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1
Rahmonova, Tojiniso. "Literacy in Tajikistan /." [Chico, Calif. : California State University, Chico], 2009. http://csuchico-dspace.calstate.edu/xmlui/handle/10211.4/180.
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Sharafdzhon, Boboev. "Problems of water management in Tajikistan." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8084.
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Jonbekova, Dilrabo. "Skills mismatches among university graduates in post-Soviet Tajikstan : challenges for higher education and the labour market." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708999.
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Thapa, Madhurim. "Community Perspectives on Girls' Dropout in Tajikistan." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26631.
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Girl's dropout from school is problematic towards the overall wellbeing of those who drop out and to the society as whole. The goal of this study is to uncover some of the underlying factors that hinder girls from attending school in Tajikistan. For reference I used secondary data collected by UNICEF which was conducted to analyze the demand side of the drop out girls in Tajikistan. There were thirteen focus group discussions and seven individual interviews were conducted with the participants. The results from the analysis indicated that political and institutional factors, culture, poverty and school factors are the key elements for girls to drop out from school. Further, the intersections of these factors create discriminatory situation for girls to participate in schools. The result also identified the differences in perspective of participants on the importance of school for girls.
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Thibault, Hélène. "Religious Revival in Tajikistan: The Soviet Legacy Revisited." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31787.
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This dissertation proposes a political reading of the religious revival taking place in Tajikistan following the country’s independence in 1991. It considers the impact of the Soviet legacy on the place of religion in Tajik society and on different modes of religiosity. It also highlights the continuities between the Soviet and post-Soviet eras and the porous boundaries between the religious and secular realms in Tajikistan. First, the thesis describes the specificities of the Soviet secularization process and emphasizes the holistic character of the Soviet ideology. I suggest that the secularization of Central Asia should be understood not as the complete eradication of religion but as the societies’ accommodation to assertive secular policies, which produced a certain understanding of the place of religion in society. The research then looks at the resilience of Soviet values within both institutional and discursive traditions, as well as within individuals’ perspectives on religion. This dissertation avoids reifying the state and accounts for the great diversity of state actors’ strategies and interests as well as within communities. Finally, drawing upon extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Northern Tajikistan, the research depicts the religious revival from a local perspective by addressing the religious experiences of born-again Muslims. I suggest that Islamic values offset the Soviet holistic ideology, which can be explained by the affinities of religious and Soviet moral codes. The research also shows that increasing levels of religiosity contribute to social tensions around the definition of new moral standards in an uncertain socio-economic environment.
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Bakhtibekova, Zulfiya. "Early girls' marriage in Tajikistan : causes and continuity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17438.
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Although there is little official data, early girls’ marriage before the age of 18 appears to have increased in Tajikistan over recent years, due to the limited socio-economic opportunities. This study aimed to explore the main causes behind the fall in the age of marriage for girls. As Tajikistan is based on patriarchal values, where family is the core of decision-making, the study looks into the family dynamics and interrelationships to analyse the driving forces behind the decision to arrange marriage for the girls at an earlier age. Using triangulated methods of qualitative data collection, such as interviews, focus group discussions and case studies, the study was conducted in urban, semi rural/semi urban and rural areas of Tajikistan. The findings confirm that early marriage exists in Tajikistan. Although marriage has always been important for Tajiks, recently early age of marriage has been more prioritized. The young girls today leave school when they reach puberty, limit their socialization with their friends outside of the house and rigorously learn skills that qualify them as a ‘desirable’ kelin [bride] to increase their chances of getting a marriage proposal within what is a short marriage window. At the same time, the study argues that the family decision to pursue an early age of marriage for daughters is not because of the low status of the women as it has been suggested in some earlier research. Instead, the study argues that marriage is a strategy to provide girls with what is often the only opportunity of an economically and socially secure future in the country under the current socio-economic and political context. Relations within the families are more complicated than dominant-subordinate as previously portrayed but are based on respect, love and responsibility towards each other. This ‘connectivity’ assists in shaping the girls as potent Tajik women ready for their future roles of mothers and wives. The young girls, as this study suggests, are usually not completely powerless either, as they exercise the limited agency provided by the patriarchal system and actively engage in negotiating their interests. Thus, the study aimed to (1) draw attention to the issue of early marriage among girls in Tajikistan and (2) to contribute to the scholarly discussion on early marriage and on gender and family dynamics in Tajikistan. Based on the findings, it is recommended that more research needs to be conducted to discuss the phenomenon of early girls’ marriage in Tajikistan. Further, legal, political and social changes are necessary to provide a safety net for women married at an early age but divorced or abandoned later. Although bringing changes to the marriage values might be a challenging task, it is hoped that this research and others similar to this one will demonstrate the importance of the issue and will result in appropriate attention and an effective policy response.
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Spinetti, Federico. "Music, politics and identity in post-Soviet Tajikistan." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428033.
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Clifford, David Michael. "Marriage and fertility change in post-Soviet Tajikistan." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/72368/.
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This thesis, structured into four separate but related papers, uses survey birth history data to examine marital and fertility change in post-Soviet Central Asia, with a particular focus on Tajikistan. The first paper, ‘Through civil war, food scarcity and drought: fertility and nuptiality during periods of crisis in post-Soviet Tajikistan’, presents recent trends in marriage and fertility rates in Tajikistan since 1989. The fluctuating pattern of change illustrates the importance of three specific crises: the period of peak fighting in the civil war in 1992, which led to a decrease in birth registration but may also have contributed to a real decline in fertility in the worst affected areas in 1993; a food crisis in 1995, leading to immediate and significant declines in marriage and fertility; and a drought in 2000-01, which also led to marriage and fertility declines. Given the significant changes in nuptiality in Tajikistan, the next stage of the thesis places these changes within a wider Central Asian context. The second paper, ‘Marrying more and earlier: age-period interaction in trends of first union formation in transitional Central Asia’, documents the significant increase in rates of first union formation in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the late 1980s and early 1990s, showing that this increase was most marked at younger ages. The third paper, ‘Tajikistan shows the biggest collapse of all: comparing declines in union formation in post-Soviet Central Asia’, examines rates of first union formation in these countries in the post-Soviet period. It finds a significant decline in union formation across the region, but also clear differences between the republics in terms of the extent of the decline. Tajikistan, which experienced the most severe post- Soviet declines in food security, had the highest rate of union formation in the late- Soviet period but the lowest rate by the turn of the millennium. The fourth paper, ‘Spousal separation, selectivity and contextual effects: exploring the relationship between international labour migration and fertility in post-Soviet Tajikistan’ contributes to the sparse literature on the impact of temporary migration on fertility in origin areas. Fertility and migration models are solved simultaneously to account for cross-process correlation. There is clear evidence for a short-term disruptive effect of spousal separation, but it is too early to assess the implications for completed fertility.
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AMATO, STEFANIA. "L'AIUTO PUBBLICO ALLO SVILUPPO IN TAJIKISTAN 1992 - 2012." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1872.
