Journal articles on the topic 'Tale of Saigyo'

Saigon – Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) with its 300 years of development has resulted in diverse architecture in terms of types and styles, of which modern architecture is somehow less concerned and sometimes neglected. This research is aimed to take a survey on Modern Architecture in Saigon-HCMC in order to list valuable ones that need attention to the development related to their values.

Vietnam: An epic tragedy 1945-1975, by Max Hastings. London: William Collins. 2018. 722 pages. ISBN 978-0-00-813298-9WHEN SAIGON fell, 44 years ago on 30 April 1975, a number of journalists, photographers and cameramen were there to witness the final humiliation of the United States. Journalist John Pilger and cameraman Neil Davis, both Australians, were there to see the North Vietnamese Army take the city, as was New Zealander Peter Arnett, among others. Pilger’s slim volume about those events, The Last Day, is a classic. Davis survived Saigon, but filmed his own death while covering an attempted coup in Bangkok in 1987.

AbstractWe carried out an in-depth analysis of a media campaign designed to raise awareness of the ecology and conservation of the Critically Endangered saiga antelope Saiga tatarica in the Pre-Caspian region of Russia. We carried out 250 semi-structured interviews in eight villages. The effectiveness of the campaign was assessed using change in opinion over the previous 3 years as an attitudinal indicator and amount pledged for saiga conservation as a measure of behavioural intention. The campaign induced positive changes in attitudes and behavioural intention. Reinforcement was important, with people's retention of information about saiga conservation from the campaign being positively correlated with their level of ecological knowledge about the species. Similarly, behavioural intention towards the saiga was more likely to be positive in individuals who had a high level of exposure to the species and/or had been subject to two or more different conservation interventions. Level of attitudinal change was dependent on an interaction between the date when the media campaign was carried out and the age of the respondent. We conclude that public awareness campaigns, if designed to take into account the socio-demographics and cultural background of the target audience, can be an effective method of improving attitudes towards conservation.

Straipsnyje aptariami, analizuojami ir vertinami svarbiausi pasiūlymai, kaip spręsti pasaulinio saityno paslaugų kompozicijų skaidymo į modulius uždavinį. Tai yra vienas iš aktualiausių e. verslo sistemų kūrimo uždavinių, kurio neišsprendus neįmanoma adekvačiai apdoroti vykdymo meto įvykių, dinamiškai perplanuoti verslo procesų, atsižvelgti į paslaugų kokybės charakteristikas ir įgyvendinti daugelį kitų svarbių e. verslo sistemos funkcijų. Straipsnyje pateiktas esamos padėties vertinimas ir išryškintos svarbiausios dar neišspręstos problemos, su kuriomis susiduriama skaidant į modulius pasaulinio saityno paslaugų kompozicijas. Tikimasi, kad atlikta analizė bus naudinga visiems šioje srityje dirbantiems mokslininkams ir padės jiems planuoti savo tolesnius tyrimus.Modularization of Web Service CompositionJolanta Miliauskaitė, Albertas Čaplinskas SummaryThe paper discusses, analyzes and evaluates the most important scientific propositions on how to solve the problem of web service composition modularization. This problem is very important in the context of eBusiness systems because it is impossible in such systems to process the run-time events in a flexible way, reconfigure business processes dynamically, to take into account in the service discovery process the quality of services, and to implement effectively many other eBusiness system features without knowing an efficient solution of this problem. The paper discusses the current state of affairs and highlights most important open issues. The authors hope that it will be useful for all researchers involved in the web service studies and helpful when planning their further research.>

The article surveys the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea M/V Saiga cases which inaugurated jurisprudence of the 21 Member International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in Hamburg, Germany, with delivery of two important decisions on prompt release of the vessel and its crew (1997, Case No. 1) and on provisional measures of protection (1998, Case No. 2). The decisions provided precedential instances of application by the Tribunal of Articles 292 and 290 of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea respectively, and of the relevant provisions of the ITLOS Rules. The prescription of provisional measures of protection formed the incidental proceedings of the pending M/V Saiga (Merits) case which is to be settled by ITLOS in mid-1999 (Case No. 2) and is to be the subject of a separate article. In view of the ITLOS Statute and the Rules being closely modelled in the Statute and the Rules of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), careful attention is given to comparison of the inaugural practice of ITLOS with the longstanding practice of the ICJ, and preservation of judicial consistency by ITLOS is particularly commended. A history of the M/V Saiga dispute, intertwined with domestic proceedings before Guinean courts, is for the reader's convenience outlined in a Chronological Table annexed to this article.

In economics, depreciation functions (operator kernels) are certain decreasing functions, which are assumed to be equal to unity at zero. Usually, an exponential function is used as a depreciation function. However, exponential functions in operator kernels do not allow simultaneous consideration of memory effects and depreciation effects. In this paper, it is proposed to consider depreciation of a non-exponential type, and simultaneously take into account memory effects by using the Prabhakar fractional derivatives and integrals. Integro-differential operators with the Prabhakar (generalized Mittag-Leffler) function in the kernels are considered. The important distinguishing features of the Prabhakar function in operator kernels, which allow us to take into account non-exponential depreciation and fading memory in economics, are described. In this paper, equations with the following operators are considered: (a) the Prabhakar fractional integral, which contains the Prabhakar function as the kernels; (b) the Prabhakar fractional derivative of Riemann–Liouville type proposed by Kilbas, Saigo, and Saxena in 2004, which is left inverse for the Prabhakar fractional integral; and (c) the Prabhakar operator of Caputo type proposed by D’Ovidio and Polito, which is also called the regularized Prabhakar fractional derivative. The solutions of fractional differential equations with the Prabhakar operator and its special cases are suggested. The asymptotic behavior of these solutions is discussed.

The meaning of life is the meaning of every event that occurs both pleasant and painful. Meaning of life of each individual is very unique and different from each other. The meaning of life questionnaire (MLQ) is a questionnaire measuring the meaning of life developed by Steger by deviding into two sub items present and search each consisting of five questions. The purpose of this article is to perform the validity and reliability of the meaning in life questionnaires (MLQ) Indonesian version. The respondents of this study are 50 persons men who have sex with men seropositive HIV in NGOs Saiyo Sakato Bukit Tinggi and NGOs Teratak Jiwa Hati West Sumatera. Validity and reliability testing is done by reliability scale analysis technique. The question item validity is seen from the magnitude of r-table value with r-count and reliability seen through Cronbach's alpha coefficiency. The results of this study show the meaning in life questionnaire (MLQ) in the context of Indonesian all items of valid and reliable.

