, developed operational procedures jointly implemented by the tanker captains, tug captains, and Puget Sound pilots.
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Samuelides, Manolis. "Prediction of Oil Outflow in the Case of a Ship-Ship Collision Based on Energy Considerations." Journal of Ship Research 43, no. 03 (September 1, 1999): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1999.43.3.194.
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The work reported herein aims at the development of a methodology for the assessment of the behavior of tankers when involved in a ship-ship collision. It may be applied for the comparison of the behavior of tankers with different tank arrangements and it further accounts for differences in the structural configuration and scantlings. The proposed methodology is based, on the one hand, on the results of an analysis of damage cases expressed in terms of oil outflow versus collision energy and, on the other hand, on the distribution function of collision energy. These relationships are combined to obtain the distribution function of the oil outflow. The use of the methodology to investigate the influence of a stringer plate in a double-hull tanker illustrates its applicability and potential.
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Parunov, Jôsko, Maro Corak, and C. Guedes Soares. "Hull-Girder Reliability of a Chemical Tanker." Marine Technology and SNAME News 46, no. 04 (October 1, 2009): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mtsn.2009.46.4.192.
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The aim of the paper is to calculate hull-girder reliability of chemical tanker according to the reliability model proposed by International Maritime Organization (IMO). The probability of hull-girder failure is calculated using a first-order reliability method for two operational profiles—one typical for oil tanker and the other one modified in order to reflect differences between oil tanker and chemical tanker. The evaluation of the wave-induced load effects that occur during long-term operation of the ship in the seaway is carried out in accordance with International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) recommended procedure. The stillwater loads are defined on the basis of a statistical analysis of loading conditions from the loading manual. The ultimate collapse bending moment of the midship cross section, which is used as the basis for the reliability formulation, is evaluated by progressive collapse analysis and by single-step procedure. The reliability analysis is performed for "as-built" ship and for "corroded" ship according to corrosion deduction thickness from new Common Structural Rules for double-hull oil tankers. It is shown that hull-girder failure probability of "as-built" chemical tanker is well above the upper reliability bound proposed by IMO, while the "corroded" ship is slightly unconservative since the reliability index is lower than IMO lower reliability bound.
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Grey, Catherine J. "The Cost of Oil Spills from Tankers: An Analysis of IOPC Fund Incidents." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-41.
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ABSTRACT The 1971 and 1992 International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) provide compensation to the victims of oil spills from tankers in countries which have ratified the 1971 and 1992 Fund Conventions. Since 1978, they have dealt with more than 100 incidents, paying compensation in 68 of these. Details of the individual incidents are given together with the total cost for each, expressed in US$. The numbers, sizes and costs of the incidents are analysed in detail and compared with the incidence of all tanker spills in Fund countries, using data from the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation's (ITOPF) Oil Spill Database. This analysis reveals a number of trends relating to the size of tankers; the amount and type of oil spilled; and the geographical location. The 1971 IOPC Fund has undoubtedly proved highly effective, but recent incidents have tested the limits of compensation available. The 1992 Fund Convention entered into force in May 1996, providing both higher limits and a broader scope. However, the threshold at which it comes into effect is also higher, thereby excluding many of the less expensive spills which would previously have been covered by the 1971 Fund Convention. The significance of this for the numbers and costs of incidents likely to be dealt with by both the 1971 and the 1992 IOPC Funds is examined.
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Zhu, Tingyao, and Toshiyuki Shigemi. "Design Loads Used for Direct Strength Assessment of Merchant Ship Structures." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 129, no. 2 (September 4, 2006): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2426985.
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This paper summarizes the results of extensive research on the design loads used for strength assessment of merchant ship structures such as tankers, bulk carriers, and container ships. The main aim of the research was to develop practical estimation methods of design loads having rational technical backgrounds acting on primary structural members of tankers, bulk carriers, and container ships. During this study we will do the following. (1) The design sea states that closely resemble the actual sea states which are considered as the most severe for hull structures are proposed. (2) The practical estimation methods of the design sea states are proposed by parametric studies using the results of series calculation of representative merchant ships. (3) The practical estimation methods of design regular waves resulting in the same level of stresses as that induced in irregular waves under the design sea states are proposed. (4) The practical estimation methods of the design loads such as ship motions, accelerations, hull-girder bending moments, and hydrodynamic pressures that are induced under design regular waves are briefly introduced. The findings in this study have been summarized and implemented in the new design standards for tanker, bulk carrier, and container ship structures (“Guidelines for Tanker Structures,” 2001, Nippon Kaiji Kyokai; “Guidelines for Bulk Carrier Structures,” 2002, Nippon Kaiji Kyokai; “Guidelines for Container Carrier Structures,” 2003, Nippon Kaiji Kyokai).
