Journal articles: 'Tank Reactor'

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Song, Lin, Xin Zhang, Xiao Long Zeng, and Ming Yu Li. "Role of the Cathode in a Novel Photo-Electro-Chemical Catalytic Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.985.

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A novel photo-electro-chemical catalytic reactor with single/double-tank was designed. TiO2/Ti thin film electrode was used as photo-anodes, graphite as cathode and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode in the reactor. The efficiency of photo-electro-chemical catalysis was enhanced because the target pollutant was degraded not only titanium dioxide electrode in anodic tank, but also hydrogen peroxide through reducing dissolved oxygen with graphite electrode in catholyte. Malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV) were degradated effectively in these two reactors. The degradation efficiency of the double-tank reactor is superior to that of single-tank reactor and its apparent reaction rate constant is twice or more of than that of the single-tank reactor, which was result from the higher concentration of H2O2 in the double-tank reactor. In the single-tank reactor, H2O2 generated during cathodal reaction diffused to the anode and was consumed, while it could be prevented in the double-tank reactor. Under the conditions of cathodic potential Ec at-0.6V, initial solution pH at 3.0 and initial solution concentration 30 mg·L-1, the catalytic degradation of MG and CV were both pseudo-first order reactions.

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Ekaroek Phumnok, Waritnan Wanchan, Matinee Chuenjai, Panut Bumphenkiattikul, Sunun Limtrakul, Sukrittira Rattanawilai, and Parinya Khongprom. "Study of Hydrodynamics and Upscaling of Immiscible Fluid Stirred Tank using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation." CFD Letters 14, no. 6 (June 26, 2022): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.14.6.115133.

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Stirred tanks are prevalent in various industries, including chemical, biochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. These reactors are suitable for ensuring efficient mass and heat transfer because adequate mixing can be achieved. Numerous studies have been conducted on small-scale stirred-tank reactors. However, upscaling such reactors is challenging because of the complex flow behavior inside the system, especially for the mixing of immiscible liquid–liquid systems. Thus, the objectives of this study were to examine the flow behavior and upscale an immiscible liquid–liquid stirred tank using CFD simulation by investigating a flat-bottomed stirred tank reactor, equipped with a six-blade Rushton turbine. The simulated results were in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. The scale of the reactor significantly affects the hydrodynamic behavior, and the uniformity of the radial distribution of the velocity decreases with increasing Reynolds number. Furthermore, the upscaling criteria were evaluated for geometric similarity and equal mixing times. The proposed scaling law reliably scaled up the immiscible liquid–liquid mixing in a stirred tank with a difference in the range of ±10%.

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Shimamura, K., T. Tanaka, Y. Miura, and H. Ishikawa. "Development of a high-efficiency phosphorus recovery method using a fluidized-bed crystallized phosphorus removal system." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0043.

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The authors have been engaged in the research and development concerning the recovery of MAP (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate) using a fluidized-bed crystallized phosphorus removal system. In the reactor of the fluidized-bed crystallized phosphorus removal system, seed crystals (of MAP) are fluidized previously and new MAP crystals are produced on the seed crystal surfaces. Conventionally, the reactor consisted of one reaction tank only, but this practice had the problem that as the crystallization progresses, the seed crystal is grown excessively and as a result, the effective reaction surface areas are decreased and the fluidization effect is degraded, causing the recovery ratio to be decreased. Recently, the authors have devised a two-tank type reactor by adding a sub reaction tank to the reactor (now the main reaction tank) so that the MAP particle size in the main reaction tank may be kept constant making the recovery ratio stable. They conducted a demonstration test with a pilot experimental system of the 2-tank type reactor. For raw water T-P 111 to 507 mg/L, the main reaction tank treated water T-P 14.0 to 79.5 mg/L and phosphorus recovery ratios 84 to 92% were obtained. Because the mean MAP particle size in the main reaction tank could be kept constant, the phosphorus recovery ratio could always be above 80%, realizing stable treatment.

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Alfa, Sudjatmi Kustituantini, Reinaldy Nazar, Ketut Kamajaya, and Putranto Ilham Y. "THE ASSESSMENT OF BANDUNG TRIGA REACTOR TANK RADIOACTIVITY IN THE PERIOD 2000-2014 USING ORIGEN-2." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Nuklir Indonesia 18, no. 2 (October 7, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jstni.2017.18.2.3622.

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THE ASSESSMENT OF BANDUNG TRIGA REACTOR TANK RADIOACTIVITY IN THE PERIOD 2000-2014 USING ORIGEN-2 In accordance with the regulation of the regulatory body of Indonesia related to the decommissioning of nuclear reactors, the management of the Bandung TRIGA reactor have to prepare a decommissioning plan document of the Bandung TRIGA research reactor. Decommissioning program documents shall be regularly updated every five years of the operation of nuclear reactor. In year 2000, Bandung TRIGA reactor tank have been lined using aluminum alloy 6061-T6 and has activated during reactor operation. Aluminum alloy 6061-T6 contains impurities that can produce high radioactivity and has a long half-life. This paper describes the radioactivity of the reactor tank after activation during the period from 2000 to 2014 using the software ORIGEN-2. Total radioactivity of the reactor tank bottom after decay for 5 years was 1.83 10-7 Curie, while the total radioactivity of reactor tank wall was 3.2 10-3 Curie.

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Lindeque, Rowan, and John Woodley. "Reactor Selection for Effective Continuous Biocatalytic Production of Pharmaceuticals." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030262.

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Enzyme catalyzed reactions are rapidly becoming an invaluable tool for the synthesis of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. These reactions are commonly performed in batch, but continuous biocatalysis is gaining interest in industry because it would allow seamless integration of chemical and enzymatic reaction steps. However, because this is an emerging field, little attention has been paid towards the suitability of different reactor types for continuous biocatalytic reactions. Two types of continuous flow reactor are possible: continuous stirred tank and continuous plug-flow. These reactor types differ in a number of ways, but in this contribution, we focus on residence time distribution and how enzyme kinetics are affected by the unique mass balance of each reactor. For the first time, we present a tool to facilitate reactor selection for continuous biocatalytic production of pharmaceuticals. From this analysis, it was found that plug-flow reactors should generally be the system of choice. However, there are particular cases where they may need to be coupled with a continuous stirred tank reactor or replaced entirely by a series of continuous stirred tank reactors, which can approximate plug-flow behavior. This systematic approach should accelerate the implementation of biocatalysis for continuous pharmaceutical production.

