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1
White, Teal Jordan. "Clean Air Act Mayhem: EPA’s Tailoring Rule Stitches Greenhouse Gas Emissions Into the Wrong Regulatory Fitting." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 18, no. 2 (December 2011): 407–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v18.i2.11.
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Regardless of whether you believe that human activities cause or contribute to global warming, regulatory action seeking to mitigate the future consequences of climate change will impact the lives of every American. On January 2, 2011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from stationary sources took effect. The EPA rule implementing this regulation is the conclusion, for the time being, of a sequence of recent judicial and administrative activities comparable to a regulatory domino effect. The Supreme Court started the cascade of regulation in Massachusetts v. EPA, in which the Court held that the EPA has the authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act if further evaluation indicated greenhouse gases were endangering public health and mobile sources were contributing to the threat. Under President Obama's guidance, the EPA finalized that Endangerment Finding and concluded human health was threatened by greenhouse gas emissions from mobile sources. Subsequently, the EPA published three codependent directives to regulate greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act: (1) the Tailpipe Rule to regulate emissions from mobile sources; (2) an official interpretation of the Clean Air Act, concluding that when greenhouse gases are "actually regulated" under the Tailpipe Rule, stationary sources are also subject to regulation; and (3) the Tailoring Rule, a revision of statutory thresholds aimed at shielding small sources from rigorous Clean Air Act permitting requirements. In light of the unique challenges presented by global climate change, this Comment analyzes whether the EPA's Tailoring Rule is lawful under existing statutory authority. According to the express language of the Clean Air Act, congressional intent underlying the statute, and legal precedent, the EPA's Tailoring Rule represents an unauthorized expansion of EPA authority and is an arbitrary use of the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gases. Because the Tailoring Rule violates the unambiguous language of the Clean Air Act, subverts the congressional intent underlying the Act, infringes upon the separation of legislative and executive powers, and relies improperly upon the disfavored legal doctrines, the Tailoring Rule should fail judicial review.
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Willis, John, and Don Trueblood. "Implications of the EPA's Endangerment Finding, Reporting Rule, and Tailoring Rule for POTWs." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802862662.
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Ma, Xuedan, and Han Htoon. "Tailoring the photophysical properties of carbon nanotubes by photonic nanostructures." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 17 (April 30, 2015): 1530004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915300045.
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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are nearly ideal one-dimensional systems with potential applications in a wide range of fields. The rich physics of SWCNTs arise from the excitonic nature of their photophysical properties. This review is focused on the results of novel research activities that explore how the photophysical properties of SWCNTs can be altered via their integration with photonic nanostructures including plasmonic structures and photonic microcavities that have resulted in phenomena such as photocurrent enhancement, selection rule breakdown and photoluminescence (PL) modification.
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Stańczyk, Urszula. "Pruning Decision Rules by Reduct-Based Weighting and Ranking of Features." Entropy 24, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24111602.
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Methods and techniques of feature selection support expert domain knowledge in the search for attributes, which are the most important for a task. These approaches can also be used in the process of closer tailoring of the obtained solutions when dimensionality reduction is aimed not only at variables but also at learners. The paper reports on research where attribute rankings were employed to filter induced decision rules. The rankings were constructed through the proposed weighting factor based on the concept of decision reducts—a feature reduction mechanism embedded in the rough set theory. Classical rough sets operate only in discrete input space by indiscernibility relation. Replacing it with dominance enables processing real-valued data. Decision reducts were found for both numeric and discrete attributes, transformed by selected discretisation approaches. The calculated ranking scores were used to control the selection of decision rules. The performance of the resulting rule classifiers was observed for the entire range of rejected variables, for decision rules with conditions on continuous values, discretised conditions, and also inferred from discrete data. The predictive powers were analysed and compared to detect existing trends. The experiments show that for all variants of the rule sets, not only was dimensionality reduction possible, but also predictions were improved, which validated the proposed methodology.
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Spreyer, Florian, Ruizhe Zhao, Lingling Huang, and Thomas Zentgraf. "Second harmonic imaging of plasmonic Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurfaces coupled to monolayers of WS2." Nanophotonics 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0378.
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AbstractThe nonlinear processes of frequency conversion such as second harmonic generation (SHG) usually obey certain selection rules, resulting from the preservation of different kinds of physical quantities, e.g. the angular momentum. For the SHG created by a monolayer of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) such as WS2, the valley-exciton locked selection rule predicts an SHG signal in the cross-polarization state. By combining plasmonic nanostructures with a monolayer of TMDC, a hybrid metasurface is realized, which affects this nonlinear process because of an additional polarization conversion process. Here, we observe that the plasmonic metasurface modifies the light-matter interaction with the TMDC, resulting in an SHG signal that is co-polarized with respect to the incident field, which is usually forbidden for the monolayers of TMDC. We fabricate such hybrid metasurfaces by placing plasmonic nanorods on top of a monolayer WS2 and study the valley-exciton locked SHG emission from such system for different parameters, such as wavelength and polarization. Furthermore, we show the potential of the hybrid metasurface for tailoring nonlinear processes by adding additional phase information to the SHG signal using the Pancharatnam-Berry phase effect. This allows direct tailoring of the SHG emission to the far-field.
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Bashiri, Ayesheh, Aleksandr Vaskin, Katsuya Tanaka, Thomas Pertsch, and Isabelle Staude. "Tailoring Magnetic Dipole Emission by Broken-Symmetry TiO2 Metasurfaces." EPJ Web of Conferences 266 (2022): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226605002.
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Strong magnetic dipole emission is offered by rare earth ions such as trivalent lanthanides, due to selection rule forbidden electric dipole (ED) transitions. This stimulates the study of optical nanostructures, which efficiently tailor magnetic dipole emission. High refractive index all dielectric nanostructures are promising candidates in this regard due to their strong magnetic response and negligible absorption loss in the visible spectral range. Here, we design and experimentally realize a broken-symmetry titanium dioxide (TiO2) metasurface supporting an out-of-plane magnetic dipole (MD) resonance at 590 nm wavelength, corresponding to the MD transition of trivalent Europium ions (Eu3+). A strong photoluminescence (PL) enhancement of the MD transition up to a factor of 15.5 is observed.