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Il coordinamento dell’aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo, evocato negli ultimi anni da più parti come la soluzione alla deludente efficacia degli aiuti è in realtà un argomento che nasce quasi contemporaneamente alle prime organizzazioni internazionali dedicate allo sviluppo . La funzione ambivalente delle Nazioni Unite, agente di mediazione diplomatica da un lato (mediazione tra stati e tra gruppi di potere all’interno dello stesso stato), e agente di sviluppo dall’altro, garantisce all’organizzazione un ruolo preminente nel coordinamento degli aiuti nei contesti di guerra e di post-conflitto. E’ questa stessa ambivalenza che impone all’organizzazione un rapporto ufficiale con i territori sottosviluppati, incardinato nella relazione con i governi centrali degli stati.
La critica radicale all’aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo individua tutte le distorsioni politiche ed economiche legate all’afflusso dei fondi, sottolineandone le aggravanti possibili laddove esista una discrasia tra gli obiettivi di sviluppo delle Nazioni Unite e quelli dell’élite che occupa le posizioni apicali dello stato. Questa ricerca attraverso un’analisi storica del contesto, mette in luce l’interazione tra il sistema degli aiuti e il sistema-paese in Tajikistan dall’ingresso delle organizzazioni ai giorni nostri. L’analisi dimostra infine che la struttura politico-economica radicata sul territorio, pur conservando i tratti di uno “stato predatorio” (tratti non alleviati bensì aggravati dalle distorsioni legate all’afflusso dei fondi per lo sviluppo), sfugge in realtà alla definizione stessa di “Stato”. Questo dato rivela una debolezza insita nell’approccio metodologico del sistema degli aiuti che si fonda proprio sull’archetipo dello “Stato”.The Official Development Assistance (ODA) coordination has been recently launched as a genuine mean to increase aid effectiveness. Actually, the “aid coordination” paradigm was born almost contemporaneously to the first international organizations dedicated to “development”. The ambivalent function of the United Nation that acts both as an agent of diplomatic mediation (among states and among different lobbies within the borders of the same state), and as a development agent, guarantees to United Nations a preeminent role in the field of aid coordination in conflict and post-conflict contexts. It’s this real ambivalence that compels the United Nations to deal with development countries through official relations with the central governments. The radical critique to development aid shows different political and economic distortions related to the incidence of foreign funds. At the same time, it underlines that wherever the goals of the official governments diverge from the development goals of the aid community these distortions might be even more burdensome for the country. This research, through an historical analysis, draws attention on the interaction among the development industry and the country-system in Tajikistan from the arrival of the international organizations to our days. The analysis demonstrates that the political and economic structure of the country, while maintaining the features of a “predatory state” (features which are not alleviated but worsened by the distortions brought about by the aid industry), simply do not comply with the definition of a “State”. This result highlights an innate weakness of the aid industry methodological approach that is in fact, fully based on the political archetype of the “State”.
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AMATO, STEFANIA. "L'AIUTO PUBBLICO ALLO SVILUPPO IN TAJIKISTAN 1992 - 2012." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1872.
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Il coordinamento dell’aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo, evocato negli ultimi anni da più parti come la soluzione alla deludente efficacia degli aiuti è in realtà un argomento che nasce quasi contemporaneamente alle prime organizzazioni internazionali dedicate allo sviluppo . La funzione ambivalente delle Nazioni Unite, agente di mediazione diplomatica da un lato (mediazione tra stati e tra gruppi di potere all’interno dello stesso stato), e agente di sviluppo dall’altro, garantisce all’organizzazione un ruolo preminente nel coordinamento degli aiuti nei contesti di guerra e di post-conflitto. E’ questa stessa ambivalenza che impone all’organizzazione un rapporto ufficiale con i territori sottosviluppati, incardinato nella relazione con i governi centrali degli stati.
La critica radicale all’aiuto pubblico allo sviluppo individua tutte le distorsioni politiche ed economiche legate all’afflusso dei fondi, sottolineandone le aggravanti possibili laddove esista una discrasia tra gli obiettivi di sviluppo delle Nazioni Unite e quelli dell’élite che occupa le posizioni apicali dello stato. Questa ricerca attraverso un’analisi storica del contesto, mette in luce l’interazione tra il sistema degli aiuti e il sistema-paese in Tajikistan dall’ingresso delle organizzazioni ai giorni nostri. L’analisi dimostra infine che la struttura politico-economica radicata sul territorio, pur conservando i tratti di uno “stato predatorio” (tratti non alleviati bensì aggravati dalle distorsioni legate all’afflusso dei fondi per lo sviluppo), sfugge in realtà alla definizione stessa di “Stato”. Questo dato rivela una debolezza insita nell’approccio metodologico del sistema degli aiuti che si fonda proprio sull’archetipo dello “Stato”.The Official Development Assistance (ODA) coordination has been recently launched as a genuine mean to increase aid effectiveness. Actually, the “aid coordination” paradigm was born almost contemporaneously to the first international organizations dedicated to “development”. The ambivalent function of the United Nation that acts both as an agent of diplomatic mediation (among states and among different lobbies within the borders of the same state), and as a development agent, guarantees to United Nations a preeminent role in the field of aid coordination in conflict and post-conflict contexts. It’s this real ambivalence that compels the United Nations to deal with development countries through official relations with the central governments. The radical critique to development aid shows different political and economic distortions related to the incidence of foreign funds. At the same time, it underlines that wherever the goals of the official governments diverge from the development goals of the aid community these distortions might be even more burdensome for the country. This research, through an historical analysis, draws attention on the interaction among the development industry and the country-system in Tajikistan from the arrival of the international organizations to our days. The analysis demonstrates that the political and economic structure of the country, while maintaining the features of a “predatory state” (features which are not alleviated but worsened by the distortions brought about by the aid industry), simply do not comply with the definition of a “State”. This result highlights an innate weakness of the aid industry methodological approach that is in fact, fully based on the political archetype of the “State”.
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Harris, Colette. "Control and subversion gender, islam, and socialism in Tajikistan /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/81225.
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Kamolzoda, Mumtoz Olimovna. "The myths of national identity in former Soviet Tajikistan." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12917/.
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This thesis examines the national identity of the Tajik nation from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, with background on ninth and nineteenth centuries. The major part of the thesis concentrates on periods characterised by heightened emphasis on questions of national identity: 1) the beginning of the Soviet era, when the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was created; 2) post-independence, including the civil war and consequent activities related to nationalism. Two questions guide my research. Firstly, how did people on the territory of Tajikistan come to identify themselves as a Tajik nation? Secondly, what are the different backgrounds and influences that drive ideas of national identity in contemporary Tajikistan?
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Foster, Douglas. "Militarism in Tajikistan: Realities of Post-Soviet Nation Building." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19684.
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Shortly after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the newly independent Central Asian republic of Tajikistan fell into a brutal civil war (1992-97) that exacerbated internal divisions based on ethno-regional groupings. In the following decade, the new government formed its own armed forces while maintaining the presence of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division in the country. This made Tajikistan the only former Soviet republic that did not inherit the Soviet units located within its territory; thus, Tajikistan formed its own national military.
This dissertation examines the effect of military service on the development of national sentiments in the Tajikistan, focusing on three main points: 1)the practice of military recruitment, 2) the conditions within the national military, and 3) the available option for Tajikistan nationals to serve in active military units of the Russian Federation.
