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1
Rengel, Z. "Decreased capacity of take‐all fungus to oxidize manganous ions is associated with take‐all decline." Journal of Plant Nutrition 20, no. 4-5 (April 1997): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169709365266.
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Bailey, D. J., N. Paveley, J. Spink, P. Lucas, and C. A. Gilligan. "Epidemiological Analysis of Take-All Decline in Winter Wheat." Phytopathology® 99, no. 7 (July 2009): 861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-7-0861.
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Take-all dynamics within crops differing in cropping history (the number of previous consecutive wheat crops) were analyzed using an epidemiological model to determine the processes affected during take-all decline. The model includes terms for primary infection, secondary infection, inoculum decay, and root growth. The average rates of root production did not vary with cropping history. The force of primary infection increased from a low level in 1st wheat crops, to a maximum in 2nd to 4th wheat crops, and then to intermediate levels thereafter. The force of secondary infection was low but increased steadily during the season in first wheat crops, was delayed but rose and fell sharply in 2nd to 4th wheat crops, and for 5th and 7th wheat crops returned to similar dynamics as that for 1st wheat crops. Chemical seed treatment with silthiofam had no consistent effect on the take-all decline process. We conjecture that these results are consistent with (i) low levels of particulate inoculum prior to the first wheat crop leading to low levels of primary infection, low levels of secondary infection, and little disease suppression; (ii) net amplification of inoculum during the first wheat crop and intercrop period; (iii) increased levels of primary and secondary infection in subsequent crops, but higher levels of disease suppression; and (iv) an equilibrium between the pathogen and antagonist populations by the 5th wheat, reflected by lower overall rates of primary infection, secondary infection, disease suppression and hence, disease severity.
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Rothrock, C. S., and B. M. Cunfer. "Absence of take-all decline in double-cropped fields." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 18, no. 1 (January 1986): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(86)90112-4.
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Schreiner, Karin, Alexandra Hagn, Martina Kyselková, Yvan Moënne-Loccoz, Gerhard Welzl, Jean Charles Munch, and Michael Schloter. "Comparison of Barley Succession and Take-All Disease as Environmental Factors Shaping the Rhizobacterial Community during Take-All Decline." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 14 (June 4, 2010): 4703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00481-10.
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ABSTRACT The root disease take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, can be managed by monoculture-induced take-all decline (TAD). This natural biocontrol mechanism typically occurs after a take-all outbreak and is believed to arise from an enrichment of antagonistic populations in the rhizosphere. However, it is not known whether these changes are induced by the monoculture or by ecological rhizosphere conditions due to a disease outbreak and subsequent attenuation. This question was addressed by comparing the rhizosphere microflora of barley, either inoculated with the pathogen or noninoculated, in a microcosm experiment in five consecutive vegetation cycles. TAD occurred in soil inoculated with the pathogen but not in noninoculated soil. Bacterial community analysis using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of 16S rRNA showed pronounced population shifts in the successive vegetation cycles, but pathogen inoculation had little effect. To elucidate rhizobacterial dynamics during TAD development, a 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray was used. Actinobacteria were the prevailing indicators in the first vegetation cycle, whereas the third cycle—affected most severely by take-all—was characterized by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria. Indicator taxa for the last cycle (TAD) belonged exclusively to Proteobacteria, including several genera with known biocontrol traits. Our results suggest that TAD involves monoculture-induced enrichment of plant-beneficial taxa.
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Yang, Mingming, Dmitri V. Mavrodi, Linda S. Thomashow, and David M. Weller. "Differential Response of Wheat Cultivars to Pseudomonas brassicacearum and Take-All Decline Soil." Phytopathology® 108, no. 12 (December 2018): 1363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-18-0024-r.
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2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing Pseudomonas spp. in the P. fluorescens complex are primarily responsible for a natural suppression of take-all of wheat known as take-all decline (TAD) in many fields in the United States. P. brassicacearum, the most common DAPG producer found in TAD soils in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States, has biological control, growth promoting and phytotoxic activities. In this study, we explored how the wheat cultivar affects the level of take-all suppression when grown in a TAD soil, and how cultivars respond to colonization by P. brassicacearum. Three cultivars (Tara, Finley, and Buchanan) supported similar rhizosphere population sizes of P. brassicacearum when grown in a TAD soil, however they developed significantly different amounts of take-all. Cultivars Tara and Buchanan developed the least and most take-all, respectively, and Finley showed an intermediate amount of disease. However, when grown in TAD soil that was pasteurized to eliminate both DAPG producers and take-all suppression, all three cultivars were equally susceptible to take-all. The three cultivars also responded differently to the colonization and phytotoxicity of P. brassicacearum strains Q8r1-96 and L5.1-96, which are characteristic of DAPG producers in PNW TAD soils. Compared with cultivar Tara, cultivar Buchanan showed significantly reduced seedling emergence and root growth when colonized by P. brassicacearum, and the response of Finley was intermediate. However, all cultivars emerged equally when treated with a DAPG-deficient mutant of Q8r1-96. Our results indicate that wheat cultivars grown in a TAD soil modulate both the robustness of take-all suppression and the potential phytotoxicity of the antibiotic DAPG.
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Raaijmakers, Jos M., and David M. Weller. "Natural Plant Protection by 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Pseudomonas spp. in Take-All Decline Soils." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 2 (February 1998): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.2.144.
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Take-all decline (TAD) is a natural biological control of the wheat root disease “take-all” that develops in response to the disease during extended monoculture of wheat. The research to date on TAD has been mostly descriptive and no particular occurrence is yet fully understood. We demonstrate that root-associated fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. producing the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) are key components of the natural biological control that operates in TAD soils in Washington State (U.S.A.). Phl-producing Pseudomonas spp. were present on roots of wheat grown in TAD soils at or above the threshold population density required for significant suppression of take-all of wheat. The specific suppression that operates in TAD soils was lost when Phl-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were eliminated, and conducive soils gained suppressiveness to take-all when Phl-producing Pseudomonas strains were introduced via mixing in small amounts of TAD soil. Introduction of selected Phl-producing strains into take-all conducive soils provided control of take-all of wheat to a level similar to that obtained in the complementary TAD soils.
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MacNish, GC. "Changes in take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), Rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and soil pH in continuous wheat with annual applications of nitrogenous fertiliser in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 3 (1988): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880333.