Résumé RÉSUMÉ : Les Projets d'" illustration " de la langue vernaculaire et leurs héritages littéraires - Dante écrivit, peu après Vita nova, en 1305, son De Vulgari eloquentia, texte qui servit de " manifeste ", d'abord aux champions des vernaculaires italiens, ensuite aux défenseurs des langues vulgaires européennes en pleine expansion dès la fin du XIVe siècle. Dante suggérait aux poètes désireux d'" illustrer " leur langue maternelle de composer une oeuvre aussi magnifique que celle de son grand maître romain, Virgile. Une oeuvre sans dénomination générique, mais définie par son vers hendécasyllabe et ses matières " illustres " : salus, virtus, venus. Boccace fut le premier disciple de Dante. Il répondit à l'appel de son maître, en écrivant une oeuvre dédiée à Mars, le tout-puissant dieu guerrier, seul capable d'accorder la gloire éternelle aux pauvres mortels. La Teseida délie nozze d1 Emilia servit de modèle, quelques années seulement après sa parution, aux poètes anglais et français. Chaucer traduisit la Teseida, qui devint " The Knight's Tale ", et l'intégra à ses Canterbury Tales vers 1380. En France, un traducteur anonyme du roi René d'Anjou traduisit à son tour, vers 1460, l'oeuvre épique de Boccace, qu'il intitula Thezeo. Au XVIe siècle, époque déterminante dans l'histoire de la langue française, Anne de Graville " translata de vieil langage en nouveau " le Thezeo qu'elle intitula: le Beau romant des deux amans Palamon etArcita et de la belle et saige Emilia. Cette étude suit le parcours de la Teseida de Boccace d'une langue à une autre, en s'intéressant au projet et au " contre-mouvement" de l'illustration des langues vernaculaires européennes esquissé par le grand poète toscan, Dante.

The Lamongan public library is one of the public facilities for the Lamongan community which functionsas a medium for distributing information and knowledge to all levels of society. Of these facilities, the mostinfluential are physical facilities such as tables, chairs, bookshelves. Dimensions or physical facilities in alibrary also affect the comfort of its users. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether the dimensionsof the furniture in the Lamongan public library are by the standard with anthropometric and ergonomiccomparisons of visitors. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method, namely by collecting data on thevisitor’s body size, and later it will be compared with the furniture variables used. The results of researchand calculations show that the furniture in the Lamongan public library room, such as chairs, 100% is saidto be feasible, 33.5% type A table is included in the category of not meeting and 66.5% has met, 33.5%type B table is included. The category does not meet and 66.5% has met, for the bookshelf in the libraryroom it can be said to be feasible because it is by anthropometric calculations, suggestions from the resultsof this study are to maintain what is feasible and adjust furniture that is not appropriate to the size of thevisitor’s body.

In the 1990s, Vietnamese traditional theatre has seen its popular base eroded by foreign videos, television imports, and the films that have poured into the country since the advent of the ‘open door’ policy, or doi moi. As that policy is primarily economic in purpose, the advantages offered to the national culture have been questionable. The traditional forms here discussed by Catherine Diamond – tuong, hat boi, and cheo – have lost much of their status in the urban areas, though still popular in the countryside. However, the forms which address contemporary issues – ‘renovated theatre’ (cai luong), spoken theatre (kich noi), and, most recently, ‘mini-theatre’ (san khau nho) – play to significant numbers in Saigon and Hanoi, often employing a distinctive vein of satirical humour. Though trained in the academies of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Vietnamese dramatists have now broken away from the socialist realist ideal and are looking towards the West and China for new artistic developments. The author of this survey, Catherine Diamond, is a dancer and drama professor in Taiwan. She has recently published Sringara Tales, a collection of short stories about the traditional dancers in Southeast Asia.

The article examines the first novel of the French writer of Vietnamese origin Anna Moï, which brought her success on the French and world stage. The plot of Black Rice uses a partly autobiographical story set in Saigon during a time of fire and bloodbaths, telling the tale of two sisters, Tan and Tao, who were captured during the siege of Têt and barely managed to survive. The novel discusses issues such as the place of women in history, their positon in society and the tragedy of a nation, it has the ambition to rewrite the story seen from the eyes of a female. Talking about the horror of the fifteen-year-old girl, the systematic harassment of the jailers, the torture, the tiger cages, the reader doesn’t see a victim crushed beyond recognition, but a fighter, a warrior who knows from an early age that they are strong and designed to survive. The uncertainty of the finale and the seemingly paradoxical sadness is the realization of the fact that part of the man himself, of his will to fight, is left behind in time. And yet we have the feeling that we are leaving behind a woman who has gone through inhuman trials, but preserved herself, forged her new self, a universal person, in opposition to the soulless patriarchal world, the daughter of the dragon, ready for new battles, ready to conquer the big world that awaits her.

Relations between u.s. servicemen and Vietnamese civilians represent one of the most persistent cultural legacies of the Vietnam War. From brides to bar girls to crass film tropes of Vietnamese sex workers, women occupy a prominent place in the war’s memory. At the time, however, the media and u.s. government officials portrayed sex as a subtext to the larger conflict. From the outset, officials on all sides of the negotiating table struggled over how to contain the diverse impacts of the relationships on health, security, and morale. Prostitution played a central role in the debate. u.s. officials attempted to discount the significance of their impact on foreign relations and warfare, but social relationships indeed had an impact on how Americans engaged Saigon’s leaders. While scholars typically have shown the United States as the dominant power in Vietnam, sexuality became a somewhat level playing field where both governments feared the repercussions of limiting intercultural intimacy as much as they feared letting it continue. At first, the Saigon government enacted strict laws and attempted to prosecute violators, but never committed to eradication. By the war’s height u.s. officials adopted rigorous new programs which led to an Americanization of sexual and social policies regarding prostitution in Vietnam.

Background: The best indicator to measure the nutritional status of the community is through the nutritional status of children under five. In an effort to overcome the problem of malnutrition in infants, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia established a comprehensive policy, including prevention, promotion or education and management of malnutrition toddlers. The prevention efforts are carried out through growth monitoring in integrated service posts while malnourished children under five are treated with supplementary recovery feeding programs. Method: This research is a Quasi Experiment study with one group pretest and posttest design. The sampling technique was a total sampling with a sample of 32 patients. Univariate analysis was presented in the frequency distribution table and bivariate analysis using Spearman Rank Correlation test. Result: There was a significant influence on the nutritional status of children under five before and after PMT-P based on the weight-for-height index and weight-for-age. For the height-for-age index there was no significant influence on the nutritional status of children under five before and after PMT-P which means there was no correlation of the height-for-age index against PMT-P. Conclusion: There is a significant influence on the nutritional status of children under five based on the weight-for-height index and weight-for-age before and after PMT-P, but it is not related to the nutritional status of children under five based on the height-for-age index.