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Kelly, Katherine A., Adaora Ewulu, Veronica K. Emmerich, Courtney E. Heron, and Steven R. Feldman. "Refractory Pediatric Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis: The Importance of Therapeutical Adherence and Biological Management." Biomedicines 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080958.
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The rates of refractory pediatric psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) have steadily risen over the last few decades, demanding newer and more effective therapies. This review aims to explore the reasons for resistant disease, as well as its management; this includes the indications for, efficacy of, and safety of current therapies for refractory pediatric dermatologic disease. A PubMed search for key phrases was performed. Poor medication adherence is the most common cause of resistant disease and may be managed with techniques such as simplified treatment regimens, more follow-ups and educational workshops, as well as framing and tailoring. Once problems with adherence are ruled out, escalating treatment to stronger biologic therapy may be indicated. Development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) can cause patients’ disease to be refractory in the presence of potent biologics, which may be addressed with regular medication use or concomitant methotrexate. If patients with AD fail to respond to biologic therapy, a biopsy to rule out mycosis fungoides, or patch testing to rule out allergic contact dermatitis, may be indicated. A limitation of this study is the absence of more techniques for the management of poor medication adherence. Managing medication adherence, escalating treatment when appropriate, and addressing possible anti-drug antibodies will help assure control and relief for patients with resistant disease.
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Ranjbartabar, Hedieh, Deborah Richards, Ayse Aysin Bilgin, Cat Kutay, and Samuel Mascarenhas. "Adapting a Virtual Advisor’s Verbal Conversation Based on Predicted User Preferences: A Study of Neutral, Empathic and Tailored Dialogue." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4030055.
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Virtual agents that improve the lives of humans need to be more than user-aware and adaptive to the user’s current state and behavior. Additionally, they need to apply expertise gained from experience that drives their adaptive behavior based on deep understanding of the user’s features (such as gender, culture, personality, and psychological state). Our work has involved extension of FAtiMA (Fearnot AffecTive Mind Architecture) with the addition of an Adaptive Engine to the FAtiMA cognitive agent architecture. We use machine learning to acquire the agent’s expertise by capturing a collection of user profiles into a user model and development of agent expertise based on the user model. In this paper, we describe a study to evaluate the Adaptive Engine, which compares the benefit (i.e., reduced stress, increased rapport) of tailoring dialogue to the specific user (Adaptive group) with dialogues that are either empathic (Empathic group) or neutral (Neutral group). Results showed a significant reduction in stress in the empathic and neutral groups, but not the adaptive group. Analyses of rule accuracy, participants’ dialogue preferences, and individual differences reveal that the three groups had different needs for empathic dialogue and highlight the importance and challenges of getting the tailoring right.
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Shin, Suho, Hoyong Choi, Yung Yi, and Jungseul Ok. "Power of Bonus in Pricing for Crowdsourcing." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 50, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3547353.3522633.
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We consider a simple form of pricing for a crowdsourcing system, where pricing policy is published a priori, and workers then decide their task acceptance. Such a pricing form is widely adopted in practice for its simplicity, e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk, although additional sophistication to pricing rule can enhance budget efficiency. With the goal of designing efficient and simple pricing rules, we study the impact of the following two design features in pricing policies: (i) personalization tailoring policy worker-by-worker and (ii) bonus payment to qualified task completion. In the Bayesian setting, where the only prior distribution of workers' profiles is available, we first study the Price of Agnosticism (PoA) that quantifies the utility gap between personalized and common pricing policies. We show that PoA is bounded within a constant factor under some mild conditions, and the impact of bonus is essential in common pricing. These analytic results imply that complex personalized pricing can be replaced by simple common pricing once it is equipped with a proper bonus payment. To provide insights on efficient common pricing, we then study the efficient mechanisms of bonus payment for several profile distribution regimes which may exist in practice. We provide primitive experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk, which support our analytical findings[5].
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Shin, Suho, Hoyong Choi, Yung Yi, and Jungseul Ok. "Power of Bonus in Pricing for Crowdsourcing." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 5, no. 3 (December 14, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491048.
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We consider a simple form of pricing for a crowdsourcing system, where pricing policy is published a priori, and workers then decide their task acceptance. Such a pricing form is widely adopted in practice for its simplicity, e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk, although additional sophistication to pricing rule can enhance budget efficiency. With the goal of designing efficient and simple pricing rules, we study the impact of the following two design features in pricing policies: (i) personalization tailoring policy worker-by-worker and (ii) bonus payment to qualified task completion. In the Bayesian setting, where the only prior distribution of workers' profiles is available, we first study the Price of Agnosticism (PoA) that quantifies the utility gap between personalized and common pricing policies. We show that PoA is bounded within a constant factor under some mild conditions, and the impact of bonus is essential in common pricing. These analytic results imply that complex personalized pricing can be replaced by simple common pricing once it is equipped with a proper bonus payment. To provide insights on efficient common pricing, we then study the efficient mechanisms of bonus payment for several profile distribution regimes which may exist in practice. We provide primitive experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk, which support our analytical findings.
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Jasso, Javier, Stephanie McMillen, Jissel B. Anaya, Lisa M. Bedore, and Elizabeth D. Peña. "The Utility of an English Semantics Measure for Identifying Developmental Language Disorder in Spanish–English Bilinguals." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00202.