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Primozic, Mateja, Maja Habulin, Muzafera Paljevac, and Zeljko Knez. "Enzyme-catalyzed reactions in different types of high-pressure enzymatic reactors." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 12, no. 3 (2006): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0603159p.

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The enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) was performed in three different types of reactors; in a batch stirred-tank reactor (BSTR) operating at atmospheric pressure, in a high-pressure batch stirred-tank reactor (HP BSTR) and in a high-pressure continuous tubular-membrane reactor (HP CTMR). In the high-pressure reactors aqueous SC CO2 was used as the reaction medium. The aim of our research was optimization of the reaction parameters for reaction performance. All the reactions were catalyzed by cellulase from Humicola insolens. Glucose production in the high-pressure batch stirred-tank reactor was faster than in the BSTR at atmospheric pressure. The optimal temperature for the reaction performed in the BSTR at atmospheric pressure was 30?C, while the optimal temperature for the reaction performed in SC CO2 was 32?C. The influence of the application of tubular ceramic membranes in the high-pressure reaction system was studied on the model reaction of CMC hydrolysis at atmospheric pressure and in SC CO2. The reaction was catalyzed by cellulase from Humicola insolens covalently linked to the surface of the ceramic membrane. The hydrolysis of CMC in SC CO2 and at atmospheric pressure was performed for a long time period. The reaction carried out in SC CO2 was more productive than the reaction performed at atmospheric pressure.

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Powell, Francis E., and Arnold G. Fogg. "Variable volume tank reactor." Analyst 114, no. 11 (1989): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9891401505.

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Mahmoud, Nidal, and Jules B. van Lier. "Enhancement of a UASB-septic tank performance for decentralised treatment of strong domestic sewage." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.690.

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The possibility of enhancing the process performance of the UASB-septic tank for treating strong sewage in Palestine by means of inoculating the reactor with well adapted anaerobic sludge and/or adding a packing media to the upper part of the reactor, creating an anaerobic hybrid (AH)-septic tank, was investigated. To achieve these objectives, two community onsite UASB-septic tank and AH-septic tank were operated in parallel at 2 days HRT for around 8 months overlapping the cold and hot periods of the year in Palestine. The achieved removal efficiencies of CODtot in the UASB-septic tank and AH-septic tank during the first months of operation, coinciding with the cold period and the subsequent hot period, were respectively 50(±15)% and 48(±15)% and 66(±8)% and 55(±8)%. This shows that the UASB-septic tank performed significantly better (p < 0.05) than the AH-septic tank after rather long periods of operation. The difference in the CODtot removal efficiency was mainly due to the better CODss removal efficiencies in the UASB-septic tank. The removal efficiencies over the last 50 days of operation for CODtot, CODsus, CODcol and CODdis were 70, 72, 77 and 55% and 53, 54, 78 and 45% for the UASB-septic tank and AH-septic tank, respectively. Comparing the here achieved COD removal efficiencies with previously reported efficiencies of UASB-septic tanks operated in Palestine shows that the reactor performance in terms of COD removal and conversion, during the first 8 months of operation, has improved substantially by being started with well adapted anaerobic sludge, simulating and predicting long-term performance. Adding packing media did not lead to an improvement.

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Saravanathamizhan, R., R. Paranthaman, N. Balasubramanian, and C. Ahmed Basha. "Tanks in Series Model for Continuous Stirred Tank Electrochemical Reactor." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 9 (May 2008): 2976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie071426q.

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Tong, Zhen Gong. "Analyzing the Implement of Whirling Clarification Technique in Wastewater Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.871.

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The Micro-Whirling Coagulation process whose core is the Micro-whirling reactor is the key to the Whirling Clarification technique. The Micro-whirling reactor and its working mechanism which is whirling-coagulation and contact-flocculation are illustrated in this paper. Also it tells us the application on clarification tank in one wastewater reuse plant of BAOSTEEL. After being alteration to the standard clarification tank which is put the Micro-whirling reactor into the first and second flocculation area and put the inclined pipes into the sedimentation area, the treatment scale of the whirling clarification tank is increased, the effluent turbidity of the tank is lower than 3 NTU, the effluent turbidity of finished water is lower than 1 NTU and the investment of per ton micro-whirling water is lower 35 yuan RMB. The paper argues that in comparison to other coagulation reactors, Micro-whirling reactor deserves widely application for its various advantages, such as its higher coagulation efficiency, shorter reactivity time, better quality of finished water, stronger adaptive capability, more conveniences in construction and the like.

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Coelho, A. L. S. S., M. B. H. do Nascimento, P. F. F. Cavalcanti, and A. C. van Haandel. "The UASB reactor as an alternative for the septic tank for on-site sewage treatment." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2004): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0846.

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Although septic tanks are amply used for on site sewage treatment, these units have serious drawbacks: the removal efficiency of organic material and suspended solids is low, the units are costly and occupy a large area and operational cost is high due to the need for periodic desludging. In this paper an innovative variant of the UASB reactor is proposed as an alternative for the septic tank. This alternative has several important advantages in comparison with the conventional septic tank: (1) Although the volume of the UASB reactor was about 4 times smaller than the septic tank, its effluent quality was superior, even though small sludge particles were present, (2) desludging of the UASB reactor is unnecessary and even counterproductive, as the sludge mass guarantees proper performance, (3) the UASB reactor is easily transportable (compact and light) and therefore can be produced in series, strongly reducing construction costs and (4) since the concentration of colloids in the UASB effluent is much smaller than in the ST effluent, it is expected that the infiltration of the effluent will be much less problematic.

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Sukarno, Diah Hidayanti, Bintoro Aji, and Yudi Pramono. "Preliminary Study on the Remaining Life Estimation Method for Research Reactor Tank Liner." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 927, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/927/1/012046.