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Experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that: (i) continuous cropping with wheat would lead to a decline in take-all, (ii) ammonium nitrogen would reduce take-all compared with nitrate nitrogen, and (iii) that both sources of nitrogen would lead to a decline in soil pH. Attempts were also made to confirm that rhizoctonia root rot would vary unpredictably in continuous wheat and would be reduced by nitrogen. Wheat was grown without nitrogen (Nil) or with sodium nitrate (SN) or ammonium sulfate (AS) for 11, 10 and 9 consecutive years at Newdegate, Esperance and Mount Barker respectively. Rates of nitrogen were 50, 25 and 45 kg ha-1 at Newdegate, Esperance and Mount Barker respectively. A decline in take-all incidence was established at Newdegate, and plots treated with AS generally had a lower take-all incidence than did plots without nitrogen or treated with SN. At Esperance, a decline in take-all incidence was established only in AS treated plots. Take-all incidence was lower in plots treated with AS than plots without nitrogen or treated with SN in 6 years out of 10 at Esperance. No take-all decline was observed at Mount Barker and take-all incidence was rarely lower in plots treated with AS than in those without nitrogen or treated with SN. All treatments reduced soil pH at Newdegate and Esperance, which were weakly buffered sites, but at Mount Barker (a highly buffered site) only AS reduced pH. Rhizoctonia root rot was not found at Mount Barker. At Newdegate and Esperance it first occurred in the eighth and fifth crops respectively. Incidence peaked at about 60% of plants being affected in the ninth crop at Newdegate and 95% in year 7 at Esperance, and then declined to less than 5% at both sites. Applications of nitrogen had no effect on incidence of rhizoctonia root rot. Yields varied considerably between sites and years. Combining results for all years at each site showed that AS increased yield at all sites and SN increased yields at Newdegate and Mount Barker compared with no nitrogen. The continued use of AS at Mount Barker eventually had an adverse effect on yield.
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Brennan, RF. "Effect of superphosphate and superphosphate plus flutriafol on yield and take-all of wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 2 (1989): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890247.
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Wheat was grown in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate with or without 4 levels of flutriafol at 3 sites naturally infested with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The severity of take-all was related to the rates of superphosphate and flutriafol. At all sites, the disease incidence and severity were high, with values for the moderate plus severe category (i.e. >25% of the root system discoloured by the takeall fungus) exceeding 80% for untreated plots. As plants responded to increasing levels of superphosphate and flutriafol, the percentage of infected roots declined. There was no further decline in the severity of take-all with increasing levels of flutriafol above 50 g/ha. The lowest severity of take-all was observed at the highest superphosphate level (200 kg/ha) and a fungicide level of 50 g/ha. Take-all severity for this treatment varied with the site location, being 52% at Condingup while the Mt Ridley and Neridup sites had 60% infection of take-all on the roots. There was a 25-30% increase in grain yield in response to added flutriafol at the highest superphosphate level. There were also corresponding increases in dry matter production and 1000-grain weights with superphosphate and fungicide application.
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Sanguin, H., A. Sarniguet, K. Gazengel, Y. Moënne-Loccoz, and G. L. Grundmann. "Rhizosphere bacterial communities associated with disease suppressiveness stages of take-all decline in wheat monoculture." New Phytologist 184, no. 3 (November 2009): 694–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03010.x.
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Sarniguet, A., and P. Lucas. "Evaluation of populations of fluorescent pseudomonads related to decline of take-all patch on turfgrass." Plant and Soil 145, no. 1 (September 1992): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00009536.
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Catt, J. A., R. J. Gutteridge, and D. B. Slope. "Take-all distribution and soil type on Chalky Boulder Clay." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 1 (February 1986): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600061748.
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SUMMARYIn 1980 a field of winter wheat at Little Raveley, Cambridgeshire (U.K.) suffered a bad attack of take-all, which was confined mainly to areas dominated by Ragdale series, one of five soil types on the field. Take-all and yield were assessed on experimental areas within the field in the three subsequent years (1981–3). On a strip 50 m wide, which was sown with wheat in each of these years, take-all was in decline and although slight differences in take-all occurred between some of the soil types, they had no effect on grain yield. Following a break crop of beans in 1981, the remainder of the field carried wheat in 1982 and 1983. Here take-all was generally less and yields generally greater in the area that suffered the 1980 attack, probably because it had developed a natural partial immunity to the disease. However, measurements of takeall in relation to soil characteristics on 1 m2 plots suggested that the disease was becoming more prevalent on soils that are less well drained in winter, are more deeply decalcified, and contain less extractable phosphorus or more exchangeable potassium.
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de Souza, Jorge T., David M. Weller, and Jos M. Raaijmakers. "Frequency, Diversity, and Activity of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. in Dutch Take-all Decline Soils." Phytopathology® 93, no. 1 (January 2003): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.1.54.
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Natural suppressiveness of soils to take-all disease of wheat, referred to as take-all decline (TAD), occurs worldwide. It has been postulated that different microbial genera and mechanisms are responsible for TAD in soils from different geographical regions. In growth chamber experiments, we demonstrated that fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) play a key role in the natural suppressiveness of two Dutch TAD soils. First, 2,4-DAPG-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were present on roots of wheat grown in both of the TAD soils at densities at or above the threshold density required to control take-all of wheat; in a complementary take-all conducive soil, population densities of 2,4-DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. were below this threshold level. Second, introduction of 2,4-DAPG-producing strain SSB17, a representative of the dominant geno-typic group found in the Dutch TAD soils, into the take-all conducive soil at population densities similar to the densities of indigenous 2,4-DAPG producers found in TAD soils provided control of take-all similar to that observed in the TAD soil. Third, a mutant of strain SSB17 deficient in 2,4-DAPG production was not able to control take-all of wheat, indicating that 2,4-DAPG is a key determinant in take-all suppression. These results show that in addition to the physicochemically different TAD soils from Washington State, 2,4-DAPG-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. are also a key component of the natural suppressiveness found in Dutch TAD soils. Furthermore, it is the first time since the initial studies of Gerlagh (1968) that at least part of the mechanisms and microorganisms that operate in Dutch TAD soils are identified. Although quantitatively similar, the genotypic composition of 2,4-DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. varied between the Dutch TAD soils and the TAD soils from Washington State.
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Mehrotra, Rajnish. "The Continuum of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease: Challenges and Opportunities for Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis in the United States." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 27, no. 2 (March 2007): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080702700204.
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End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing renal replacement therapy have a high mortality rate and suffer from considerable morbidity. Degree of nutritional decline, disordered mineral metabolism, and vascular calcification are some of the abnormalities that predict an adverse outcome for ESRD patients. All these abnormalities begin early during the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD), long before the need for maintenance dialysis. Thus, CKD represents a continuum of metabolic and vascular abnormalities. Treatment of these abnormalities early during the course of CKD and a timely initiation of dialysis have the potential of improving patient outcomes. However, the thesis that successful management of these abnormalities will favorably modify the outcomes of dialysis patients remains untested. The proportion of incident USA ESRD patients starting chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) has historically been low. Limited physician training and inadequate predialysis patient education appear to underlie the low CPD take-on in the USA. Furthermore, two key changes have occurred in the USA: steep decline in CPD take-on and progressive increase in the use of automated peritoneal dialysis. The decline in CPD take-on has afflicted virtually every subgroup examined and has occurred, paradoxically, when the CPD outcomes in the country have improved. Understanding the reasons for historically low CPD take-on and recent steep declines in utilization may allow the development of plans to reverse these trends.
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Chng, Soonie, Matthew G. Cromey, Sarah L. Dodd, Alison Stewart, Ruth C. Butler, and Marlene V. Jaspers. "Take-all decline in New Zealand wheat soils and the microorganisms associated with the potential mechanisms of disease suppression." Plant and Soil 397, no. 1-2 (August 5, 2015): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2620-4.
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Formisano, Marcello, Koen Pauwels, and Lia Zarantonello. "A broader view on brands’ growth and decline." International Journal of Market Research 62, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785319873253.
