Relevant bibliographies by topics / TANDEM APPLICATIONS

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'TANDEM APPLICATIONS'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 26 October 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "TANDEM APPLICATIONS"

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Yamaguchi, Masafumi, Kan-Hua Lee, Daisuke Sato, Kenji Araki, Nobuaki Kojima, Tatsuya Takamoto, Taizo Masuda, and Akinori Satou. "Overview of Si Tandem Solar Cells and Approaches to PV-Powered Vehicle Applications." MRS Advances 5, no. 8-9 (2020): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.66.

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ABSTRACTDevelopment of high-efficiency solar cell modules and new application fields are significant for the further development of photovoltaics (PV) and creation of new clean energy infrastructure based on PV. Especially, development of PV-powered EV applications is desirable and very important for this end. This paper shows analytical results for efficiency potential of various solar cells for choosing candidates of high-efficiency solar cell modules for automobile applications. As a result of analysis, Si tandem solar cells are thought to be some of their candidates. This paper also overviews efficiency potential and recent activities of various Si tandem solar cells such as III-V/Si, II-VI/Si, chalcopyrite/Si, perovskite/Si and nanowire/Si tandem solar cells. The III-V/Si tandem solar cells are expected to have a high potential for various applications because of high efficiency with efficiencies of more than 36% for 2-junction and 42 % for 3-junction tandem solar cells under 1-sun AM1.5 G, lightweight and low-cost potential. Recent results for our 28.2 % efficiency and Sharp’s 33% mechanically stacked InGaP/GaAs/Si 3-junction solar cell are also presented. Approaches to automobile application by using III-V/Si tandem solar cells and static low concentration are presented.
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Yauk, Carole, and Aris Polyzos. "Tandem repeat DNA: applications in mutation analysis." Environmental Mutagen Research 27, no. 2 (2005): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3123/jems.27.93.

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Fustero, Santos, Pablo Barrio, and Silvia Catalán-Muñoz. "Asymmetric Tandem Reactions: New Strategies and Applications." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 188, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2012.736105.

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Hyun, Jiyeon, Kyung Mun Yeom, Ha Eun Lee, Donghwan Kim, Hae-Seok Lee, Jun Hong Noh, and Yoonmook Kang. "Efficient n-i-p Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells with Tin Oxide via a Chemical Bath Deposition Method." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 7614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227614.

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Tandem solar cells, based on perovskite and crystalline silicon absorbers, are promising candidates for commercial applications. Tin oxide (SnO2), applied via the spin-coating method, has been among the most used electron transfer layers in normal (n-i-p) perovskite/silicon tandem cells. SnO2 synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) has not yet been applied in tandem devices. This method shows improved efficiency in perovskite single cells and allows for deposition over a larger area. Our study is the first to apply low-temperature processed SnO2 via CBD to a homojunction silicon solar cell without additional deposition of a recombination layer. By controlling the reaction time, a tandem efficiency of 16.9% was achieved. This study shows that tandem implementation is possible through the CBD method, and demonstrates the potential of this method in commercial application to textured silicon surfaces with large areas.
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Nikolskaia, A. B., S. S. Kozlov, M. F. Vildanova, O. K. Karyagina, and O. I. Shevaleevskiy. "Four-terminal perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells for low light applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2103, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2103/1/012191.

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Abstract Here novel high efficient semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on ZrO2 photoelectrodes were fabricated and were used as top elements in tandem systems with crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells in four-terminal configuration. The comparative analysis of photovoltaic parameters measured for PSCs, c-Si solar cells and PSC/c-Si tandem solar cells demonstrated that the use of ZrO2 photoelectrodes allows to improve the PSC performance and to achieve efficiencies for PSC/c-Si tandem solar cell higher than for a standalone c-Si solar cell under varying illumination conditions.
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Ebruli, Cuneyt, Ayşe Nur Demiral, Riza Çetingöz, Ferhat Eyiler, and Münir Kinay. "The Variability of Applicator Position among High Dose Rate Intracavitary Brachytherapy Applications in Cervical Cancer Patients Treated with Ring & Tandem Applicators." Tumori Journal 93, no. 5 (September 2007): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160709300505.

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Objective To evaluate the interindividual and intraindividual applicator position variability in high dose rate ring and tandem intracavitary brachytherapy applications in locally advanced cervical cancer. Patients and Methods Eight patients with locally advanced cervical cancer formed the study population. They had been treated in Dokuz Eylül University Department of Radiation Oncology between the years 2000 and 2005 with high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy using ring and tandem applicators. The 3-dimensional geometric variation of the applicator center in craniocaudal, mediolateral and anteroposterior directions was determined on the basis of bony reference points in 24 pairs of orthogonal films obtained in the conventional simulator. Then the following evaluations were performed: 1) the applicator position variability in all applications (interindividual variability), 2) the intraindividual applicator position variability relative to the first application, 3) the intraindividual applicator position variability relative to the average of three applications. Among the potential factors that might influence the reproducibility of ring and tandem applications, age, stage, the period between external radiotherapy and brachytherapy were evaluated by univariate analysis. Results Standard deviation of interindividual applicator variability was 3.83 mm in craniocaudal, 0.39 mm in mediolateral and 2.86 mm in anteroposterior directions. The standard deviation of intraindividual variability relative to the first application was 1.91 mm in craniocaudal, 0.4 mm in mediolateral, and 4.26 mm in anteroposterior directions. The standard deviation of intraindividual variability relative to the average of three applications was 0.95 mm in craniocaudal, 1.86 mm in mediolateral, and 1.24 mm in anteroposterior directions. According to univariate analysis, no factor influenced applicator position variability. Conclusions In order to extract definitive conclusions about factors that affect positional reproducibility of ring and tandem applicators, studies are needed that include larger numbers of patients.
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Levin, Daphne, Janna Menhel, Tanya Rabin, M. Raphael Pfeffer, and Zvi Symon. "Dosimetric Comparison of Tandem and Ovoids vs. Tandem and Ring for Intracavitary Gynecologic Applications." Medical Dosimetry 33, no. 4 (December 2008): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meddos.2008.06.003.