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Abstract The reactor tank liner is one of the most crucial safety barriers in a research reactor as it retains the radioactive material released from the fuel during the accident condition. It also contains the primary coolant for fission heat removal. The integrity of the tank liner determines the service life of the research reactor. So far, the remaining life estimation of pressure vessels in nuclear power plants is more widely applied and established than that of the research reactor tank liner. Therefore, a study on the remaining life estimation method of the research reactor tank liner is needed to ensure the research reactor operation safety. This paper aims to preliminarily study several methods applied to estimate the remaining life of a research reactor tank liner. The preliminary study consists of a qualitative assessment and a quantitative assessment. The qualitative assessment aims to propose several techniques or methods applied in estimating the remaining life of the reactor tank liner. The quantitative assessment applies one of the remaining life estimation methods discussed in the previous assessment. Generally, the remaining life of the research reactor tank liner can be estimated using the theoretical method and the experimental method. The theoretical methods are applied by calculating the neutron fluence received by the tank liner or by analyzing the fracture mechanics using numerical modeling if the cracks or other defects exist. The calculation of atom displacement number (dpa), as a standard measure of the neutron-induced radiation damage of the materials, can support the neutron fluence calculation. The experimental method is conducted by measuring several parameters of the tank liner material, such as the corrosion rate or the mechanical properties. In the quantitative assessment, the remaining life estimation of the Kartini Reactor tank liner was performed by neutron fluence calculation method using MCNP6 computer code. The result shows that the maximum neutron fluence received by the tank wall is 2.950E+17 n/cm2 for 40 years operating period. By comparing the cumulative neutron fluence received for 40 years to the thermal neutron fluence limit value of 1.18E+23 n/cm2, the Kartini Reactor tank liner can still be used for the next 1.6E+07 operation years. The result of the quantitative assessment implicitly shows that the remaining life estimation of the tank liner needs to: 1) consider all defects experienced by the tank liner and all factors (e.g., thermal, radiation, chemical, cyclic loading) which affect the tank liner material condition, and 2) perform the combination of theoretical and experimental methods. For an open-pool type reactor, corrosion monitoring and corrosion rate measurement are essential to perform the remaining life assessment of the tank liner.

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Noorlela, Anisa, Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, Risti Ragadhita, and Teguh Kurniawan. "Design of reactor for the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles." Acta Chimica Asiana 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2023): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/aca.v6i1.146.

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This study aims to design a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) type reactor to produce zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Mass balance calculations were carried out in this study as a benchmark to determine whether the reactor was working properly by knowing the flow of incoming raw materials and the products produced by the reactor. Furthermore, the reactor's design and the stirrer used in the reactor are calculated manually using Microsoft Excel. Based on the calculation results of the reactor design, the reactor volume is 8224.359 liters, with a vessel diameter of 73.298 in, a cylinder height of 166.090 in, and a cylinder thickness of 73.444 in. The top cover of the reactor measures 12.387 inches with a thickness of 0.072 inches, while the bottom cover measures 21.185 inches with a thickness of 0.083 inches, so the overall height of the reactor is 37.552 in. The reactor is equipped with one stirrer with an impeller diameter of 36.722 in, impeller height from the bottom of the tank is 24.433 in, impeller width is 7.344 in, and impeller length is 9.180 in. Turbulent stirring flow conditions with a standard motor power for the stirrer is 6.849 HP. This design will be a reference for building more economical, efficient, and highly demanding reactors.

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Carra, Maria Lidia, Vitória Teodoro Gonçalves, Tiago Palladino Delforno, Valéria Maia de Oliveira, and Ariovaldo José da Silva. "Evaluation of anaerobic and anoxic reactors installed in serial to treat fish tank effluent." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 16, no. 3 (May 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2678.

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Effluent from a fish tank with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was treated in a system of two parallel fixed-bed anaerobic reactors followed by a suspended stirred, anoxic reactor for solids, organic matter and nitrogen removal. Microbial community structure was compared between the reactors and an enriched anammox culture originated from anaerobic sludge by using the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) techniques. DGGE analysis revealed three large microbial clusters, namely, the biomass in the inoculum, the biomass growing in the reactors, and the enriched anammox culture. The similarity between the microbial community recovered from the anaerobic reactors and the anammox community was considered low (32.7%), suggesting differentiation of the bacterial community as a function of the selection of specific anammox groups. The last step in the anoxic reactor had worsened the effluent quality. The potential of organic matter and ammonia removal in a single anaerobic reactor was demonstrated.

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Hu, Xiaofei, Aziz Dogan Ilgun, Alberto Passalacqua, Rodney O. Fox, Francesco Bertola, Miran Milosevic, and Frans Visscher. "CFD simulations of stirred-tank reactors for gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid systems using OpenFOAM®." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2019-0229.

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Abstract An open-source CFD software OpenFOAM® is used to simulate two multiphase stirred-tank reactors relevant to industrial processes such as slurry polymerization and fuel production. Gas-liquid simulations are first performed in a single-impeller stirred-tank reactor, studied experimentally by Ford, J. J., T. J. Heindel, T. C. Jensen, and J. B. Drake. 2008. “X-Ray Computed Tomography of a Gas-Sparged Stirred-Tank Reactor.” Chemical Engineering Science 63: 2075–85. Three impeller rotation speeds (200, 350 and 700 rpm) with three different bubble diameters (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mm) are investigated. Flow patterns compared qualitatively to those from experiments. Compared to the experimental data, the simulations are in relatively good agreement for gas holdup in the reactor. The second multiphase system is a multi-impeller stirred-tank reactor, studied experimentally by Shewale, S. D., and A. B. Pandit. 2006. “Studies in Multiple Impeller Agitated Gas-Liquid Contractors.” Chemical Engineering Science 61: 486–504. Gas-liquid simulations are performed at two impeller rotation speeds (3.75 and 5.08 RPS). The simulated flow patterns agree with published pictures from the experiments. Gas-liquid-solid simulations of the multi-impeller stirred-tank reactor are also carried out at impeller rotation speed 5.08 RPS. The addition of solid particles with a volume fraction characteristic of slurry reactors changes the flow pattern significantly. The bottom Rushton turbine becomes flooded, while the upper pitched-blade downflow turbines present a radial-pumping flow pattern instead of down-pumping. Nonetheless, the solid phase has a similar flow pattern to the liquid phase, indicating that the particles modify the effective density of the fluid.

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Ye, Li, Tengfei Wan, Xiaohui Xie, and Lin Hu. "Study on Flow Characteristics and Mass Transfer Mechanism of Kettle Taylor Flow Reactor." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062028.