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What does it take to grow a brand? How to avoid its decline? Some popular answers to these questions can be found in the research by Byron Sharp and others from the Ehrenberg-Bass (EB) Institute on “how brands grow.” In this article, we propose that such an approach, despite its strengths, lends itself to some limitations when taken too literally. We maintain that a broader notion and role of branding—encompassing brand equity, brand portfolio, and circular relationship of attitudes and behaviors—should be adopted by marketeers to derive better managerial implications for sustainable brand growth. We, therefore, invite marketers to not oversimplify Dirichlet evidences by thinking of availability as the only (costly) response to all marketing challenges.
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Sokolov, Alexander V. "On top-priority measures to improve the investment attractiveness of oil prospecting in energy transition." Georesursy 23, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.3.5.
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The country needs new, profitable «here and now» reserves that can slow the rate of oil production decline. In this regard, the subsoil manager urgently needs to take fundamental measures to raise investment in oil prospecting and to speed up the process. All hopes rest upon independent investors who have potential to accelerate and increase prospecting activity. In order to stimulate oil prospecting, the subsoil manager needs to take several steps towards independent investors.
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Cook, R. J. "Evidence that Microorganisms in Suppressive Soil Associated with Wheat Take-all Decline Do Not Limit the Number of Lesions Produced byGaeumannomyces graminisvar.tritici." Phytopathology 76, no. 3 (1986): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-76-342.
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Heseker, Helmut B., Joel B. Mason, Jacob Selhub, Irwin H. Rosenberg, and Paul F. Jacques. "Not all cases of neural-tube defect can be prevented by increasing the intake of folic acid." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 2 (December 16, 2008): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508149200.
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Some countries have introduced mandatory folic acid fortification, whereas others support periconceptional supplementation of women in childbearing age. Several European countries are considering whether to adopt a fortification policy. Projections of the possible beneficial effects of increased folic acid intake assume that the measure will result in a considerable reduction in neural-tube defects (NTD) in the target population. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the beneficial effects of different levels of folic acid administration on the prevalence of NTD. Countries with mandatory fortification achieved a significant increase in folate intake and a significant decline in the prevalence of NTD. This was also true for supplementation trials. However, the prevalence of NTD at birth declined to approximately five cases at birth per 10 000 births and seven to eight cases at birth or abortion per 10 000 births. This decline was independent of the amount of folic acid administered and apparently reveals a ‘floor effect’ for folic acid-preventable NTD. This clearly shows that not all cases of NTD are preventable by increasing the folate intake. The relative decline depends on the initial NTD rate. Countries with NTD prevalence close to the observed floor may have much smaller reductions in NTD rates with folic acid fortification. Additionally, potential adverse effects of fortification on other vulnerable population groups have to be seriously considered. Policy decisions concerning national mandatory fortification programmes must take into account realistically projected benefits as well as the evidence of risks to all vulnerable groups.
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Crafts, Nicholas. "UK Real National Income, 1950-1998: Some Grounds for Optimism." National Institute Economic Review 181 (July 2002): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010218100111.
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It has been claimed using the concept of the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) that there has been an absolute decline in sustainable living standards in the UK since the mid-1970s. Revisions to ISEW are proposed to make it more nearly a measure of utility-based real national income. In particular, ISEW should be revised to take account of much-improved life expectancy. Implementing any of the suggested revisions reverses the finding of absolute decline while implementing all of them results in a growth rate higher than that of real GDP per head in the national accounts.
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Jenkyn, J. F., R. J. Gutteridge, and A. D. Todd. "Effects of sowing winter barley on different dates in autumn on the severity of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) in those and the subsequent crops." Journal of Agricultural Science 119, no. 1 (August 1992): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600071501.
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SummaryExperiments on winter barley at Rothamsted, testing different sowing dates, were sampled in 1987–89 to measure effects on take-all caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The experiments used the same plots in each year, and in 1988 and 1989 the randomization was restricted so that sowing dates were balanced for sowing dates in the previous year.The site had been used to grow barley since at least 1979 (spring barley from 1979 until 1985), and take-all was much more severe than expected. It was usually most severe in the earliest-sown plots and decreased almost linearly as sowing was delayed. There was also evidence that the sowing dates of the preceding crop had a continuing, residual effect. In the two years that the effects of previous sowing dates were tested, there was usually least take-all in plots where the crop followed one sown very early or very late in the previous year, and most where it followed one sown at the end of September or in early October. These effects probably reflect differences in amounts of inoculum and in the rate of development of take-all decline.
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Sanguin, Hervé, Lionel Kroneisen, Kevin Gazengel, Martina Kyselková, Benoît Remenant, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Geneviève L. Grundmann, Alain Sarniguet, and Yvan Moënne-Loccoz. "Development of a 16S rRNA microarray approach for the monitoring of rhizosphere Pseudomonas populations associated with the decline of take-all disease of wheat." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 5 (May 2008): 1028–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.11.023.
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Sandén, Marie-Louise, and Per Bjurulf. "Pregnant Women's Attitudes for Accepting or Declining a Serum-Alpha-Fetoprotein Test." Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 1988): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349488801600414.
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This study analyzes attitudes which influence women in their decisions to accept or decline a serum-Alpha-FetoProtein (se-AFP) test. The survey covers all women who have visited antenatal clinics offering the se-AFP test in a given area during a specified period. All in all, the pregnant women answered four questionnaires: three before and one after delivery. 19% of the women declined the se-AFP test. During pregnancy, the women who did not take the se-AFP test said that the reason was anxiety about the results of the test. Many of the women who took the test said that they wanted assurance that the child was healthy. This entails obvious ethical problems when the test is positive. The test-routine does not have a major influence in the decisionmaking process. A change in routines to shorten the waiting time, and a different cut-off line might influence some of the declining women to accept the test.
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Raina, Bushen, Pradip Chanda, D. P. Mehta, and Sunil Kumar Maheshwari. "Organizational Decline and Turnaround Management." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 4 (October 2003): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030408.
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A panel of turnaround leaders, consultant, and academia responded to the theme on Organizational Decline and Turnaround Management. The panel members addressed the following issues: What are the causes of organizational decline? How do stakeholders respond to organizational decline? What are the turnaround challenges? The salient features of the responses are as follows: There is a divide among the turnaround leaders regarding the causes of decline. Some view the decline purely as the result of the failure of management to anticipate and act appropriately in time. For others, the decline is caused primarily due to external changes. People in academia and consulting view the problem as a mix of the two. According to them, a complex mix of variables-organizational processes, structure, leadership, vision, and technologies-lead to organizational decline. To safeguard against decline, organizations must carefully monitors difficulties in adapting changes and rigidity of systems declining profitability shift in customer preferences working capital problems like inventory build-up; dumping products on dealers; and increasing receivables from customers inability to plough back into the business lack of vision and explicit direction for the future frequent labour unrest regular plant breakdowns. The response of stakeholders to organizational decline becomes hostile. Often, financial institutions include compound interest and increase penal charges to secure their dues. The employees and union members tend to become aggressive owing to loss of credibility of management. Suppliers tend to evaluate the risk of their dues. Their hostility reduces if the management assures them of payment. Managers experience erosion of pride in their company. It leads to low individual initiatives. The turnaround challenges include the following: Leadership that provides a vision, induces creativity, challenges the existing business assumptions, and shows willingness to take tough decisions. The support of financial institutions by way of loan restructuring. Industry is experiencing a definite shift in the approach of financial institutions and banks; they are now tending to support the turnaround effort. Gaining the trust of the suppliers to seek their support. Internally, management needs to be concerned about: maximizing productivity of all resources and capacity utilization manpower rationalization stringent working capital management stretching the targets and making assets ‘sweat’ streamlining systems investing in technology upgradation through internal generation financial restructuring in low interest cost regime.