The autocratic Tajikistan government’s state symbolism is associated with the importance and glory of the military. However, the population has shown a strong distaste for service in this military, and the state’s approach to recruitment is both a response to this aversion and a contributor to it. I show that military recruiters’ use of an illegal but tacitly accepted practice of impressment called “oblava” (Russian: roundup) during bi-annual conscription drives has negative consequences for the development of national sentiments and state legitimacy. This conscription method is coupled with a lack of pay, training, adequate food, and health care during a member’s service. The conditions within the Tajikistan military stand in contrast to those within the Russian military, which has units based in Tajikistan and into which Tajikistan nationals may enlist as contract soldiers. I conclude by conceptualizing the majority of military service in Tajikistan as the state use of biopower to control young males in a territory with a rapid population growth rate but few economic opportunities while relying on the Russian Federation for its existential defense.
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Whitsel, Christopher M. "Growing inequality Post-Soviet transition and educational participation in Tajikistan /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3380138.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 14, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-12, Section: A, page: 4635. Adviser: Maurice Garnier.
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Davlatshoev, Suhrobsho. "The Formation And Consolidation Of Pamiri Ethnic Identity In Tajikistan." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607111/index.pdf.
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The aim of this study is to examine the formation and consolidation of the Pamiri people in Tajikistan. The research focuses on two topics. The first is to compare the primordialist and constructionist schools over the question of the features individuating ethnic groups. The formation of Pamiri ethnic identity during the Soviet rule was selected as a case study of this thesis. The second topic of this study is to examine the formation of Pamiri ethnic identity and the factors that contributed for its consolidation during the Soviet period. While the first topic is gathered around contemporary issues about ethnicity, the second one is based on the Soviet period with a focus on the policies about the nationality question.
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Tuncer, Kilavuz Idil. "Understanding violent conflict a comparative study of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3278200.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Central Eurasian Studies, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: A, page: 4055. Adviser: William Fierman. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 7, 2008).
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Dildorbekova, Zamira Imatovna. "The dynamics of Islam and modernity in Tajikistan : contemporary Ismaili discourse." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15959.
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This thesis examines the contemporary religious renewal and discourse on modernity of the Shi‘a Imami Ismaili Muslims of Nizari branch (hereinafter Ismaili) in post-Soviet Tajikistan. These developments are set against their reunion with the worldwide spiritual leader, the Aga Khan IV, and their convergence with the transnational (or global) Ismailis, following seven decades of Soviet isolation. The subject of ‘religious renewal’ among Ismailis of Tajikistan remains barely explored both in post-Soviet and Western academia. It is situated against the backdrop of rapidly expanding body of scholarly analysis on Central Asian Islam, which until recently was framed predominantly through securitisation discourses. These discourses provided a distorted picture of the nature of Islam in post-Soviet Central Asia. While not negating the relevancy of the aforementioned securitisation discourses, this thesis challenges their portrayal of both ‘international Islam’ and Islam in Central Asia as monolithic entities. It also questions how the former is being perceived as anti-Western, and therefore anti-modern, and the latter as a passive receiver. Drawing on the notions of ‘multiple modernities’ (Eisenstadt 2000) and ‘discursive tradition’ (Asad 1986), this thesis emphasises the multiplicity, diverse trajectories and distinct patterns of Islamic discourses on modernity not just among, but within each Central Asian state. It provides a better understanding of the complex and constantly evolving nature of Islam in Central Asia and its dynamics with modernity. Moreover, the research findings contribute to the understanding of modernity and secularisation, and indeed westernisation, as not identical in Central Asia. They highlight that dynamics between Islam and modernity are inclusionary, which interact, cross-fertilise and transform one another critically and creatively, rather than through a dichotomous relationship between the traditional and the modern, Islamic and secular (and/or Western). This work builds its analysis on local archives, reports, oral memories and multiple interviews with various stakeholders from within the Ismaili community and outside, in Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan and beyond. It depicts how contemporary readings of modernity within Ismailism in Tajikistan and its discourses derive extensively from the religious and temporal guidance of the Aga Khan that are entrenched in Ismaili doctrines and values of Islam. It also portrays how these discourses are then informed, altered and recreated acutely by various dynamics both within the faith and without, including the historical past and growing globalisation. As a result, this paper came to argue that these dynamics [within and without] are contested widely among the local Ismailis. They instigate systematic and indigenous approaches and answers that go beyond the ‘traditional’ discourses on Islam and modernity, and, nevertheless, accentuate the continuity of the Ismaili tradition.
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Lapham, Kate. "Redefining the Experience of Raising a Child with Disabilities in Tajikistan." Thesis, Lehigh University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10928845.
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This dissertation explores the relationship between empowerment and social capital formation among mothers of children with disabilities in Tajikistan as a result of their participation in parent associations. Mothers of children with disabilities in Tajikistan face extreme social stigma because of traditional beliefs that their child’s disability is a reflection of their own sinful behavior. This results in a wide variety of overt discrimination for both mother and child. This can include institutionalization of children from birth, withholding medical care at birth or in early childhood, purposefully mislabeling a disability as “birth trauma” in hopes of protecting the mother, and hiding children with disabilities at home. For the mother, consequences can include limited marriage prospects for her other children, divorce, significantly reduced social status, and outright abuse within her marriage family or her birth family if she is forced to return to them following a divorce. The Soviet legacy of defectology reinforces this marginalization by framing disability as a defect within the child that requires correction through specialized services and segregated schooling in order for later participation or inclusion in broader society. Furthermore, formal public provision of specialized services in Tajikistan has largely disintegrated in the economic deprivation following the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the chaos of the civil war.
Within this context civil society organizations concerned with women’s health and international organizations, including the Open Society Foundations, have sought to provide support for mothers of children with disabilities. In hopes of helping them through post-partum depression and the psychological pain of isolation, they have supported group therapy and self-help groups. Several of these support groups, some with support from the Open Society Foundations, formed associations of parents of children with disabilities in 2007-13 and then a national Coalition of associations in 2014. The original goal of the association was to continue to support parents psychologically but also to provide services, like physical or occupational therapy, for children. It has also enabled parents to learn as much as possible about their children’s disability, collecting or pooling resources to purchase equipment, and developing community-based service delivery. When little is available publicly and services are created from scratch, there is significant space for innovation, which can be a great advantage. However, this also requires a great deal of motivation, self-confidence, and assertiveness from the initial group of participants to develop these models and continued outreach to the community to ensure their sustainability. Together at the national level and individually within their own communities, they advocate for access to education, healthcare, and social benefits as well as working to create a more positive view of disability among the general public.
In the face of such huge barriers that include social stigma, discrimination within their own families, poverty, and lack of services, how have these women become empowered advocates for themselves and their children? This research develops three cases studies of parent groups in different parts of Tajikistan (Dushanbe, Khujand, Bokhtar) and with varying profiles (autism, general disability) in addressing this central research question. Building on the literature on empowerment and social capital formation in the fields of community psychology and international development, this dissertation explores the relationship between empowerment and social capital that grows from crisis or need to gaining knowledge through support from others. The objective is examine whether and how such partnerships, in turn, lead to increased confidence among women and a desire to work together in support of others, while nurturing a growing feeling of self-worth and self-efficacy.