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Purpose We examined the English semantic performance of three hundred twenty-seven 7- to 10-year-old Spanish–English bilinguals with ( n = 66) and without ( n = 261) developmental language disorder (DLD) with varying levels of English experience to classify groups. Method English semantic performance on the Bilingual English–Spanish Assessment—Middle Extension Experimental Test Version (Peña et al., 2008) was evaluated by language experience, language ability, and task type. Items that best identified DLD for children with balanced and high English experience were selected. Separately, items that best identified children with high Spanish experience were selected. Results Typically developing bilingual children performed significantly higher than their peers with DLD across semantic tasks, with differences associated with task type. Classification accuracy was fair when item selection corresponded to balanced or high level of experience in English, but poor for children with high Spanish experience. Selecting items specifically for children with high Spanish experience improved classification accuracy. Conclusions Tailoring semantic items based on children's experience is a promising direction toward organizing items on a continuum of exposure. Here, classification effectively ruled in impairment. Future work to refine semantic items that more accurately represent the continuum of exposure may help rule out language impairment.
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Maurer-Stroh, Philippa. "“House-High Favourites?” – A Contrastive Analysis of Adjective-Noun Collocations in German and English." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 2, no. 1-2 (June 22, 2005): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.2.1-2.57-64.
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Everybody is talking about collocational analyses these days… Despite recent advances in the monolingual sector, the bilingual environment has not yet come under close scrutiny. It is especially the adjective-noun combinations that have become the focus of attention when it comes to contrastive phraseological studies. Adjectives in particular are subject to semantic tailoring and it is important to bear in mind that (predictable) interlingual lexical one-to-one occurrence, such as the English starless night and the German sternlose Nacht, is a mere exception rather than the rule in the bilingual adjective-noun state of affairs. Factors that have to be considered are (non-) compositionality in contrastive multiword units, like barefaced lie – faustdicke Luge (‘a lie as thick as a man’s fist’), and metaphorical extensions, like haushoher Favorit – hot favourite (*house-high favourite) as well as structural differences in the two languages in question, like (at) short notice – kurzfristig.
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Ren, Xiaodi, Peiyuan Gao, Lianfeng Zou, Shuhong Jiao, Xia Cao, Xianhui Zhang, Hao Jia, et al. "Role of inner solvation sheath within salt–solvent complexes in tailoring electrode/electrolyte interphases for lithium metal batteries." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (November 3, 2020): 28603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010852117.
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Functional electrolyte is the key to stabilize the highly reductive lithium (Li) metal anode and the high-voltage cathode for long-life, high-energy-density rechargeable Li metal batteries (LMBs). However, fundamental mechanisms on the interactions between reactive electrodes and electrolytes are still not well understood. Recently localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) are emerging as a promising electrolyte design strategy for LMBs. Here, we use LHCEs as an ideal platform to investigate the fundamental correlation between the reactive characteristics of the inner solvation sheath on electrode surfaces due to their unique solvation structures. The effects of a series of LHCEs with model electrolyte solvents (carbonate, sulfone, phosphate, and ether) on the stability of high-voltage LMBs are systematically studied. The stabilities of electrodes in different LHCEs indicate the intrinsic synergistic effects between the salt and the solvent when they coexist on electrode surfaces. Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal an intriguing general rule that the strong interactions between the salt and the solvent in the inner solvation sheath promote their intermolecular proton/charge transfer reactions, which dictates the properties of the electrode/electrolyte interphases and thus the battery performances.
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Godfrey, A., W. Q. Gao, G. M. Le, C. L. Zhang, and K. N. Zhu. "Local deformation mechanisms in metal systems with a tailored grain size distribution." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1249, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1249/1/012006.
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Abstract A large change in yield strength and ductility takes place in metals with a recrystallized average grain size in the near-micrometer grain size regime. This has been utilized to explore the influence of grain size heterogeneity on plastic deformation for recrystallized grains in aluminum prepared by spark plasma sintering, where tailoring of the grain size distribution and spatial arrangement can be achieved by selecting powder sizes and mixing conditions prior to sintering. The spatial variation of plastic deformation has been explored by digital image correlation (DIC), either at the sample scale or at the grain scale. For the latter colloidal SiO2 markers also allow repeated collection of electron backscatter diffraction data over the same area during in-situ deformation, proving correlated information on local displacement gradients and crystal lattice rotations. For samples prepared from well-mixed powders only small deviations from a rule-of-mixtures in the yield strength are observed. A mesoscale pattern of strain distribution is observed from DIC investigations where this is related to, but not fully consistent with, the spatial arrangement of fine and coarse grains. In the case of macroscopically layered arrangements of coarse and fine grains, deformation is dominated by development of local strain concentrations, which take place preferentially in the fine grain regions.
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Ojeda, Edilberto, África García-Barrientos, Nagore Martínez de Cestafe, José María Alonso, Raúl Pérez-González, and Virginia Sáez-Martínez. "Nanometric Hydroxyapatite Particles as Active Ingredient for Bioinks: A Review." Macromol 2, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/macromol2010002.
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Additive manufacturing (AM), frequently cited as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a relatively new manufacturing technique for biofabrication, also called 3D manufacture with biomaterials and cells. Recent advances in this field will facilitate further improvement of personalized healthcare solutions. In this regard, tailoring several healthcare products such as implants, prosthetics, and in vitro models, would have been extraordinarily arduous beyond these technologies. Three-dimensional-printed structures with a multiscale porosity are very interesting manufacturing processes in order to boost the capability of composite scaffolds to generate bone tissue. The use of biomimetic hydroxyapatite as the main active ingredient for bioinks is a helpful approach to obtain these advanced materials. Thus, 3D-printed biomimetic composite designs may produce supplementary biological and physical benefits. Three-dimensional bioprinting may turn to be a bright solution for regeneration of bone tissue as it enables a proper spatio-temporal organization of cells in scaffolds. Different types of bioprinting technologies and essential parameters which rule the applicability of bioinks are discussed in this review. Special focus is made on hydroxyapatite as an active ingredient for bioinks design. The goal of such bioinks is to reduce the constraints of commonly applied treatments by enhancing osteoinduction and osteoconduction, which seems to be exceptionally promising for bone regeneration.
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Pang, Xiaoyan, Weiwei Xiao, Han Zhang, Chen Feng, and Xinying Zhao. "X-type vortex and its effect on beam shaping." Journal of Optics 23, no. 12 (November 12, 2021): 125604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac34e7.
