Academic literature on the topic 'Tamil (Indic people) Economic conditions'

Homeless people who not able to get and keep regular, safe and sound houses, or lack of fixed usual and sufficient night-time residence. The numbers of homeless peoples are increased due to the lack of adequate housing, unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood and old age etc. They are living in open areas like pavements, railway platforms, Hume pipes, under flyovers and open places near temples are described as homeless. In India, 1.77 million people are living homeless and 35 per cent of people are still earning $1 or less a day. The objectives of the study are 1) to know the socio-economic conditions of the homeless people in Madurai city, 2) to examine the factors affecting the homeless people in Madurai city and 3) To suggest viable strategies for improving their living conditions of homeless people. The study is entirely based on primary data. It deals with socio-economic conditions of homeless people, and factors influencing homelessness of homeless people in Madurai city. In the study, 100 homeless people were interviewed by using a well-structured interview schedule. The findings of the study have been identified various factors as the causes of homelessness and deprivation. Thus, the fact emerges that the homeless dwellers in the study area are socio-economically very poor and backward.

The gypsies are indigenous people whose main occupation were hunting but are also considered as one of the greatest bandit communities in south India. The word gypsies is derived from Europe, which means nomadic people. Tamil Nadu is a home to various categories of gypsies, and among them the nomadic tribes or gypsy named as Koravar (or) Narikoravan (or) Kuruvikaran stands in the forefront. The occupation of Narikoravar community is mostly hunting jackals and other wild animals. Later, due to the government ban on possession of fire arms, the Narikoravar community changed their occupation to selling handicrafts. Narikoravar women has always taken a background role-subordinate to the figure of men as the “bread winner”, and were shut away” in their family home. Comparing with women of other community, the Narikoravar women has more responsibilities that are imposed on her that resists her self-development. The plight of these women is mainly due to their upbringing in their family and culture. The nomadic nature of their culture, pose an obstacle for them to make a permanent income for their livelihood. They are economically poor and have engaged in self entrepreneurial business for their livelihood like selling fancy items, grocery items, soft toys making, ornaments and beads making etc. Even though they have an ability and skill in entrepreneurship business, they lack in upgrading their skills with technological enhancement. Hence, the researcher has focused on socio-economic conditions of the respondents, understanding the problems faced by women entrepreneurs and their awareness about government welfare schemes. The research also throws light on the status of women entrepreneurs, their economic status and their awareness about these schemes by employing appropriate statistical methods.

Eripurakarai is a large village located in Pattukkottai Taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu with total 995 families residing. The Eripurakarai village has population of 4285 of which 2047 are males while 2238 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Eripurakarai village population of children with age 0-6 is 554 which makes up 12.93 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Eripurakarai village is 1093 which is higher than Tamil Nadu state average of 996. Child Sex Ratio for the Eripurakarai as per census is 1037, higher than Tamil Nadu average of 943. Eripurakarai village has lower literacy rate compared to Tamil Nadu. In 2011, literacy rate of Eripurakarai village was 74.51 % compared to 80.09 % of Tamil Nadu. In Eripurakarai Male literacy stands at 82.59 % while female literacy rate was 67.18. In Eripurakarai village out of total population, 1548 were engaged in work activities. 95.54 % of workers describe their work as Marine Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 4.46 % were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 1548 workers engaged in Main Work, 12 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 300 were Agricultural labourers. The Marine Education Trust has produced a new education pack called Explore the Sea, which is a series of resources for young people that is intended to be very practical and hands-on while not requiring a great deal of additional equipment or materials. It’s not meant to be a course, just ideas that can be mixed, matched and adapted depending on what individual organization need at the time. Explore the Sea is a resource pack containing a series of practical activities to teach young people about the different habitats, marine life and environmental pressures affecting tropical coral reef ecosystems. It is arranged in seven topic areas that cover five particular ecosystems (reefs and lagoons, sandy beaches, rocky shores, mangroves and the open ocean) as well as introducing general ecological concepts and highlighting important conservation concerns. According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Eripurakarai village is 614701. Eripurakarai village is located in Pattukkottai Taluk of Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu, India. It is situated 14km away from sub-district headquarter Pattukkottai and 61km away from district headquarter Thanjavur. As per 2009 stats, Eripurakkarai is the gram panchayat of Eripurakarai village. The total geographical area of village is 829.27 hectares. Eripurakarai has a total population of 4,285 peoples. There are about 995 houses in Eripurakarai village. Adiramapattinam is nearest town to Eripurakarai. There are 105 craft owners in Eripurakarai. The craft owners comprise of two categories viz., mechanized boat owners and country boat owners. Out of 105 craft owners there are 85 mechanized boat owners and 20 country boat owners. In Eripurakarai there are 250 middlemen. The middlemen comprise two categories namely wholesaler and retailer out of 250 middlemen there are 50 wholesalers and 200 retailers. The socio-economic condition of fishermen families in the study area is analyzed in the project. 50 fishermen are chosen at random for this study. These socio-economic conditions of their families are analyzed and focused in this study.

