Academic literature on the topic 'Tank wagon'

Objective: Characterise the methods for optimisation of tank wagon fl eet. Determine the advantages obtained by the proprietor from wagon modernization. Establish the opportunity for increasing universality of rolling stock on the example of modernisation of tank wagons designed to transport petrochemical cargoes. Methods: Parameters of tank wagons for petrochemical cargo transportation in operation were compared to those of a modernised wagon. Structural elements of a wagon that require modernisation to be consistent with current regulatory requirements were identifi ed. Results of calculations and tests were analysed, and wagon certifi cation was carried out. Results: Ways of modernisation of tank wagons are shown. Primary wagon structural elements that require modernisation are described. Strength, fatigue strength and stability calculations were carried out. Safety valve throughput capacity is calculated, and requirements for this index during transportation of petrochemical cargoes. Optimum design for a drain device is established. A series of engineering prototype verifi cation tests in situ was run, including durability tests which confi rmed the possibility of safe operation of a modernised wagon throughout its service life. The wagon was certifi ed for compliance with railway rolling stock safety requirements. Practical importance: The studies conducted confi rm possibility of modernisation of petroleum and oil tank wagons for transportation of a wide range of cargoes. This would allow create a project for tank wagon modernisation. The novel wagon type is included in the Cargo Wagon Design Reference Guide. Proprietor can implement modernisation of wagons in accordance with the developed modernisation project

The determination of the dynamic loading of the bearing structures of the main types of freight wagons with the actual dimensions under the main operating conditions is carried out. The inertial coefficients of the bearing structures of the wagons are determined by constructing their spatial models in the SolidWorks software package. Two cases of loading of the bearing structures of the wagons – in the vertical and longitudinal planes – have been taken into account. The studies were carried out in a flat coordinate system. When modeling the vertical loading of the bearing structures of wagons, it was taken into account that they move in the empty state with butt unevenness of the elastic-viscous track. The bearing structures of the wagons are supported by bogies of models 18-100. The solution of differential equations of motion was carried out by the Runge-Kutta method in the MathCad software package. When determining the longitudinal loading of the bearing structures of wagons, the calculation was made for the case of a shunting collision of wagons or a "jerk" (tank wagon). The accelerations acting on the bearing structures of the wagons are determined. The research results will help to determine the possibility of extending the operation of the bearing structures of freight wagons that have exhausted their standard service life. It has been established that the indicators of the dynamics of the load-carrying structures of freight wagons with the actual dimensions of the structural elements are within the permissible limits. So, for a gondola wagon, the vertical acceleration of the bearing structure is 4.87 m/s2, for a covered wagon – 5.5 m/s2, for a flat wagon – 5.8 m/s2, for a tank wagon – 4.25 m/s2, for a hopper wagon – 4.5 m/s2. The longitudinal acceleration acting on the bearing structure of a gondola wagon is 38.25 m/s2, for a covered wagon – 38.6 m/s2, for a flat wagon – 38.9 m/s2, for a tank wagon – 27.4 m/s2, for a hopper wagon – 38.5 m/s2. This makes it possible to develop a conceptual framework for restoring the effective functioning of outdated freight wagons. The conducted research will be useful developments for clarifying the existing methods for extending the service life of the bearing structures of freight wagons that have exhausted their standard resource

Railway tank wagons are widely used for the transportation of liquid cargo as petroleum products, acids, alcohol etc. During the last years only tank wagons with bogies were manufactured (four axles wagons). The prototype of each wagon’s series is tested according with international standards in purpose to validate the design (the project). This paper present the static and dynamic test performed at the body of a four axles tank wagon.