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Abstract In this article we propose a new type of optical vortex, the X-type vortex. This vortex inherits and develops the conventional noncanonical vortex, i.e. it no longer has a constant phase gradient around the center, while the intensity keeps invariant azimuthally. The strongly focusing properties of the X-type vortex and its effect on the beam shaping in three-dimensional (3D) fields are analyzed. The interesting phenomena, which cannot be seen in canonical vortices, are observed, for instance the ‘switch effect’ which shows that the intensity pattern can switch from one transverse axis to another in the focal plane by controlling the phase gradient parameter. It is shown that by adjusting the phase gradient of this vortex, the focal field can have marvelous patterns, from the doughnut shape to the shapes with different lobes, and the beam along propagation direction will form a twisting shape in 3D space with controllable rotation direction and location. The physical mechanisms underlying the rule of the beam shaping are also discussed, which generally say that the phase gradient of the X-type vortex, the orbital angular momentum, the polarization and the ‘nongeneric’ characteristic contribute differently in shaping fields. This new type of vortex may supply a new freedom for tailoring 3D optical fields, and our work will pave a way for exploration of new vortices and their applications.
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Li, Lei, Wei Deng, Jie Song, Wei Ding, Qun-Fei Zhao, Chao Peng, Wei-Wen Song, Gong-Li Tang, and Wen Liu. "Characterization of the Saframycin A Gene Cluster from Streptomyces lavendulae NRRL 11002 Revealing a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase System for Assembling the Unusual Tetrapeptidyl Skeleton in an Iterative Manner." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 1 (November 2, 2007): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00826-07.
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ABSTRACT Saframycin A (SFM-A), produced by Streptomyces lavendulae NRRL 11002, belongs to the tetrahydroisoquinoline family of antibiotics, and its core is structurally similar to the core of ecteinascidin 743, which is a highly potent antitumor drug isolated from a marine tunicate. In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster for SFM-A was cloned and localized to a 62-kb contiguous DNA region. Sequence analysis revealed 30 genes that constitute the SFM-A gene cluster, encoding an unusual nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) system and tailoring enzymes and regulatory and resistance proteins. The results of substrate prediction and in vitro characterization of the adenylation specificities of this NRPS system support the hypothesis that the last module acts in an iterative manner to form a tetrapeptidyl intermediate and that the colinearity rule does not apply. Although this mechanism is different from those proposed for the SFM-A analogs SFM-Mx1 and safracin B (SAC-B), based on the high similarity of these systems, it is likely they share a common mechanism of biosynthesis as we describe here. Construction of the biosynthetic pathway of SFM-Y3, an aminated SFM-A, was achieved in the SAC-B producer (Pseudomonas fluorescens). These findings not only shed new insight on tetrahydroisoquinoline biosynthesis but also demonstrate the feasibility of engineering microorganisms to generate structurally more complex and biologically more active analogs by combinatorial biosynthesis.
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Vos, W. L., and A. Polman. "Optical Probes inside Photonic Crystals." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 8 (August 2001): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.160.
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The spontaneous emission of an atom is not a property of the atom only; it also depends on the local optical surroundings. The simplest demonstration of this effect was provided by the early experiments of Drexhage, who studied the emission rate of luminescent europium ions close to a mirror. It was found that while the spectral distribution of the emission remained constant, the emission rate was dependent on the position of the Eu3+ ions relative to the mirror. This effect is due to interference of the optical modes incident to and reflected at the mirror. Since then, the modified spontaneous emission of atoms in cavities has been studied extensively. More recently, the control of spontaneous emission in solid-state systems has become of great interest because it enables the tailoring of the emission properties of optical materials. It was shown how the spontaneous-emission rate of optical probe ions or dyes inside dielectric films is modified by the presence of a dielectric interface, in a dielectric multilayer, or a microcavity. The dependence of the decay rate on the optical surroundings in these one-dimensional systems can be described in terms of Fermi's “golden rule,” which states that the decay rate is proportional to the local optical density of states (DOS). The spatial variation in the DOS is due to the interference of optical modes reflected and refracted at the dielectric interface(s).
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Iaconetta, Giorgio, Enrico Tessitore, and Madjid Samii. "Duplicated abducent nerve and its course: microanatomical study and surgery-related considerations." Journal of Neurosurgery 95, no. 5 (November 2001): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.95.5.0853.
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Object. The anatomy of the abducent nerve is well known; its duplication (ranging from 5 to 28.6%), however, has rarely been reported in the literature. The authors performed a microanatomical study in 100 cadaveric specimens (50 heads) to evaluate the prevalence of this phenomenon and to provide a clear anatomical description of the course and relationships of the nerve. The surgery-related implications of this rare anatomical variant will be highlighted. Methods. The 50 human cadaveric heads (100 specimens) were embalmed in a 10% formalin solution for 3 weeks. Fifteen of them were injected with colored neoprene latex. A duplicated abducent nerve was found in eight specimens (8%). In two (25%) of these eight specimens the nerve originated at the pontomedullary sulcus as two independent trunks: in one case the superior trunk was thicker than the inferior and in the other it was thinner. In the other six cases (75%) the nerve originated as a single trunk, splitting in two trunks into the cisternal segment: in two of them the trunks ran below the Gruber ligament, whereas in four specimens one trunk ran below and one above it. In all the specimens, the duplicated nerves fused again into the cavernous sinus, just after the posterior genu of the internal carotid artery. Conclusions. Although the presence of a duplicated abducent nerve is a rare finding, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging should be performed to rule out this possibility, thus tailoring the operation to avoid postoperative deficits.
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Wei, Hong, and Hongxing Xu. "Nanowire-based plasmonic waveguides and devices for integrated nanophotonic circuits." Nanophotonics 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2012-0012.