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A scheme of a gas–liquid mixed jet is designed by installing gas distributor at the bottom of a stirred tank reactor to generate Taylor vortex. The eddy flow characteristics and mass transfer mechanism in the reactor are analyzed by numerical simulation and experiment. The results show that the evolution law of Taylor vortex in a stirred tank reactor with a rotating Reynolds number is similar to that in a conventional Taylor reactor. The Taylor vortex generated in the stirred tank reactor creates a partial plug flow region in the original complete mixing flow pattern, which reduces back mixing, the plug flow area expands with the increase of rotating Reynolds number. Under the condition of a critical rotating Reynolds number (Recr), the gas phase homogeneity of the reactor is increased by 28% and the dissolved oxygen rate is increased by about 5 times, which effectively improves the flow condition in the reactor and strengthens the mass transfer efficiency between the gas and liquid. The research results provide a theoretical basis for breaking through the limitation of small reaction space of conventional Taylor flow reactor and expanding production scale. The refit of kettle reactor is universal and easy to operate.

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Thongnueakhaeng, Wikanda, and Usa Onthong. "Wastewater Treatment and Biogas Production from Air Dried Rubber Sheet Production Wastewater by Anaerobic System." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3306.

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The scopes of this research were to investigate efficiency of anaerobic digestion system to treat wastewater from air dried rubber sheet production process and to produce and use biogas from this system. Wastewater from air dried rubber sheet production process contains high organic substance and pH about 4.6. Therefore, this wastewater must be adjusted pH to be 7 before feeding to system in start-up period. Two tanks system (The system consisted of 2 digestion tanks, each tank was operated at HRT 7.5 days, total HRT was 15 days) provided higher wastewater treatment efficiency than one tank system (The system consisted of 1 digestion tank, it was operated at HRT 15 days). In this research, full-scale reactor (two tank system, total volume was 800 liters) was set up and operated at agriculturist’s home in Nakorn Sri Thamaraj, Thailand. From the first day to the fifteenth day of operating period, wastewater was adjusted pH from 4.6 to be 7.0 before feeding into reactor. After that, reactor was fed with wastewater which was not adjusted pH (pH about 4.6). The results of full-scale shown that this system provided average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS, TKN and TP about 69.23%, 66.86%, 63.16%, 35.81% and 36.74%, respectively. Biogas production rate of full-scale system was 0.45 m3-gas/m3-reactor.day (0.57 m3-gas/kg CODremoved). Total biogas from full-scale reactor (800 liters) was 360 liters per day; it can be used for cooking about 2 hours per day. Compositions of biogas were methane 65%, carbon dioxide 32% and another gas such as nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide 3%.

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Bawa, SG, AS Ahmed, PC Okonkwo, and SM Waziri. "DEVELOPMEMT OF PILOT SCALE DEALUMINATION UNIT OF 2.5 kg METAKAOLIN PER BATCH CAPACITY." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.24.

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A pilot-size dealumination unit to handle 2.5kg of metakaolin per batch was designed and fabricated and test run. The metakaolin was prepared from Kankara kaolin. The metakaolin was completely split into silica and alumina. The silica component which was inert to the sulphuric acid used during the reaction and was obtained as a solid product. While the alumina which reacted with the sulphuric acid was obtained in liquid form as aluminum sulphate, known as alum. The dealumination unit comprises of the dealumination reactor, known as dealuminator, acid holding tank and metakaolin slurry mixing tank. The material of construction selected for the dealumination reactor was stainless steel type 304 lined internally with glass to withstand the corrosive environment of the concentrated sulphuric acid at the reaction temperature > 140Â°C. The capacity of the componentsare; acid holding tank 5 liters;metakaolin slurry mixing tank 20 liters, with 70 W capacity motor and the dealuminator 50 liters, which had pressure relief valve, pressure gauge (0-10 bars) and temperature gauge (0 - 300Â°C) on the cover. Woven glass fiber cloth was used as lagging material to minimize heat lossto the surrounding. The purity level of the silica obtained from the reaction was above 95%.The endothermic nature of the dealumination process was void of external heating.Â http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.24

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Nishimura, Fumitake, Isao Somiya, Hiroshi Tsuno, and Hideki Iwabu. "Development of a combined BAC and BZ reactor for removal of nitrogen in wastewater from sludge drying process." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0366.

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A combined biological activated carbon (BAC) and biological zeolite (BZ) reactor is under development to remove organics and nitrogen from wastewater which contains both inhibitory organics to nitrification and high concentration of ammonium nitrogen. In this study, the combined BAC and BZ reactor was applied to treatment of scrubber-washed wastewater from sludge drying process. Successful treatment performance was accomplished by decreases in concentrations of the inhibitory organics (in BAC tank) and ammonium nitrogen (in BZ tank) occurred by both adsorption to the mediums and biological reaction. Appropriate nitrogen loading rate for fine and stable treatment was shown to be less than 7 mgNOx−-N · (gGAC · d)−1 for denitrification in BAC tank less than 4 mgHN4+-N · (gZeolite · d)−1 for nitrification in BZ tank. DOC/NOx−-N loading ratio to BAC tank is required to be more than 2.0 mgDOC · (mgNOx−-N)−1 for successful denitrification.

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Nelson, M. I., and H. S. Sidhu. "Bifurcation phenomena for an oxidation reaction in a continuously stirred tank reactor. II Diabatic operation." ANZIAM Journal 45, no. 3 (January 2004): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100013389.

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AbstractWe extend an investigation into the bifurcation phenomena exhibited by an oxidation reaction in an adiabatic reactor to the case of a diabatic reactor. The primary bifurcation parameter is the fuel fraction; the inflow pressure and inflow temperature are the secondary bifurcation parameters. The inclusion of heat loss in the model does not change the static steady-state bifurcation diagram; the organising centre is a pitchfork singularity for both the adiabatic and diabatic reactors. However, unlike the adiabatic reactor, Hopf bifurcations may occur in the diabatic reactor. We construct the degenerate Hopf bifurcation curve by determining the double-Hopf locus. When the steady-state and degenerate Hopf bifurcation diagrams are combined it is found that there are 23 generic steady-state diagrams over the parameter region of interest. The implications of these structures from the perspective of flammability in the CSTR are discussed.

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Rahmat, Budy, Imas Siti Setiasih, and Roni Kastaman. "EFFECT OF GLYCEROL SEPARATION ON PALM OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 3 (December 28, 2012): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21339.

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This research was aimed to study the effect of glycerol separation on palm oil transesterification. Objectives of this study were to suppress the use of excess methanol and shorten the processing time. This research consisted of: design-build reactor, the effect of the glycerol separation on the transesterification reaction, characterization of biodiesel, and mass balance analysis. The reactor was designed by integrating circulate stirrer pump, static mixer, and sprayer that will bring out the intense reaction in the outer tank reactor. The experiment in this research was the treatment of decreasing the quantity of methanol to 5:1 molar ratio and reducing of processing time to 20 min, which was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design. The result showed that, (i) the stirring system was effectively worked outside the reactor tank, and in its reactor tank occurred glycerol separation during the process; (ii) the rate of glycerol during the process followed the inverse regression equation of Ŷ = 66.44-351.17 X-1; (iii) the decrease in the level of methanol to 5:1 molar ratio and the reduction of processing time to 20 min in this engineering did not influence the biodiesel yield and quality that met the SNI 04-7182-2006 standard.