Since the economic deregulation of freight transport operations internationally, it has been necessary to have a workable knowledge and an understanding of the types of freight wagons that can help to be instrumental in the efficient and effective market participation of rail technology in the freight transport market. The article identifies and describes the most commonly used rail freight wagons for commercial purposes internationally. The investigation has indicated that subsequent to the economic deregulation of freight transport, there are nine rail wagon types manufactured and commonly used internationally. They are: (1) covered wagon/van; (2) refrigerated wagon/van; (3) flat wagon; (4) tank wagon; (5) container wagon; (6) open wagon; (7) hopper wagon; (8) side stanchion and centre partition wagon; and (9) motorcar wagon. The study revealed that the following three factors mainly dictate wagon design: (1) characteristics of the freight to be transported; (2) physical railway characteristics; and (3) the type of freight terminals and handling equipment necessary to efficiently and effectively accommodate and support rail freight transport.

Mathematical modelling of processes of motion makes it possible to assess the dynamic characteristics of a wagon at the stage of its design. However, it is necessary to consider the type of cargo transported, the movement of which affects the values of these features.The paper considers a mathematical model of an eight-axle railway tank wagon developed using the Lagrange’s equation of the second kind. The considered mathematical model suggests an approach based on the consideration of the influence of the energy of a liquid cargo in a steady state of motion. This influence was considered by evaluating the kinetic and potential energies of vibrations of the transported liquid cargo.Differential equations of vibration compiled for the model under consideration represent the liquid cargo as a solid. The approach for considering the effect of liquid cargo during vibrations of a tank wagon assumes that the total volume of the displaced liquid approximately corresponds to the volume of the layer of the fluid determined by displacement of bouncing, or in the case of galloping, with an angular displacement of one end section of the tank wagon, the second section rises by the same value, in other words, we observe the system of communicating vessels. Based on these assumptions, energy additions are obtained that consider movement of a liquid cargo under steady-state modes of motion.According to the proposed approach, preliminary calculations were performed, and the results obtained were assessed. The results obtained showed satisfactory convergence with the calculations carried out using other approaches to modelling of the processes of movement of railway tank wagons.

One of the main fluid mechanics phenomena is fluid sloshing which is originated from the free surface of fluid and should be taken into account in design of fluid structures such as fuel tank wagons, ships and so on. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of tank fluid sloshing on energy absorption and reducing tank acceleration during the tank wagon impact. For this purpose, methods of software simulation and dynamics solution methods are accomplished. The assumed wagon includes a tank with the approximate volume of 95 m3 and capacity of 65 tons of fluid. Using finite element method, the tank impact is simulated based on the corresponding standards for different heights of fluid in the tank. Obtained results show fluid height increase has an inappropriate effect on energy absorption among impact however the more fluid in tank, the more time would be consumed for energy absorption in general. At the end, by using crash test results for a tank with aforementioned scale, validity of impact software simulation and dynamic solution method considering the tank fluid as mass-spring model are checked.

In this work resource saving technique is used for shape optimization of 3D mechanical objects. According to statistical data, appearance of cracks in the areas of barrel support pads of tank wagons often causes damages to the barrels. The shape optimization of barrel support pads of a tank wagon is implemented and, as result, the concentration of stresses is significantly reduced in the barrel support areas. The optimization technique is based on CAD/CAE, design of experiment, approximation and optimization software packages. The shape of the support pads is defined by NURBS polygon points that serve as design parameters. For reduction of computational resources, FE models of tank wagon are replaced with high-quality metamodels which are based on locally weighted polynomials. The specific recommendations for the shape of the pads are given. As the second object truly spatial tetrapod is considered. The optimal curved shape of the tetrapod for lattice structure is elaborated.

The mathematical modelling of the dynamic loading of the container-tank during maneuvering collision of the flat wagon has made it possible to obtain an accurate value of the accelerations acting on its supporting structure. At the same time, possible movements of the tank-container relative to the frame of the flat wagons due to the presence of a technological gap in the pair “fitting stop-fitting” are taken into account. It is established that this acceleration, which is a component of the dynamic load, exceeds the one permitted by the regulatory documents. A computer simulation of the dynamic loading of the tank container in the CosmosWorks software environment was also carried out. The calculation was carried out using the finite element method. The results of the simulation made it possible to determine the distribution fields of the accelerations acting on the supporting structure of the tank-container during the shunting of the flat wagon, as well as their numerical values. Checking the adequacy of the mathematical and computer models using the Fisher criterion allowed us to conclude that the hypothesis of adequacy is not rejected.