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AbstractThe fast development of plasmonics have greatly advanced our understanding to the abundant phenomena related to surface plamon polaritons (SPPs) and improved our ability to manipulate light at the nanometer scale. With tightly confined local field, SPPs can be transmitted in waveguides of subwavelength dimensions. Nanophotonic circuits built with plasmonic elements can be scaled down to dimensions compatible with semiconductor-based nanoelectronic circuits, which provides a potential solution for the next-generation information technology. Different structures have been explored as plasmonic waveguides for potential integration applications. This review is focused on metallic nanowire waveguides and functional components in nanowire networks. We reviewed recent progress in research about plasmon generation, emission direction and polarization, group velocity, loss and propagation length, and the near-field distribution revealed by quantum dot fluorescence imaging. Electrical generation and detection of SPPs moves towards the building of plasmonic circuits, where bulky external light sources and detectors may be omitted. The coupling between metal nanowires and emitters is important for tailoring light-matter interactions, and for various potential applications. In multi-nanowire structures, plasmon signal control and processing are introduced. The working principles of these nanowire-based devices, which are based on the control to the near field distributions, will become the design rule for nanophotonic circuits with higher complexity for optical signal processing. The recent developments in hybrid photonic-plasmonic waveguides and devices are promising for making devices with unprecedented performance.
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Zolfaghari, Mahmoud, and Mahshid Chireh. "Effect of Mn Dopant on Lattice Parameters and Band Gap Energy of Semiconductor ZnO Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.784.
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ZnO belongs to the II-VI semiconductor group with a direct band-gap of 3.2-3.37 eV in 300K and a high exciton binding energy of 60 meV. It has good transparency, high electron mobility, wide, and strong room-temperature luminescence. These properties have many applications in a wide area of emerging applications. Doping ZnO with the transition metals gives it magnetic property at room temperature hence making it multifunctional material, i.e. coexistence of magnetic, semiconducting and optical properties. The samples can be synthesized in the bulk, thin film, and nanoforms which show a wide range of ferromagnetism properties. Ferromagnetic semiconductors are important materials for spintronic and nonvolatile memory storage applications. Doping of transition metal elements into ZnO offers a feasible means of tailoring the band gap to use it as light emitters and UV detector. As there are controversial on the energy gap value due to change of lattice parameters we have synthesized Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles by co-precipitation method with different concentrations to study the effect of lattice parameters changes on gap energy. The doped samples were studied by XRD, SEM, FT-IR., and UV-Vis. The XRD patterns confirm doping of Mn into ZnO structure. As Mn concentrations increases the peak due to of Mn impurity in FT-IR spectra becomes more pronounces hence confirming concentrations variation. We find from UV-Vis spectra that the gap energy due to doping concentration increases due to the Goldschmidt-Pauling rule this increase depends on dopant concentrations and increases as impurity amount increases.
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Qouta, Samir, Raija-Leena Punamäki, and Eyad El Sarraj. "Child development and family mental health in war and military violence: The Palestinian experience." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 4 (July 2008): 310–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408090973.
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The article reviews developmental research among Palestinians living in Gaza. The aims are, first, to analyze how exposure to traumatic events associates with children's mental health and their cognitive, emotional and social development. Second, we aimed to model familial and symbolic processes that can either harm or protect the mental health of children. Third, we wanted to learn who the resilient children are in conditions of war and military violence. The reviewed research has been conducted in the context of a Palestinian non-governmental organization, the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme, during the political upheavals involving hopes for peace and intensive war and violence: the First Intifada (1987—1993), the Palestinian Authority rule (1994— ) and the Second Al Aqsa Intifada (2001— ). The results show that life threat, violence and losses form a risk for increased psychological distress. There are, however, a myriad of child, family and society related factors and psycho-socio-physiological processes that protect child development and mental health. They include, e.g. loving and wisely guiding parenting, children's flexible and high cognitive capacity, flexible and multiple coping strategies and narrative and symbolic nocturnal dreaming, as well as social support and good peer relations. Different models explain psychological distress and positive resources, including child resilience. Exposure to trauma is crucial in predicting distress, while familial and developmental issues are important in building resilience. Children's conscious and unconscious cognitive-emotional processes are crucial for underlying mental health and knowledge about them is important in tailoring evidence-based preventive interventions among war victims.
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Xu, Yuejia, Angela M. Wood, Michael J. Sweeting, David J. Roberts, and Brian DM Tom. "Optimal individualized decision rules from a multi-arm trial: A comparison of methods and an application to tailoring inter-donation intervals among blood donors in the UK." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29, no. 11 (May 8, 2020): 3113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280220920669.
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There is a growing interest in precision medicine where individual heterogeneity is incorporated into decision-making and treatments are tailored to individuals to provide better healthcare. One important aspect of precision medicine is the estimation of the optimal individualized treatment rule (ITR) that optimizes the expected outcome. Most methods developed for this purpose are restricted to the setting with two treatments, while clinical studies with more than two treatments are common in practice. In this work, we summarize methods to estimate the optimal ITR in the multi-arm setting and compare their performance in large-scale clinical trials via simulation studies. We then illustrate their utilities with a case study using the data from the INTERVAL trial, which randomly assigned over 20,000 male blood donors from England to one of the three inter-donation intervals (12-week, 10-week, and eight-week) over two years. We estimate the optimal individualized donation strategies under three different objectives. Our findings are fairly consistent across five different approaches that are applied: when we target the maximization of the total units of blood collected, almost all donors are assigned to the eight-week inter-donation interval, whereas if we aim at minimizing the low hemoglobin deferral rates, almost all donors are assigned to donate every 12 weeks. However, when the goal is to maximize the utility score that “discounts” the total units of blood collected by the incidences of low hemoglobin deferrals, we observe some heterogeneity in the optimal inter-donation interval across donors and the optimal donor assignment strategy is highly dependent on the trade-off parameter in the utility function.
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Schuster, Raphael, Sophia Sigl, Thomas Berger, and Anton-Rupert Laireiter. "Patients’ Experiences of Web- and Mobile-Assisted Group Therapy for Depression and Implications of the Group Setting: Qualitative Follow-Up Study." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): e49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.9613.