Pichiguntala are one of the ancient Genealogical Nomadic Tribes in India. Their existence only found in the southern parts of India. The origins of these nomadic tribes are dating back to 8th Century C.E. These people have very meagre in their populations numbering less than 0.05% of the total populations of the southern states. These Pichiguntalas are basically from the Telugu speaking areas of present day divided Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States. They are found to be the heirs of legendary Shaivite religious Hindu leader Kunti Malla Reddy of Srisailam (Nallamala Hills). The word Kunti means to a lame and Pichi means to mad or beggar in Telugu, hence the Pichiguntala means to a lame beggar who do service the cultivating families on their genealogical aspects for alms. It is found that during times of pre-Medieval Period, these people were engaged to record the population studies, keepers of revenue records and recording of census data under the Rashtrakutas, Kakathiyas and Reddy Rulers in India. It is observed that during 12th Century C.E., the religious movements instituted by lengendary Shaivite leader Basavanna @ Basaveshwara (who formed the Lingayuth Community) against the Jain Rulers of Bijjalas of Basavakalyan; had attracted these Pichiguntalas leading mass migrations to non-Telugu speaking areas of Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Goa, Pondicherry, Orissa and other parts in India. Presently, their socio-economic conditions are very pathetic due to their nomadic life styles. They do not have the basic facilities such as food, shelter, housing, schooling, educational and economical avenues, etc. Most of them are either school dropouts or illiterates; and have not entered government jobs or have any political representations. Since, their population size and vote bank is meagre; they are living as numerical minorities without any welfare and developmental interests by the Government. There is need for the safe guarding of their dilutions and extinctions in the society. There exists a threat that these people are slowly opting for religious conversions for their betterment. These Pichiguntalas are also called as Helavas in Kannada, Helavi in Marathi, Vamsharaju in Telangana, Kudi Panians in Tamil, and are referring themselves as Kunti Malla Reddy Reddys in Andhra Pradesh. Here, the author is aiming to bring out the details & socio-economic status on the Pichiguntalas in India with an objective to create a reference for the future researchers and the State Governments.

In India about 760 millions of farmers are engaged in agriculture. According to an estimate more than 60 per cent of the farmers have no access to any source of modern agriculture information. Reaching to these unreached farmers is a great big challenge before the extension system. Now times 21st century declared to be the age of information and communication technology. This is the time when more people everywhere are involved in acquiring new knowledge and skills. The need of ICT interventions are felt need of the hour in agriculture. Thus, it can be said that the twenty first century, it is necessary to use advanced communication media for rural and agricultural development in its proper perspective of message dissemination and feedback along with people’s participation and contribution so as to meet the felt needs of people living under diverse socio-economic conditions and here an extension agent should act as a catalyst for transfer of farm technologies. Hence, a present study was taken to assess the utilization pattern of ICT tools among extension personnel. The present study was conducted in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu. The 120 extension personnel working in the state department of agriculture were selected as sample for the study by simple random sampling method. The Data were collected through well structured questionnaire. Careful analysis, tabulation and classification of data were done. Mean, frequency, percentage were employed for the interpretation of results. The results showed that majority (70.83 per cent) of the extension personnel were utilized the internet / web services for gaining knowledge followed by (41.67 per cent) of the extension personnel were utilized agriportals for transfer of technology.