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Heiles, Sven. "Advanced tandem mass spectrometry in metabolomics and lipidomics—methods and applications." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, no. 24 (June 18, 2021): 5927–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03425-1.

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AbstractMetabolomics and lipidomics are new drivers of the omics era as molecular signatures and selected analytes allow phenotypic characterization and serve as biomarkers, respectively. The growing capabilities of untargeted and targeted workflows, which primarily rely on mass spectrometric platforms, enable extensive charting or identification of bioactive metabolites and lipids. Structural annotation of these compounds is key in order to link specific molecular entities to defined biochemical functions or phenotypes. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS), first and foremost collision-induced dissociation (CID), is the method of choice to unveil structural details of metabolites and lipids. But CID fragment ions are often not sufficient to fully characterize analytes. Therefore, recent years have seen a surge in alternative tandem MS methodologies that aim to offer full structural characterization of metabolites and lipids. In this article, principles, capabilities, drawbacks, and first applications of these “advanced tandem mass spectrometry” strategies will be critically reviewed. This includes tandem MS methods that are based on electrons, photons, and ion/molecule, as well as ion/ion reactions, combining tandem MS with concepts from optical spectroscopy and making use of derivatization strategies. In the final sections of this review, the first applications of these methodologies in combination with liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry imaging are highlighted and future perspectives for research in metabolomics and lipidomics are discussed. Graphical abstract
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Li, Yan, Hongwei Hu, Bingbing Chen, Teddy Salim, Jing Zhang, Jianning Ding, Ningyi Yuan, and Yeng Ming Lam. "Reflective perovskite solar cells for efficient tandem applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 1 (2017): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc04510c.

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Tandem solar cells combining a wide bandgap, efficient perovskite absorber with a low bandgap photovoltaic module, such as a c-Si cell, can potentially achieve a high theoretical efficiency of over 30%.
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Kushnir, Mark M., Alan L. Rockwood, and Jonas Bergquist. "Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry applications in endocrinology." Mass Spectrometry Reviews 29, no. 3 (August 25, 2009): 480–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mas.20264.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TANDEM APPLICATIONS"

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Schnabel, Manuel. "Silicon nanocrystals embedded in silicon carbide for tandem solar cell applications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:da5bbb64-0bcd-4807-a9f3-4ff63a9ca98d.

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Tandem solar cells are potentially much more efficient than the silicon solar cells that currently dominate the market but require materials with different bandgaps. This thesis presents work on silicon nanocrystals (Si-NC) embedded in silicon carbide (SiC), which are expected to have a higher bandgap than bulk Si due to quantum confinement, with a view to using them in the top cell of a tandem cell. The strong photoluminescence (PL) of precursor films used to prepare Si-NC in SiC (Si-NC/SiC) was markedly reduced upon Si-NC formation due to simultaneous out-diffusion of hydrogen that passivated dangling bonds. This cannot be reversed by hydrogenation and leads to weak PL that is due to, and limited by, non-paramagnetic defects, with an estimated quantum yield of ≤5×10-7. Optical interference was identified as a substantial artefact and a method proposed to account for this. Majority carrier transport was found to be Ohmic at all temperatures for a wide range of samples. Hydrogenation decreases dangling bond density and increases conductivity up to 1000 times. The temperature-dependence of conductivity is best described by a combination of extended-state and variable-range hopping transport where the former takes place in the Si nanoclusters. Furthermore, n-type background doping by nitrogen and/or oxygen was identified. In the course of developing processing steps for Si-NC-based tandem cells, a capping layer was developed to prevent oxidation of Si-NC/SiC, and diffusion of boron and phosphorus in nanocrystalline SiC was found to occur via grain boundaries with an activation energy of 5.3±0.4 eV and 4.4±0.7 eV, respectively. Tandem cells with a Si-NC/SiC top cell and bulk Si bottom cell were prepared that exhibited open-circuit voltages Voc of 900 mV and short-circuit current densities of 0.85 mAcm-2. Performance was limited by photocurrent collection in the top cell; however, the Voc obtained demonstrates tandem cell functionality.
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BLASCO, THIERRY. "Dissociation sur surface en spectrometrie de masse tandem realisation instrumentale et applications." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066481.

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La spectrometrie de masse tandem est une methode microanalytique destructrice permettant en particulier l'analyse structurale de composes organiques et biologiques. La methode classiquement utilisee (cid) consiste a selectionner un faisceau d'ions avec un premier analyseur en masse, a l'exciter en lui faisant subir des collisions avec des atomes ou molecules d'un compose en phase gazeuse, et a analyser les ions fragments obtenus par dissociation des ions actives a l'aide d'un deuxieme analyseur. Une alternative, proposee en 1985, consiste a exciter les ions par collision avec une surface metallique (sid). L'application de cette methode a l'etude de la fragmentation de divers types de composes (alcane, peptide, polyaromatique hydrocarbone) montre qu'elle permet un meilleur controle de l'excitation de l'ion incident et un acces a des energies d'activation plus elevees. Elle presente toutefois un desavantage majeur: la neutralisation partielle du faisceau incident, qui conduit a une perte de sensibilite. Cette technique a ete etudiee sur trois appareils differents, en essayant differentes geometries d'optique ionique et differents types de surface (surface metallique en acier inoxydable, cuivre ou aluminium et surface semi-conductrice constituee d'une galette de microcanaux). Les resultats obtenus montrent une neutralisation elevee pour les surfaces metalliques, plus faible dans le cas de la surface en aluminium et encore plus faible dans celui de la galette a microcanaux. Toutefois, cette derniere solution semble peu adaptee a la gamme d'energie cinetique compatible avec les appareils a filtre quadripolaire utilises (quelques ev a 100ev), l'incidence rasante du faisceau limitant l'energie d'activation. L'ensemble des resultats obtenus permet d'etablir que cette technique d'activation peut permettre une extension du domaine d'application de la spectrometrie de masse tandem, en particulier pour l'analyse structurale de molecules de grande taille. La recherche de materiaux minimisant la neutralisation partielle semble toutefois indispensable
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Fong, Bonnie Mei Wah. "Development and applications of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in clinical areas." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1530.