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Creese, Jennifer, John-Paul Byrne, Edel Conway, Elizabeth Barrett, Lucia Prihodova, and Niamh Humphries. "“We All Really Need to just Take a Breath”: Composite Narratives of Hospital Doctors’ Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042051.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a challenge to the physical and mental well-being of doctors worldwide. Countries around the world introduced severe social restrictions, and significant changes to health service provision in the first wave of the pandemic to suppress the spread of the virus and prioritize healthcare for those who contracted it. This study interviewed 48 hospital doctors who worked in Ireland during the first wave of the pandemic and investigated their conceptualizations of their own well-being during that time (March–May 2020). Doctors were interviewed via Zoom™ or telephone. Interview transcripts were analyzed using structured thematic analysis. Five composite narratives are presented which have been crafted to illustrate themes and experiences emerging from the data. This study found that despite the risks of contracting COVID-19, many doctors saw some improvements to their physical well-being in the first wave of the pandemic. However, most also experienced a decline in their mental well-being due to anxiety, emotional exhaustion, guilt, isolation and poor support. These findings shed light on doctor well-being during COVID-19, and the ways in which they have been affected by the pandemic, both professionally and personally. The paper concludes by highlighting how doctors’ work life and well-being can be better supported during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Freer-Smith, Charlotte, Laragh Harvey-Kelly, Katie Mills, Hannah Harrison, Sabrina H. Rossi, Simon J. Griffin, Grant D. Stewart, and Juliet A. Usher-Smith. "Reasons for intending to accept or decline kidney cancer screening: thematic analysis of free text from an online survey." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e044961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044961.
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ObjectivesKidney cancer has been identified as a disease for which screening might provide significant benefit for patients. The aim of this study was to understand in detail the facilitators and barriers towards uptake of a future kidney cancer screening programme, and to compare these across four proposed screening modalities.DesignAn online survey including free-text responses.SettingUKParticipants668 adultsPrimary and secondary outcome measuresThe survey assessed participants’ self-reported intention to take-up kidney cancer screening with four different test methods (urine test, blood test, ultrasound scan and low-dose CT). We conducted thematic analysis of 2559 free-text comments made within the survey using an inductive approach.ResultsWe identified five overarching themes that influenced screening intention: ‘personal health beliefs’, ‘practicalities’, ‘opinions of the test’, ‘attitudes towards screening’ and ‘cancer apprehension’. Overall, participants considered the tests presented as simple to complete and the benefits of early detection to outweigh any drawbacks to screening. Dominant facilitators and barriers varied with patterns of intention to take up screening across the four tests. Most intended to take up screening by all four tests, and for these participants, screening was seen as a positive health behaviour. A significant minority were driven by practicalities and the risks of the tests offered. A smaller proportion intended to reject all forms of screening offered, often due to fear or worry about results and unnecessary medical intervention or a general negative view of screening.ConclusionsMost individuals would accept kidney cancer screening by any of the four test options presented because of strong positive attitudes towards screening in general and the perceived simplicity of the tests. Providing information about the rationale for screening in general and the potential benefits of early detection will be important to optimise uptake among uncertain individuals.
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Looms, Rachel. "Creation of a primary care personal asthma action plan." Journal of Prescribing Practice 1, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2019.1.1.33.
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National guidelines recommend that all patients with asthma are offered a personal asthma action plan (PAAP), which contains potentially lifesaving information should a patient experience a decline in symptoms. A PAAP was created for use within a primary care setting based on a review of currently available plans. It was based on a colour-coded system: green for when the patient feels well, amber for a decline in symptoms, and red for an asthma attack. It was designed to fit onto one side of A4 paper, with guidance for the patient to take a photograph of it with their mobile phone. The PAAP was only recently introduced into practice, so its impact on reducing asthma related complications or hospital admissions has not yet been reviewed.
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Kraus, Johannes, David Scholz, Dina Stiegemeier, and Martin Baumann. "The More You Know: Trust Dynamics and Calibration in Highly Automated Driving and the Effects of Take-Overs, System Malfunction, and System Transparency." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 5 (June 24, 2019): 718–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819853686.
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Objective This paper presents a theoretical model and two simulator studies on the psychological processes during early trust calibration in automated vehicles. Background The positive outcomes of automation can only reach their full potential if a calibrated level of trust is achieved. In this process, information on system capabilities and limitations plays a crucial role. Method In two simulator experiments, trust was repeatedly measured during an automated drive. In Study 1, all participants in a two-group experiment experienced a system-initiated take-over, and the occurrence of a system malfunction was manipulated. In Study 2 in a 2 × 2 between-subject design, system transparency was manipulated as an additional factor. Results Trust was found to increase during the first interactions progressively. In Study 1, take-overs led to a temporary decrease in trust, as did malfunctions in both studies. Interestingly, trust was reestablished in the course of interaction for take-overs and malfunctions. In Study 2, the high transparency condition did not show a temporary decline in trust after a malfunction. Conclusion Trust is calibrated along provided information prior to and during the initial drive with an automated vehicle. The experience of take-overs and malfunctions leads to a temporary decline in trust that was recovered in the course of error-free interaction. The temporary decrease can be prevented by providing transparent information prior to system interaction. Application Transparency, also about potential limitations of the system, plays an important role in this process and should be considered in the design of tutorials and human-machine interaction (HMI) concepts of automated vehicles.
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Janes, Holly, Yifan Zhu, and Elizabeth R. Brown. "Designing HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials in the Context of Highly Effective Non-vaccine Prevention Modalities." Statistics in Biosciences 12, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 468–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12561-020-09292-1.
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Abstract The evolving HIV prevention landscape poses challenges to the statistical design of future trials of candidate HIV vaccines. Study designs must address the anticipated reduction in HIV incidence due to adding new prevention modalities to the standard prevention package provided to trial participants, and must also accommodate individual choices of participants with regard to the use of these modalities. We explore four potential trial designs that address these challenges, with a focus on accommodating the newest addition to the prevention package-antiretroviral-based oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The designs differ with respect to how individuals who take up oral PrEP at screening are handled. An All-Comers Design enrolls and randomizes all eligible individuals, a Decliners Design enrolls and randomizes only those who decline PrEP at screening, and Single and Multi-Stage Run-In Designs enroll all but randomize only those who decline PrEP or show inadequate adherence to PrEP after one or multiple run-in periods. We compare these designs with respect to required sample sizes, study duration, and resource requirements, using a simulation model that incorporates data on HIV risk and PrEP uptake and adherence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Americas. We advocate considering Run-In Designs for some future contexts, and identify their advantages and tradeoffs relative to the other designs. The design concepts apply beyond HIV vaccines to other prevention modalities being developed with the aim to achieve further reductions in HIV incidence.