A man who lived a nomadic life later learned to live permanently in one place. He set up his abode in the fertile areas of those places and established a stable life. There were changes in his thinking in the settled area. Many literatures emerged through various exchanges of ideas. Literary exchanges have taken place in Tamil and Malayalam, which are considered to be the twin children of Dravidian languages. In that way, Sangha literature is still proclaiming the antiquity of Tamil. Focusing on such special and unique Sangha literary messages, Manojkurur has created a new literature in Malayalam language called Nilam Bhuthu Melaranda Naan, which is considered as a literary genre that is loved by everyone nowadays. This work has been translated into Tamil by Jayashree, who is considered to be the best translator in modern times. This work is entirely centered on the life of Panars. Exploring the lifestyles of people like Kolumban, Seerai, Chitrai, Maylan etc. belonging to Panar community, and knowing the hardships they face in the context of Panar meeting various kings and Vallals for a day's food. Due to poverty, Kolumban goes to Ezhimalai area and the situation where Kolumban is killed by his son Mylan due to political intrigues of the Panars who are engaged in gambling shows the disgrace of the Panar community. The purpose of this article is to study how poverty creates a killing environment in human society and how economic conditions change one's living conditions. By studying in this way, Panar society can be understood very subtly.

AbstractSanskrit and Arabic Vocabulary Domination in Indonesian Absorption. Indonesianderived from Malay, Indonesian but not Malay, Indonesian because it is very differentfrom the Malay language. In the development, the Indonesian language is very muchabsorbed the vocabulary of various languages both foreign languages and regionallanguages . It is an indicator of the vitality of the Malay language, the nature of whichis very easy to accept new developments in adaptation to a modern language. Foreignlanguage vocabulary Indonesian absorbed in development include Sanskrit, thelanguage of India, Tamil, Portuguese, Persians, Chinese, Japanese, Dutch, German,Arabic, and English. While the language of the region include Javanese, Sundanese,Batak language, the language of Minangkabau, Palembang language, the languageof the Bugis, Banjar language, the language of the Papuan languages of Maluku,and others. Referring to the elements of universal culture, which absorbed the vocabularyincludes all the elements, ie the religious system and religious ceremony, and communityorganizations systems, knowledge systems, language, the arts and sports, livelihoodsystems, technologies and equipment, nature and environmental conditions, as well asthe feeling expression and psychosis. In this case the language of Sanskrit and Arabicranks first (9 elements), then the Java language (7 elements), Portuguese (6 elements),Dutch and Parsi (5 elements), English, Tamil, and Chinese (4 elements), as well asother languages relatively low. The height uptake in the vocabulary of the languagerelated to the elements of universal culture showed high intensity of communication,assimilation, acculturation inter-language user is concerned with the people and thenation of Indonesia. The motive of the intensity of communication, assimilation, andacculturation of Sanskrit and Arabic through culture, religion, economics, politics, etc.so that the uptake vocabulary from Sanskrit and Arabic dominates in the formation ofthe Indonesian language.Keywords: domination, absorptionAbstrakDominasi Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Arab dalam Kosakata Serapan BahasaIndonesia. Bahasa Indonesia berasal dari bahasa Melayu, namun bahasa Indonesiabukan bahasa Melayu, karena bahasa Indonesia sangat berbeda dengan bahasaMelayu. Dalam perkembangannya, bahasa Indonesia sangat banyak menyerapkosakata dari berbagai bahasa, baik bahasa asing maupun bahasa daerah. Hal inisebagai indikator vitalitas dari bahasa Melayu, yaitu sifat yang sangat mudah menerimaperkembangan baru dalam adaptasi untuk menjadi bahasa yang modern. Bahasa asingyang kosakatanya diserap dalam perkembangan bahasa Indonesia meliputi bahasa225Sanskerta, bahasa India, bahasa Tamil, bahasa Portugis, bahasa Parsi, bahasa China,bahasa Jepang, bahasa Belanda, bahasa Jerman, bahasa Arab, dan bahasa Inggris,sedangkan dari bahasa daerah meliputi bahasa Jawa, bahasa Sunda, bahasa Batak,bahasa Minang, bahasa Palembang, bahasa Bugis, bahasa Banjar, bahasa dari Papua,bahasa dari Maluku, dan lain-lain. Mengacu pada unsur kebudayaan universal,kosakata yang diserap meliputi seluruh unsur, yaitu sistem religi dan upacarakeagamaan, sistem dan organisasi kemasyarakatan, sistem pengetahuan, bahasa,kesenian dan olahraga, sistem mata pencaharian, teknologi dan peralatan, kondisialam dan lingkungan, serta ungkapan perasaan dan kejiwaan. Dalam hal ini, bahasaSanskerta dan bahasa Arab menduduki urutan pertama (9 unsur), kemudian bahasaJawa (7 unsur), bahasa Portugis (6 unsur), bahasa Belanda dan Parsi (5 unsur),bahasa Inggris, Tamil, dan Cina (4 unsur), serta bahasa lainnya yang relatif rendah.Tingginya serapan kosakata dari bahasa di atas berkaitan dengan unsur budayauniversal menunjukkan tingginya intensitas komunikasi, asimilasi, akulturasiantarmasyarakat pemakai bahasa yang bersangkutan dengan masyarakat dan bangsaIndonesia. Motif dari intensitas komunikasi, asimilasi, dan akulturasi dari bahasaSanskerta dan bahasa Arab merasuk pada semua aspek kehidupan masyarakat melaluibudaya, agama, politik, dan ekonomi sehingga dominasi bahasa Sanskerta dan bahasaArab sangat tinggi dalam serapan kosakata bahasa Indonesia.Kata-kata kunci: dominasi, serapan