The three cases were developed using qualitative research methods, including interviews and focus groups with association members and key informants, observations of activities within the parent groups, and analysis of documents produced by the groups. Field research was conducted during the summer of 2015. Common themes that emerge from these cases include the challenges of organizational development, especially maintaining the spirit of a parent association as the founding mothers become increasingly professional in their approaches to service delivery, the importance of public events in addressing the stigma associated with disability, and a strong desire to include children with disabilities in broader society through education. Although all public services are important, education is most likely to be available in every community through local schools. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)
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Gatling, Benjamin. "Post-Soviet Sufism: Texts and the Performance of Tradition in Tajikistan." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345143093.
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Koen, Benjamin David. "Devotional music and healing in Badakhshan, Tajikistan preventive and curative practices /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1059673277.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 299 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Margartio Mazo, School of Music. Includes bibliographical references (p. 276-298).
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Hughes, Anna. "Access to Higher Education for Rural Students in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4790.
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A disparity in access to higher education exists between rural and urban regions of the world. Equal access to higher education for students from rural areas is a priority for government leaders in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. This study addressed the problem of lower-than-expected enrollment of students from rural areas at branches of the International Mountainous University (IMU, pseudonym) located in rural regions of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate the experiences and perceptions of 10 IMU students about gaining access to higher education. Informed by the theory of habitus, the research questions focused on perceptions of (a) the experience of gaining access and (b) sacrifices related to gaining access to higher education. Transcripts of individual, open-ended interviews were analyzed using elemental coding and verified through member checking. Four themes emerged: (a) academic barriers, (b) information and communication barriers, (c) support, and (d) material and nonmaterial sacrifices. Findings led to the development of a white paper recommending that IMU establish partnerships with high schools, develop parent outreach programs, and introduce inclusive admissions practices. Positive social change may result from providing IMU with program and policy recommendations that support the institution's vision of increased access to education for rural residents of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
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Spånning, Anna C. "Towards institutional stabilization and development? a study of inter-organizational cooperation in the Tajik cotton industry /." Karlstad : Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Political Science, Karlstads universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4892.
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Kodirova, Manizha, and Shabnam Mirzoeva. "Economic Impact of Microcredit in an Urban Setting : The Case of Tajikistan." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18820.
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This paper investigates the impact of receiving microcredit on the economic conditions of urban poor. The change in household income level between the years 2009 and 2011 was measured for a group of survey participants half of whom were microcredit beneficiaries, while the other half were not. The survey was conducted in Dushanbe, the capital city of Tajikistan. A difference-in-differences approach was used for the analysis and various other attributes that influence income such as the level of education, age and gender were taken into account in model formation. The findings indicate that microloans do not significantly affect the income level of the urbn poor in the short run.
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Kassam, Shinan N. "One explanation for why farmers produce cotton collectively in post-Soviet Tajikistan." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36114.
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In post-Soviet Tajikistan, a heavy concentration on collective cotton production is argued to be based upon vested interests, a cash short economy, historical and political economy reasons. Given challenges in the set up of a functional land cadastral system, access to rural credit can be facilitated through the currency that raw cotton provides as collateral against production loans. While there are other relatively more profitable options for agricultural production, a certain amount of land is placed under cotton, in order to secure financing for non-cotton production. The lender advances credit for cotton production, but a portion of this credit is diverted out of cotton and into non-cotton production. Non-cotton production is not collateralized and results in a private gain for individual members within the “collective”. The lender has full knowledge of this diversion and compensates by pushing a higher level of in kind credit than is needed for the amount of land dedicated to cotton. Accumulating “debt” has become a defining feature of the cotton sector, but I argue that an appropriate definition is non conventional. This is particularly important given that loans are extended over consecutive seasons despite accumulating “debt”. “Debt” can more accurately be defined as the cost of doing business for the lender, who ties together the services of loan provision with that of marketing cotton. Using original copies of farm invoices, state statistics, key informant accounts, as well as secondary survey data, I argue that there is ostensibly little difference in the standard of living between farmers engaged in diversified cropping systems (cotton and non-cotton) and those engaged solely in non-cotton production. In an economy where markets for credit and productive inputs are thin and erratic, the manner in which credit is advanced plays a large role in fostering this indifference. This argument is somewhat different than the prevailing view, which takes the position that cotton “debt” is a constraining factor in the development of the agricultural sector in Tajikistan. One explanation for why Tajik farmers collectively produce cotton at a loss is that it is privately profitable to do so.
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Yakubova, Muhabbat Makhbudovna. "Education System of Tajikistan during the Civil War: Student Perspectives of Hardships." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27287.
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Civil wars have devastating consequences for people who witness them. Wars collapse states' economies, ruin infrastructures, and result in death of people. The goal of this study is to examine the multiple perspectives of students about the effects of the civil war in Tajikistan on the education system. The study uses secondary data collected by the "Oral History of Independent Tajikistan Project" of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Academy. 107 interviews with participants representing all regions of the country, who were in school or university during war in Tajikistan, were selected translated, transcribed and coded. Coding revealed topics and characteristics such as the start of the war, school quality issues, and long-term consequences of the war are the effects of the war on education. The findings also revealed differences in standpoints about the effects of the war on their education based on participants' gender and region.
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Linna, Lundström Molly. "A durable and instable peace? : Exploring authoritarian modes of peacebuilding in Tajikistan." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-175204.
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After independence from the Soviet Union Tajikistan fell into civil war in 1992. The armed conflict ended in 1997 after a peace agreement had been signed between the warring parties. Since, Tajikistan has become increasingly authoritarian, and experts have predicted the renewed onset of war. Yet, peace has been kept for over 20 years. Within peace and conflict research, scholars have turned attention to illiberal ways of ending conflict and building peace. Can two of the concepts from this illiberal turn, illiberal peacebuilding and authoritarian conflict management (ACM), explain the Tajik peace? With the ACM framework as the starting point, this thesis introduces the distinction between containment and termination from the illiberal peacebuilding concept to capture variation. Focus is on how the Rahmon regime attempts to (re)establish control over the ACM domains of discourse, space and economics to manage conflict and build peace in the immediate aftermath of civil war. The results demonstrate how ACM functions in the absence of violence, that there is no linear relationship between violence and termination methods, and that containment first, termination second is often opted for. Two improvements are suggested for the ACM framework. First, that a legal domain is introduced, and second, that the distinction between containment and termination is applied to future research, as it has proven useful in capturing variation. The results suggest that the indicators that supposedly point to a failure of peacebuilding in Tajikistan is in fact indicative of how the peace proliferates. However, violence continues to occur, even though the peace has lasted for two decades. Could this present us with a paradox of peace – one that is simultaneously durable and instable?
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Jormanainen, Jim. "Conflict Duration and LGBT Vulnerability : A Comparison of Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Ukraine." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445371.