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Lee, Kwon-Yeong, Hyun-Gi Yoon, and Dong Kyou Park. "CFD Analysis of a Decay Tank and a Siphon Breaker for an Innovative Integrated Passive Safety System for a Research Reactor." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3106278.

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An innovative integrated passive safety system for a research reactor is proposed in this study to improve the safety of the research reactor. This integrated system has three functions in the facility as a decay tank, siphon breaker, and long-term cooling tank. This paper also deals with the process of designing and optimizing the decay tank and the siphon breaker of the integrated passive safety system. At first, the decay tank was designed and improved step by step, while considering the computational fluid dynamics analysis results. Consequently, we could satisfy the design requirements of the decay tank. In addition, the performance of a new type of siphon breaker that was installed in the final decay tank model was tested. We designed an 18-inch diameter siphon breaker at the top of the decay tank’s third section, and we could observe the breaking of the siphon that prevented the occurrence of a severe accident in the research reactor. By locating the siphon breaker at the third section of the decay tank, we could also use the coolant of the front three sections for long-term cooling of the research reactor.

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Rumschitzki, David, and Ke Liu. "Zwietering's maximum-mixedness reactor and the continuously stirred tank reactor." Chemical Engineering Science 49, no. 23 (1994): 3883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(94)00203-7.

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Wang, Rong Chang, Shuang Lin Dai, Yun Fei Tang, and Jian Fu Zhao. "Hydrodynamic Characteristics Assessment and Modeling of a Novel Membrane-Aerated Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.763.

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The research study is aimed at the characterization of the hydrodynamics of a novel membrane-aerated reactor. Hydrodynamics was determined by means of impulse tracer trials in clean reactor and calculating residence time distribution (RTD) curves at different recirculation flow rates and hydraulic retention time. Thus the typical RTD curves were analyzed to calculate the average residence time, the dimensionless variance, the number of stirred tank reactors in series, and the dispersion number.The results showed that the hydraulic characteristics in the membrane-aerated reactor was essentially correlated with circulation rate. With the circulation velocity increasing, the number of stirred tank reactors in series decreased gradually, approaching to 1, while the dispersion number increased up to 0.2. It was concluded that the flow patterns within the membrane-aerated reactor are perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested. A simple correlation between the Reynolds number and the mixing was developed which can be used for design and scale-up purposes.

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Fröhlich, Peter, and Martin Bertau. "The Boundary Layer as Reaction Compartment for the Synthesis of Hydroxyalkyl-functionalized Siloxanes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 67, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2012-0176.

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Enzyme catalysis in two-phase systems, particularly in the functionalization of siloxanes, is a new challenge for biocatalysis. On the basis of three different reaction systems, stirred tank reactor, enzyme membrane reactor and micro mixer, the influence of the phase boundary layer along the interface between an aqueous system and an organosiloxane on the synthesis of hydroxyalkylfunctionalized siloxanes is discussed and solutions presented. Micro mixers produce, through a large surface area to volume ratio, boundary layers within which through a formate dehydrogenasecatalyzed reaction the conversion of 1,3-bis-(3-formoxypropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane to 1,3-bis-(3- hydroxypropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane can be achieved. In contrast, in a stirred tank reactor even after 96 h only 45% of the formoxy siloxane has been converted.

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Kekpugile Kenneth Dagde, Gunorubon Jackson Akpa, Obarijimah Osaroworlu, and Olalekan Michael Adeloye. "Simulation of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for polypropylene production." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2020.5.2.0095.

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This research study predicted the conversion and yield pattern for the polymerization of propylene to polypropylene. The polymerization process was performed using propylene as the monomer and ethylene as the co-monomer in a four continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) connected in series with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Model equations were developed for polypropylene polymerisation by applying the principle of conservation of mass in tandem with the rate equation. The resulting model equation was solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method and a MATLAB program was written to implement the numerical techniques. The deduced model results depicted the conversion of propylene from the first reactor to the fourth reactor (0.9900 to 0.0113) and increase in polypropylene production as the reaction proceeds from the first reactor to the fourth reactor (0.0000 to 0.9878) showing the conversion and yield pattern of the process. The simulated model results were compared with literature data with a percentage deviation for polypropylene and propylene of 2.2% and 3.8% respectively.

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Prabhaker Reddy, Ginuga, G. Radhika, and K. Anil. "Control of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Using Artificial Neural Networks Based Predictive Control." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2908.

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In this work, a Neural network based predictive controller is analyzed to a non linear continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) carrying out series and parallel reactions: A→B→C and 2A→D. In the first step, the neural network model of continuous stirred tank reactor is obtained by Levenburg- Marquard training. The data for the training the network is generated using state space model of continuous stirred tank reactor. The neural network model of continuous stirred tank reactor is used in model predictive controller design. The performance of present neural network based model predictive controller (NNMPC) is evaluated through simulations for servo & regulatory problems of CSTR. The performance of neural network based predictive controller is found to be superior than conventional PI controller for setpoint tracking problems.

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Bera, Debabrata. "KINETIC STUDY COMPARISON OF IMMOBILIZED GLUCOSE ISOMERASE (GENSWEET AND SWEETZYME IT) IN STIRRED TANK REACTOR AND PACKED BED REACTOR." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 4 (August 15, 2021): 3115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i4.1387.