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Nuninga, Jasper Olivier, Marc Marijn Bohlken, Sanne Koops, Ania M. Fiksinski, René C. W. Mandl, Elemi J. Breetvelt, Sasja N. Duijff, René S. Kahn, Iris E. C. Sommer, and Jacob A. S. Vorstman. "White matter abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome patients showing cognitive decline." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 10 (November 16, 2017): 1655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717003142.
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AbstractBackgroundDecline in cognitive functioning precedes the first psychotic episode in the course of schizophrenia and is considered a hallmark symptom of the disorder. Given the low incidence of schizophrenia, it remains a challenge to investigate whether cognitive decline coincides with disease-related changes in brain structure, such as white matter abnormalities. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is an appealing model in this context, as 25% of patients develop psychosis. Furthermore, we recently showed that cognitive decline also precedes the onset of psychosis in individuals with 22q11DS. Here, we investigate whether the early cognitive decline in patients with 22q11DS is associated with alterations in white matter microstructure.MethodsWe compared the fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter in 22q11DS patients with cognitive decline [n = 16; −18.34 (15.8) VIQ percentile points over 6.80 (2.39) years] to 22q11DS patients without cognitive decline [n = 18; 17.71 (20.17) VIQ percentile points over 5.27 (2.03) years] by applying an atlas-based approach to diffusion-weighted imaging data.ResultsFA was significantly increased (p < 0.05, FDR) in 22q11DS patients with a cognitive decline in the bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus, the bilateral cingulum bundle, all subcomponents of the left internal capsule and the left superior frontal-occipital fasciculus as compared with 22q11DS patients without cognitive decline.ConclusionsWithin 22q11DS, the early cognitive decline is associated with microstructural differences in white matter. At the mean age of 17.8 years, these changes are reflected in increased FA in several tracts. We hypothesize that similar brain alterations associated with cognitive decline take place early in the trajectory of schizophrenia.
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Dozio, Elena, Elena Vianello, Clementina Sitzia, Federico Ambrogi, Stefano Benedini, Silvia Gorini, Benedetta Rampoldi, Roberta Rigolini, Lorenza Tacchini, and Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli. "Circulating Irisin and esRAGE as Early Biomarkers of Decline of Metabolic Health." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020454.
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A decline in metabolic health may take place before observing any alteration in the levels of the traditional metabolic markers. New indicators of metabolic derangement are therefore compelling. Irisin is a myokine with important metabolic functions. The role of irisin as a metabolic biomarker in humans has not been fully established yet. We quantified plasma irisin and esRAGE in 106 apparently healthy individuals and we performed a cluster analysis to evaluate their associations with metabolic profile. Plasma levels of various traditional markers of metabolic risk (i.e., glucose and lipid levels) were all within the ranges of normality. We identified two clusters of individuals. Compared to cluster 2, individuals in cluster 1 had higher irisin levels, a metabolic profile shifted toward the limits of the reference ranges and lower esRAGE levels. The traditional metabolic blood tests seem not to be enough to identify a metabolic decline early. Irisin increase and esRAGE decrease may reflect a metabolic derangement at the beginning of its development. The role of these molecules as early biomarkers of decline of metabolic health seems an interesting topic to be further explored.
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Zhang, Keqing, Wei Zhang, and Yanyan Wu. "CHANGES IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION AMONG SENIOR AMERICANS: TRENDS AND DIFFERENCES BY RACE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2413.
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Abstract Improvements in health and increase in life expectancy have contributed to the increasing proportion of older population over the past century. It is estimated that by 2050, the number of older adults with cognitive impairments in the United States will increase by 2.5-4 fold, while age-specific rates remain constant. This paper uses data from 10 waves (1996-2014) of the Health and Retirement Study (N= 33213) to crystalize the trends in cognitive function changes and cognitive impairment rates in a nationally representative sample of older adults. OLS and logistic regressions are used to estimate the trends and determine the contribution of sociodemographic variables to decreasing trends in the prevalence of cognitive impairment over time. Results show that with the increase of age, the cognitive function of older adults decline in all races, after adjustment for age, gender, education, and other sociodemographic factors. Also, the annual decline rate of cognitive function is larger for African Americans and Hispanic Americans, while smaller for white and other races. A further investigation of the possibility of cognitive impairment reveals a different scenario: as individual ages, the Hispanic are the least likely to suffer from cognitive impairment, followed by the white, other and black. Improvements in educational level contribute to declines in cognitive impairment across all races, particular the Hispanic Americans. Race-specific findings suggest that future research need to take into account the racial diversity and possibly cultural influences when examining the cognitive functions of older adults.
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Yopo H., Boris. "The Rio Group: Decline or Consolidation of the Latin American Concertación Policy." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33, no. 4 (1991): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165878.
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At the end of 1986, when Contadora and its Support Group reduced their presence in Central America, their member countries decided to create a permanent organism for consultation and agreement, thus re-orienting and extending their working agenda, which had originally been limited to the issues of Central American policy and, in the economic area (through the Cartagena Group), to the problem of external debt. Several factors prompted them to take this course. First, all had found the experiment in concertación policymaking to be valuable and were reluctant to lose the experience and momentum acquired over the years. Second, it was apparent that changing circumstances had altered their position in resolving the Central America crisis, so that the Contadora and Support Groups found themselves playing only a secondary role in the negotiations and becoming increasingly marginalized. Furthermore, some countries felt that the excessive emphasis on the Central American problem had circumscribed the ability of the Group to focus on other issues which, as tensions eased in Central America, were gaining priority on the foreign policy agendas of their respective governments.
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Liu, Hsiu-Yueh, Jen-Hao Chen, Kun-Jung Hsu, Ching-Teng Yao, Ping-Ho Chen, Szu-Yu Hsiao, and Chun-Li Lin. "Decreased Tongue Pressure Associated with Aging, Chewing and Swallowing Difficulties of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Taiwan." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 7 (July 11, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11070653.
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Personalized tongue pressure (TP) training focuses on improving swallowing. This study aims to establish the TP values of different age levels and compare changes between different swallowing status among community-dwelling elders. In this cross-sectional study, 1000 participants, aged 60 years old and above, were recruited from community care centers. All participants were classified into non chewing and/or swallowing difficulties (NCSD) and with chewing and/or swallowing difficulties (CSD) groups and their diseases and dieting status were recorded using a structured questionnaire. A disposable oral probe was used to measure TP by asking participants to compress it against the hard palate with maximum voluntary effort. Among 1000 elders, 63.10% had CSD and their TP (from 31.76 to 18.20 kPa) was lower than the NCSD group (from 33.56 to 24.51 kPa). Both groups showed the same tendency for TP decline with increasing age. Decline of TP makes CSD elderly have a poor appetite, eat a soft or liquid diet, and take longer to eat a meal (all p < 0.050). The secondary risk factor dominating TP decline for NCSD and CSD elders is having an education level less than primary school and an abnormal eating assessment, respectively. Our results demonstrated that TP decline has a significant relationship with age changes. Education level and an abnormal eating assessment score are closely associated with TP decline. A series of TP values can be used as a reference indicator of personalized medicine during the aging process among community-dwelling older adults.