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Collin, Olivier L. "Development of a Novel Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique for Forensic and Biological Applications." View abstract, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3292877.

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Marin, Lucile. "Réaction d’aza-Piancatelli : nouvelles applications, version diastéréosélective et utilisation en synthèse totale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS206.

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Grâce à leurs multiples sites de fonctionnalisation, les cyclopenténones sont des intermédiaires particulièrement utiles dans la synthèse de produits naturels d’intérêt thérapeutique. En particulier, les composés 4-aminocyclopenténones permettent l’accès au motif aminocyclopentitol présent dans des molécules bioactives telles que le peramivir, la pactamycine, ou encore la trehazoline. L’une des méthodes les plus efficaces pour accéder aux 4-aminocyclopenténones est la réaction de cyclisation d’aza-Piancatelli. Cette réaction est basée sur le réarrangement de 2-furylcarbinols en présence d’un nucléophile azoté suivant un mécanisme faisant intervenir une électrocyclisation 4π-conrotatoire. Au sein de notre laboratoire, un système catalytique simple, utilisant un complexe de calcium combiné à un sel d’ammonium, a été mis au point pour avoir accès à ces composés. Cette méthode présente de nombreux avantages : elle est efficace (rendements allant jusqu’à 98%), rapide (15 à 30 minutes), elle nécessite seulement 1 mol% de catalyseur dans des conditions commodes (solvants non distillés et réaction à l’air libre) sur une grande échelle (multi-grammes). Dans ce contexte, nous avons cherché à exploiter tout le potentiel de cette réaction en synthétisant des 2-furylcarbinols plus complexes dans le but de concevoir un accès direct à des squelettes de composés bioactifs. Nous nous sommes en particulier concentrés sur la synthèse totale de la jogyamycine. Par ailleurs, nous avons effectué la synthèse totale de la bruceolline D avec un rendement global de 16% sur 5 étapes. Nous avons également développé une nouvelle séquence réactionnelle impliquant une réaction d’aza-Piancatelli suivie d’une réaction d’hydroamination promue par des sels de cuivre qui fournit un large éventail de cyclopenta[b]pyrroles polyfonctionnels à partir de 2-furylcarbinols facilement accessibles incorporant un groupement alcyne. Par cette méthode, 42 cyclopenta[b]pyrroles ont été obtenus avec des rendements atteignant 98%. Une caractéristique originale de notre approche est liée à l'utilisation d'anilines ortho-substituées. En effet, dans ce cas, des atropisomères avec un excès diastéréomérique supérieur à 20:1 ont pu être obtenus, accompagnés par la création d'une chiralité axiale N-C lors de l'étape d'hydroamination. A ce jour, il n'existait aucun autre exemple de synthèse atropodiastéréosélective de cyclopenta[b]pyrroles. Au cours de nos recherches sur le champ d’application de la réaction, nous avons remarqué que les cyclopenta[b]pyrroles pouvaient se réarranger spontanément en cyclopenta[b]pyrrolines suivant une déaromatisation lorsque l’hexafluoroisopropanol était utilisé comme solvant, permettant d’obtenir 13 cyclopenta[b]pyrrolines avec des rendements variant de 44 à 73%. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la fonctionnalisation du motif cyclopenta[b]pyrrole pour illustrer l'utilité de notre méthodologie, en combinant en particulier cette séquence réactionnelle avec des réactions de type Friedel-Crafts. L’un des objectifs du projet de thèse était le développement de la version énantiosélective de la réaction. Après la publication récente de trois articles utilisant des acides phosphoriques chiraux en tant que catalyseurs, nous avons envisagé une autre approche pour la synthèse asymétrique de 4-aminocyclopenténones, s’appuyant sur l’utilisation d’une copule chirale (sulfoxyde chiral) portée par l’aniline en collaboration, avec le Dr. Wencel-Delord et le Pr. Colobert (Université de Strasbourg). Ainsi nous avons pu générer les 4-aminocyclopenténones correspondantes avec d’excellents rendements et diastéréosélectivités
Due to their various functionalizable sites, cyclopentenones are very useful intermediates for the synthesis of natural products of therapeutic value. In particular, 4-aminocyclopentenones enable the access to the aminocyclopentitol frameworks, which are present in a variety of bioactive molecules such as peramivir, pactamycin, or trehazolin. One of the most efficient methods to access 4-aminocyclopentenones is the aza-Piancatelli reaction. It is based on the rearrangement of 2-furylcarbinols in the presence of a nitrogen nucleophile following a mechanism involving a 4π-conrotatory electrocyclization. In our laboratory, a simple catalytic system using a calcium complex combined with an ammonium salt was developed to gain access to these compounds. This method has many advantages : it is effective (yields up to 98%), fast (15 to 30 minutes), it requires only 1 mol% of catalyst under pratical conditions (undistilled solvents without an inert atmosphere) on a large scale (multi-gram). In this context, we sought to extend the scope of this reaction by designing more complex 2-furylcarbinols in order to directly access skeletons of bioactive compounds. In particular, we focused on the total synthesis of jogyamycin. In addition, we achieved the total synthesis of bruceollin D with an overall yield of 16% over five steps. We also developed a new reaction sequence involving an aza-Piancatelli reaction followed by a hydroamination reaction promoted by a copper salt. This sequence provides a wide range of highly functionalized cyclopenta[b]pyrroles from readily-available 2-furylcarbinols substituted by an alkyne moiety. Following this method, 42 cyclopenta[b]pyrroles were obtained with yields up to 98%. An original feature of this transformation is related to the use of ortho-substituted anilines. Indeed, in this case, atropisomers with a diastereomeric excess superior to 20:1 could be obtained accompanied by the creation of an chiral N-C axis during the hydroamination step. To date, no other example of atropodiastereoselective synthesis of cyclopenta[b]pyrroles has been reported. During our investigations on the scope of the reaction, we noticed that cyclopenta[b]pyrroles underwent a rearrangement into cyclopenta[b]pyrrolines, following a dearomatization when hexafluoroisopropanol was used as solvent. This transformation led to 13 cyclopenta[b]pyrrolines with yields ranging from 44% to 73%. We also investigated the functionalization of the cyclopenta[b]pyrrole motif to illustrate the synthetic utility of our methodology, notably by combining this reaction sequence with a Friedel-Crafts reaction. One of the objectives of this Ph.D. was the development of an enantioselective version of the reaction. After the recent publication of three papers using chiral phosphoric acids as catalysts, we devised another approach for the asymmetric synthesis of 4-aminocyclopentenones, relying on the use of a chiral auxiliary (chiral sulfoxide) in collaboration with Dr. Wencel-Delord and Pr. Colobert (University of Strasbourg). Thus, we were able to provide the corresponding 4-aminocyclopentenones with excellent yields and diastereoselectivity
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Rishmawi, Sima. "Tip-over stability analysis of crawler cranes in heavy lifting applications." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/55033.