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Paik, Jeom Kee, Jae Myung Lee, Joon Sung Hwang, and Young II Park. "A Time-Dependent Corrosion Wastage Model for the Structures of Single-and Double-Hull Tankers and FSOs and FPSOs." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 03 (July 1, 2003): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.3.201.
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This paper presents a mathematical model for predicting time-variant corrosion wastage of the structures of single-and double-hull tankers; floating, storage, and off-loading units (FSOs); and floating, production, storage, and off-loading units (FPSOs). The measurement data of corrosion depth (thickness loss) for single-skin oil tanker structures of various ages are collected, and the statistical characteristics (mean, variance, distribution) of measured corrosion data are quantified in terms of ship age. A set of timedependent corrosion wastage models for 34 different structural member groups by type and location, considering plating, and webs and flanges of stiffening, are then developed by the statistical analysis of the corrosion measurements. The nominal design corrosion values for primary member locations/categories are also proposed. The results of this study can be updated as additional experience is accumulated. The procedures and insights developed in the present work will be useful for predicting the depth of corrosion in oil tanker structures. They will also be useful for establishing requirements and guidelines for the relevant corrosion protection measures and for designing corrosion-tolerant tanker structures in general.
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Wisnugroho, Joko, Rizwan Gifry, and Yulius Indrajaya. "Design and Finite Element Analysis of Cargo Hose Tower Structure Using Low Carbon Steel Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 893 (July 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.893.20.
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Cargo hose tower is an alternative equipment that can be used in loading-unloadingprocess in oil tanker. This paper describes a structural safety analysis of cargo hose tower that transferoil to and from tankers or cargo vessels. Stresses for two types of load conditions that wereconsidered in this study and were drawn by finite element analysis. The results of the finite elementanalysis was also compared with the allowable stresses required in order to determine the designappropriateness of the cargo hose tower structure.
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Yu, Guojun, Sheng Jia, and Yanting Geng. "Numerical Investigation into the Two-Phase Convective Heat Transfer within the Hold of an Oil Tanker Subjected to a Rolling Motion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7040094.
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A crude oil tanker usually encounters a rolling motion during sea transportation, which leads to rotational movement and sometimes a sloshing of the liquid hold. This rolling-induced body motion seriously affects the thermal and hydraulic behavior of the liquid hold, which then affects the heating process and heat preservation of the tanker. Clarification of the involved thermal and hydraulic characteristics is the basic requirement for establishment of a scientific heating scheme and heat preservation method. A two-phase 3D model considering the free liquid surface and non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid was established for the thermal calculation of the liquid holds in oil tankers. The thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the liquid hold were investigated under different combinations of dimensionless parameters, and the combined effect of rolling and fluid non-Newtonian behavior was investigated. It was found that rolling intensifies the heat transfer based on the combination of the Richardson number (Ri) and the rotation-strength number (ω*), and non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid effectively affects the heat transfer in a rolling motion. This research is expected to provide a reference for design and optimization of the heating and heat preservation method for oil tanker operation.
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Son, Sung-Hun, and Kibum Kim. "Simulation Model of Regenerative LNG Refrigeration System for Re-Liquification of BOG." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 3894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153894.
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Boil-off gas (BOG) disposal in liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers has long been considered inevitable owing to the constant vaporization of the LNG in the storage tanks, but results in energy waste and environmental pollution. To address these challenges, we developed a re-liquification system that can condense the BOG and return it to the storage tank. The re-liquification system was modeled, and a case study was conducted to evaluate the viability of the system. The energy waste, which was quantified by tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE), greenhouse-gas emissions in tonnes of carbon dioxide (TCO2), and cost reduction in millions of U.S. dollars (MUSD), was evaluated for five different tanker cruising speeds. The re-liquification system significantly reduced the average TOE, TCO2, and cost by up to 9120.40 TOE/year, 19,474.33 TCO2/year, and 1.9765 MUSD/year, respectively, for five different tanker speeds with multi-stage compression.
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Daidola, John C. "Tanker Structure Behavior During Collision and Grounding." Marine Technology and SNAME News 32, no. 01 (January 1, 1995): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1995.32.1.20.
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Recent accidents and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 have precipitated a renewed interest in the behavior of tanker structure in collision and grounding. The nature of collision and grounding is reviewed and analysis techniques are identified from the literature. Existing and proposed structural arrangements for modern tankers are considered in light of their ability to provide environmental and cargo protection during collision and grounding. Critical structural details which may reduce the protective characteristics of the structure are identified. Sample calculations and results are provided for various structural arrangements and details.