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Silva, Gulnar Azevedo e., Vania Reis Girianelli, Carmen Justina Gamarra, and Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira. "Cervical cancer mortality trends in Brazil, 1981-2006." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 26, no. 12 (December 2010): 2399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2010001200018.
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The aim of this study was to describe cervical cancer mortality trends in Brazil for the period 1981-2006. Cervical cancer mortality was corrected on the basis of proportional redistribution of the deaths from "malignant neoplasm of uterus, part unspecified". Time trends were evaluated by means of simple linear regression. After correction, cervical cancer ranked second among the leading causes of death from cancer in the female population up to 2005, with a downward trend for the country as a whole, a decline in the State capitals, and a stable trend in the municipalities in the interior. A downward trend was confirmed in the State capitals in all geographic regions of the country. In the municipalities in the interior, there was an increase in the North and Northeast regions, a decline in the Southeast and South, and a stable trend in the Central-West. Although uneven, the decline began to take consistent shape in the country. Even better results could be achieved by investing in the expansion of screening coverage, especially among the populations at greatest risk.
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Patel, Anuj V., Samuel M. Abrams, Charlotte A. Gaydos, Mary Jett-Goheen, Carl A. Latkin, Richard E. Rothman, and Yu-Hsiang Hsieh. "Increasing HIV testing engagement through provision of home HIV self-testing kits for patients who decline testing in the emergency department: a pilot randomisation study." Sexually Transmitted Infections 95, no. 5 (June 14, 2018): 358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053592.
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ObjectiveUp to 60% of patients decline routine HIV testing offer in US emergency departments (EDs). The objective of this study is to determine whether the provision of HIV self-testing (HIVST) kit would increase engagement of HIV testing among these HIV test ‘Decliners’.MethodsPatients who declined a test offered in an ED-based triage nurse-driven HIV screening programme were enrolled and randomised to either the HIVST or the control group. The patients in the HIVST group received HIVST kits to take home, were encouraged to report test results to an established internet-based STI/HIV testing recruitment website ‘I Want the Kit’ (IWTK) and received five referral cards for their peers to request HIVST kits from IWTK. The control group received pamphlets about publicly available HIV testing sites. HIV testing from both groups after enrolment was determined via telephone follow-up at 1 month. Testing rate ratio (RR) was determined using χ2 tests.ResultsFifty-two patients were randomised to the HIVST group and 48 to the control group. Among all 64 patients completing any follow-up, 14/29 (48%) patients in the HIVST group tested themselves at home with the provided kit. Four of these had never had an HIV test. Only 2/35 (6%) in the control group reported having an HIV test after enrolment (RR: 8.45 (95% CI: 2.09 to 34.17)). 57% (8/14) in the HIVST group reported test results to IWTK.ConclusionProvision of HIVST kits supplements ED-based screening programme and significantly improved engagement of HIV testing among those test ‘Decliners’ in the ED.Trial registration numberNCT03021005, results.
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Fine, Terri Susan. "Economic Interests and the Framing of the 1988 and 1992 Deomcratic and Republican Party Platforms." American Review of Politics 16 (April 1, 1995): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1995.16.0.79-93.
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In this paper, the role that economic groups play in attempting to shape party platforms is examined by analyzing economic group presence at the 1988 and 1992 Democratic and Republican platform writing hearings. Whether the same economic groups participating as witnesses in the platform writing hearings also contributed to the presidential campaigns is also explored. The findings suggest that economic interest group participation varied widely between 1988 and 1992 and declined across years. Trade associations dominated economic group participation whereas labor unions did not take an active role. Business interests showed a strong preference for the Republicans in 1988 and reasonably equal interest in both parties the following year. The participatory decline among these groups may be explained by a growing perception that platforms are less effective as campaign guides and policy tools in an era dominated by candidate centered elections, split ticket voting and increasing independent identification, all indicators of decreasing reliance on the parties at the mass and elite levels.
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Мусиевский and Aleksandr Musievskiy. "Dynamics of forest cover and forest fund structure of the Voronezh Region." Forestry Engineering Journal 3, no. 3 (December 12, 2013): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1767.
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According to the records the total forest area of the Voronezh region in 2008 was 501,689 hectares, including forest of forest fund – 463209 hectares. All the forests for their intended purpose are protective and their development can only take place in order to preserve and maintain performed ecological functions. However, the data on the dynamics of the forest cover of the Voronezh region in the period from 1585 to 2011 evidence of its regular, starting since 1993 decline, which reached in 2011, the lowest in the last 50 years value of 8.0 %.
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Cunningham, A. A. "Infectious disease threats to amphibian conservation." Glasgow Naturalist 27, Supplement (2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37208/tgn27s14.
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The unexplained decline of amphibian populations across the world was first recognised in the late 20th century. When investigated, most of these “enigmatic” declines have been shown to be due to one of two types of infectious disease: ranavirosis caused by infection with FV3-like ranavirus or with common midwife toad virus, or chytridiomycosis caused by infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis or B. salamandrivorans. In all cases examined, infection has been via the human-mediated introduction of the pathogen to a species or population in which it has not naturally co-evolved. While ranaviruses and B. salamandrivorans have caused regionally localised amphibian population declines in Europe, the chytrid fungus, B. dendrobatidis, has caused catastrophic multi-species amphibian population declines and species extinctions globally. These diseases have already caused the loss of amphibian biodiversity, and over 40% of known amphibian species are threatened with extinction. If this biodiversity loss is to be halted, it is imperative that regulations are put in place – and enforced – to prevent the spread of known and yet-to-be discovered amphibian pathogens. Also, it is incumbent on those who keep or study amphibians to take measures to minimise the risk of disease spread, including from captive animals to those in the wild.
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Ponte, Stefano. "Trapped in decline? Reassessing agrarian change and economic diversification on the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003536.
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Analysing the dynamics of agrarian change and economic diversification is central for understanding the current transformation of African countries under market reforms. This article examines the complex changes taking place in the densely populated Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania, and places the Uluguru case in the context of wider debates dealing with market liberalisation, economic diversification, poverty, and inequality. It argues that rural households are not ‘trapped in decline’ on the Uluguru Mountains, as depicted in previous literature. Under the harsh realities of farming in this area, households can improve their livelihoods in three ways – short of migrating and in addition to relying on remittances. These are to expand land cultivated in the surrounding plains, to experiment with alternative farming systems, and to increase non-farm income. Uluguru households are doing all of the above, with a certain degree of success. Economic diversification can thus play an important role in improving rural livelihoods in Tanzania and beyond, but this process is more likely to take place in locations with well-established economic ties and relatively good access to major markets.
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Dittmar, Norbert. "Grammaticalization in Second Language Acquisition." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 14, no. 3 (September 1992): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100011104.