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Cranes are often the most conspicuous machines on a construction site. This is due to their large size, in addition to the important role they have in transporting heavy payloads vertically and horizontally. There are two major families of construction cranes: tower cranes and mobile cranes. Mobile cranes that are mounted on tracks are a subgroup referred to as ``crawler cranes''. Crawler cranes are widely used on construction sites, and are a backbone of the United States construction industry, thus a detailed study of these cranes' behavior is essential. This research studies the tip-over stability of crawler cranes in heavy-lifting applications. Two major applications are discussed: crawler cranes using movable counterweights and crawler cranes in tandem lifting.
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Do, Viet Phuong. "Développement et applications de méthodes bioinformatiques pour l'identification des répétitions en tandem dans les structures des protéines." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT072.

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Les structures protéiques peuvent être divisées en répétitives et apériodiques, les structures apériodiques correspondant pour la plupart à des protéines globulaires. Les protéines répétitives (PRs) contiennent des unités de répétitions adjacentes, appelées séquences répétées en tandem (TRs). Les PRs sont abondantes et ont une importance fonctionnelle fondamentale. De plus de nombreuses études ont démontré l'implication des TRs dans les pathologies humaines. Ainsi, la découverte des PRs et la compréhension de leur relation séquence-structure-fonction, offrent des perspectives de recherche prometteuses.Le développement d’initiatives en génomique structurale, combiné à une meilleure adaptation des techniques de cristallographie et de RMN à l’étude des protéines non globulaires, a permis d’élucider la structure d’un nombre croissant de PRs, d’où la nécessité de mettre en place un système de classification. Les structures répétitives ont été réparties en cinq classes, principalement fondées sur la longueur des TRs: Classe I - agrégats cristallins; Classe II - structures fibreuses; Classe III - structures allongées, dont la stabilité dépend des interactions qui s’établissent entre les motifs répétés. Classe IV - structures répétitives fermées ; Classe V - structures en collier de perles. Les efforts de ces dernières années ont abouti au développement d’outils bioinformatiques utiles à la détection et l'analyse d'éléments répétitifs présents au sein des structures protéiques (3D TRs). En fonction des caractéristiques des répétitions, certaines méthodes fonctionnent mieux que d'autres, mais, jusqu’à présent, aucune ne permettait de couvrir toute la gamme des répétitions. Ce constat nous a incités à développer une nouvelle méthode, appelée détecteur de protéines en tandem (TAPO). TAPO exploite les périodicités des coordonnées atomiques ainsi que d'autres types de représentation structurale, comprenant les chaînes générées par un alphabet conformationnel, les cartes de contact entre résidus, et les arrangements en vecteurs d'éléments de structure secondaire. Actuellement, sept scores, issus des caractéristiques analysées par TAPO, sont combinés à l’aide d’une Machine à Vecteur Support pour produire un score final permettant de différencier les protéines renfermant ou non des 3D TRs. En atteignant 94% de sensibilité et 97% de spécificité pour la référence actuelle, TAPO présente des performances améliorées par rapport aux autres méthodes de pointe. Le développement de TAPO offre de nouvelles opportunités pour l’analyse à grande échelle des protéines renfermant des 3D TRs. Ainsi, notre analyse de la base de données PDB, à l’aide de TAPO, a montré que 19% des protéines contiennent des 3D TRs. L'analyse à grande échelle des structures 3D TRs dans PDB nous a également permis de découvrir plusieurs nouveaux types de structures répétitives, absents de la classification existante et dont certains sont décrits ici.Nous avons entrepris une analyse complète des 3D TRs constitutifs du Rossmann Fold (RF). Notre intérêt pour les RFs a été suscité par le fait que de nombreuses protéines RFs représentent un cas ambigüe vis à vis des structures répétitives et non répétitives. A priori, les unités hélice α - feuillet β des RFs devraient avoir une forte tendance à s’empiler et donc, à former des structures répétitives. Afin de déterminer la fréquence à laquelle les RFs forment de longues unités de répétition empilées, nous avons sélectionné, à l’aide de TAPO, des structures contenant des RFs et les avons classées. Notre analyse montre que les RFs typiques ne peuvent pas être clairement définis comme des structures répétitives mais plutôt comme des unités de structures globulaires, comptant au plus trois répétitions α-β. Des éléments de discussion seront proposés pour tenter d’expliquer cette observation surprenante