Infrastructure is generally a set of interconnected structural elements that provide the framework supporting an entire structure. The term has diverse meanings in different fields, but is perhaps most widely understood to refer to roads, airports, and utilities. It involves the following:-Physical structures that form the foundation for development. Infrastructure includes: wastewater and water works, electric power, communications. Basic services necessary for development to take place are for example, roads, and electricity, Sewerage, water, education and health facilities. The public facilities and services needed to support residential development, including highways, bridges, schools and sewer and water systems. Permanent resources serving society’s needs, including roads, sewers, schools, hospitals. Railways, communication networks etc. Lack of infrastructure is the main obstacle for the economic development of the rural area; mass poverty leads to poor health, backwardness, illiteracy, ignorance, and isolation; these social conditions working further as a cycle to encircle the pro poor marginalized people in the strong bound of poverty line.

AbstractThe primary duty of law enforcement agencies is to ensure that a victim has the necessary information and access to the relevant tools required to seek justice. In India, complex cases such as bodily offences and property crimes capture the work and efforts of many agencies involved; however, cases related to missing persons are not often accorded similar priority or seriousness. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns have added further challenges to this scenario. The government-mandated lockdowns in Tamil Nadu generally exacerbated difficult socio-economic and living conditions, thereby directly or indirectly contributing to an increased load of missing person cases. This study aims to assess and identify the impact of mobility on reporting and registration of missing persons. By adopting an auto-regressive neural networks method, this study uses a counterfactual analysis of registered missing person cases during the government-mandated lockdowns in response to the global pandemic in 2020 and 2021. The registered cases are calculated based on the daily count of cases for eleven years in Tamil Nadu, India. The lockdowns identify eight different time windows to determine the impact of mobility on the registration of cases. While there has been no significant or drastic change over the pre-pandemic period, during the pandemic, especially during the restrictive phases of the pandemic, there was a sharp fall in cases compared to the counterfactual predicted (effect sizes: −0.981 and −0.74 in 2020 and 2021), signalling towards a choked mechanism of reporting. In contrast, when most mobility restrictions were removed, an increase in cases (effect sizes of +0.931 and 0.834 in 2020 and 2021) pointed to restored and enabled reporting channels. The research findings emphasise the significance of mobility as a factor in influencing the reporting and registration of missing persons and the need to ensure this continues to help families find redress.

In India about 760 millions of farmers are engaged in agriculture. According to an estimate more than 60 per cent of the farmers have no access to any source of modern agriculture information. Reaching to these unreached farmers is a great big challenge before the extension system. Now times 21st century declared to be the age of information and communication technology. This is the time when more people everywhere are involved in acquiring new knowledge and skills. The need of ICT interventions are felt need of the hour in agriculture. Thus, it can be said that the twenty first century, it is necessary to use advanced communication media for rural and agricultural development in its proper perspective of message dissemination and feedback along with people’s participation and contribution so as to meet the felt needs of people living under diverse socio-economic conditions and here an extension agent should act as a catalyst for transfer of farm technologies. Hence, a present study was taken to assess the utilization pattern of ICT tools among extension personnel. The present study was conducted in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu. The 120 extension personnel working in the state department of agriculture were selected as sample for the study by simple random sampling method. The Data were collected through well structured questionnaire. Careful analysis, tabulation and classification of data were done. Mean, frequency, percentage were employed for the interpretation of results. The results showed that majority (70.83 per cent) of the extension personnel were utilized the internet / web services for gaining knowledge followed by (41.67 per cent) of the extension personnel were utilized agriportals for transfer of technology