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D- Glucose/xylose isomerase catalysis the reversible isomerization of aldoses to ketoses such as D-glucose and D-xylose to D-fructose and D-xylose respectively. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS), a low calorie sugar substitute for cane sugar, utilizes Glucose isomerase enzyme for conversion of glucose to fructose. The conversion of glucose to fructose favours more at high temperature, providing an incentive to utilize thermostable and thermoactive glucose isomerase in High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) production. Present studies emphasize on enzymatic conversion and optimization using Sweetzyme IT extra & Gensweet, commercially available glucose isomerases. The experiments were carried out for enzymatic conversion of glucose to fructose using Gensweet and Sweetzyme in Packed bed reactor (PBR) and Stirred tank reactor (STR). Maximum conversion was seen in Stirred tank reactor (STR) using both of these enzymes, approx 10 % more Fructose conversion comparing it to packed bed reactor (PBR). Also, Stirred tank reactor (STR) reaction conditions such as pH, buffers, cofactor (MgSO4) requirement were optimized to achieve optimum enzyme activity. Analysis of enzymatic conversion samples was done using HPLC-RID (using Zorbax Column). The importance of the divalent cation MgCl2 for optimal enzyme activity was investigated. The enzyme performed best at pH 7.5 and 60°C, using 10mM MgSO4 as a cofactor. Utilizing Gensweet in Stirred tank reactor (STR), the maximum fructose transformation was 44 %. The most activity was detected with Sodium phosphate buffers, and EPPS buffers at pH 7 and 8, accordingly, whereas the least activity was reported with TRIS HCl buffer.

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Mcintosh, A. C., B. F. Gray, G. C. Wake, and R. Ball. "The stability of a near-adiabatic Endex batch CSTR reactor." ANZIAM Journal 43, no. 1 (July 2001): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100011421.

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AbstractMany tens of serious incidents involving reactors occur in the developed countries each year. The disaster at the chemical plant in Bhopal, India in 1984 was particularly notable where a thermal runaway process led to more than 3000 tragic fatalities from the cloud of extremely toxic methyl isocyanate that boiled out of a storage tank. This signalled the design of special types of chemical reactors to reduce the risk of thermal runaway by planning (at the design stage) integral safety and thermal stabilization mechanisms. The Endex CSTR (continuously stirred tank reactor) proposed by Gray and Ball [3] involves a reactor in two parts with heat exchange allowed between them. The two parts of the reactor operate side by side in tandem, such that the thermal runaway of one part is offset by an endothermic reaction in the other reactor—hence the term ‘endex’.It is found that the adiabatic endex system has a large region of parameter space where the operation can be made safe. However adiabatic conditions rely on the continuous supply of reactants to the endothermic side of the reactor, for operation of the system. The risks involved are such that it is always safer to operate batch reactors in a non-adiabatic mode. Thus we consider the limiting case of the approach to adiabatic conditions where although the mathematics produces no oscillatory causes for instability, yet there is a narrow but significant area where the stable solution branch is lost and consequently a persistent and unexpected region of instability in what otherwise appears to be a simple CSTR system.

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30

Finkeova, J., M. Dolnik, B. Hrudka, and M. Marek. "Excitable chemical reaction systems in a continuous stirred tank reactor." Journal of Physical Chemistry 94, no. 10 (May 1990): 4110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100373a042.

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31

Sheplev, V. S., S. A. Treskov, and E. P. Volokitin. "Dynamics of a stirred tank reactor with first-order reaction." Chemical Engineering Science 53, no. 21 (November 1998): 3719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00164-x.

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32

Zhao, Dong Mei, and Xue Peng Liu. "The Simulation of Poly Reactors and Chain-Analyzing Method in Material Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 583 (October 2012): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.583.366.

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One or a series of continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) is adopted in material engineering. The first esterification reactor and the final stage polyeondensation reactor are very significant，which operation affect the quality of output directly. The influence of operational variables is discussed separately. Toward the final stage Polycondensation reactor，it is regarded as ten CSTR s and obtain approximatively the figure of each component along with shaft. In the“chain-analyzing method”， Polymer is regarded as many chains. It is not the Polymer but the chain that is regarded as the component of the system. so the model treats the calculation of the reaction rates，the mass balance and the heat balance in the Polymer reaction as easily as in the reaction of low-molecular-weight substances

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van der Gulik, Gert-Jan S., Johan G. Wijers, and Jos T. F. Keurentjes. "Hydrodynamics in a Horizontal Stirred Tank Reactor." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 40, no. 3 (February 2001): 785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie000054h.

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34

Hendriks, E. M., and R. M. Ziff. "Coagulation in a continuously stirred tank reactor." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 105, no. 1 (May 1985): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(85)90365-0.

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35

Banu, U. S., and G. Uma. "Hybrid Control of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor." International Journal of Modelling and Simulation 29, no. 4 (January 2009): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02286203.2009.11442543.

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36

Ghigliazza, R., A. Lodi, and M. Rovatti. "Phosphorus removal in aerated stirred tank reactor." Bioprocess Engineering 20, no. 3 (1999): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004490050588.

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37

Chorny, Roberto C. "Continuous stirred tank reactor FOR WATER DISINFECTION." Journal - American Water Works Association 94, no. 8 (August 2002): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09530.x.

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38

Mohammadzaheri, Morteza, and Lei Chen. "Intelligent control of a nonlinear tank reactor." Asian Journal of Control 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2011): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asjc.347.

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Anbu, S., and M. Senthilkumar. "Modelling and Analysis of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor through Simulation." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.1.970.

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A Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) finds its application in many chemical and petrochemical process industries. CSTRs exhibit reasonably high non-linear behaviour. CSTRs are open systems, where thematerial is free to enter or exit the system, which operates on a steady-state basis, where the conditions in the reactor don’t change with time. The reactants are continuously introduced into the reactor, while products are continuously removed.CSTRs are very well mixed, so the contents have relatively uniform properties such as temperature, density, etc. throughout. Further, the majority of chemical reactors are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems, which again develop a high degree of complexity in the development of control systems due to the process interactions, dead time and process nonlinearities. The control of CSTR throws a challenge to the control engineers to design a well-suited controller for its smooth operation. To develop effective control strategies, the behaviour of the reactor needs to be studied. Generally, CSTR behaves differently at different operating regimes. This article attempted to make a comprehensive study on the CSTR through modeling and simulation of the open-loop behaviour using MATLAB.

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40

Handriyono, Rachmanu Eko, and Amelia Kencana Rukmi. "Redesign of Anaerobic-Aerobic Biofilter for Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant In Textile Industry." Journal of Civil Engineering, Planning and Design 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jcepd.2022.v1i1.3049.