The consequences of the partially coerced opening of Japan to the Western world in the second half of the 19th century went far beyond economic and political goals and considerations. The previously secluded land almost instantly became a source of artistic inspiration and endless fascination. Japonisme, the term by which the latest craze become known in France, was no passing fad. For many decades, Western artists, most of whom had never set foot in Japan, derived profound inspiration from all facets of the mysterious culture which unfolded in the period. Thus, with scant information and a lack of accurate records being available, common gossip and unfounded rumor filled in the blanks of official reports and naval tales, connecting the dots between the real and the imagined. In this paper, I succinctly examine the story of Madame Butterfly, cutting across time, genre and borders in the works of John Luther Long, David Belasco, Giacomo Puccini and Claude-Michel Schönberg/Alain Boublil. I contextualize the selected narratives within their socio-political frameworks, but also consider the ramifications of the past and present-day adaptations from the 21st-century perspective, in the light of current struggles for (adequate) representation. Lastly, I examine the production of Miss Saigon (2019–22) at the Music Theatre of Łódź, Poland to compare how the staging of such a musical in a predominantly racially homogenous country affects the perception of Orientalist works. As such this section is a case study based on personal interviews conducted by the author with the producers and cast members.

Objetivo: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo qualitativo, resultado de uma dissertação de mestrado que objetivou compreender sob quais aspectos a biomedicalização insere-se na vida dos trabalhadores da saúde. Método: Utilizou-se o dispositivo da ‘Tenda do Conto’ e foram seguidos os pressupostos metodológicos da exploração da multiplicidade de fontes. Sujeitos da pesquisa eram Técnicas de Enfermagem. Resultados: Os resultados sugerem que o uso de medicações psicotrópicas está vinculado à sobrecarga encontrada nos constitutivos da vida e no cotidiano do mundo do trabalho, sem que as trabalhadoras consigam criar outras possibilidades para os seus modos de andar a vida e encarar o sofrer como biopotência, pois antes de tudo é simbolizado como adoecimento. Conclusões: Espera-se que os serviços de apoio à saúde do trabalhador organizem-se de modo a pautar-se por processos que tomem isso como central, para a criação de novos dispositivos tecnológicos do cuidar, saindo da vitimização para o agir-produção-de-mais-vida.Objective: This is a qualitative descriptive study, the result of a master's thesis that aimed to understand about what aspects biomedicalization is inserted in the life of health workers. Method: The 'Tend of the Story ' device was used and the methodological assumptions of exploring the multiplicity of sources were followed. Subjects of the research were Nursing Techniques. Results: The results suggest that the use of psychotropic medications is linked to the overload found in the constituents of life and daily life in the world of work, without the workers being able to create other possibilities for their way of life and to face suffering as a biopower, because it is first symbolized as an illness. Conclusions: It is hoped that the services to support worker health will be organized with processes that take this as central, to the creation of new technological devices of care, from victimization to action-production- of-life.

The engineering of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) has recently received extensive attention in the field of biosensors due to their high surface area, rich nanoscale geometries, ability to selectively detect the analyte of interest (e.g., dopamine) in the presence of interfering molecules that exist in biological environment and inherent resistance to biofouling1 - 3. CNFs with the individual fiber length/size adjusted to the diffusion layer thickness can confine the analyte molecules within the nanostructures and result in the formation of a thin liquid layer, increasing their sensitivity 4. This points towards the potential of altering the aspect ratios and growth densities of CNFs to tune their biosensing properties. Thus, here we aim to evaluate the effect of the length, distribution, and microstructure of fibers on their electrochemistry and how this affects the sensitivity and selectivity for dopamine (DA) detection. Herein, CNFs of varying lengths have been grown on a silicon substrate using the thin layers of Ni and Cr as catalysts. Samples with different length and distribution of CNFs have been synthesized by controlling the duration of the growth phase. The length and the detailed structure of the CNFs have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lengths of CNFs were found to be in the range of 900 nm-1µM, 500-600 nM, 200-300 nM, and <150 nM for 30 mins, 10 mins, 5 mins and 1 min growth times, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that the double-layer capacitance (Cdl) and oxidation current (Ipa) of dopamine increase continuously with the increase in the length of fibers indicating the increase in the surface area (Figure 1A). DA reaction kinetics tend to be reversible for the longest fibers and becomes slightly more sluggish with the decrease in the fiber length. However, it should be noted that carbon nanofiber length (hundreds of nM to 1µm) may match the diffusion layer thickness at certain scan rates, causing the thin liquid layer electrochemical behavior to contribute to the total kinetics. This implies that the variations in the peak separation (ΔEp) can be due to the combined changes in reaction kinetics and geometry. CNFs grown for 30 mins, 10 mins, 5 mins, and 1 min exhibited log Ipa vs v slope of 0.72, 0.63, 0.62 and 0.51, indicating that contribution of adsorption/thin layer formation is coming into effect with the increase in fiber length (Table 1). Washout experiments will be performed to distinguish further between thin layer and adsorption behavior affecting the electrochemistry of DA. It appears that DA reaction kinetics is fully under semi-infinite linear diffusion-control only at 1 min grown CNFs due to the relatively smooth surface of the electrode material. The selectivity of dopamine in the presence of physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) greatly improves with the increase in the length of the fibers (Figure 1B). Electrodes with 1 min grown CNFs possessing metal particles and exhibiting little CNF growth did not show selectivity towards DA. Interestingly, with the increase in the growth time and consequently the length of the fiber, well-defined oxidation peaks of AA and DA and UA are observed. Moreover, the position of the oxidation potential appears to be affected both by the fiber length and presence/absence of other molecules, and often in the opposite directions (Table 1, Figure 1). The results discussed above point towards the significance of matching the CNF length with the scan rate used for in vivo detection of DA for optimized sensitivity and selectivity. References 1 S. Sainio, T. Palomäki, N. Tujunen, V. Protopopova, J. Koehne, K. Kordas, J. Koskinen, M. Meyyappan and T. Laurila, Mol. Neurobiol., 2015, 52, 859–866. 2 S. Sainio, E. Leppänen, E. Mynttinen, T. Palomäki, N. Wester, J. Etula, N. Isoaho, E. Peltola, J. Koehne, M. Meyyappan and others, Mol. Neurobiol., 2020, 57, 179–190. 3 A. Kousar, E. Peltola and T. Laurila, ACS omega, 2021, 6, 26391–26403. 4 Q. Cao, Z. Shao, D. K. Hensley, N. V Lavrik and B. J. Venton, Langmuir, 2021, 37, 2667–2676. Figure 1