In this paper, a coupled model is developed to evaluate the effect of transient fluid slosh on the railway tank wagon dynamic vice versa. This model has computational complexity in solving the Navier–Stokes equations and nonlinear differential equations of tank wagon vibration with nonlinear wheel–rail contact. The coupled model can be used as an effective and robust tool compared to simplified models for assessing the stability of tank wagon. The transient fluid slosh model is analysed using the computational fluid dynamic method combined with the volume of fluid technique. The tank wagon dynamic model is solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method based on the 19 degrees of freedom model with longitudinal, vertical, roll and pitch vibrations. The wheel–rail contact is considered according to nonlinear Hertzian and Kalker linear rolling contact theories. The fluid slosh model is validated using experimental data. The dynamic response characteristics of the partially filled railway tank wagon are investigated under straight-line braking manoeuvre using the coupled model. The results obtained from a parametric study, including the cross sectional shape and the filled volume show that the modified-oval cross section improves the dynamic response characteristics, which are attributed to its lower fluid's centre of gravity coordinate in the longitudinal direction and low lateral moment transfer of the fluid.

It is considered the possibility of improvement of the international railway transportation of benzene and other related cargoes between Ukraine and the European Union countries for the carriage of these cargoes in tank containers. The volume of chemical cargo transportation to the EU countries to the rolling stock types for 2018 has been analyzed. The research of the effectiveness of organization of international transportation according to the criterion of the total hours of downtime by wagons under accumulation. The mathematical model of chemical cargoes transportation by wagons, wagon groups and container trains with the accumulation to the technical standards on the cargo diversions was elaborated. The models take into account the unevenness of the wagon arrivals to the accumulation points and observance of the number of wagons to the established norm. A comparison of the effectiveness of the two models of the organization of the chemical cargo delivery and it was defined a more effective version of transportation. It has been established that for more efficient using of the rolling stock and for the rolling stock circulation decreasing is the cargo transportation by trains which consist of cisterns or/and tank container carriages. The influence of the components of the rolling stock circulation and its value are analyzed. The research of the cost of benzene transportation in cisterns and tank containers for the individual diversions was studied. According to the research results the cost of benzene transportation by platforms of the railways ownership is less than twice in comparison to private cisterns and tank-containers of the Ukrainian Railways fleet. These recommendations will improve the process of transportation and increase of volumes of international cargo by railroads between Ukraine and the EU countries.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 05.02.09 "Динаміка та міцність машин" (13 – Механічна інженерія). – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Харків, 2019. Потреби сучасної промисловості, транспорту і сфери послуг у інноваційних виробах із підвищеними техніко-економічними характеристиками останнім часом різко зростають. При цьому велику частку серед такої продукції займають тонкостінні машинобудівні конструкції, у яких раціонально поєднуються масові і характеристики міцності. У той же час на багато виробів (літаки, судна, рухомий склад залізниць, крани, перевантажувачі, ємності високого тиску, апарати хімічної промисловості, устаткування агропромислового комплексу) поширюються суворі офіційні правила і норми, спрямовані, у першу чергу, на забезпечення безпеки експлуатації. Відповідно, при проектних дослідженнях використовуються усталені методики розрахунку, а також традиційні технічні рішення. Незважаючи на тиск сталої практики, що схиляється до створення виробів у вигляді «клонів» давно створених аналогів, діє також протилежна тенденція. Вона породжується загальним прагненням до прогресу, навіть у консервативних областях діяльності, а також економічними міркуваннями. Більш того, багато споживачів інноваційних виробів установлюють свої додаткові вимоги до продукції, що спрямовані на продовження терміну служби конструкцій, підвищення їхньої продуктивності, інтенсивності експлуатаційних режимів або навантажувальної здатності. У цих обставинах, окрім нормативних обмежень, з’являються додаткові, що ускладнює виконання вимог до проектованих конструкцій. Таким чином, виникла і посилюється у своїй актуальності та важливості науково-практична задача розробки методів забезпечення міцності інноваційних тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій при дії комплексу експлуатаційних навантажень. Її постановка, розв’язання та впровадження у практику проектних досліджень склала мету, зміст і напрями дисертаційних досліджень. У дисертаційній роботі розв’язана науково-технічна задача, яка полягає в удосконалення методів і моделей для проектного забезпечення міцності тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій при дії комплексу експлуатаційних навантажень. У роботі для аналізу напружено-деформованого стану тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій застосовуються співвідношення теорії пружності і методу скінченних елементів. Формування геометричної форми досліджуваних конструкцій здійснювалося методами твердотільного і поверхневого моделювання. Для варіативної зміни структури і розмірів досліджуваних об’єктів адаптовано і розвинено метод узагальненого параметричного моделювання стосовно інноваційних тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій. Експериментальні дослідження здійснювалися методами тензометрії та акселерометрії. У ході виконання дисертаційного дослідження отримано наступні наукові результати: 1) проведено аналіз умов експлуатації, нормативних вимог, а також методів розрахунку тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій з урахуванням обмежень на міцність, і на цій основі визначені напрями дисертаційних досліджень; 2) удосконалено методи і моделі для обґрунтування проектних параметрів інноваційних тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій за критеріями міцності при дії комплексу експлуатаційних навантажень із урахуванням нормативних обмежень; 3) здійснено розв’язання низки прикладних задач проектного обґрунтування технічних рішень для тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій за критеріями міцності та довговічності; 4) здійснено розрахунково-експериментальні дослідження напружено- деформованого стану інноваційних тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій, які спроектовано на основі рекомендацій із застосуванням результатів дисертаційних досліджень; 5) впроваджено результати досліджень у виробництво.