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The interest in studying the effects of armed conflict and LGBTs have increased significantly in the last decade. Mainly due to the international recognition and increased reporting of violations against said group. Moreover, previous studies have mainly been within-case studies focusing on the state or rebel groups as the main perpetrators. This paper moves beyond these and explore why LGBTs are targeted to different extents across conflicts. Thus, the paper asks the following research question: "Why is the LGBT community more vulnerable in some armed conflicts than in others?". The paper argues that armed conflict duration fuels militarisation, which increases honour ideology over time. The process results in the polarisation of masculine and feminine ideals. Finally, as LGBTs inherently challenge the gender system, they are targeted by both civilians and the state. Hence, the hypothesis is, “The longer an armed conflict continues, the more vulnerable the LGBT community becomes.”. The paper uses structured focused comparison and data from 63 reports to conduct three within-case analyses and a cross-case comparison to answer the above question. The results and analyses indicate preliminary support for the hypothesis.
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Fumagalli, Matteo. "The dynamics of Uzbek ethno-political mobilization in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (1991-2003)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29111.
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This dissertation investigates the strategies and forms of Uzbek ethno-political mobilization in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In particular, research asks why Uzbek communities in those two countries did not resort to ethnically motivated violence as many either predicted or feared, but have turned to a “quiet politics” of identity and ethnicity. Reconciling state and national identities ahs proved remarkably complex in Central Asia, given that all the five republics in the region are home to a largely heterogeneous population. Understanding what place state elites have allocated to non titular groups, and how these relate themselves to the new polity offers an interesting vantage point on the process of post-Soviet transformation. This is particularly the case as ethnic minority mobilization represents a relatively unexplored field of research in scholarship on post-communist Eurasia. This dissertation seeks to fill this gap by developing a focused comparison of Uzbek minorities in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan from 1991 until 2003. Through a combination of various quantitative (small-scale surveys) and qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis) structural, ideational, and agential factors are taken into account. It is the contention of this thesis that Uzbek political behaviour can be explained as a product of a strategic calculation from the leaders of the Uzbek community in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan that any change in the administration would leave them “worse off”, despite existing and un-addressed political and cultural demands. This has shaped a counter-intuitive type of mobilization, supportive of the status quo in the state structure of power. A focus on ideas and agency also accounts for variations between the two cases. In particular group leadership appears more articulate and vocal in Kyrgyzstan, whereas it lies in a state of virtual collapse in Tajikistan.
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Iji, Tetsuro. "Cooperation, Coordination and Interconnectedness in Multiparty Mediation : The Case of Tajikistan, 1993-1997." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498151.
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Mandler, Andreas [Verfasser]. "Agricultural Expertise and Knowledge Practices among Individualized Farm Households in Tajikistan / Andreas Mandler." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189660377/34.
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Mastibekov, Otambek. "Leadership and authority of Ismailis : a case study of Badakhshani community in Tajikistan." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539096.
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This work explores the role of religious and political authority among the Ismailis of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan. Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO) is a mountainous region located in the eastern part of Tajikistan. It shares a long border with Afghanistan, China and Kirgizstan, and, in places, is only twenty miles from Pakistan. Badakhshan is inhabited by approximately 215000 people, most of whom identify themselves as being Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslims; they speak their various local Pamiri languages, whilst Tajik is the official language of education and state bureaucracy. This thesis documents the ways in which expressions of political and religious authority have evolved through time, and accommodated to different political contexts, which are summarised as representing four identifiable historical periods between 1895-2008. These periods are: the Afghan invasion, which ended in 1895; Russian imperial rule (1895-1917); Soviet power (1917-1991); and the aftermath of the Soviet period (1991-2008). This thesis suggests that, as is the case with many Muslim societies, political leadership and religious authority in Badakhshan were fused, and this was the pattern of secular and religious life in this area until the 1920s. In contrast, under Soviet rule, traditional norms ofleadership and authority in Badakhshan were supplanted by a secular nationalist yet indigenous leadership that was closely tied to central Soviet power. These changes followed a series of radical social and political upheavals. This thesis identifies traditional forms of religious authority with the network of religious functionaries at a range of levels. Equally, it discusses the functionaries of Ismaili political leaders that have evolved through the aforementioned periods. It does not juxtapose traditional authority with secular political power, but merely records the interaction, various degrees of conflict and accommodation, and competition between secular and religious worldviews. It intends to develop a structural explanation for the survival of religious and political authorities of Badakhshani Ismailis through the use of written sources and fieldwork data.
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Davlyatova, Nodira. "In search of better lives: analyzing post-soviet migration from Tajikistan to Russia." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18667.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
Nadezda Shapkina
With the collapse of the socialist model in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991 which was followed by Civil War (1992-1997), Tajikistan has undergone profound social, economic, and political transformation. Persistent impoverishment, political and economic instability, and discrimination of ethnic minorities have resulted in out-migration of Tajik population to Russia. In this study, labor migration (survival driven, seasonal, and chain) is discussed. Even though Tajik migrants face challenges such as segregation, xenophobia, sexism, and intolerance working abroad, they continue to migrate to Russia in order to seek a better quality of life. This is closely linked to migration policy and regulations that have been implemented by the governments of these countries which allow free movement across the borders. Although these migration policies promote legal migration, they create favorable conditions for inequality (such as structural, social, and global) as well as illegal migratory flows. However, little scholarly work has been focused on how migration policy contributes to structural inequality and leads to illegal migration in the former Soviet Republics. In my study, I seek to add to the limited existing literature about these phenomena. I examine the social context of Tajik labor migration, legal framework, migration policy and regulations, and its implications. Specifically, I analyze the case of Tajikistan and Russia’s migration policies and regulations as they are proposed and implemented by governmental agencies in collaboration and consultation with civil society organizations (local and international) including the Tajik diasporas.
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Suyarkulova, Mohira. "Becoming sovereign in post-Soviet Central Asia : 'discursive encounters' between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3159.
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In 1991 republics of Soviet Central Asia were reluctantly ‘launched' into independence. The central puzzle of this dissertation is: “How has sovereign statehood been ‘constructed' in the post-independence period in the absence of history of anti-colonial struggle?” This is an analysis of state sovereignty as a practice that is performative and interactive through the examination of ‘discursive encounters' between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Such analysis traces temporal and spatial dimensions of dialogical sovereign identity construction. In post-Soviet Tajikistan and Uzbekistan sovereignties have been performed in a dialogue, through dynamic interactions with one another. The work of asserting state sovereignty is performed by various actors who claim to impersonate the state and speak on its behalf. Multiple narratives of the self are articulated in relation to the relevant “interlocutor”, whose reactions and counter-articulations are “fed back” into the narrative of the self. The right to existence of these states as agents of international relations is justified through such ‘discursive encounters' that simulate sovereignty. I propose the Möbius strip as a conceptual model for understanding the process of sovereignty-assertion. Competing historiographies present two irreconcilable narratives: history of an ethnic group and history of the territory of the current state. These are consistent with the nature of nationalisms in each state. While Tajik nationalists long for ‘historical Tajikistan', Uzbek nationalism is inherently conservative and defensive of territorial sovereignty. The controversy surrounding the Roghun HPP is an example of the daily construction and maintenance a state. Competing principles of water sharing contributed to an ongoing crisis in Tajik-Uzbek relations. Sovereignty is simulated within the periods and zones of ‘exception' via a Möbian mechanism of dialogical meaning-making, whereby each side strives to exploit the inherent ambiguity of signifiers in order to advance their own narrative of the self and other.