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SingularNominative—Mein guter Freund, my good friend. Genitive—Meines guten Freundes, of my good friend. Dative—Meinem guten Freund, to my good friend. Accusative—Meinen guten Freund, my good friend.PluralNominative—Meine guten Freunde, my good friends. Genitive—Meiner guten Freunde, of my good friends. Dative—Meinen guten Freunden, to my good friends. Accusative—Meine guten Freunde, my good friends.Now let the candidate for the asylum try to memorize those variations, and see how soon he will be elected. One might better go without friends in Germany than to take all this trouble about them. I have shown what a bother it is to decline a good (male) friend; well this is only a third of the work, for there is a variety of new distortions of the adjective to be learned when the object is feminine, and still another when the object is neuter. Now there are more adjectives in this language than there are black cats in Switzerland, and they must all be as elaborately declined as the example above suggested. Difficult? Troublesome? (Mark Twain, ‘The Awful German Language,’ in Twain, 1879, pp. 271–272)
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Cox, C. M., K. A. Garrett, T. S. Cox, W. W. Bockus, and T. Peters. "Reactions of Perennial Grain Accessions to Four Major Cereal Pathogens of the Great Plains." Plant Disease 89, no. 11 (November 2005): 1235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1235.
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Methods of disease management used in annual grain crops, especially cultural practices designed to disrupt the disease cycle of a particular pathogen, will not necessarily be applicable to perennial grain crops. Resistance to multiple pathogens, therefore, will clearly be important in disease management. The objective of this research was to evaluate disease resistance in 10 perennial grain accessions (one to two accessions of each: perennial wheat (Thinopyrum sp. × Triticum aestivum), intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), perennial rye (Secale montanum), hexaploid triticale (Triticum turgidum × S. montanum), octoploid triticale (Triticum aestivum × S. montanum), tetraploid perennial rye (Secale cereale × S. montanum), and tall wheat-grass (Thinopyrum ponticum)) to tan spot (caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis), take-all (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), wheat streak mosaic, and barley yellow dwarf, four important diseases of the Great Plains. Several of the grasses were resistant to tan spot, barley yellow dwarf, and wheat streak mosaic. Indeed, the wild grasses and perennial donors T. intermedium (including BFPMC1), T. ponticum, and S. montanum, in addition to Permontra, a tetraploid perennial rye, were highly resistant to all three diseases. Additionally, the remaining grasses tested were also more resistant to tan spot than the susceptible wheat control. However, none of the 10 grass accessions appeared highly resistant to take-all, and substantial losses in biomass were observed, although such effects may be moderated under field conditions due to the potential for take-all decline in perennial plantings.
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Clark, John L. "Curriculum renewal in school foreign language learning." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 14–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.9.1.02cla.
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Abstract “But you, who are wise, must know that different Nations have different conceptions of things and you will therefore not take it amiss, if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours. We have had some experience of it. Several of our young people were formerly brought up at the colleges of the northern provinces; they were instructed in all your sciences; but when they came back to us, they were bad runners, ignorant of every means of living in the woods .... neither fit for hunters, warriors, nor councellors, they were totally good for nothing. We are, however, not the less oblig’d by your kind offer, tho’ we decline accepting it: and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their Education, instruct them in all we know, and make men of them”. (Response of the Indians of the six nations to a suggestion that they send boys to an American college, Pennsylvania, 1744).
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Isherwood, Scott Jie Shen, Pierre-Louis Bazin, Anneke Alkemade, and Birte Uta Forstmann. "Quantity and quality: Normative open-access neuroimaging databases." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): e0248341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248341.
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The focus of this article is to compare twenty normative and open-access neuroimaging databases based on quantitative measures of image quality, namely, signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR). We further the analysis through discussing to what extent these databases can be used for the visualization of deeper regions of the brain, such as the subcortex, as well as provide an overview of the types of inferences that can be drawn. A quantitative comparison of contrasts including T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) images are summarized, providing evidence for the benefit of ultra-high field MRI. Our analysis suggests a decline in SNR in the caudate nuclei with increasing age, in T1w, T2w, qT1 and qT2* contrasts, potentially indicative of complex structural age-dependent changes. A similar decline was found in the corpus callosum of the T1w, qT1 and qT2* contrasts, though this relationship is not as extensive as within the caudate nuclei. These declines were accompanied by a declining CNR over age in all image contrasts. A positive correlation was found between scan time and the estimated SNR as well as a negative correlation between scan time and spatial resolution. Image quality as well as the number and types of contrasts acquired by these databases are important factors to take into account when selecting structural data for reuse. This article highlights the opportunities and pitfalls associated with sampling existing databases, and provides a quantitative backing for their usage.
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Heward, Jessica, Lydia Stone, Stella-Maria Paddick, Sarah Mkenda, William K. Gray, Catherine L. Dotchin, John Kissima, Cecilia Collingwood, Bernadetha Swai, and Richard W. Walker. "A longitudinal study of cognitive decline in rural Tanzania: rates and potentially modifiable risk factors." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 9 (March 21, 2018): 1333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002861.
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ABSTRACTBackground:The number of people living with dementia in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is expected to increase rapidly in the coming decades. However, our understanding of how best to reduce dementia risk in the population is very limited. As a first step in developing intervention strategies to manage dementia risk in this setting, we investigated rates of cognitive decline in a rural population in Tanzania and attempted to identify associated factors.Methods:The study was conducted in the rural Hai district of northern Tanzania. In 2014, community-dwelling people aged 65 years and over living in six villages were invited to take part in a cognitive screening program. All participants from four of the six villages were followed-up at two years and cognitive function re-tested. At baseline and follow-up, participants were assessed for functional disability, hypertension, and grip strength (as a measure of frailty). At follow-up, additional assessments of visual acuity, hearing impairment, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and clinical assessment for stroke were completed.Results:Baseline and follow-up data were available for 327 people. Fifty people had significant cognitive decline at two-year follow-up. Having no formal education, low grip strength at baseline, being female and having depression at follow-up were independently associated with cognitive decline.Conclusions:This is one of the first studies of cognitive decline conducted in SSA. Rates of decline at two years were relatively high. Future work should focus on identification of specific modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline with a view to developing culturally appropriate interventions.
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Cook, R. M. "Stock collapse or stock recovery? Contrasting perceptions of a depleted cod stock." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 4 (January 23, 2019): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy190.
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Abstract ICES assessments of cod (Gadus morhua) in the west of Scotland (ICES Division 6a) suggest the biomass has collapsed and that fishing mortality rate (F) has remained high. In contrast, other stocks in the same fishery, and adjacent cod stocks all show marked declines in fishing mortality and some recovery of the biomass. The perception of the status of 6a cod appears to be dependent on the assumption that the fishery exploitation pattern is flat topped. An assessment that allows the exploitation to take a domed shape produces results that suggest a marked decline in fishing mortality rate and that the spawning stock biomass has recovered to the minimum biomass reference point, Blim. The reduction in F is consistent with substantial reductions in fishing effort and shows a similar pattern to stocks taken within the same fishery. The management implications arising from the two assessments differ substantially. The analysis indicates that benchmark assessments need to test assessment model conditioning assumptions more widely and that management advice needs to consider a more comprehensive range of information about the stock and fishery.
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Gotteiner, Sharon, Marta Mas-Machuca, and Frederic Marimon. "Fighting organizational decline: a risk-based approach to organizational anti-aging." Management Research Review 42, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 1259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-09-2018-0367.