Тhesis for candidate of technical science degree (Philosophy Doctor) in speciality 05.02.09 – Dynamics and Strength of Machines (13 – mechanical engineering). – National Тechnical University «Kharkov Polytechnic Institute», Kharkiv, 2019. The needs of modern industry, transport and services in innovative products with increased technical and economic characteristics have recently been increasing dramatically. Large proportion of such products are thin-walled engineering structures, which rationally combine mass and strength characteristics. At the same time, strict rules and regulations are applied to many products (aircraft, ships, rolling stock, cranes, reloaders, high-pressure vessels, chemical industry equipment, agricultural equipment) for ensure the operation safety. Accordingly, design studies use established computational methods, as well as traditional technical solutions. In spite of pressure of established practice, which tends to create products as "clones" of long-created analogues, opposite trend also applies. It is generated by general aspiration for progress, even in conservative areas of activity, as well as economic considerations. Moreover, many consumers of innovative products set their additional requirements for products aimed at extending service life of structures, increasing their productivity, intensity of operating modes or load capacity. In these circumstances, in addition to regulatory restrictions, there are additional ones, which complicates the requirements fulfillment for projected designs. Thus, the scientific and practical task of developing methods for strength ensuring of innovative thin-walled engineering structures under action of operating loads complex has appeared and is intensified in its urgency and importance. Its formulation, solution and implementation to design studies practice is goal, content and directions of dissertation research. In the dissertation work the scientific and technical problem is solved, which consists in methods and models improvement for strength ensurance of thin-walled engineering structures under action of operational loads complex. In the work for stress-strain state analysis of thin-walled engineering structures the theory of elasticity ratios and the finite element method are used. Geometric shape formation of investigated structures was carried out by methods of solid state and surface modeling. For structure and size variation of studied objects, the method of generalized parametric modeling for innovative thin-walled engineering structures is adapted and developed. Experimental studies were carried out using strain gauge and accelerometer methods. In course of dissertation research the following scientific results were obtained: 1) an analysis of operating conditions, regulatory requirements, as well as analysis methods of thin-walled engineering structures taking into account the constrains on durability, and on this basis, the dissertation research directions were determined; 2) methods and models for design parameters justification of innovative thin-walled engineering structures according to strength criteria under action of operational loads complex, taking into account regulatory constraints are improved; 3) solution of a number of applied tasks of technical solutions substantiation for the thin-walled engineering structures according to strength and durability criteria; 4) computational and experimental studies of stress-strain state of innovative thin-walled engineering structures that are designed on the basis of recommendations with application of dissertation research results; 5) research results are introduced into production.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.02.09 – динаміка таміцність машин. Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Міністерство освіти і науки України, Харків, 2019. Дисертація присвячена удосконаленню методів і моделей для проектного забезпечення міцності тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій при дії комплексу експлуатаційних навантажень. Обґрунтування раціональних параметрів і конструктивних рішень ТСМБК здійснюється за критеріями мінімізації маси, зниження напружень, підвищення терміну експлуатації. Ураховуються апроксимації залежностей критеріальних величин, що поступово локалізуються, від варійованих параметрів. Узагальненими параметрами виступають структура, проектно-технологічні рішення ТСМБК, конструктивні параметри і експлуатаційні режими. При цьому забезпечується розв’язання задач одиничного аналізу, багатоваріантних досліджень, а також обґрунтування раціональних проектно-технологічних рішень. На розвиток відомих підходів розглянуті наступні узагальнення: уніфікація, доцільність, ефективності, ідентифікація навантажень, верифікація, прогнозування, відлаштування. Здійснена також алгоритмізація запропонованих методів розрахунку НДС тонкостінних машинобудівних конструкцій на основі поєднання переваг універсальних і спеціальних систем. Проведено розв’язання низки прикладних задач. Обґрунтовано раціональні проектні параметри інноваційних ТСМБК. Представлено результати експериментальних досліджень інноваційних вагону-цистерни, вагону-платформи і крана-перевантажувача, які спроектовано і виготовлено на основі впровадження рекомендацій за підсумками дисертаційних досліджень.
Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in specialty 05.02.09 – Dynamics and strength of machines. National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2019. The thesis is devoted to the improvement of methods and models for the design ensuring of the strength of thin-walled engineering structures under the action of operational loadings complex. The justification for rational parameters and design solutions for thin-walled engineering structures is carried out according to the criteria of mass minimizing, stresses reducing, and service life increasing. Various additional criteria such as cost, manufacturability, economy, energy efficiency, can be taken into account in the formation of the quality function. The dependences approximations of criterion values, which are gradually localized, from variable parameters are taken into account. The structure, design and technological solutions of thin-walled engineering structures, structural parameters and operating modes are the generalized parameters. This provides a solution to the problems of a single analysis, multivariate studies, as well as the justification for rational design and technological solutions. The following generalizations are considered: unification, expediency, efficiency, loading identification, verification, forecasting, tune-up in development of known approach. The algorithmization of proposed methods for calculating of the stress strain state of thin-walled engineering structures has also been carried out based on a combination of the advantages of universal and special systems. A number of applied problems are solved. Parametric finite element models of researched objects have been developed based on a set of studies of the stress-strain state of the power elements. The rational design parameters of innovative thin-walled engineering structures are determined. The results of experimental studies of innovative tank cars, platform cars and loading cranes, which are designed and manufactured based on the implementation of recommendations from dissertation research, are presented. Comparative experimental and computational studies of the structures stress-strain state were carried out. They are combined with certification tests, during which the stresses in the power elements were recorded. The operational loadings are determined which are acting on thin-walled structures. During the tests, regularities were established that determine the dependence of the loadings components on the structure from various factors. Verification of the numerical models parameters of thin-walled engineering constructions elements was carried out. Designed on the basis of researches innovative structures have improved technical and economic characteristics compared with similar ones.