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Tromiadis, Ramona, and Costel Stanca. "Comparative Analysis of Tanker Ships Incidents and their Environment Impacts." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.775.
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The paper presents a comparative analysis of tanker ships incidents and their environment impacts. The focus is on oil tankers because this type of ships poses the highest environmental risk. By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers can be considered a threat to the environment. In case of a maritime accident a ship can suffer fracture of the ships hull that may lead to oil outflow leading to environmental consequences or stability problems, which may again result in capsizing of the vessel. In terms of the consequences for the vessel maritime accidents can be classified in different categories. Severe accident means an accident involving a total loss of the ship, loss of life or severe pollution. Accident that is not severe which may involve: fire, explosion, stranding, collision damage caused by bad weather, damage caused by ice, fracture in the hull or suspected damage to the body. This may also lead to pollution. And incidents that are circumstances or events caused by, or related with the operation of a ship from which the ship or any person is being hazard or results in serious damage to the ship, the ship's structure or the environment. Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Shipping regulations have been developed or modified over years on the basis of some significant marine accidents. The regulations are mostly concentrated on reducing the consequences of maritime incidents. Following the Exxon Valdez spill, the United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90), which excluded single-hull tank vessels of 5,000 gross tons or more from U.S. waters from 2010 onward, apart from those with a double bottom or double sides, which may be permitted to trade to the United States through 2015, depending on their age. Following the sinkings of the Erika (1999) and Prestige (2002), the European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which also require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills. Air pollution from normal tanker engines operation and from cargo fires is another serious concern. Ship fires may not only result in the loss of the ship due to lack of specialized firefighting gear and techniques but the fires sometimes burn for days and require evacuations of nearby residents due to the dangerous smoke.
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Jafaryeganeh, Hamidreza, Manuel Ventura, and Carlos Guedes Soares. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Internal Compartment Layout of Oil Tankers." Journal of Ship Production and Design 35, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.09180034.
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This work deals with the design of the internal layout of a shuttle tanker formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem, balancing cargo capacity and minimizing still water bending moment with safety requirements, in particular survivability after damage. A parametric model is used to specify the internal layout of a tanker ship considering a fixed hull shape and regulatory framework. The design variables include positions of watertight members in the internal layout, such as watertight bulkhead position, double-bottom height, and wing tanks width. Merit functions are the minimization of oil outflow parameter, maximization of cargo capacity, and minimization of the longitudinal bending moment, which are, respectively, represented for reduction of environmental pollution due to damaged oil tankers, improvement of economic benefits, and safety during operation. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is used for approaching the Pareto frontiers, and the choices between the optimal designs are discussed while introducing a utility function.
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Chen, Qihong, Qingsong Zhao, and Zhigang Zou. "Threat-Oriented Collaborative Path Planning of Unmanned Reconnaissance Mission for the Target Group." Aerospace 9, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9100577.
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) cluster combat is a typical example of an intelligent cluster application, and it is characterized by its large scale, low cost, retrievability, and intra-cluster autonomous coordination. An unmanned reconnaissance mission for a target group (URMFTG) is a significant pattern in UAV cluster combat. This paper discusses the collaborative path planning problem of unmanned aerial vehicle formations (UAVFs) and refueling tankers in a URMFTG with threat areas and fuel constraints. The purpose of collaborative path planning is to ensure that the UAVFs (with fuel constraints) can complete the reconnaissance mission for the target group with the assistance of refueling tankers, which is one of the most important constraints in the collaborative path planning. In this paper, a collaborative path-planning model is designed to analyze the relationship between the planning path of the UAVFs and the tankers, and a threat avoidance strategy is designed considering the threat area. This paper proposes a two-stage solution algorithm. It creates a UAVFs path-planning algorithm based on the fast search genetic algorithm (FSGA) and a refueling tanker path-planning algorithm based on the improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). Based on simulation experiments, the solution method proposed in this paper can provide a better path-planning scheme for a URMFTG. That is, it decreases the rate of the UAVF’s distance growth from 3.1% to 2.2% for the path planning of UAVFs and provides a better Pareto solution set for the path planning of refueling tankers.
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Forsell, Karl, Ingrid Liljelind, Göran Ljungkvist, Rolf Nordlinder, Eva Andersson, and Ralph Nilsson. "Benzene Exposure and Biomarkers in Alveolar Air and Urine Among Deck Crews on Tankers Transporting Gasoline." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 8 (August 6, 2019): 890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz055.