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One of the textile industries in Pasuruan already has a Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) with a capacity of 35 m3 /day. The treatment process combined physical, chemical, and biological processes using an anaerobic-aerobic biofilter. The domestic WWTP consists of a collection tank, equalization tank, anaerobic-aerobic biofilter tank, a filtration tank, and a chlorination tank. Existing conditions indicate that the domestic wastewater generated exceeds the capacity of the WWTP. Additional employees become one of the factors causing the increase in domestic wastewater discharge. Inadequate capacity has forced the company to bypass domestic waste into rivers. This biofilter was chosen because it could reduce high BOD values, have low operating costs, and operate efficiently. The anaerobic-aerobic biofilter reactor consists of a pre-settling tank, anaerobic tank, aerobic tank, and final settling tank. The evaluation results denoted that detention time in pre-settling, anaerobic, and settling units did not meet the design criteria. Thus, changing the design according to the design criteria. The redesign result of the anaerobic biofilter includes the pre-settling tank with a diameter of 2,5 m and a length of 3 m, an anaerobic tank with a diameter of 2,5 m and a length of 15 m, so that the total volume in the anaerobic reactor is 88.3 m3 . Then anaerobic bath with a diameter of 2,5 m and a length of 6 m and a final settling tank with a diameter of 2,5 m and a length of 1,5 m so that the total volume in the aerobic biofilter reactor is 36,7 m3 .

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Aguilar-López, Ricardo, Juan Luis Mata-Machuca, and Valeria Godinez-Cantillo. "A TITO Control Strategy to Increase Productivity in Uncertain Exothermic Continuous Chemical Reactors." Processes 9, no. 5 (May 16, 2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050873.

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In this manuscript, a two-input two-output (TITO) control strategy for an exothermic continuous chemical reactor is presented. The control tasks of the continuous chemical reactor are related to temperature regulation by a standard proportional-integral (PI) controller. The selected set point increases reactor productivity due to the temperature effect and prevents potential thermal runaway, and the temperature increases until it reaches isothermal operating conditions. Then, an optimal controller is activated to increase the mass reactor productivity. The optimal control strategy is based on a Euler-Lagrange framework, in which the corresponding Lagrangian is based on the model equations of the reactor, and the optimal controller is coupled with an uncertainty estimator to infer the unknown terms required by the proposed controller. As a benchmark, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with a Van de Vusse chemical reaction is considered as an application case study. Notably, the proposed methodology is generally applicable to any continuous stirred tank reactor. The results of numerical experiments verify the satisfactory performance of the proposed control strategy.

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Wang, Nicholas M., Sam Dillon, and Damien Guironnet. "Mechanistic investigations on a homogeneous ruthenium Guerbet catalyst in a flow reactor." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 3 (2022): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1re00551k.

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A mechanistic investigation on the ethanol self-condensation reaction (Guerbet reaction) catalyzed by a bis(pyridylimino)isoindolate Ru(ii) catalyst was performed using a specifically designed continuously-stirred tank reactor (CSTR).

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Durán Peralta, Héctor Armando, and Luis Fernando Córdoba C. "Stability analysis of a PFTR reactor for a first order kinetic reaction using the Lyapunov functionals." Ingeniería e Investigación 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v27n1.14790.

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The stability of reactors having encompassing concentration and temperature parameters, such as continuous flow stirred tank reactors (CSTR), has been widely explored in the literature; however, there are few papers about the stability of tubular reactor having distributed spatial concentration and temperature parameters such as the plow flow tubular reactor (PFTR). This paper analyses the stability of isothermal and non-isothermal PFTR reactors using the Lyapunov functional method. The first order kinetic reaction was selected because one of this paper’s objectives was to apply Lyapunov functionals to stability analysis of distributed parameter reactors (technique used in electrical engineering systems’ stability analysis). The stability analysis revealed asymptotically stable temperature and concentration profiles for isothermal PFTR, non-isothermal PFTR with kinetic constant independent of temperature and adiabatic non-isothermal PFTR. Analysis revealed an asymptotically stability region for the heat exchange reactor and an uncertain region where it may have oscillations.

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Rodgers, M., and D. Burke. "Nitrogen removal using a vertically moving biofilm system." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0019.

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The aim of this laboratory study was to establish the efficacy of a new experimental biofilm system for the removal of nitrogen from synthetic wastewater. The system consisted of six reactors in series: one anaerobic, one anoxic and four aerobic reactors. In both the anaerobic and anoxic reactors, a plastic cuboid module was repeatedly moved up and down in the wastewater, while being totally submerged at all times. In each of the aerobic reactors, an identical module to that used in the anaerobic and anoxic reactors was intermittently and repeatedly immersed in and lifted out of the wastewater. All the individual reactors had a bulk fluid volume of 28.2 litres and the average temperature of the wastewater was about 10°C. Each module consisted of crossflow corrugated plastic sheets with a surface area of 1.824 m2. The nitrate recycle flow from the fourth aerobic tank to the anoxic tank was twice the inflow to that tank. In the anoxic reactor, filtered COD was removed at an average rate of 2.22 kg COD/m3.d and nitrate-nitrogen was denitrified at a rate of 0.42 kg NO3-N/m3.d. The average nitrification rate in the second aerobic reactor was 0.12 kg NH4-N/m3.d. The new biofilm system was simple to construct and operate.

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Mifta Aroyyani, Agus Nuramal, and Hendri Hestiawan. "SIMULASI ANALISIS VELOCITY ALIRAN FLUIDA PADA TANGKI REAKTOR NUKLIR MENGGUNAKAN METODE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)." Rekayasa Mekanika 6, no. 2 (October 4, 2022): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/rekayasamekanika.v6i2.25461.

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Center for Applied Nuclear Science and Technology (Pusat Sains dan Teknologi Nuklir Terapan /PSTNT) is a work unit that is under and directly responsible to the Deputy for Nuclear Science and Applications of Nuclear Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency. In PSTNT Bandung, the function of the tank is as a container to place the reactor components, the reactor shield for the heat exchanger and as a place for nuclear reactions to take place. In nuclear reactor tank flow distribution ocures in various velocity.The purpose of this practical work is to analyze the velocity of fluid flow in the reactor tank from the inlet flow to the bottom surface of the reactor and from the bottom surface to the top surface of the TRIGA 2000 reactor. The method used in this practical work is the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Velocity method. CFD is a method for simulating fluid flow. The method is processed numerically and then digitally modeled. In practice, the authors modeled and studied the conceptual design of the reactor system using CFD based on Gambit and Fluent applications in a reactor tank. GAMBIT is an application produced by fluent inc. which is useful for making a model and discrete (meshing) to be analyzed by numerical methods. Fluent is an application that can solve fluid flow cases with the results obtained after discretizing the GAMBIT application. The results by CFD shows the distribution of fluid flow from the inlet pipe to the bottom surface of the reactor tank then the flow rises to the top surface to the outlet pipe. The velocity of the fluid flow from the inlet flow to the bottom surface was getting smaller, and the smallest value was at the bottom of the nuclear reactor, by 0.164 m/s and the flow distribution from the bottom surface to the top surface of the velocity value in a nuclear reactor would be bigger by the largest value being on the top surface of the nuclear reactor is 2.9 m/s.