Mestrado em Psicologia Forense
A psicopatia tem, ao longo dos anos, adquirido maior relevo na investigação psicológica em Portugal, sendo, no entanto, uma temática pouco estudada, sobretudo ao nível neuropsicológico. Actualmente, são escassos os recursos de diagnóstico e avaliação traduzidos e aferidos para a População Portuguesa. Este trabalho propõe-se olhar a Psicopatia de um ponto vista neuropsicológico, e perceber de que forma a conduta persistente de violação de contratos sociais e impulsividade, está relacionada com a percepção e o raciocínio lógico de regras de contratos social, regras descritivas e regras de precaução. Para o nosso estudo foi traduzida e aplicada uma versão adaptada do Wason Selection Task, a uma amostra de população normal afim de testar a sua validade e fidelidade. Os nossos resultados mostram bons índices de consistência interna, o que aponta que este teste pode ser aplicado e testado numa população diagnosticada com psicopatia, permitindo avaliar os défices ao nível do raciocínio lógico de regras sociais.
Towards the years, the concept of Psychopathy has been given more relevance from the Portuguese Psychological researchers; however, it still lacks investigation especially on a neuropsychological level. Nowadays, there are few diagnostic and assessment resources adapted to Portuguese population. This paper intends to approach Psychopathy from a neuropsychological point of view, in order to understand how the conduct problems and persistent violation of social contracts and impulsivity, is related with the perception and logical reasoning of “social contract rules”, “descriptive rules” and “precautionary rules”. We used an adapted version of the Wason Selection Task, that was translated and adapted to the Portuguese context, and tested it in a sample of normal individuals, in order to test it’s reliability and validity. Our results show good internal consistence that suggests that it can be used and tested in a diagnosed psychopath sample, assessing impairment on social contracts logical reasoning.