In general, protein structures can be divided into: repetitive and aperiodic structures. Most of the aperiodic structures are globular proteins. The repetitive proteins contain arrays of repeats that are adjacent to each other, called Tandem Repeats (TRs). Proteins containing TRs are abundant and have fundamental functional importance. Numerous studies demonstrated the involvement of such TR-containing proteins in human diseases. Furthermore, genetic instability of these regions can lead to emerging infection threats. Additionally, TR-containing structures have generated significant interest with respect to protein design as they can make excellent scaffolds for specific recognition of target molecules. Therefore, the discovery of these domains, understanding of their sequence–structure–function relationship promises to be a fertile direction for research.The growth of structural genomics initiatives, in combination with improvements in crystallographic and NMR techniques aimed at non-globular proteins, has resulted in an increase in structurally elucidated TR proteins. This has necessitated the development of classification schemes. Structural repeats were broadly divided into five classes mainly based on repeat length; Class I – crystalline aggregates; Class II – fibrous structures such as collagen; Class III – elongated structures where the repetitive units require each other for structural stability such as solenoid proteins; Class IV – closed repetitive structures, such as TIM-barrels and Class V – bead on a string structures such as tandems of Ig-fold domains. Despite this progress, the majority of bioinformatics approaches have focused on non-repetitive globular proteins.In recent years, efforts have been made to develop bioinformatics tools for the detection and analysis of repetitive elements in protein structures (3D TRs). Depending on the size and character of the repeats, some methods perform better than others, but currently no best approach exists to cover the whole range of repeats. This served as a motivation for the development of our method called the TAndem PrOtein detector (TAPO). TAPO exploits, periodicities of atomic coordinates and other types of structural representation, including strings generated by conformational alphabets, residue contact maps, and arrangements of vectors of secondary structure elements. Currently, seven feature based scores produced by TAPO are combined using a Support Vector Machine, producing a score to enable the differentiation between proteins with and without 3D TRs. TAPO shows an improved performance over other cutting edge methods, achieving 94% sensitivity and 97% specificity on the current benchmark. The development of TAPO provided new opportunities for large scale analysis of proteins with 3D TRs. In accordance with our analysis of PDB using TAPO, 19% of proteins contain 3D TRs. The large scale analysis of the 3D TR structures in PDB also allows us to discover several new types of TR structures that were absent in the existing classification. Some of them are described in the thesis manuscript. This suggests that TAPO can be used to regularly update the collection and classification of existing repetitive structures. In particular, a comprehensive analysis of 3D TRs related to Rossmann Fold (RF) was undertaken. Our special interest in RFs was based on the observation that many proteins with RFs represent borderline cases between repetitive and non-repetitive structures. In principle, α-helix-β-strand units of RFs should have a strong potential to stack one over the other, forming repetitive structures. To probe the question of how frequently RFs form long arrays of stacked repeats, we selected by using TAPO known RF-containing structures and classified them. Our analysis shows that typical RFs cannot be clearly defined as repetitive, rather they are part of globular structures with up to 3 αβ-repeats. We provide some explanations for this surprising observation
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Tibbits, Thomas Nigel Driver. "Optimisation of strain-balanced quantum well solar cells for concentrator and multijunction (Tandem) applications." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498477.

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Favre, Annaïck. "Applications de la réaction tandem hétéro Diels-Alder / Allylboration à la synthèse de produits naturels." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S120.

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Ce manuscrit décrit l’utilisation d’une réaction tandem asymétrique hétéro Diels-Alder/allylboration dans la synthèse de plusieurs produits naturels. Le motif hydroxyalkyl-dihydropyrane obtenu a permis d’accéder, selon l’aldéhyde engagé dans la réaction d’allylboration, à différentes molécules appartenant à la famille des Styryllactones. Il a été montré que l’utilisation du paraformaldéhyde permet d’obtenir des structures contenant une double liaison en α de l’hétéroatome du cycle, ce qui ouvre la voie à la synthèse d’autres molécules naturelles. Cette réaction tandem a également permis de synthétiser le fragment C₁₅-C₂₇ du macrocycle laulimalide ainsi que trois analogues stéréochimiques et structuraux. Enfin, des essais ont été menés pour synthétiser le deuxième fragment C₁-C₁₄ du laulimalide
He utilisation of an hetero Diels-Alder/allylboration asymmetric tandem reaction for the synthesis of several natural products, has been studied. It has been shown that the hydroxyalkylated dihydropyran unit, obtained frome this reaction, opens the access to different molecules from the Styryllactones’ family. It has been shown that the use of the paraformaldehyde during the process, makes possible the synthesis of natural products bearing a double bond adjacent to the heteroatom of the cycle. This tandem reaction has also been employed for the synthesis of the laulimalide’s C₁₅-C₂₇ fragment and three analogs. Finally, some tests have been managed for the second C₁-C₁₄ fragment’s synthesis
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Marquise, Nada. "Diarylcétones : synthèse par déprotocupration-aroylation et applications en série azinique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S055/document.