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Abstract Introduction Increased rates of leukaemia have been found among tanker crews. Occupational exposures to the leukomogen benzene during loading, unloading, and tank cleaning are possible causes. Studies on older types of tankers carrying gasoline with most handling being done manually have revealed important exposures to benzene. Our study explores benzene exposures on tankers with both automatic and manual systems. Correlations between benzene exposure and benzene in alveolar air (AlvBe), benzene in urine (UBe), and trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) in urine were investigated. Methods Forty-three male seafarers (22 deck crewmembers and 21 not on deck) on five Swedish different product and chemical tankers transporting 95- or 98-octane gasoline were investigated between 1995 and 1998. The tankers used closed systems for the loading and unloading of gasoline but stripping and tank cleaning were done manually. Benzene in respiratory air was measured using personal passive dosimeters during a 4-h work shift. Samples for biomarker analyses were collected pre- and post-shift. Smoking did occur and crewmembers did not use any respiratory protection during work. Results The average 4-h benzene exposure level for exposed was 0.45 mg m−3 and for non-exposed 0.02 mg m−3. Benzene exposure varied with type of work (range 0.02–143 mg m−3). AlvBe, UBe, and ttMA were significantly higher in post-shift samples among exposed and correlated with exposure level (r = 0.89, 0.74, and 0.57, respectively). Smoking did not change the level of significance among exposed. Discussion Benzene in alveolar air, unmetabolized benzene, and ttMA in urine are potential biomarkers for occupational benzene exposure. Biomarkers were detectable in non-exposed, suggesting benzene exposure even for other work categories on board tankers. Work on tankers carrying gasoline with more or less closed handling of the cargo may still lead to significant benzene exposure for deck crewmembers, and even exceed the Swedish Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL; 8-h time-weighted average [TWA]) of 1.5 mg m−3.
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HASYIM, HASYIM, I. GEDE PUTU WARKA, and CAHYA PURI ARIATI. "ANALISA PRODUKTIVITAS DAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL ALAT BERAT PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN STREET-RACE CIRCUIT MANDALIKA." GANEC SWARA 15, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v15i1.183.
Full textAbstract:
The Mandalika circuit project is a large-scale construction project built in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ), Central Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB). The 4.31 kilometer racetrack will have 19 bends, so it requires heavy equipment to improve the quality production and increase project efficiency. The analysis conducted to obtain the hourly productivity, operating cost, income and profit of excavators, dump trucks, motor grader, vibrator roller, and water tanker used in the worksite of Mandalika circuit. The hourly productivity for structural cut with a depth of 2 to 4 meter of excavator is 17.778 m3/h and dump truck 11.755 m3/h. The excavator production for stockpiling from excavated sources is 30.521 m3/h, dump truck 13.171 m 3/h, motor graders 1839.780 m 3 /h, vibrator roller 90.414 m 3 /h and water tankers truck 71,142 m 3/h. Motor grader production for road body preparation work is 362,222 m3/h, vibrator roller 126,851 m3/h and water tanker truck 62,250 m3/h. The hourly operating cost for the excavator is Rp. 718,048,581, motor grader Rp. 670,416,081, vibrator roller Rp. 609,423,907, and water tanker truck Rp. 380,806,081. The income and profit from the use of heavy equipment are Rp. 39,488,806,755 and Rp. 3,589,981,523.05.
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Kim, H. S., M. K. Ha, F. M. Williams, D. Molyneux, and H. H. Chun. "Speed-Power Performance of 95,000DWT Arctic Tanker Design." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 127, no. 2 (October 9, 2004): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1894406.
Full textAbstract:
When Arctic offshore development in the 1970s first led to consideration of ice capable tankers, there was a high level of uncertainty over design requirements for both safety and ship performance, and a lack of reliable methods to evaluate design proposals. Since that time, improved understanding of the ice environment has raised the confidence of design specifications. Parallel developments have resulted in a suite of engineering tools for ship performance evaluation at the design stage. Recent development of offshore and near shore oil and gas reserves in several countries, together with economic studies of increased transportation through the Russian Arctic, led to renewed interest in ice capable tanker design. In response, Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) applied its experience in tanker design and construction to the design of a specialized tanker with ice capability. SHI produced two prototype hull designs for further study. The performance of both hulls and of the propellers was evaluated at the Institute for Ocean Technology (IOT) in St. John’s, Newfoundland. This paper discusses the development of the design, describes the model experiments to determine performance and variations, and presents the results. It shows how physical modeling can provide insight into design features, and points out the areas where further research will have the greatest effect.