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Mislimshoeva, Bunafsha [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Koellner. "Forest ecosystem services governance, supply and demand in Tajikistan / Bunafsha Mislimshoeva. Betreuer: Thomas Koellner." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1099428505/34.
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Goransson, Markus Balazs. "At the service of the state : Soviet-Afghan War veterans in Tajikistan, 1979-1992." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/d15b5c33-f5ee-4b83-9cc5-ca1482e2c7c2.
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The thesis focuses on Soviet-Afghan War veterans (shorthanded afgantsy) in Tajikistan, a small mountainous republic that shares with Afghanistan both a 1300-kilometre border and close linguistic, ethnic, cultural and religious ties. It seeks to write the veterans into socio-economic and political developments in Tajikistan in the late Soviet period and, in doing so, to explore the veterans’ involvement with institutions and discourses of state power in an era that saw considerable political change both in Tajikistan and in the Soviet Union more widely. Drawing on interviews with a large number of veterans and documentary sources that have not previously been subjected to academic study, it argues that, far from challenging the Tajikistanis’ attachment to Soviet state structures and discourses, service in the Afghan War reinforced this attachment in important ways. The dynamics of irregular warfare widened the cleavage between Tajik troops and Afghan civilians despite cultural and other links and brought Soviet soldiers into mutual dependency that crossed cultural boundaries. After their service, the afgantsy were made an object of official policy and drawn into state institutions that promoted a collective afgantsy identity enmeshed with state discourses. State bodies reactivated rhetoric that was familiar to the afgantsy from their adolescence and fostered a public identity that gave them collective agency in a situation of geographic and socio-cultural fragmentation. The state co-optation seems to have been effective and defined veteran activism even in the politically more pluralist perestroika era. The close connection between state and veterans set the stage for the latter’s political fragmentation in the early 1990s, when state decline robbed the afgantsy of organisational strength and discursive cohesion. The Afghan War, by and large, was not a radicalising force but had important conservative effects on soldiers who depended on official sponsorship for group cohesion, political recognition and material support.
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Yakubova, Parvina. "The Effects of Traditional Gender Norms on the Fate of Girls' Education in Tajikistan." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31832.
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Tajikistan is the only post-Soviet republic that went through a civil war after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which negatively impacted all aspects of the country as well as education, particularly girls’ education. The limitations on Tajik girls’ education are due to economics and gender norms that are critical factors. This paper highlights the girls’ education condition in the period from 1995 to 2019, which is the post-war period, in the capital city, Dushanbe, and rural areas of the country. The review answered why girls most likely choose family life (marriage and children) rather than pursuing higher education in their life. In order to study this issue, the study used primary data. This paper studied the traditional culture (gender norms) factor as a barrier to keep girls out of school while providing the context of the social and occurred political changes during the post-war to the present time.
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Goibnazarov, Chorshanbe. "Qasīda-khonī A Musical Expression of Identities in Badakhshan, Tajikistan Tradition, Continuity, and Change." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20595.
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Diese Dissertation fokussiert auf die Musik- und Aufführungspraxis qasīda-khonī in der Autonomen Provinz Berg-Badachschan (GBAO). Untersucht wird dabei insbesondere der Stellenwert der Musik für die in dieser Region beheimateten Pamirī Ismaili Muslime, ihre historische Einbettung in soziale und kulturelle Kontexte sowie die Rolle von qasīda-khonī bei der Schaffung einer distinktiven geo-kulturellen Identität.
Die GBAO, situiert im Hochgebirge Tajikistans, ist durch geographische, linguistische, ethnische, religiös-spirituelle und vor allem auch musikalische Besonderheiten geprägt. Die Musik der GBAO vereint vielfältige Stile und Genres und umfasst insbesondere die Aufführung religiöser Lieder zu verschiedenen ritualisierten Anlässen. Qasīda-khonī wird bei nächtlichen Totenwachen, Versammlungen am Donnerstagabend und nach dem Freitagsgebet gespielt und zur traditionellen Neujahrsfeier an Nawruz, im Ramadan und zu anderen religiösen Festen aufgeführt. Die Bevölkerung Badachschans gehört mehrheitlich der islamisch-schiitischen Gemeinschaft der Ismaeliten an, deren religiös-spirituellen Traditionen somit einen großen kulturellen Einfluss auf die Kultur des Pamir ausüben.
Diese Dissertation untersucht die historischen, sprachlichen, geographischen und religiösen Faktoren, die qasīda-khonī als kulturelle und musikalische Praxis Zentralasiens prägten und verdeutlicht die soziale Funktion musikalischer Aufführungspraktiken. Qasīda-khonī, als zentrales Phänomen religiöser Praktiken und kulturellen Ausdrucks, ist somit auch ein Indikator für die besondere Beziehung von Aufführung und Identität.This dissertation explores qasīda-khonī, a musical performance tradition practiced among the Pamirī Ismaili Muslim community living in the mountainous Gorno–Badakhshan province of Tajikistan. In particular, this study analyzes the place qasīda-khonī holds for the Pamirī Ismaili Muslims of the GBAO in terms of how it participates in the construction of a distinct geo-cultural identity, and how it is embedded in broader social and cultural contexts and histories. The GBAO has a cultural milieu determined by significant differences geographically, linguistically, ethnically, spiritually or religiously and, crucial to this study, musically. Music in the GBAO includes several distinctive styles and genres; among the most prevalent are devotional songs performed at different ritualized events. These include all-night gatherings following the death of a community member; Thursday evening and Friday post-prayer meetings; celebrations linked to Nawruz (the traditional New Year); Ramadan; and other religious festivals associated with the Pamirī Ismaili religion and culture. Many, if not most, people in Badakhshan are Shi‘a Ismaili Muslims, and the Ismaili spiritual–devotional tradition has had a strong influence on the Pamirī expressive culture. This dissertation thus studies qasīda-khonī as a distinct musical, cultural practice of Central Asia that has been shaped by history, language, geography, and religion and shows how the musical performance of qasīda-khonī helps to fulfill various socially cohesive functions. It is a central phenomenon within religious practice and cultural expression in the area, and, therefore, expresses a special relationship between performance and identity.
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Staneva, Anita Vaskova. "Comparative essays in labour market outcomes." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42355.