BackgroundAccurate calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an important aspect of clinical care for rheumatologic patients [1, 2, 3].ObjectivesTo choose the optimal method of determining the GFR to assess the severity of renal dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsAn open cross-sectional study was performed involving 96 patients with a reliable diagnosis of RA (mean age 54.4±11.6 years, duration of disease 10.7±8.56 years, 57.3% with moderate RA activity).For comparative assessment of renal function, we used the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the CKD-EPI formulas on the National Kidney Foundation website (USA): creatinine-based equation (eGFRcr), cystatin C-based equation (eGFRcyst) and calculated creatinine and cystatin C equation (eGFRcr-cyst). The 2009 CKD-EPI creatinine equation (eGFRcr) was used as a reference for comparative calculations of GFR. Based on the eGFRcr measurements, patients with RA were divided into four groups: I, >90 ml/min/1.73 m2; II, 89-60 ml/min/1.73 m2; III, 45-59 ml/min/1.73 m2; and IV, <45 ml/min/1.73 m2.ResultsThe mean eGFRcr, presented as a reference in this study, was 70.0±18.7 ml/min/1.73 m2. Signs of hyperfiltration using eGFRcr (>90 ml/min/1.73 m2) were observed in 16 (10.1%) patients with RA, mild decrease of renal function (60-89 ml/min/1.73 m2) was registered in 52 (32.9%), moderate/severe decrease (<59 ml/min/1.73 m2) - in 28 (17.8%) patients with RA. Decreased eGFRcr was differentially associated with increased patient age (r=0.46; p=0.003), disease duration (r=0.24; p=0.017), cumulative dose of hormones (r=0.66; p=0.007), lower height (r= 0.35; p=0.001).Analysis of eGFR values demonstrated significant differences using the selected methods (χ2=9.91, p= 0.007). Intergroup differences (in degree of decrease in eGFR) were statistically significant for all variants of eGFR calculation (eGFRcr, eGFRcyst, eGFRcr-cyst; H-test and Median-test, p<0.001). According to the eGFRcr formula, an absolute majority of patients with RA (83.3%) had a decrease in GFR of varying severity (a slight decrease was registered in 54.2% of cases) (Table 1).Table 1.Group distribution of RA patients according to eGFR, n(%)Group IGroup IIGroup IIIGroup IVeGFRcr16 (17.0)52 (54.2)20 (20.8)8 (8.33)eGFRcr-cys22 (22.9)39 (40.6)20 (20.8)15 (15.6)eGFRcyst29 (30.2)29 (30.2)22 (22.9)16 (16.7)The use of eGFRcyst showed that only 12 of 29 people in the first group had optimal (>90 ml/min/1.73 m2) eGFRcr (p=0.031), and 17 patients entered the group with slightly decreased (60-89 ml/min/1.73 m2) eGFRcr. A similar, but less significant situation (12 of 22 people and 10 patients, p=0.02) was also observed with eGFRcr-cyst. In the second group of RA patients 19 patients corresponded to the chosen criteria in determination of eGFRcyst, and 8 patients entered groups (III and IV) with more severe decrease of renal function (2 patients were included into group I) (p=0,011). Significant differences in this group were also noted when comparing the proportions according to eGFRcr with eGFRcr-cyst (p=0.044). A probable decrease in renal filtration function with eGFRcr (compared with the alternative use of eGFRcr-cyst or eGFRcyst) can be observed in 11-18% of RA patients in group 1 (high/optimal renal function) and up to 10% of RA patients in group 2 (slight decrease). No significant differences were found using the three estimated CKD-EPI formulas in RA patients with moderate/significant decrease in GFR (p>0.05).ConclusionCurrently, the overall diagnostic performance of the CKD-EPI equation based on creatinine and cystatin C may be the most optimal (in comparison with other calculated CKD-EPI formulas) in patients with RA, and may also be useful for confirming eGFRcr results >60 ml/min/1.73m2.References[1]Saisho K. et al. Mod Rheumatol. 2016;26(3):331-5.[2]Couderc M. et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68(5):638-44.[3]Aleksandrov V. et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(S1):1059. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2275.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

<p>Research using the method of synthesis, document analysis and interview has identified six criteria through which the evaluation application provides accurate and comprehensive information about the table tennis movements among officials and employees at Saigon University. In addition, the article also provided information on the form, organization method, time, number of training sessions, time and location, training costs of officials, employees, lecturers and table tennis coaches. The research results are a reference for managers, contributing to the development of the sport movement among officials and employees at Saigon University.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0983/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Increasing number of people is becoming more active in park visitation and ecotourism. It is therefore important for park managers to understand future trends in visitor use of parks. This research paper is designed to understand the motivational factors or the psychological reasons why people visit parks in order to create the suitable marketing campaign to target them. As well as that, it discovers the facilities and attractions of parks that are most important to the visitors, so that the management of parts can disburse its resources in the best areas to achieve maximum output and return. Furthermore, the research aims to find the best communication channels for tourism destinations to reach its target audience so that its marketing expenditure can yield the maximum return. A survey with 228 participants who have visited Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens in the last 12 months was conducted. The research result will be critical for the adaptive management of parks and for building the capacity to manage changes and shifts in visitation patterns and park usage. Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens would take advantage of this trend and secure a substantial proportion of the new park visitors.

The article discusses osteological material from the excavations of the Shengeldy caravanserai. In the descriptions of the representatives of the fauna from the medieval caravanserai of Shengeldy and in table 1, the majority of bone remains are identified to a species. Examination of the species composition of the fauna shows their not rich species composition, although as a result of the study all species of domestic ungulates are found. Bone remains were determined by species, skeleton elements and degree of fragmentation. Bones found: horses (Equus caballus), cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus) and camel (Camelus bactrianus); wild animals - kulan (Equus hemionus), saiga (Saiga tatarica) and turtles (Testudines). Among domestic animals, the bones of horses and small cattle prevail. Cattle ranks third in number. One camel bone was found. Of the bones of domestic animals, 23.4% were intact and 76.6% were fragmented. Among the departments of the skeleton of domestic ungulates, carcass bones (scapula, vertebrae, ribs) and upper legs (femurs and tibia) predominate. Several fragments of human bones were found. Morphometric studies of the bones of horses, sheep, goats and cattle were carried out. Geometric morphometric methods have revealed morphological differences and similarities between species.