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Le but principal de ce travail a été de développer de nouvelles méthodologies pour la synthèse de molécules d'intérêt biologique, telles que des azafluorénones, et des précurseurs d'analogues de la variolines B. Tout d'abord, nous avons synthétisé des diarylcétones, précurseurs pour nos cibles, par une séquence déprotocupration-aroylation. Ensuite, nous les avons impliquées dans une étape de couplage pallado-catalysé : les substrats ont subi une C-H activation pour aboutir aux azafluorénones. Nous nous sommes tournés par la suite vers la synthèse d'azafluorénones substituées. Ces dernières ont été synthétisées par un processus auto-tandem en combinant le couplage de Suzuki ou le couplage de Heck avec la cyclisation intramoléculaire catalysée par le palladium. Certaines de ces molécules ont été évaluées pour leurs propriétés biologiques et ont révélé des bonnes activités cytotoxique, antimalariale, antibactérienne et antifongique. Enfin, nous avons réussi à synthétiser des précurseurs d'analogues de variolines en seulement trois étapes à partir d'un produit commercial
The main purpose of this work was to develop new methodologies for the synthesis of molecules of biological interest, such as azafluorenones and precursors of variolin B analogs. First, we synthesized diarylketones, precursors for our targets, via a deprotocupration-aroylation sequence. Then, we involved them in a pallado-catalyzed coupling step: some substrates underwent C-H activation to provide azafluorenones. Next, we turned our attention to the synthesis of substituted azafluorenones. The latter were synthesized by a tandem process combining Suzuki coupling or Heck coupling with intramolecular cyclization catalyzed by palladium. Some of these molecules were biologically evaluated and showed good biological activities: cytotoxic, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal. Finally, we succeeded in synthesizing precursors of variolin analogues in only three steps from a commercial product
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Books on the topic "TANDEM APPLICATIONS"

1

Prasain, Jeevan K. Tandem mass spectrometry - applications and principles. Rijeka: InTech, 2012.

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Davey, S. N. Development and applications of four sector tandem mass spectrometry. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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Busch, Kenneth L. Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry: Techniques and applications of Tandem mass spectrometry. New York, N.Y: VCH Publishers, 1988.

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Busch, Kenneth L. Mass spectrometry/ mass spectrometry: Techniques and applications of tandem mass spectrometry. Weinheim: VCH, 1988.

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Dhere, R. Investigation of CdZnTe for thin-film tandem solar cell applications: Preprint. Golden, Colo: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003.

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LC-MS/MS in proteomics: Methods and applications. New York, NY: Humana Press, 2010.

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Cai, Jianyi. Qualitative and quantitative liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis/tandem mass spectrometry for drug metabolism studies and ultra trace analysis. [Ithaca, N.Y.]: [s.n.], 1996.

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Prasain, Jeevan, ed. Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Applications and Principles. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/1327.

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Busch, K. L., G. L. Glish, and S. A. McLuckey. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry: Techniques and Applications of Tandem. Wiley-VCH, 1989.

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Glish, Gary, Scott McLuckey, and Kenneth L. Busch. Mass Spectrometry - Mass Spectrometry: Techniques & Applications of Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "TANDEM APPLICATIONS"

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Gupta, Anita. "Tandem-Repeat Type Galectins." In Animal Lectins: Form, Function and Clinical Applications, 245–63. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1065-2_11.

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Loving, Joshua, John P. Scaduto, and Gary Benson. "An SIMD Algorithm for Wraparound Tandem Alignment." In Bioinformatics Research and Applications, 140–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59575-7_13.

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Novák, Jiří, Jakub Galgonek, David Hoksza, and Tomáš Skopal. "SimTandem: Similarity Search in Tandem Mass Spectra." In Similarity Search and Applications, 242–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32153-5_18.

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Alghafri, Rashed. "Y Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats Typing." In Forensic DNA Typing: Principles, Applications and Advancements, 277–300. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6655-4_14.

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Baiazitov, Ramil Y., and Scott E. Denmark. "Tandem [4+2]/[3+2] Cycloadditions." In Methods and Applications of Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic Syntheses, 471–550. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118778173.ch16.

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Emziane, Mahieddine. "New Tandem Device Designs for Various Photovoltaic Applications." In Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 859–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_76.

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Zhu, Binhai. "Tandem Duplications, Segmental Duplications and Deletions, and Their Applications." In Computer Science – Theory and Applications, 79–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50026-9_6.

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Klimenok, Valentina, Che Soong Kim, and Alexander Dudin. "Tandem Queueing System with Different Types of Customers." In Analytical and Stochastic Modeling Techniques and Applications, 99–112. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21713-5_8.

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Wang, Shaokai, Ming Zhu, and Bin Ma. "NeoMS: Identification of Novel MHC-I Peptides with Tandem Mass Spectrometry." In Bioinformatics Research and Applications, 280–91. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7074-2_22.

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Opota, Onya, Guy Prod'hom, and Gilbert Greub. "Applications of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Diagnostic Microbiology." In MALDI-TOF and Tandem MS for Clinical Microbiology, 55–92. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118960226.ch3.

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Conference papers on the topic "TANDEM APPLICATIONS"

1

Keinigs, Rhon K. "Tandem betatron accelerator." In Optics, Electro-Optics, and Laser Applications in Science and Engineering, edited by Howard E. Brandt. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.43520.

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Wippermann, Frank C., Daniela Radtke, Peter Dannberg, Uwe D. Zeitner, and Andreas Bräuer. "Stochastic tandem microlens arrays for beam homogenization." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Andrew Forbes and Todd E. Lizotte. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.793239.

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Weber, Marco. "TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X: Reconnaisance Applications." In 2007 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rast.2007.4284000.

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Narducci, Dario, and Bruno Lorenzi. "Thermoelectric conversion in tandem thermoelectric-photovoltaic applications." In 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2015.7388955.

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Shen, Xiaoming, Shuo Lin, Fubin Li, Yiming Wei, Shuiku Zhong, Haibin Wan, and Jiangong Li. "Simulation of the InGaN-based tandem solar cells." In Solar Energy + Applications, edited by Bolko von Roedern and Alan E. Delahoy. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.793997.