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This thesis consists of three essays which provide a detailed empirical investigation of the returns to education, gender wage gap and public-private wage differential in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia and Tajikistan - countries that have received little attention in the literature. The studies are based on rich data sets which allow the most up-to- date analysis of the specific labour market outcomes. All three essays go a step further than the existing empirical literature since in each one the quantile regression results showed a much broader picture than the ones based on central tendency measures such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The first essay looks at what had happened to the returns to human capital in Bulgaria over the period from early 1986 pre-transition to 2003. The study also contributes to the literature by estimating returns to education across the entire wage distribution, providing further evidence from Serbia, Russia and Tajikistan. Moreover, it deals with endogeneity and sample selection biases in a quantile regression framework. The second essay estimates gender wage gaps in the selected countries by applying a decomposition method that simulates marginal distributions from the quantile regression process. The study seeks to extend the popular Machado and Mata (2005) distributional approach by addressing the 'index' number problem suggested by Neumark (1988) and Oaxaca and Ransom (1994 and 1998). The gender wage gap decomposition is performed for each quantile of the earnings distribution by using the pooled wage structure as a non-discriminatory structure and giving a much richer picture of the influence of the covariate and coefficient effects. The third essay provides a comprehensive empirical study on the public-private wage differential in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia, and Tajikistan. The study seeks to understand whether the differential in the public-private sector payment is explained by differences in workers characteristics or the difference in the returns to these characteristics. The endogenous sector choice is also considered. The study further analyses what has happened to the public sector hourly earnings differential at different points in the conditional earnings distribution and over time by adapting the Donohue-Heckman time-wise decomposition.
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Lemon, Edward James. "Governing Islam and security in Tajikistan and beyond : the emergence of transnational authoritarian security governance." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/23791.
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Since 2002, the government of post-Soviet Tajikistan has deployed its security apparatus outside of the state’s territorial borders at least 49 times, intimidating, kidnapping and monitoring its citizens. I use the term transnational authoritarian security governance to refer to these border-spanning security practices. Although both secular and religious opponents to the government have been targeted, in this dissertation, I examine how the government of Tajikistan attempts to manage the threat from Islamic ‘extremism.’ I trace the emergence of the securitisation of Islam back to the Soviet Union, explore its consolidation in the years following independence in 1991, and how it has become operationalised in the form of transnational authoritarian security governance. I argue that the regulation of religious life in Tajikistan is based on an assertive form of secularism, which posits that religion is only safe if it is closely controlled by the state. In theorising transnational authoritarian security governance, I draw on the work of Michel Foucault. I argue that security governance is interwoven with relations of power. Governing Islamic ‘extremism’ in Tajikistan does not merely involve repressive life-taking sovereign power, it involves the moulding of obedient, secular subjects through disciplinary power and biopower. But as Foucault argues, where there is power, there is resistance. Those who are made subjects through security governance do have opportunities to resist it. Rather than being transformative and counterhegemonic, however, this resistance is momentary and anti-hegemonic. My findings are based on critical discourse analysis, a database of extraterritorial security incidents, semi-structured interviews, and extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2013 and 2015 in Tajikistan and Russia.
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Niyozov, Sarfaroz. "Understanding teaching in post-Soviet, rural, mountainous Tajikistan, case studies of teachers' life and work." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63627.pdf.
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Klümper, Frederike [Verfasser]. "The land and water nexus in a transition context : the case of Tajikistan / Frederike Klümper." Halle, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1141678314/34.
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De, Danieli Filippo. "Silk Road mafias : the political economy of drugs and state-building in post-Soviet Tajikistan." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.545920.
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This study looks at the role of drug-related mafias in Tajikistan -a country that has undergone a `double transition' as a result of the break up of the Soviet Union and a protracted civil war -, and examines why they emerged as political, economic and social actors after 1991 and how they influenced the processes of state breakdown and post conflict state-building. The existing literature on drug trafficking in Central Asia focuses almost exclusively on the connections between "criminal" and "terrorist" networks. This study, based upon field work conducted in Tajikstan between March-December 2007, critically challenges the arguments, concepts and assumptions that are usually associated with the "narcoterror" discourse. It seeks to adopt a broader historical, political economy perspective, and draws upon the growing literature on the role of non-state actors in shaping processes of state building. The study explores the complex interactions between transnational crime, shadow economy activities and the emerging political structures and institutions. It is argued that the negotiations between political actors and mafias over the control of resources are central to processes of state consolidation and state crises. The specificity of mafia, as a particular type of criminal organization, consists precisely in its ability to establish strategic partnerships with political elites. The expansion of mafias in Tajikistan has been shaped by a particular set of structural conditions and contingent events that can develop alongside modern state building process. Mafia-style organizations flourished in isolated and peripheral regions. In these areas central state elites were forced to mediate with local elites and former warlords so as to gain access to economic resources and build local legitimacy. Revenues from drug trafficking were central to this "conversation", and drug mafias fulfilled the role of mediating between central and peripheral elites. Mafias' disposition to make deals with the ruling elite has represented a key factor both for peace and post-conflict stability. Thus the case of Tajikistan shows that mafias are not an anti-state entity, and that, on the contrary, under certain conditions, they can actively contribute to political order
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Grezov, Ravshan. "Development Programs for Poverty Alleviation: Comparative Study of Microfinance Program in Two Areas of Tajikistan." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212827802.
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Aksakolov, Sultonbek. "Islam in Soviet Tajikistan : state policy, religious figures and the practice of religion (1950-1985)." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2014. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20339/.
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This thesis explores the history of religious life among Muslim communities in Soviet Tajikistan from 1950 to 1985. The analysis of the history of religious life of the Muslim population during this period is contextualised within the background of changing Soviet religious policy and its implementation in Tajikistan. The thesis seeks to explain how and why the interactions between the various actors in the field of religious policy affected the implementation of unionwide decrees and decisions in the distinct religious context of the Soviet peripheral regions. In so doing, it also examines how Muslim religious figures functioned and how the communities in Soviet Tajikistan practiced their religion in the context of continuous administrative pressure and atheist propaganda. With the formation of special councils and various commissions under the local government, the Soviet state succeeded in creating a bureaucratic system for the analysis, monitoring and regulation of religious activity. Nevertheless, the findings of this thesis suggest that in the specific local context, the implementation of Soviet religious policy was dependent on how the officials representing the state and the religious figures representing religion understood and carried out this policy. The practice of obligatory religious rituals by both state officials and ordinary people in turn blurred the dividing line between the strata of population defined as Muslim believers, the clergy and Soviet officials. The thesis reveals that religious practices and activity evolved in various ways in the context of continuous surveillance by the state. Muslim religious figures in Tajikistan like their fellow clergy in other parts of Soviet Union used different strategies to integrate and adapt themselves to the changing state religious policy and social transformations.
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Avzalchoeva, Zouhal. "'Nobody beats an obedient woman' : state and non-state responses to violence against women in Tajikistan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41692/.
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This study explores the issues of subordination of women in Tajikistan through studying the phenomenon of violence against women. This study presents a socio-legal analysis of the responses of state and non-state institutions and how the justice system works for women, this study engaged in the feminist discourse on women's individual experiences of violence, the ‘woman question' in public and private, the construction of law and its effect on women and their subordinate position and how the laws and the legal and executive mechanisms construct the culture of inferiority of women in society. It employed qualitative methods of data collections, such as interviewing and participant observation along with a questionnaire. It draws on theoretical studies and the empirical work conducted in Tajikistan to present its findings. Theoretical input allows drawing on explanations and experiences provided in studies of VAW in other societies and empirical input allows placing them within the context of Tajikistan. This gives an opportunity to explore the interplay between hierarchical and structural basis of gender relations and women's individual experiences of violence. This study explores the power of societal norms and values pertaining women's subordination and male domination on individuals' perceptions of VAW and their responses to it. It analyses the socio-economic and legal context in Tajikistan and its influence on women's daily lives. This context also determines the choices women victims of violence are given and impacts women's decisions whether or not to seek solutions. The study establishes that the focus on increasing awareness of legal rights, or introducing new laws and making changes in the law, cannot in themselves provide women with long-awaited responses to the violence they experience. Changing the law, introducing well-developed law would be significant step forward but has to be accompanied by measures to bring a fundamental shift in attitudes. This study emphasises that the responses should encompass a number of initiatives and presents some examples of these.