Evans' (e.g., 2006) heuristic-analytic theory of the selection task proposes that card selections are triggered by relevance-determining heuristics, with analytic processing serving merely to rationalise heuristically-cued decisions. Evans (1996) provided evidence for the theory by setting up an inspection-time paradigm. He used computerpresented selection tasks and instructions for participants to indicate (with a mousepointer) cards under consideration. The theory predicts that longer inspection times should be associated with selected cards (which are subjected to rationalisation) than with rejected cards. Evans found support for this idea. Roberts (1998b) however, argued that mouse-pointing gives rise to artefactual support for Evans' predictions because of biases associated with the task format and the use of mouse pointing. In the present thesis all sources of artefact were eradicated by combining careful task constructions with eye-movement tracking to measure directly on-line attentional processing. Across a series of experiments good evidence was produced for the robustness of the inspection-time effect, supporting the predictions of the heuristicanalytic account. It was notable, however, that the magnitude of the inspection-time effect was always small. A further experiment separated the presentation of rules from associated cards to avoid possible dilution of the inspection-time effect arising from parallel rule and card presentation. However, the observed inspection time effect remained small. A series of experiments utilising think-aloud methods were then employed to test further the predictions concerning relevance effects and rationalisation processes in the selection task. Predictions in relation to these experiments were that selected cards should be associated with more references to both their facing and their hidden sides than rejected cards, which are not subjected to analytic rationalisation. Support was found for all heuristic-analytic predictions, even .,' . where 'select/don't select' decisions were enforced for all cards. These experiments also clarify the role played by secondary heuristics in cueing the consideration of hidden card values during rationalisation. It is suggested that whilst Oaksford and Chater's (e.g., 2003) information gain theory can provide a compelling account of our protocol findings, Evans' heuristic-analytic theory provides the best account of the full findings of the thesis. The mental models theory (e.g., Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 2002) fares less well as an explanation of the full dataset.