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Lu, Sheng-Hua, Chi-Ying Chang, and Ching-Fen Kao. "Multipoint gap measurement by low coherence tandem interferometry." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Cosme Furlong, Christophe Gorecki, and Erik L. Novak. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.858851.

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Duque, Sergi, Cristian Rossi, Alessandro Parizzi, Nestor Yague-Martinez, and Thomas Fritz. "SAR applications using TanDEM-X Alternating Bistatic data." In IGARSS 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2013.6723757.

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Nunziata, Ferdinando, Maurizio Migliaccio, and Domenico Velotto. "Tandem-X bistatic polarimetrie mode for maritime applications." In OCEANS 2017 - Aberdeen. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanse.2017.8084670.

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Urien, Pascal. "TLS-Tandem: A Smart Card for WEB Applications." In 2009 6th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc.2009.4784998.

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Friebel, T., K. Zabet, R. Haber, and M. Jelali. "Predictive functional control of tandem cold metal rolling." In 2015 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cca.2015.7320649.

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Reports on the topic "TANDEM APPLICATIONS"

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Rohatgi, Upendra. Development of a 1 MV Tandem Accelerator System for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, Explosives Detection, and Other Proton Beam Based Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095919.

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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.

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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, and represents one of the most important fish species used in the mariculture industry in the Mediterranean region, including Israel. Production of Sparus is rapidly growing, however, in order for this production to stay competitive, the farming of this fish species has to intensify and become more efficient. One drawback, still, in Sparus extensive culture is that it grows relatively slow. In addition, it is now clear that growth and reproduction are physiological interrelated processes that affect each other. In particular sexual maturation (puberty) is known to be closely related to growth rate in fish as it is in mammals, indicating interactions between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes. The goal of our project was to try to identify the rate-limiting components(s) in Sparus aurata GH-IGF system which might explain its slow growth by studying the ontogeny of growth-related genes: GH, GH receptor, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and Pit-1 during early stages of development of Sparus aurata larvae from slow and fast growing lines. Our project was a continuation of a previous BARD project and could be divided into five major parts: i) obtaining additional tools to those obtained in the previous project that are necessary to carry out the developmental study; ii) the developmental expression of growth-related genes and their cellular localization; iii) tissue-specific expression and effect of GH on expression of growth-related genes; iv) possible relationship between GH gene structure, growth rate and genetic selection; v) the possible role of the IGF system in gonadal development. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) The cDNAs (complete or partial) coding for Sparus IGFBP-2, GH receptor and Pit-1 were cloned. Sequence comparison reveals that the primary structure of IGFBP-2 protein is 43-49% identical to that of zebrafish and other vertebrates. Intensive efforts resulted in cloning a fragment of 138 nucleotides, coding for 46 amino acids in the proximal end of the intracellular domain of GH receptor. This is the first fish GH receptor cDNA that had been cloned to date. The cloned fragment will enable us to complete the GH - receptor cloning. 2) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGF receptor transcripts were detected by RT-PCR method throughout development in unfertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae suggesting that these mRNAs are products of both the maternal and the embryonic genomes. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggest that GH receptor transcript is present in post-hatching larvae already on day 1. 3) IGF-1R transcripts were detected in all tissues tested by RT-PCR with highest levels in gill cartilage, skin, kidney, heart, pyloric caeca, and brain. Northern blot analysis detected IGF receptor only in gonads, brain and gill cartilage but not in muscle; GH increased slightly brain and gill cartilage IGF-1R mRNA levels. 4) IGFBP-2 transcript were detected only in liver and gonads, when analyzed by Northern blots; RT-PCR analysis revealed expression in all tissues studied, with the highest levels found in liver, skin, gonad and pyloric caeca. 5) Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R and IGFBP-2 was analyzed during gonadal development. High levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 expression were found in bisexual young gonads, which decreased during gonadal development. Regardless of maturational stage, IGF-II levels were higher than those of IGF-L 6) The GH gene was cloned and its structure was characterized. It contains minisatellites of tandem repeats in the first and third introns that result in high level of genetic polymorphism. 7) Analysis of the presence of IGF-I and two types of IGF receptor by immunohistochemistry revealed tissue- and stage-specific expression during larval development. Immunohistochemistry also showed that IGF-I and its receptors are present in both testicular and ovarian cells. Although at this stage we are not able to pinpoint which is the rate-limiting step causing the slow growth of Sparus aurata, our project (together with the previous BARD) yielded a great number of experimental tools both DNA probes and antibodies that will enable further studies on the factors regulating growth in Sparus aurata. Our expression studies and cellular localization shed new light on the tissue and developmental expression of growth-related genes in fish.
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Cantor, J., A. Ephremides, and D. Horton. Information Theoretic Analysis for a General Queueing System at Equilibrium With Application to Queues in Tandem. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444295.

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Walmsley, Terrie, and Peter Minor. MyGTAP Model: A Model for Employing Data from the MyGTAP Data Application—Multiple Households, Split Factors, Remittances, Foreign Aid and Transfers. GTAP Working Paper, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp78.