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Kliukina, Sofia. "Engaging Diaspora in Homeland Development : A Case Study of Tajik Diaspora in Russia." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95914.
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Policy makers in the global development industry in the past two decades have shown increasing interest in engaging diasporas in homeland development. This research aims to address the gap of searching for better practices of engaging diaspora in homeland development, using the case of Tajik diaspora in Russia. The research objective is to identify the most promising areas to effectively engage Tajik diaspora in Russia in homeland development. The research adheres to abductive logic of enquiry, and uses qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews conducted remotely with representatives of Tajik diaspora organizations and Tajik diaspora members in three major Russian cities (Moscow, St Petersburg and Yekaterinburg). The study uses structuration theory as a theoretical framework to conceptualize diaspora organizations and their practices. For analysing data, pragmatic, administrative, centralized and decentralised approaches to diaspora engagement in homeland development are used as an analytical framework. The scope of this study is not able to generate representative results, but drawn conclusions provide basis for further research. The combination of the theoretical and analytical framework applied within this study allowed to identify gaps between existing diaspora engagement strategy and the actual capabilities present in the diaspora. This study indicates that the most promising areas for effectively engaging Tajik diaspora in Russia in homeland development is bridging said gaps by institutionalizing existing development practices through a decentralized pragmatic approach. The analysis also argues that diversifying channels of administrative approach to diaspora engagement and scaling down the projects to the local level could maximize effectiveness of diaspora engagement strategy.
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Kuzmits, Bernd [Verfasser]. "Borders and Orders in Central Asia : Transactions and Attitudes between Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan / Bernd Kuzmits." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1110057946/34.
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Latypov, A. "The administration of addiction : the politics of medicine and opiate use in Soviet Tajikistan, 1924-1958." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318088/.
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This dissertation analyses the politics of medicine and opiate use in Soviet Tajikistan since the establishment of this republic in 1924. The closing date of this dissertation, 1958, corresponds to the end of the era when the Communists proclaimed that they had ‘eliminated’ drug addiction in their territories. During this period, the mainstream Soviet position on opiate use was transformed from a view that it constituted ‘a survival of the backward past’ and an impediment to social progress, to the declaration that drug addiction disappeared within a few years of Bolshevik antidrug measures. Many Soviet commentators on drugs in Central Asia have taken this position at face value and explained the ‘elimination’ of addiction in Tajikistan in the following ways: in the absence of drug treatment facilities in Tajikistan, Tajik drug users were treated in neighbouring republics; drug use prevention strategies were successfully implemented through ‘cultural and sanitary enlightenment’ clubs. This dissertation will systematically challenge an array of assumptions which underpin contemporary understandings of the Communists’ responses to drug addiction in early Soviet Union, with particular focus on Tajikistan. The author will argue that, on the contrary, none of these treatment and prevention strategies were carried out in the way that the Soviet authorities declared. Using a wide range of archival documentation, this dissertation shows that drug use and users in Tajikistan were repressed in the course of an ‘administrative struggle’, which culminated during the years of the Great Terror in the late 1930s. The thesis looks broadly into the politics of drug use in early Soviet Union, at the ‘nexus’ between the medical profession, law enforcement bodies and other actors in the trade and consumption of drugs. It will make several historiographical interventions which are relevant to the understanding of contemporary drug policies and discourse in Central Asia.
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Scarborough, Isaac McKean. "The extremes it takes to survive : Tajikistan and the collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985-1992." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3758/.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation reevaluates the collapse of the USSR and the reform project of “perestroika” that preceded it from the perspective of Tajikistan. As one of the most peripheral republics in the Soviet Union, Tajikistan found its economy and society shaken to the core by the economic and political reforms passed between 1985 and 1991. Tracking the development of Soviet reform legislation in Moscow and its implementation in Tajikistan, this dissertation shows how perestroika was intimately linked to the breakdown of economic order and social ties that occurred during the final years of the USSR. Rejecting narratives focused on rising nationalism and long-suppressed regional frustrations, this dissertation outlines how Moscow-designed marketizing reforms were the main driver of strife in the Tajik SSR. As the economy disintegrated, so did the fabric of society: by February 1990 Tajikistan’s capital was subsumed by riot, and by May 1992 the entire country was aflame with civil war. By reorienting the history of the Soviet collapse to a peripheral republic that was engulfed by economic disorder and sectarian war, moreover, this dissertation problematizes the established historical discourse about the end of the USSR. Rather than the wave of democratization and free speech seen from the perspective of Moscow and Eastern Europe, for many millions of Soviet citizens the collapse of the USSR was a deeply frightening and violent event. Crime rates rose across the former USSR; local conflicts sprung up; wars flared in more than one republic. Much more than an outlier, Tajikistan was simply one extreme along this spectrum, and its experience of economic collapse leading to civil war complicates simple arguments about how glasnost led to the peaceful end of the USSR. This dissertation demonstrates that economics remained at the heart of the Soviet collapse and the violence that followed.
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Santalova, Antonina. "Exploring school autonomy frontiers in the post-Soviet republics of Central Asia – Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cb308da1-1314-43a0-aed5-d546feb08608.
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This study provides an empirical picture of the ways in which the New Public Management doctrine has been implemented in the context of post-Soviet states in Central Asia. Specifically, the data present evidence on the extent of school autonomy along six dimensions in the three states. The implications of the shift towards education decentralisation have been studied and explained. Based on a mixed method this evidence is drawn from three sources: surveys, interviews, and legislative analysis. With the research limitations in mind, based on the analysis undertaken, it is possible to identify some important messages regarding academic theory and education management practice. The first message is that neo-institutional theory, particularly historical institutionalism, has been supported by the evidence from the post-Soviet states. Despite quite diverse trajectories of the countries' political, economic and public sectors development over the last two decades, the policies promoted in education appear to be converging in both outputs and outcomes across the region. The three countries demonstrated persistent path-dependency through their inability to overcome institutional inertia, so that operational policy and structure dimensions have not been decentralized, combined with the effect of declining fiscal and bureaucratic capacity at the centre, so that managerial matters have been delegated to a school level. This trend was regional. The second message is that, the patterns observed in the three post-Soviet states displayed similarities to the patterns observed in education systems of the developed western democracies. Hence, the view that the structure of the post-communist welfare states is problematic, and that the particularities of their transition with budget cuts on top of the communist legacy and a hodge-podge of different approaches do not allow these states to be classified (cf. Orenstein 2008), has not been supported by the evidence. Education institutions in the three post-Soviet countries investigated conformed to a general West European pattern, although for different reasons.