Abstract. Saidy AR, Priatmadi BJ, Septiana M. 2022. Diversity in characteristics of tropical peatlands varying in land uses leads to differences in methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Biodiversitas 23: 6293-6301. The use of tropical peatlands for commercial agriculture causes a change in their original function as carbon storage to become sources of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Therefore, this research aims to quantify the emission of CH4 and CO2, and peat characteristics in five tropical peatlands with different land uses, namely shrubs-, burned-, Albizia-, spring onion-, and lettuce-peatlands, to determine factors controlling carbon emissions. The results showed that CH4 emission ranged from 0.21 to 0.58 mg C m-2 h-1, with the lowest and the highest obtained in burned- and cultivated-peatlands (spring onion- and lettuce peatlands), respectively. The emission of CO2 ranged from the lowest in burned peatland (34.10-47.06 mg C m-2 h-1) to the highest in shrubs-peatland (136.79-180.87 mg C m-2 h-1). This showed that the diversity in CH4 emissions with different land uses is attributed to variations in the water table, water-filled pore space, ammonium, and nitrate contents. The rates of CO2 emission were controlled by carbohydrate-, fiber-, organic C-, and lignin-contents. This indicated that land and water managements need to be applied to reduce the emissions of CH4 and CO2 in tropical peatlands with different land uses.

Culture: Its Many Meanings One of the problems we encounter in dealing with culture is that there are so many different meanings and definitions attached to the term. We think of culture two ways: first, in terms of aesthetic matters (relative to thearts) and second, as a concept used by anthropologists to describe the way people live. There are, so I understand, something like a hundred different definitions of culture used by anthropologists. The Origins of the Term "Culture" The word 'culture' comes from the Latin cultus, which means 'care', and from the French colere which means 'to till' as in 'till the ground'. There are many terms that stem from the word culture. For example, there is the term 'cult' which suggests some kind of a religious organisation. We are continually amazed at the power cults have to shape our behavior, to brainwash us -- to turn intelligent and educated people into fanatics. Here we are dealing with the power of charismatic personalities and of groups over individuals. If cults can exercise enormous power over individuals and groups of people, can't we say that cultures also can do the same thing, though usually not to the same extreme degree? There is also the term 'cultivated', which means something that has been grown or, in the realm of aesthetics and the arts, sophisticated taste. Just as plants only exist because they are cared for by some cultivator, over a period of time, so people's taste and cultivation only are developed by education and training. It takes time to develop a refined sensibility, to become discriminating, to appreciate texts that are difficult and complex and not immediately satisfying. Bacteriologists also speak about cultures, but they use the term to describe the bacteria that are grown in Petri dishes if they are given suitable media (sources of nourishment). This matter of bacteria growing in media may be an important metaphor for us: just as bacteria need media to grow into culture, so do human beings need cultures to survive and develop themselves. We don't do it all on our own. In the chart below I show the interesting parallels: Bacteriology Bacteria Grow in media Form cultures Sociology/Anthropology Humans Affected by media Form cultures Of course we are much more complex than bacteria; in truth, each of us form a kind of medium for countless kinds of bacteria that inhabit our mouths and various other parts of our bodies. Bacteriology involves the cultivation and study of micro-organisms (bacteria) in prepared nutrients and the study of media (and what is often called cultural criticism nowadays) involves the study of individuals and groups in a predominantly, but not completely, mass-mediated culture. Not all culture is mass mediated. An Anthropological Definition of Culture Let me offer a typical anthropological definition of culture. It is by Henry Pratt Fairchild and appeared in his Dictionary of Sociology and Related Sciences: A collective name for all behavior patterns socially acquired and transmitted by means of symbols; hence a name for all the distinctive achievements of human groups, including not only such items as language, tool-making, industry, art, science, law, government, morals and religion, but also the material instruments or artifacts in which cultural achievements are embodied and by which intellectual cultural features are given practical effect, such as buildings, tools, machines, communication devices, art objects, etc. (80) Let's consider some of the topics Fairchild mentions. Behavior Patterns. We are talking about codes and patterns of behavior here that are found in groups of people. Socially Acquired. We are taught these behavior patterns as we grow up in a family in some geographical location and are profoundly affected by the family we are born into, its religion, and all kinds of other matters. Socially Acquired. We are taught these behavior patterns as we grow up in a family in some geographical location and are profoundly affected by the family we are born into, its religion, and all kinds of other matters. The Distinctive Achievements of Human Groups. It is in groups that we become human and become enculturated or acculturated (two words for the same thing, for all practical purposes). We have our own distinctive natures but we are also part of society. Artifacts in which cultural achievements are embodied. The artifacts we are talking about here are the popular culture texts carried in the various media and other non-mediated aspects of popular culture (or not directly mediated) such as fashions in clothes, food preferences, artifacts (what anthropologists call 'material culture'), language use, sexual practices and related matters. We know that a great deal of our popular culture, while not carried by the media, is nevertheless profoundly affected by it. We can see, then, that culture is a very complicated phenomenon that plays some kind of a role in shaping our consciousness and our behavior. You may think you are immune from the impact of the media and popular culture, but that is a delusion that is generated, I would suggest, by the media. We think we are not affected in significant ways by the media and popular culture (sometimes called mass mediated culture) and culture in general but we are wrong. Culture affects us but it doesn't necessarily determine every act we do; though some scholars, who believe the media are very powerful, might argue with this point. Falling Off the Map: What Travel Literature Reveals For a graphic example of how cultures differ, let me offer two quotations from the travel writer Pico Iyer from his book Falling Off the Map: Some Lonely Places of the World, a collection of travel articles about seldom-visited places (by American travelers, at least). Saigon: the only word for Saigon is 'wild'. One evening I counted more than a hundred two-wheel vehicles racing past me in the space of sixty seconds, speeding around the jam-packed streets as if on some crazy merry-go-round, a mad carnival without a ringmaster; I walked into a dance club and found myself in the midst of a crowded floor of hip gay boys in sleeveless T-shirts doing the latest moves to David Byrne; outside again, I was back inside the generic Asian swirl, walking through tunnels of whispers and hisses. "You want boom-boom?" "Souvenir for you dah-ling?" "Why you not take special massage?" Shortly before midnight, the taxi girls stream out of their nightclubs in their party dresses and park their scooters outside the hotels along 'Simultaneous Uprising' Street. (134-5) Compare his description of Saigon with his portrait of Reykjavik, Iceland, equally as fascinating and fantastic but considerably different from Saigon. Even 'civilization' seems to offer no purchase for the mind here: nothing quite makes sense. Iceland boasts the largest number of poets, presses, and readers per capita in the world: Reykjavik, a town smaller than Rancho Cucamonga, California, has five daily newspapers, and to match the literary production of Iceland, the U.S. would have to publish twelve hundred new books a day. Iceland has the oldest living language in Europe; its people read the medieval sagas as if they were tomorrow's newspaper and all new concepts, such as 'radio' and 'telephone', are given poetical medieval equivalents. Roughly three eldest children in every four are illegitimate here, and because every son of Kristjan is called Kristjansson, and every daughter Kristjansdottir, mothers always have different surnames from their children (and in any case are rarely living with the fathers). The first day I ever spent in 'Surprise City' (as Reykjavik is called), I found golden-haired princesses and sword-wielding knights enacting fairy-tale sagas on the main bridge in the capital. (67-8) We can see that there are considerable differences between Saigon and Reykjavik, though just as (to be fair) Iyer points out the incredible differences between cities in Vietnam, such as the differences between Saigon and Hue. Iyer's description of the landscape of Iceland may help explain the national character of the Icelanders. As he writes: I knew, before I visited, a little about the epidemic oddness of the place: there was no beer in Iceland in 1987, and no television on Thursdays; there were almost no trees, and no vegetables. Iceland is an ungodly wasteland of volcanoes and tundra and Geysir, the mother of geysirs, a country so lunar that NASA astronauts did their training there. (67) There has to be some influence of this remarkable landscape and climate, of the Iceland geographical location, the amount of light and darkness in which people live, upon the people who live there and there has to be some influence of the jungle and the climate of Vietnam on its people. What we become is, it seems to me, due to some curious combination of factors involving our natures (that is, the hard-wired elements of our personalities) and our cultures, with the matter of chance playing a big role as well. What we become is, it seems to me, due to some curious combination of factors involving our natures (that is, the hard-wired elements of our personalities) and our cultures, with the matter of chance playing a big role as well. References Fairchild, Henry Pratt. Dictionary of Sociology and Related Sciences. Totawa, NY: Littlefield, Adams & Co., 1967. Iyer, Pico. Falling Off the Map: Some Lonely Places of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Arthur Asa Berger. "The Meanings of Culture." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.2 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/meaning.php>. Chicago style: Arthur Asa Berger, "The Meanings of Culture," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 2 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/meanings.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Arthur Asa Berger. (2000) The meanings of culture. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(2). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/meaning.php> ([your date of access]).