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The GTAP standard model has proved a useful analysis tool and data source for over 20 years. The GTAP model has been updated overtime, but it maintains the structure of a single regional household, with income distributed into three components: government, private and savings-investment expenditures. There has been a need for a more detailed accounting system, especially as it relates to estimating the potential impacts of policies and global shocks on poverty, sustainable and inclusive growth. This paper presents an extension to the GTAP model and its accounting framework to implement distinct and multiple households, split factors of production, foreign aid and remittances, government and household transfer. The model and associated accounting links a household’s expenditure to factor incomes (through ownership shares) and taxes. Government expenditure is linked to taxes and foreign aid. The MyGTAP model provides the user more flexibility in: the treatment of government and household savings and spending; the selection of a linear expenditure systems (LES) or a constant difference of elasticities (CDE) demand function\s. The model is incorporated into a RunGTAP application which supports many of RunGTAP’s popular programs such as alter-tax, GTAPview and others. The introduction of a split regional household (which does not require splitting data for every region) supports economic analysis based on detailed households, government, factor income, remittances, foreign aid and income transfers. The code can be modified to include multiple regions with unique household structures. This paper documents the model and accounting framework for the use of data output from the MyGTAP data splitting program. It is intended to be used in tandem with a complimentary paper and programs found in:"MyGTAP Data Program: A Program for Customizing and Extending the GTAP Database”, GTAP Working Paper No. 79, by Minor, Peter and Terrie Wamsley 2013.
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Minor, Peter, and Terrie Walmsley. MyGTAP: A Program for Customizing and Extending the GTAP Database for Multiple Households, Split Factors, Remittances, Foreign Aid and Transfers. GTAP Working Paper, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp79.

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The GTAP standard model has proved a useful analysis tool and data source for over 20 years. The GTAP model has been updated overtime, but it maintains the structure of a single regional household, with income distributed into three components: government, private and savings-investment expenditures. There has been a need for a more detailed accounting system, especially as it relates to estimating the potential impacts of policies and global shocks on poverty, sustainable and inclusive growth. This paper (and its companion paper) present a method for splitting the GTAP regional household and linking these households to factor incomes and taxes. It introduces a user friendly GEMPACK based application, MyGTAP, for splitting the GTAP regional household based on basic data and splitting shares which may be obtained from a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM); this greatly reduces the development requirements for introducing multiple households into the GTAP model. The introduction of a split regional household (which does not require splitting data for every region) supports economic analysis based on detailed households, government, factor income, remittances, foreign aid and income transfers. The splitting method is based on the normalized GTAP database found in SplitCom, however, it is shown in the paper that this approach is easily reconciled and is consistent within a SAM framework. The code can be modified to include multiple split regions with unique household structures. This paper is a guide to employing the data tools and programs for splitting the regional household and factors of production in the GTAP database. It is intended to be used in tandem with a complimentary paper detailing the theory, accounting and model code "MyGTAP Model: A Model for Employing Data from the MyGTAP Data Program: Multiple Households, Split Factors, Remittances, Foreign Aid, and Transfers”, GTAP Working Paper No. 78, by Walmsley and Minor 2013.
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Daudelin, Francois, Lina Taing, Lucy Chen, Claudia Abreu Lopes, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, and Hamid Mehmood. Mapping WASH-related disease risk: A review of risk concepts and methods. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/uxuo4751.

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Abstract:
The report provides a review of how risk is conceived of, modelled, and mapped in studies of infectious water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related diseases. It focuses on spatial epidemiology of cholera, malaria and dengue to offer recommendations for the field of WASH-related disease risk mapping. The report notes a lack of consensus on the definition of disease risk in the literature, which limits the interpretability of the resulting analyses and could affect the quality of the design and direction of public health interventions. In addition, existing risk frameworks that consider disease incidence separately from community vulnerability have conceptual overlap in their components and conflate the probability and severity of disease risk into a single component. The report identifies four methods used to develop risk maps, i) observational, ii) index-based, iii) associative modelling and iv) mechanistic modelling. Observational methods are limited by a lack of historical data sets and their assumption that historical outcomes are representative of current and future risks. The more general index-based methods offer a highly flexible approach based on observed and modelled risks and can be used for partially qualitative or difficult-to-measure indicators, such as socioeconomic vulnerability. For multidimensional risk measures, indices representing different dimensions can be aggregated to form a composite index or be considered jointly without aggregation. The latter approach can distinguish between different types of disease risk such as outbreaks of high frequency/low intensity and low frequency/high intensity. Associative models, including machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI), are commonly used to measure current risk, future risk (short-term for early warning systems) or risk in areas with low data availability, but concerns about bias, privacy, trust, and accountability in algorithms can limit their application. In addition, they typically do not account for gender and demographic variables that allow risk analyses for different vulnerable groups. As an alternative, mechanistic models can be used for similar purposes as well as to create spatial measures of disease transmission efficiency or to model risk outcomes from hypothetical scenarios. Mechanistic models, however, are limited by their inability to capture locally specific transmission dynamics. The report recommends that future WASH-related disease risk mapping research: - Conceptualise risk as a function of the probability and severity of a disease risk event. Probability and severity can be disaggregated into sub-components. For outbreak-prone diseases, probability can be represented by a likelihood component while severity can be disaggregated into transmission and sensitivity sub-components, where sensitivity represents factors affecting health and socioeconomic outcomes of infection. -Employ jointly considered unaggregated indices to map multidimensional risk. Individual indices representing multiple dimensions of risk should be developed using a range of methods to take advantage of their relative strengths. -Develop and apply collaborative approaches with public health officials, development organizations and relevant stakeholders to identify appropriate interventions and priority levels for different types of risk, while ensuring the needs and values of users are met in an ethical and socially responsible manner. -Enhance identification of vulnerable populations by further disaggregating risk estimates and accounting for demographic and behavioural variables and using novel data sources such as big data and citizen science. This review is the first to focus solely on WASH-related disease risk mapping and modelling. The recommendations can be used as a guide for developing spatial epidemiology models in tandem with public health officials and to help detect and develop tailored responses to WASH-related disease outbreaks that meet the needs of vulnerable populations. The report’s main target audience is modellers, public health authorities and partners responsible for co-designing and implementing multi-sectoral health interventions, with a particular emphasis on facilitating the integration of health and WASH services delivery contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 (good health and well-being) and 6 (clean water and sanitation).
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