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Background Blended group therapy combines group sessions with Web- and mobile-based treatment modules. Consequently, blended group therapy widens the choice within blended interventions at reasonable costs. This is the first qualitative study on blended group therapy. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the patient-centered feasibility of blended group therapy for major depression, with special emphasis on the fit and dynamic interplay between face-to-face and internet-based elements. Methods A total of 22 patients who had a variety of experiences through participating in one of the two blended group therapy interventions were interviewed following a semistructured interview guide. In-depth interviews were analyzed by three trained psychologists, using thematic analysis and a rule-guided internet-based program (QCAmap). The transcript of the interviews (113,555 words) was reduced to 1081 coded units, with subsequent extraction of 16 themes. Results Web- and mobile-based elements were described as a treatment facilitator and motivator, increasing the salience and consolidation of cognitive behavioral therapy materials, resulting in in- and inter-session alignment to the treatment. Additionally, patients valued the option of intimate Web-based self-disclosure (by lateral patient-therapist communication), and therapists were provided with tools for between-session monitoring and reinforcement of exercising. In this context, group phenomena seemed to back up therapists’ efforts to increase treatment engagement. The dissonance because of noncompliance with Web-based tasks and the constriction of in-session group interaction were considered as possible negative effects. Finally, issues of tailoring and structure seemed to fulfill different preconditions compared with individual therapy. Conclusions Blended group therapy constitutes a structured and proactive approach to work with depression, and the integration of both modalities initiates a beneficial interplay. Results support the patient-centered value of blended group therapy and provide the first insight into blended group therapy’s role in fostering therapeutic treatment factors. However, potential negative effects should be considered carefully.
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Choi, Won-Young, and Soon-Gohn Kim. "Derivation of Methodology Tailoring Rules in Healthcare Industry." Journal of Digital Contents Society 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.9728/dcs.2011.12.4.593.
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Bos, Inge, Pieter van der Scheer, Wouter G. Ellenbroek, and Joris Sprakel. "Two-dimensional crystals of star polymers: a tale of tails." Soft Matter 15, no. 4 (2019): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02100g.
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Leon, Juan J. Diaz, Anna M. Hiszpanski, Tiziana C. Bond, and Joshua D. Kuntz. "Design Rules for Tailoring Antireflection Properties of Hierarchical Optical Structures." Advanced Optical Materials 5, no. 13 (May 18, 2017): 1700080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.201700080.
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Fu, Li Na, and Ke Gang Hao. "Design & Measure RUP Development Case Using the Zachman Framework as an Aid." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 3153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3153.
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Software process improvement (SPI) using the RUP is a persistent and iterative process which needs suitable methods for tailoring and measuring. The paper provides a method to tailor the RUP using the Zachman framework as an aid. In the method the RUP artifact matrix based on the Zachman framework represents tailoring result of artifacts vs. roles and the fulfilling rules of the artifact matrix represent the dependency relationship of artifacts of each cell. In addition the paper introduces two measurement models for measuring the performance of the development process to assist SPI in an iterative mode.
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Wu, Jiacheng, Nina Galanter, Susan M. Shortreed, and Erica E. M. Moodie. "Ranking tailoring variables for constructing individualized treatment rules: An application to schizophrenia." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics) 71, no. 2 (December 13, 2021): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssc.12533.
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Lomakin, A. J., C. J. Cattin, D. Cuvelier, Z. Alraies, M. Molina, G. P. F. Nader, N. Srivastava, et al. "The nucleus acts as a ruler tailoring cell responses to spatial constraints." Science 370, no. 6514 (October 15, 2020): eaba2894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba2894.
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The microscopic environment inside a metazoan organism is highly crowded. Whether individual cells can tailor their behavior to the limited space remains unclear. In this study, we found that cells measure the degree of spatial confinement by using their largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus. Cell confinement below a resting nucleus size deforms the nucleus, which expands and stretches its envelope. This activates signaling to the actomyosin cortex via nuclear envelope stretch-sensitive proteins, up-regulating cell contractility. We established that the tailored contractile response constitutes a nuclear ruler–based signaling pathway involved in migratory cell behaviors. Cells rely on the nuclear ruler to modulate the motive force that enables their passage through restrictive pores in complex three-dimensional environments, a process relevant to cancer cell invasion, immune responses, and embryonic development.
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John, Jisha, Lincy Thomas, Nibu A. George, Achamma Kurian, and Sajan D. George. "Tailoring of optical properties of fluorescein using green synthesized gold nanoparticles." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 24 (2015): 15813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp02029h.
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The anisotropy in plasmonic field makes star shaped particles as an optical ruler that can probe larger distances as compared to spherical gold nanoparticles, for which dipoles are parallel to the surface act as more efficient quencher for fluorescein dye.
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Ghuman, Kulbir Kaur, Kota Tozaki, Masaaki Sadakiyo, Sho Kitano, Takashi Oyabe, and Miho Yamauchi. "Tailoring widely used ammonia synthesis catalysts for H and N poisoning resistance." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 9 (2019): 5117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05800h.
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Zaninotto, João Manoel, Jose Eduardo May, Gledson Hernandez Diniz, and Mauricio Gonçalves Vieira Ferreira. "Quality Assurance Requirements Tailoring Approach for Small Satellite Projects." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 8 (2022): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.98.63.
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In regulated environments, which have impacts on the society, standards are adopted to determine rules to be followed, since the society expects to receive safe and reliable products and services. Regulatory agencies usually require adherence to requirements established in norms and standards so the product can be approved. In this context, space programs Quality Assurance standards are applicable to satellite projects with a wide responsibility range, from experimental small satellites to manned spaceships. Applying the full contents of these standards may be unfeasible to small missions with low responsibility, considering the cost and schedule constraints inherent to this type of project. Therefore, a customization of the requirements must be conducted in a thoughtful and disciplined manner, considering the project characteristics. The tailoring process presented in this work includes the analysis of the risk to the mission due to the reduction of the set of requirements. Each requirement was evaluated in view of its maintenance, modification, or elimination. This paper presents a process of tailoring mission-specific requirements, using a mission risk rating and the risk analysis tool FMECA. The result was a structured process for tailoring requirements, which provided a subset of Quality Assurance requirements applicable to small satellite projects.