The Netflix/BBC eight-part limited true crime series The Serpent (2021) provides a commentary on the impact of the tourist industry in South-East Asia in the 1970s. The series portrays the story of French serial killer Charles Sobhraj (played by Tahar Rahim)—a psychopathic international con artist of Vietnamese-Indian descent—who regularly targeted Western travellers, especially the long-term wanderers of the legendary “Hippie Trail” (or the “Overland”), running between eastern Europe and Asia. The series, which was filmed on location in Thailand—in Bangkok and the Thai town of Hua Hin—is set in a range of travel destinations along the route of the Hippie Trail, as the narrative follows the many crimes of Sobhraj. Cities such as Kathmandu, Goa, Varanasi, Hong Kong, and Kabul are featured on the show. The series is loosely based upon Australian writers Richard Neville and Julie Clarke’s true crime biography The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj (1979). Another true crime text by Thomas Thompson called Serpentine: Charles Sobhraj’s Reign of Terror from Europe to South Asia (also published in 1979) is a second reference. The show portrays the disappearance and murders of many young victims at the hands of Sobhraj. Certainly, Sobhraj is represented as a monstrous figure, but what about the business of tourism itself? Arguably, in its reflective examination of twentieth-century travel, the series also poses the hedonism of tourism as monstrous. Here, attention is drawn to Western privilege and a neo-orientalist gaze that presented Asia as an exotic playground for its visitors. The television series focuses on Sobhraj, his French-Canadian girlfriend Marie-Andrée Leclerc (played by Jenna Coleman), and the glamourous life they lead in Bangkok. The fashionable couple’s operation presents Sobhraj as a legitimate gem dealer: outwardly, they seem to embody the epitome of fun and glamour, as well as the cross-cultural sophistication of the international jet set. In reality, they drug and then steal from tourists who believe their story. Sobhraj uses stolen passports and cash to travel internationally and acquire more gems. Then, with an accomplice called Ajay Chowdhury (played by Amesh Adireweera), Sobhraj murders his victims if he thinks they could expose his fraud. Often depicted as humourless and seething with anger, the Sobhraj of the series often wears dark aviator sunglasses, a detail that enhances the sense of his impenetrability. One of the first crimes featured in The Serpent is the double-murder of an innocent Dutch couple. The murders lead to an investigation by Dutch diplomat Herman Knippenberg (played by Billy Howle), wanting to provide closure for the families of the victims. Knippenberg enlists neighbours to go undercover at Sobhraj’s home to collect evidence. This exposes Sobhraj’s crimes, so he flees the country with Marie-Andrée and Ajay. While they were apprehended, Sobhraj would be later given pardon from a prison in India: he would only received a life sentence for murder when he is arrested in Nepal in 2003. His ability to evade punishment—and inability to admit to and atone for his crimes—become features of his monstrosity in the television series. Clearly, Sobhraj is represented as the “serpent” of this drama, a metaphor regularly reinforced both textually and visually across the length of the series. As an example, the opening credit sequence for the series coalesces shots of vintage film in Asia—including hitchhiking backpackers, VW Kombi vans, swimming pools, religious tourist sites, corrupt Asian police forces—against an animated map of central and South-East Asia and the Hippie Trail. The map is encased by the giant, slithering tail of some monstrous, reptilian creature. Situating the geographic context of the narrative, the serpentine monster appears to be rising out of continental Asia itself, figuratively stalking and then entrapping the tourists and travellers who move along its route. So, what of the other readings about the monstrosity of the tourism industry that appears on the show? The Hippie Trail was arguably a site—a serpentine cross-continental thoroughfare—of Western excess. The Hippie Trail emerged as the result of the ease of travel across continental Europe and Asia. It was an extension of a countercultural movement that first emerged in the United States in the mid 1960s. Agnieszka Sobocinska has suggested that the travellers of the Hippie Trail were motivated by “widespread dissatisfaction with the perceived conservatism of Western society and its conventions”, and that it was characterised by “youth, rebellion, self-expression and the performance of personal freedom” (par. 8). The Trail appealed to a particular subcultural group who wanted to differentiate themselves from other travellers. Culturally, the Hippie Trail has become a historical site of enduring fascination, written about in popular histories and Western travel narratives, such as A Season in Heaven: True Tales from the Road to Kathmandu (Tomory 1998), Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India (MacLean 2007), The Hippie Trail: A History (Gemie and Ireland 2017), and The Hippie Trail: After Europe, Turn Left (Kreamer 2019). Despite these positive memoirs, the route also has a reputation for being destructive and even neo-imperialist: it irrevocably altered the politics of these Asian regions, especially as crowds of Western visitors would party at its cities along the way. In The Serpent, while the crimes take place on its route, on face value the Hippie Trail still appears to be romanticised and nostalgically re-imagined, especially as it represents a stark difference from our contemporary world with its heavily-policed international borders. Indeed, the travellers seem even freer from the perspective of 2021, given the show’s production phase and release in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, when international travel was halted for many. As Kylie Northover has written in a review for the series in the Sydney Morning Herald, the production design of the programme and the on-location shoot in Thailand is affectionately evocative and nostalgic. Northover suggests that it “successfully evokes a very specific era of travel—the Vietnam War has just ended, the Summer of Love is over and contact with family back home was usually only through the post restante” (13). On the show, there is certainly critique of the tourist industry. For example, one scene demonstrates the “dark side” of the Hippie Trail dream. Firstly, we see a psychedelic-coloured bus of travellers driving through Nepal. The outside of the bus is covered with its planned destinations: “Istanbul. Teheran. Kabul. Delhi”. The Western travellers are young and dressed in peasant clothing and smoking marijuana. Looking over at the Himalayas, one hippie calls the mountains a “Shangri-La”, the fictional utopia of an Eastern mountain paradise. Then, the screen contracts to show old footage of Kathmandu— using the small-screen dimensions of a Super-8 film—which highlights a “hashish centre” with young children working at the front. The child labour is ignored. As the foreign hippie travellers—American and English—move through Kathmandu, they seem self-absorbed and anti-social. Rather than meeting and learning from locals, they just gather at parties with other hippies. By night-time, the series depicts drugged up travellers on heroin or other opiates, disconnected from place and culture as they stare around aimlessly. The negative representation of hippies has been observed in some of the critical reviews about The Serpent. For example, writing about the series for The Guardian, Dorian Lynskey cites Joan Didion’s famous “serpentine” interpretation of the hippie culture in the United States, applying this to the search for meaning on the Hippie Trail: the subculture of expats and travellers in south-east Asia feels rather like Joan Didion’s 60s California, crisscrossed by lost young people trying to find themselves anew in religion, drugs, or simply unfamiliar places. In Slouching Towards Bethlehem, Didion writes of those who “drifted from city to torn city, sloughing off both the past and the future as snakes shed their skins”. (Lynskey) We could apply cultural theories about tourism to a critique of the industry in the series too. Many cultural researchers have critiqued tourists and the tourism industry, as well as the powers that tourists can wield over destination cultures. In Time and Commodity Culture, John Frow has suggested that the logic of tourism is “that of a relentless extension of commodity relations, and the consequent inequalities of power, between centre and periphery, First and Third World, developed and undeveloped regions, metropolis and countryside”, as well as one that has developed from the colonial era (151). Similarly, Derek Gregory’s sensitive analyses of cultural geographies of postcolonial space showed that Nineteenth-century Orientalism is a continuing process within globalised mass tourism (114). The problem of Orientalism as a Western travel ideology is made prominent in The Serpent through Sobhraj’s denouncement of Western tourists, even though there is much irony at play here, as the series itself arguably is presenting its own retro version of Orientalism to Western audiences. Even the choice of Netflix to produce this true crime story—with its two murderers of Asian descent—is arguably a way of reinforcing negative representations about Asian identity. Then, Western characters take on the role of hero and/or central protagonist, especially the character of Knippenberg. One could ask: where is the Netflix show that depicts a positive story about a central character of Vietnamese-Indian descent? Edward Said famously defined Orientalism as “a way of coming to terms with the Orient that is based on the Orient’s special place in European Western experience” (1). It became a way for Western cultures to interpret and understand the East, and for reducing and homogenising it into a more simplistic package. Orientalism explored discourses that grew to encompass India and the Far East in tandem with the expansion of Western imperialism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It examined a dualistic ideology: a way of looking that divided the globe into two limited types without any room for nuance and diversity. Inclusive and exclusive, Orientalism assumed and promoted an “us and them” binary, privileging a Western gaze as the normative cultural position, while the East was relegated to the ambiguous role of “other”. Orientalism is a field in which stereotypes of the East and West have power: as Said suggests, “the West is the actor, the Orient is a passive reactor… . The West is the spectator, the judge and jury, of every facet of Oriental behaviour” (109). Interestingly, despite the primacy in which Sobhraj is posited as the show’s central monster, he is also the character in the series most critical of the neo-colonial oppression caused by this counter-cultural tourism, which indicates ambiguity and complexity in the representation of monstrosity. Sobhraj appears to have read Said. As he looks scornfully at a stoner hippie woman who has befriended Ajay, he seems to perceive the hippies as drop-outs and drifters, but he also connects them more thoroughly as perpetrators of neo-imperialist processes. Indicating his contempt for the sightseers of the Hippie Trail as they seek enlightenment on their travels, he interrogates his companion Ajay: why do you think these white children deny the comfort and wealth of the life they were given to come to a place like this? Worship the same gods. Wear the same rags. Live in the same filth. Each experience is only then taken home to wear like a piece of fake tribal jewellery. They travel only to acquire. It’s another form of imperialism. And she has just colonised you! Sobhraj’s speech is political but it is also menacing, and he quickly sets upon Ajay and physically punishes him for his tryst with the hippie woman. Yet, ultimately, the main Western tourists of the Hippie Trail are presented positively in The Serpent, especially as many of them are depcited as naïve innocents within the story—hopeful, idealistic and excited to travel—and simply in the wrong place, at the wrong time. In this way, the series still draws upon the conventions of the true crime genre, which is to differentiate clearly between good/evil and right/wrong, and to create an emotional connection to the victims as symbols of virtue. As the crimes and deaths accumulate within the series, Sobhraj’s opinions are deceptive, designed to manipulate those around him (such as Ajay) rather than being drawn from genuine feelings of political angst about the neo-imperialist project of Western tourism. The uncertainty around Sobhraj’s motivation for his crimes remains one of the fascinating aspects of the series. It problematises the way that the monstrosity of this character is constructed within the narrative of the show. The character of Sobhraj frequently engages with these essentialising issues about Orientalism, but he appears to do so with the aim to remove the privilege that comes from a Western gaze. In the series, Sobhraj’s motivations for targeting Western travellers are often insinuated as being due to personal reasons, such as revenge