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Purpose Most mature organizations face a major decline in performance at some time during their existence. For more than three decades, it has been suggested that the management practices that could cure a troubled company could have also kept it well. Inspired by this concept, this paper is proposing a preventive approach to early implementation of turnaround strategies as an alternative for otherwise traumatic rescue efforts, further along the downward spiral. Design/methodology/approach Corporate turnaround strategies and associated risks are integrated with a risk-based approach, along with a proactive decision-making process. The link between turnaround research, resource-based view, the sources of organizational decline, and the governance of organizational-decline-related risks – is explained. Findings The integrated model streamlines a preventive organizational process for considering the suitability of commonly used turnaround practices – for the non-crisis business routine of a mature company. By considering and adjusting the risks associated with such practices, it addresses risk aversion at the early stages of decline and determines the optimal sequence and timing of retrenchment and recovery activities. As such, it encourages mature companies to take actions for reducing their exposure to organizational decline. Accordingly, the model is named the “Anti-Aging” framework. Research limitations/implications Empirical testing of the suitability of turnaround strategies for non-crisis situations is proposed as a direction for future research. Practical implications The Anti-Aging framework opens an opportunity for the senior management of a mature organization to respond earlier to organizational decline and avoid the trauma associated with otherwise more challenging conditions, for the benefit of all stakeholders. Originality/value The Anti-Aging framework proposes an innovative way of bridging the gap between the benefits of early implementation of turnaround strategies, and major obstacles faced by willing, traditional management teams of mature organizations.
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Anindyatama, Meannita Dipa, Kusmayadi Kusmayadi Kusmayadi, and Lilis Mardiana Anugrahwati. "ANALISIS PENGARUH JUMLAH ANGGOTA, SIMPANAN ANGGOTA, DAN PIUTANG ANGGOTA TERHADAP SISA HASIL USAHA PADA PRIMKOPKAR MANUNGGAL DAMATEXTIMATEX SALATIGA." Jurnal Aktual Akuntansi Keuangan Bisnis Terapan (AKUNBISNIS) 2, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/akunbisnis.v2i2.1660.
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t:Declining the number of members caused by desicion of company to make termination of employment and make number of members decline. This problem also take effect for member’s participation for cooperative. Based on analysis the effect of number of members, equity of members, and member receivable as independent variables which are indicating of member’s partisipation, give a result that the analysis of all the independet variables do not make a significant effect for the income of Primkopkar Manunggal Damatex-Timatex Salatiga. This caused by the problems in cooperative which make number of members, equity of members, and member receivable do not affect the cooperative income.
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Wosniack, M. E., M. C. Santos, M. R. Pie, M. C. M. Marques, E. P. Raposo, G. M. Viswanathan, and M. G. E. da Luz. "Unveiling a mechanism for species decline in fragmented habitats: fragmentation induced reduction in encounter rates." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 91 (February 6, 2014): 20130887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0887.
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Several studies have reported that fragmentation (e.g. of anthropogenic origin) of habitats often leads to a decrease in the number of species in the region. An important mechanism causing this adverse ecological impact is the change in the encounter rates (i.e. the rates at which individuals meet other organisms of the same or different species). Yet, how fragmentation can change encounter rates is poorly understood. To gain insight into the problem, here we ask how landscape fragmentation affects encounter rates when all other relevant variables remain fixed. We present strong numerical evidence that fragmentation decreases search efficiencies thus encounter rates. What is surprising is that it falls even when the global average densities of interacting organisms are held constant. In other words, fragmentation per se can reduce encounter rates. As encounter rates are fundamental for biological interactions, it can explain part of the observed diminishing in animal biodiversity. Neglecting this effect may underestimate the negative outcomes of fragmentation. Partial deforestation and roads that cut through forests, for instance, might be responsible for far greater damage than thought. Preservation policies should take into account this previously overlooked scientific fact.
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Krickovic, Andrej, and Chang Zhang. "Fears of Falling Short versus Anxieties of Decline: Explaining Russia and China’s Approach to Status-Seeking." Chinese Journal of International Politics 13, no. 2 (2020): 219–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poaa006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Although recent scholarship has advanced our understanding of status, little attention has been paid to the factors that shape states’ status-seeking behaviour. Consequently, existing theories are unable to explain why Russia has been more aggressive and confrontational in its status-seeking than China. What is missing is a detailed examination of the ways in which status-seekers’ power trajectories affect their status-seeking behaviour. Whether a status-seeker is rising or in decline shapes its propensity to take risks in pursuit of status, its calculations regarding the utility of attaining more status, and its ability to use non-confrontational and non-aggressive status-seeking strategies to induce other states to accord it higher status. Declining powers, such as Russia, engage in aggressive status-seeking to avoid imminent status losses. Decliners need to initiate confrontations with other states to compel them to recognise their status. Risers, such as China, are more cautious and restrained. Recognising that aggressive status-seeking can jeopardise imminent gains, they are conscious of the costs that accompany elevated status. Their admirable successes and growing power, moreover, make other states all the more willing to accord them higher status. Risers, therefore, can enhance their status without resorting to aggressive or confrontational methods.
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Kapitanov, V. A., A. A. Ivanova, and A. Y. Maksimova. "Identification of trends in the decline in US income over the past five decades." Statistics and Economics 16, no. 5 (November 2, 2019): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-5-94-110.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the work is to test the well-known prediction of Karl Marx about the tendency to reduce the income of the proletariat under capitalism. The United States has been selected as the object of study as an advanced capitalist country with a relatively weakly developed public sector of the economy compared to other advanced capitalist countries and relatively small social transfers. In this work, by income reduction, we mean a massive phenomenon, involving at least 10% of the population and lasting for at least 10 years. The cyclical nature of the capitalist economy leads to sharp fluctuations in the income of the population, because of which problems arise during data processing: the downward trends can only be detected at sufficiently large intervals of time. Considering this, as research methods were the study of the largest possible amount of heterogeneous data. Direct data on the income of various statistical units, adopted in American statistics families, households, individuals, persons, direct data on wages, as well as indirect data on quality of life – long-term changes in average people height, life expectancy, specific number of prisoners were reviewed in this paper. All studied sources confirm the assumption of a long-term (approximately since 1969) decrease in the income of the majority (> 50%) or at least a significant proportion of the US population. All data presented in the article are the estimates below. In fact, the share of the population subject to a decrease in income is higher, and the depth of the fall in income is greater. The consumer price indices, used in the processing of data do not take into account the greater susceptibility of income of the poor to the influence of inflation; the indices do not take into account the hidden increase in prices for the goods associated with the deterioration of their quality. Externalities, connected with the economic growth are not considered, the poor primarily affect the influence of which. It is shown that the decline in income is deep enough to have negative physiological consequences – the growth of at least 50% of the population is reduced, the life expectancy of at least 15 ... 30% (depending on the source) of the population falls. It is noted that the physiological consequences of a decrease in income have a gender asymmetry – reducing the average median body height and a decrease in life expectancy is more pronounced for women than for men, despite the trend of equalization of incomes/wages for men and women. The decline in income is deep enough to have negative social consequences: in 1969, it led to a transition from a stable number of prisoners for decades to exponential growth; peak values of the specific number of prisoners in the 2000s are seven times higher than the level of 1969. As a reason for the decline in income, the hypothesis about the impact of rising US immigration was presented and rejected.