MestradoPsicologia Forense
O estudo da Psicopatia tem conquistado, nos anos mais recentes, um grande relevo dentro da investigação científica, estando sempre a serem feitos novos estudos que têm como objetivo a deteção eficiente da psicopatia. Portugal não é diferente. No entanto, apesar de já existirem investigações na área da psicopatia, os estudos e os instrumentos devidamente aferidos para a sua avaliação na população portuguesa ainda são escassos, pelo que se torna necessário continuar a trabalhar e a evoluir nesta área. É neste contexto que surge a ideia da aplicação da Wason Selection Task em conjunto com a PCL:SV na população portuguesa. Acredita-se que a Wason Selection Task poderá complementar a aplicação da PCL:SV, pois esta é um teste de lógica, onde os resultados obtidos são mais fidedignos, na medida de em que há menor permeabilidade a fenómenos de desejabilidade social.
The study of psychopathy has won in recent years, a major emphasis in scientific research and new studies are always been made. These studies aim an efficient detection of psychopathy. Portugal is no different. However, although there are investigations in the field of psychopathy, studies and instruments properly calibrated for their evaluation in the Portuguese population are scarce, and it is therefore necessary to continue to work and progress in this area. It is in this context that the idea of the application of the Wason Selection Task together with the PCL: SV in the Portuguese population arises. It is believed that the Wason Task Selection may complement the application of PCL: SV, as this is a test logic, where the results obtained are more reliable, as where there is a lower permeability to phenomena of social desirability.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
心理學系研究所
86
Wason''s selection task had been considered as a conditional reasoningtask for many years, but recently more and more researchers did not agreeabout that . There were about 10% of college students who can solve theproblem correctly when abstract versions were used, whereas over 50% ofthe students can do when thematic versions were used. This is what meantby "thematic material effects". Many theories or models have been proposedto explain the difference. In this thesis, besides other variables, Iwill argue that the congruency between the f ormat of selection items(represented as one side of a card) and the rule teste d (a conditionalstatement about the features of a card) explains the drop of p erformancein abstract versions.From past studies, I found that for the problem thatsubjects do well, the rules are usually about people''s behaviors, or some preconditions that must be satisfied before an action can be taken,whereas for the problem that subjects perform badly, the rules are alwaysabout some featu res in two sides of a card (e.g., a letter and a numbershown on a card). It is plausible that the rule about features of a cardtogether with the card format in the selection task lead subjects torepresent the rule as a card with the f eatures mentions on one of twosides. Experiment 1 demonstrated that changing t he problem format withwhich no card was shown could facilitate the performance in a " If-then"problem. Experiment 2 manipulated the congruency between the r ule andthe card presentation. It was found that the congruency predictedsubjec ts'' dominant response pattern. Experiment 3 showed that thethematic material e ffect would be diminished by the congruency effect.

Ce mémoire se veut un examen épistémologique de la thèse psychoévolutionniste de Leda Cosmides et John Tooby, principalement en ce qui concerne la modularité massive. Nous avons tâché de voir si la modularité massive permet de rendre compte des processus mentaux complexes en nous penchant plus particulièrement sur le cas des émotions. Nous explorons d'abord la thèse de Cosmides et Tooby en la distinguant d'avec d'autres conceptions comme l'écologie béhaviorale et en expliquant le rôle particulier que jouent les émotions au sein de la théorie. Nous analysons ensuite la thèse de la modularité massive et les différents arguments théoriques ou empiriques qui l'appuient, et évaluons finalement des critiques de la modularité émises par certains philosophes, dont David Buller.
In this thesis, we enquired about the philosophical and empirical foundations of the psycho-evolutionary model of Cosmides and Tooby, especially with regards their Massive Modularity Thesis (MMT). We wanted to determine whether the MMT can account for complex mental processes such as emotions. The thesis first gives a general explanation of evolutionary psychology (as opposed to behavioral ecology or sociobiology) then evaluates different lines of argument for MMT. We then turn to the philosophical criticism of MMT by David Buller.