for his treatment as a child in Europe, where he says he was disparaged for being of Asian heritage. For example, as he speaks to one of his drugged French-speaking victims, Sobhraj suggests that when he moved from Vietnam to France as a child, he was subject to violence and poor treatment from others: “a half-caste boy from Saigon. You can imagine how I was bullied”. In this instance, the suffering French man placed in Sobhraj’s power has been promoted as fitting into one of these “us and them” binaries, but in this set-up, there is also a reversal of power relations and Sobhraj has set himself as both the “actor” and the “spectator”. Here, he has reversed the “Orientalist” gaze onto a passive Western man, homogenising a “Western body”, and hence radically destabilising the construct of Orientalism as an ideological force. This is also deeply troubling: it goes on to sustain a problematic and essentialising binary that, no matter which way it faces, aims to denigrate and stereotype a cultural group. In this way, the character of Sobhraj demonstrates that while he is angry at the way that Orientalist ideologies have victimised him in the past, he will continue to perpetrate its basic ideological assumptions as a way of administering justice and seeking personal retribution. Ultimately, perhaps one of the more powerful readings of The Serpent is that it is difficult to move away from the ideological constructs of travel. We could also suggest that same thing for the tourists. In her real-life analysis of the Hippie Trail, Agnieszka Sobocinska has suggested that while it was presented and understood as something profoundly different from older travel tours and expeditions, it could not help but be bound up in the same ideological colonial and imperial impulses that constituted earlier forms of travel: Orientalist images and imperial behaviours were augmented to suit a new generation that liked to think of itself as radically breaking from the past. Ironically, this facilitated the view that ‘alternative’ travel was a statement in anti-colonial politics, even as it perpetuated some of the inequalities inherent to imperialism. This plays out in The Serpent. We see that this supposedly radically different new group – with a relaxed and open-minded identity—is bound within the same old ideological constructs. Part of the problem of the Hippie Trail traveller was a failure to recognise the fundamentally imperialist origins of their understanding of travel. This is the same kind of concern mapped out by Turner and Ash in their analysis of neo-imperial forms of travel called The Golden Hordes: International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery (1976), written and published in the same era as the events of The Serpent. Presciently gauging the effect that mass tourism would have on developing nations, Turner and Ash used the metaphor of “hordes” of tourists taking over various poorer destinations to intend a complete reversal of the stereotype of a horde of barbaric and non-Western hosts. By inferring that tourists are the “hordes” reverses Orientalist conceptions of de-personalised non-Western cultures, and shows the problem that over-tourism and unsustainable visitation can pose to host locations, especially with the acceleration of mass travel in the late Twentieth century. Certainly, the concept of a touristic “horde” is one of the monstrous ideas in travel, and can signify the worst aspects contained within mass tourism. To conclude, it is useful to return to the consideration of what is presented as monstrous in The Serpent. Here, there is the obvious monster in the sinister, impassive figure of serial killer Charles Sobhraj. Julie Clarke, in a new epilogue for The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj (2020), posits that Sobhraj’s actions are monstrous and unchangeable, demonstrating the need to understand impermeable cases of human evil as a part of human society: one of the lessons of this cautionary tale should be an awareness that such ‘inhuman humans’ do live amongst us. Many don’t end up in jail, but rather reach the highest level in the corporate and political spheres. (Neville and Clarke, 2020) Then, there is the exploitational spectre of mass tourism from the Hippie Trail that has had the ability to “invade” and ruin the authenticity and/or sustainability of a particular place or location as it is overrun by the “golden hordes”. Finally, we might consider the Orientalist, imperialist and globalised ideologies of mass tourism as one of the insidious and serpentine forces that entrap the central characters in this television series. This leads to a failure to understand what is really going on as the tourists are deluded by visions of an exotic paradise. References Frow, John. Time and Commodity Culture: Essays on Culture Theory and Postmodernity. Oxford UP, 1997. Gemie, Sharif, and Brian Ireland. The Hippie Trail: A History. Manchester UP, 2017. Gregory, Derek. “Scripting Egypt: Orientalism and the Cultures of Travel.” In Writes of Passage: Reading Travel Writing. Eds. Duncan James and Derek Gregor. Routledge, 1999. 114-150 . Kreamer, Robert. The Hippie Trail: After Europe, Turn Left. Fonthill Media, 2019. Lynskey, Dorian. “The Serpent: A Slow-Burn TV Success That’s More than a Killer Thriller.” The Guardian, 30 Jan. 2021. 1 Oct. 2021 <https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jan/29/the-serpent-more-than-a-killer-thriller-bbc-iplayer>. MacLean, Rory. Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India. Penguin, 2006. Neville, Richard, and Julie Clarke. The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj. Jonathan Cape, 1979. ———. On the Trail of the Serpent: The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj. Revised ed. Vintage, 2020. Northover, Kylie. “The Ice-Cold Conman of the ‘Hippie Trail’.” Sydney Morning Herald, 27 Mar. 2021: 13. Price, Roberta. “Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India.” The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture 2.2 (2009): 273-276. Said, Edward. Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient. Penguin, 1995. Sobocinska, Agnieszka. “Following the ‘Hippie Sahibs’: Colonial Cultures of Travel and the Hippie Trail.” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 15.2 (2014). DOI: 10.1353/cch.2014.0024. Thompson, Thomas. Serpentine: Charles Sobhraj’s Reign of Terror from Europe to South Asia. Doubleday, 1979. Tomory, David, ed. A Season in Heaven: True Tales from the Road to Kathmandu. Lonely Planet, 1998. Turner, Louis, and John Ash. The Golden Hordes: International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery. St Martin’s Press, 1976.