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Yin, Shan, Fangrong Hu, Xieyu Chen, Jiaguang Han, Tao Chen, Xianming Xiong, and Wentao Zhang. "Ruler equation for precisely tailoring the resonance frequency of terahertz U-shaped metamaterials." Journal of Optics 21, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 025101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aafd86.
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Jiang, Qi, Huidan Zeng, Xiang Li, Jing Ren, Guorong Chen, and Fude Liu. "Tailoring sodium silicophosphate glasses containing SiO6-octahedra through structural rules and topological principles." Journal of Chemical Physics 141, no. 12 (September 28, 2014): 124506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4896150.
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Gao, Henry. "Regulation of Digital Trade in US Free Trade Agreements: From Trade Regulation to Digital Regulation." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 45, Issue 1 (February 1, 2018): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2018003.
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This article reviews the evolution of rules on digital trade in US Free Trade Agreements (US FTAs), and argues that the US approach has shifted from treating it largely as a traditional trade issue to recognizing its unique digital nature and tailoring the rules accordingly, as it has done in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement. The article begins with a review of the efforts to regulate e-commerce in the WTO, as well as the achievements of the pre-TPP US FTAs so far, followed by a critical appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of the e-commerce chapter in the TPP. It is hoped that, by reviewing the evolution of the regulation of e-commerce from theWTOto the TPP, we can learn some lessons on how the rules are being shaped, as well as how they might evolve in the future.
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Hietbrink, Eclaire A. G., Anouk Middelweerd, Pepijn van Empelen, Katharina Preuhs, Annemieke A. J. Konijnendijk, Wendy Oude Nijeweme-d’Hollosy, Laura K. Schrijver, Gozewijn D. Laverman, and Miriam M. R. Vollenbroek-Hutten. "A Digital Lifestyle Coach (E-Supporter 1.0) to Support People With Type 2 Diabetes: Participatory Development Study." JMIR Human Factors 10 (January 12, 2023): e40017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/40017.
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Background A healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity and a healthy diet, is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of chronic diseases. eHealth interventions that incorporate behavior change techniques (BCTs) and dynamic tailoring strategies could effectively support a healthy lifestyle. E-Supporter 1.0 is an eCoach designed to support physical activity and a healthy diet in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective This paper aimed to describe the systematic development of E-Supporter 1.0. Methods Our systematic design process consisted of 3 phases. The definition phase included the selection of the target group and formulation of intervention objectives, and the identification of behavioral determinants based on which BCTs were selected to apply in the intervention. In the development phase, intervention content was developed by specifying tailoring variables, intervention options, and decision rules. In the last phase, E-Supporter 1.0 integrated in the Diameter app was evaluated using a usability test in 9 people with T2D to assess intervention usage and acceptability. Results The main intervention objectives were to stimulate light to moderate-vigorous physical activities or adherence to the Dutch dietary guidelines in people with T2D. The selection of behavioral determinants was informed by the health action process approach and theories explaining behavior maintenance. BCTs were included to address relevant behavioral determinants (eg, action control, self-efficacy, and coping planning). Development of the intervention resulted in 3 types of intervention options, consisting of motivational messages, behavioral feedback, and tailor-made supportive exercises. On the basis of IF-THEN rules, intervention options could be tailored to, among others, type of behavioral goal and (barriers to) goal achievement. Data on these variables could be collected using app data, activity tracker data, and daily ecological momentary assessments. Usability testing revealed that user experiences were predominantly positive, despite some problems in the fixed delivery of content. Conclusions The systematic development approach resulted in a theory-based and dynamically tailored eCoach. Future work should focus on expanding intervention content to other chronic diseases and lifestyle behaviors, enhancing the degree of tailoring and evaluating intervention effects on acceptability, use, and cost-effectiveness.
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Pihlajamäki, Heikki, and Marju Luts-Sootak. "Tartu õuekohus kui õigussiire: Svea ja Liivimaa apellatsioonikohtute võrdlus [Abstract: The High Court of Dorpat as a legal transplant: a comparison of the Svea and Livonian High Courts]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 2/3 (January 15, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2017.2-3.02.
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Legal transfers (or transplants, receptions) of legal phenomena sometimes take place even within one single realm. This especially applies to the conglomerate states of the early modern period where different regions of one realm often had different laws and legal cultures. Livland – covering roughly the northern part of present-day Latvia and the southern part of Estonia – became part of Sweden through the Treaty of Altmark in 1629. From the social and political viewpoint, Livland was vastly distinct from Sweden proper. Livland was a feudal society par excellence, a land with mighty land-owning magnates and a peasantry tied to the land. Sweden, in turn, came late in developing feudal structures.
The legal culture in Livland also differed vastly from that of Sweden proper. Since the Middle Ages, a German-speaking nobility and citizenry had settled in Livland. This brought the same legal order and judicial proceedings to Livland that were in effect in other northern German regions. This, among other things, meant that Livland participated in the reception of Roman law, which never influenced Sweden to the same extent.
The model of the Swedish high court, such as it was created in Stockholm in 1614, was duplicated in other parts of the realm, including the Livonian court in Dorpat in 1630. The statutes regulating the Dorpat High Court were similar to those governing the Svea High Court, albeit with some differences. The most important of those differences was that the Livonian courts, including the Dorpat High Court, were to follow different legal sources than the courts in Sweden proper. In Livland, local law, the German gemeines Recht and the European ius commune were all accepted as binding legal sources.
The differences in practice were more significant than those in the statutes. The Livonian court turned out to be less of an appeals court than the Svea High Court. In Livland, the access of peasants to the appeals court was effectively barred because their cases were rarely heard even in the lower courts – they were heard in the manorial courts instead, which survived under Swedish rule.