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Hernandez-Lopez, R. D., V. G. Tzatchkov, A. Martin-Dominguez, and V. H. Alcocer-Yamanaka. "Study of hydraulics and mixing in roof tanks used in intermittent water supply." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 4 (October 4, 2016): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.147.

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Roof tanks are common in low and middle income countries, due to the intermittent water supply. Their hydraulic and water mixing behaviour has not been studied. This paper presents the results of a study on mixing and water demand in roof tanks, based on physical and numerical models. Tracer tests were carried out on a real scale transparent wall laboratory model of a roof tank, and a three-parameter residence time distribution model was applied, showing that the model that best describes mixing in roof water tanks is the one with a completely stirred flow reactor with a small portion of bypassing. This result was confirmed by computational fluid dynamic simulations and visual observation. The instantaneous water flow derived from activating typical home water-using fixtures was measured at the pipe feeding the tank, the pipe exiting the tank, and without a roof tank. Stochastic water demand patterns were generated with the measured data and used in the numerical model of a small distribution network. Based on this model it was found that water demand and pipe flow behave differently in continuous and intermittent water supply networks. The instantaneous flow rate withdrawn from the water distribution network pipes is lower in systems with roof tanks.

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47

Watari, Takahiro, Trung Cuong Mai, Daisuke Tanikawa, Yuga Hirakata, Masashi Hatamoto, Kazuaki Syutsubo, Masao Fukuda, Ngoc Bich Nguyen, and Takashi Yamaguchi. "Development of downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor as post treatment of existing combined anaerobic tank treating natural rubber processing wastewater." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.487.

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Conventional aerated tank technology is widely applied for post treatment of natural rubber processing wastewater in Southeast Asia; however, a long hydraulic retention time (HRT) is required and the effluent standards are exceeded. In this study, a downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor was installed as post treatment of anaerobic tank effluent in a natural rubber factory in South Vietnam and the process performance was evaluated. The DHS reactor demonstrated removal efficiencies of 64.2 ± 7.5% and 55.3 ± 19.2% for total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen, respectively, with an organic loading rate of 0.97 ± 0.03 kg-COD m−3 day−1 and a nitrogen loading rate of 0.57 ± 0.21 kg-N m−3 day−1. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of the sludge retained in the DHS also corresponded to the result of reactor performance, and both nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria were detected in the sponge carrier. In addition, anammox bacteria was found in the retained sludge. The DHS reactor reduced the HRT of 30 days to 4.8 h compared with the existing algal tank. This result indicates that the DHS reactor could be an appropriate post treatment for the existing anaerobic tank for natural rubber processing wastewater treatment.

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Pi, Ke Wu, Min Xia, Shi Shi, and Qu Xiao. "Reoxygenation Rate for Airlift Inner Circulation Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1926.

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Airlift inner circulation reactor (AICR) consisting of beaker and built-in aeration tank was introduced in this paper. The Dissolved oxygen recovery (RDO) was highly influenced by the ratios of the height of built-in aeration tank to the height of liquid level in reactor (Rh/H), the diameter of built-in aeration tank to the diameter of the reactor (Rd/D) and aeration rate (QN). Average RDO of 24.25 m.gm-3.s-s and DO concentration of 8.97mg.l-1 were obtained at Rd/D=0.47, Rh/H=0.68 and QN =1.0m3.m-3.min-1 for aerating 370s at 17°C. The total transferred oxygen in 4L deoxidized water reached 35.89mg, which had an increase by 11.15% than that of the traditional airlift reactor (AR). The DO concentration was 88.33-9.34mg.l-1 for AICR, but it’s only 7.71-8.58mg.l-1 for AR.

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Moges, Melesse Eshetu, Daniel Todt, Eshetu Janka, Arve Heistad, and Rune Bakke. "Sludge blanket anaerobic baffled reactor for source-separated blackwater treatment." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 6 (September 25, 2018): 1249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.411.

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Abstract The performance of a sludge blanket anaerobic baffled reactor was tested as an integrated treatment system for source-separated blackwater. The system consists of a stirred equalization tank, a buffer inlet tank, and two identical reactors, each with a working volume of 16.4 L, operated in parallel. Both reactors run at 3-days hydraulic retention time with different intermittent pulse feeding. Pulse lengths of 12 and 24 seconds per feed were set with respective rates of 114 L h−1 and 52 L h−1 for the short-pulse fed reactor (RI) and the long-pulse fed reactor (RII). Stable performance of the reactors was attained after 120 and 90 days, for RI and RII, respectively. After stable conditions attained, total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency stabilized above 78%. Biogas production ranged from 0.52 to 1.16 L d−1 L−1 reactor volume, with 67–82% methane concentration and an average conversion of 0.69 ± 0.2 and 0.73 ± 0.2 g CH4-COD g−1CODin for RI and RII, respectively. The results imply that source-separated blackwater can be treated effectively in an anaerobic sludge blanket process on average loading rate of 2.3 ± 0.5 g COD d−1 L−1 reactor volume with high methane production potential and more than 80% removal of organic and particulate matter.

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Poley, Isabela M., and Leandro S. Oliveira. "CFD Modeling and Simulation of Transesterification Reactions of Vegetable Oils with an Alcohol in Baffled Stirred Tank Reactors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (August 2013): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.86.

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Alcohol and triglycerides do not form a single phase mixture and thus there is a poor surface contact between them causing transesterification to proceed relatively slow. Introduction of stirring improves the surface contact and consequently the reaction rates and biodiesel yields. Thus, in industrial processes, transesterification is usually carried out in stirred tank reactors. Investigating how this type of reactor works is necessary for successful design, operation and optimization. Experimental methods for investigating flow-fields and chemical reactions are expensive and time demanding and cannot meet this challenge accurately. An alternate way is to model and simulate stirred tanks by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Thus, in this work, a CFD simulation of transesterification was performed, with reaction rates being evaluated by solving a set of differential equations describing the reaction kinetics. The concentrations profiles for the expected components were in accordance with the kinetic model, and the mass fraction patterns showed efficient mixture.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tank Reactor'

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