The purpose of the book is to highlight the results and features of the research carried out by the authors on the dynamics and strength of the main types of freight wagons, as well as tank containers made of round pipes under the main operating conditions of loading. Theoretical provisions, methodological foundations and practical solutions for the implementation of round pipes as bearing elements of bodies of the main types of wagons and tank containers are presented. The monograph is intended for scientific and technical specialists, whose activities are related to the design and research of the mechanics of structures of railway wagons, including scientists, designers, researchers, doctoral students and graduate students. Also, the results presented in the monograph may be of interest to specialists, whose activities are related to the design of tank containers. The monograph can be used as a teaching aid for undergraduates and bachelors of relevant specialties.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Lee withdrew elements of his army from the bases of Cemetery Hill and Culp’s Hill and took up a strong defensive position from Oak Hill on the north all the way down Oak and Seminary Ridges to a refused position along the Emmitsburg Road across from the Round Tops. What occupied Meade’s attention was getting subsistence stores for the troops and forage for the horses and mules brought to Gettysburg from Westminster and Union Bridge Even though the Confederate threat to the Baltimore Pike had been erased, the pike was too narrow to accommodate the supply trains heading toward Gettysburg and all the empty wagons, along with prisoners of war on foot, and wagons and ambulances carrying wounded, all heading to Westminster. At a council of Meade’s corps commanders, all believed the army should remain at Gettysburg until receipt of positive information that the enemy was heading to the Cumberland Valley and to the Potomac River, and upon receipt of such information, to follow the enemy along a parallel course east of the mountains, a means of pursuit Meade had already decided to follow.

This article is aimed at comparing the effectiveness of testing the dimensional parameters of a tank wagon with an internal ribbing with a nominal volume of 85 m3 in a production plant. One of the used methods is the traditional volumetric method, ie measuring the volume of water with a pair of flowmeters when filling the vessel. The second method is a method of computer processing of data obtained by 3d scanning of the interior of the tank from several positions and the subsequent composition of the tank model and calculation of its volume using the PolyWorks program. Evaluation of both measurement methods revealed that despite the non-trivial internal division of the measured object, both methods are sufficiently accurate, and even in this case the scanning method provides the measurement result several times faster compared to the volumetric method. In the reported example, measurement time spent to achieve results for the scanning method was approximately one third comparing with that of the water filling.

General purpose railway tank cars similar to road tankers are known to transport liquid cargo in partial-fill state due to variations in liquid cargo density and governing axle load limits. It is widely reported that the cargo movements constitute additional forces and moments that could strongly affect the wheel-rail interactions and coupling forces, and thereby the directional dynamics of the wagon. In this study, the linear slosh theory is used to describe the liquid cargo movement in the roll plane by a simple pendulum, which is integrated into a comprehensive nonlinear multi-body model of a three-piece truck to study the effects of liquid cargo slosh on lateral dynamics of the tank car. The model also incorporates the nonlinear secondary suspension restoring and damping forces, attributed to friction of the wedges, using the non-smooth contact method in addition to the geometric constraints of various components. The wheel/rail contact forces are simulated considering non-elliptical wheel-rail contact using the FASTSIM algorithm. The lateral dynamic responses of the multi-body model of a freight car with partially filled liquid load and an equivalent rigid cargo are evaluated to study the effect of cargo movement on the critical speed and the wheelset hunting oscillations frequency. The results obtained considering different fill ratios of the liquid cargo suggest that the fluid slosh yields additional damping effect on the lateral dynamics of the car. Liquid cargo movement within partly-filled tank car could thus yield a beneficial influence on the wheelset hunting. This was evidenced from the phase relationship between the lateral oscillations of the pendulum and the bogie/wheelset. Consequently, a partially filled tanker resulted in relatively higher critical hunting velocity compared to that of the wagon with equivalent rigid cargo.

Abstract – At present, the world economy is experiencing major technical and economic changes. In the field of rail transport, the challenge is the implementation of information and communication technologies, i.e. the incorporation of Industry 4.0 elements into the operation of rail transport. An important part of this is their mutual global integration. The aim of the article is to economically assess the introduction of the Industry 4.0 element of the wagon control unit into the transport process in rail transport. The premise of the research task is based on the experience of implementing intelligent sensors in rail freight transport in some countries of the European Union. Based on the analysis of the use of information and communication technologies in rail transport, an economic evaluation of the design of the wagon control unit will be carried out in the article. Keywords – railway transport, digitalization, Industry 4.0