In comparison to Sweden proper, judicial culture in Livland was in the hands of learned lawyers to a far greater extent, who dominated both civil procedure and accusatorial criminal procedure. In both categories, the procedure was written and dominated by lawyers. Although learned discussions took place at the Svea Court as well, in Dorpat, learned judicial culture was taken a step further. In criminal procedure, clearly the biggest difference was that judicial torture was living law in Livland until the 1680s, with the High Court giving formal permission for the lower courts to apply torture. In Sweden, torture emerged in the early seventeenth century, but was never legalised.
The high court of appeals was a phenomenon, which came in many shapes and sizes. The same idea was transferred from one realm to another, and the same basic structure was multiplied within the realms. The products of legal transfer, the courts in action, could turn out differently, however. This often happened deliberately, as the idea of a high court sometimes needed tailoring to suit particular local circumstances. Sometimes the product took a different shape unexpectedly, because the local circumstances simply made it different. This could even happen within one and the same realm.
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Ionita, Daniela, Constantin Gaina, Mariana Cristea, and Dorel Banabic. "Tailoring the hard domain cohesiveness in polyurethanes by interplay between the functionality and the content of chain extender." RSC Advances 5, no. 94 (2015): 76852–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15190b.
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Thermo-mechanical behavior of polyurethanes with diol/triol chain extension is reflected in a particular behavior in the glass transition and rubbery region and is ruled by the functionality and content of the chain extender.
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Glatthard, Jonas, and Luis A. Correa. "Bending the rules of low-temperature thermometry with periodic driving." Quantum 6 (May 3, 2022): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-05-03-705.
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There exist severe limitations on the accuracy of low-temperature thermometry, which poses a major challenge for future quantum-technological applications. Low-temperature sensitivity might be manipulated by tailoring the interactions between probe and sample. Unfortunately, the tunability of these interactions is usually very restricted. Here, we focus on a more practical solution to boost thermometric precision – driving the probe. Specifically, we solve for the limit cycle of a periodically modulated linear probe in an equilibrium sample. We treat the probe-sample interactions exactly and hence, our results are valid for arbitrarily low temperatures T and any spectral density. We find that weak near-resonant modulation strongly enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of low-temperature measurements, while causing minimal back action on the sample. Furthermore, we show that near-resonant driving changes the power law that governs thermal sensitivity over a broad range of temperatures, thus `bending' the fundamental precision limits and enabling more sensitive low-temperature thermometry. We then focus on a concrete example – impurity thermometry in an atomic condensate. We demonstrate that periodic driving allows for a sensitivity improvement of several orders of magnitude in sub-nanokelvin temperature estimates drawn from the density profile of the impurity atoms. We thus provide a feasible upgrade that can be easily integrated into low-T thermometry experiments.
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Goodman, Ryan. "CONTROLLING THE RECOURSE TO WAR BY MODIFYING JUS IN BELLO." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 12 (December 2009): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135909000038.
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AbstractAccording to a bedrock principle of international law, the rules regulating the recourse to war and the rules regulating conduct during war must be kept conceptually and legally distinct. The purported independence of the two domains – the ‘separation principle’ – remains unstable despite its historic pedigree. This essay explores recent developments that threaten to erode the separation. The author analyzes, in particular, doctrinal innovations that result in the regulation of the recourse to war through alterations of jus in bello. International and national institutions have incentivized states to pursue particular paths to war by tailoring the rules that regulate conduct in armed conflict. Some warpaths are accordingly rewarded, and others are penalized. The article then explores potential consequences, first, on state behavior involving the use of force and, second, on state behavior involving the conduct of warfare. One significant conclusion is that these recent developments channel state behavior and justifications for using force toward security-based and strategic rationales. These efforts – whether intended or not – risk suppressing ‘desirable wars’ and inspiring ‘undesirable wars.’ These recent developments also undercut humanitarian protections by undermining the mechanisms for compliance with legal norms on the battlefield.
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SUDHARSANAN, SUBRAMANIA I., and MALUR K. SUNDARESHAN. "SUPERVISED TRAINING OF DYNAMICAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY DESIGN AND IDENTIFICATION OF NONLINEAR MAPS." International Journal of Neural Systems 05, no. 03 (September 1994): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065794000190.
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Complexity of implementation has been a major difficulty in the development of gradient descent learning algorithms for dynamical neural networks with feedback and recurrent connections. Some insights from the stability properties of the equilibrium points of the network, which suggest an appropriate tailoring of the sigmoidal nonlinear functions, can however be utilized in obtaining simplified learning rules, as demonstrated in this paper. An analytical proof of convergence of the learning scheme under specific conditions is given and some upper bounds on the adaptation parameters for an efficient implementation of the training procedure are developed. The performance features of the learning algorithm are illustrated by applying it to two problems of importance, viz., design of associative memories and nonlinear input-output mapping. For the first application, a systematic procedure is given for training a network to store multiple memory vectors as its stable equilibrium points, whereas for the second application, specific training rules are developed for a three-layer network architecture comprising a dynamical hidden layer for the identification of nonlinear input-output maps. A comparison with the performance of a standard backpropagation network provides an illustration of the capabilities of the present network architecture and the learning algorithm.
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Sifa, Rafet, Fabian Hadiji, Julian Runge, Anders Drachen, Kristian Kersting, and Christian Bauckhage. "Predicting Purchase Decisions in Mobile Free-to-Play Games." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 11, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aiide.v11i1.12788.
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Mobile digital games are dominantly released under the freemium business model, but only a small fraction of the players makes any purchases. The ability to predict who will make a purchase enables optimization of marketing efforts, and tailoring customer relationship management to the specific user's profile. Here this challenge is addressed via two models for predicting purchasing players, using a 100,000 player dataset: 1) A classification model focused on predicting whether a purchase will occur or not. 2) a regression model focused on predicting the number of purchases a user will make. Both models are presented within a decision and regression tree framework for building rules that are actionable by companies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating purchase decisions in freemium mobile products from a user behavior perspective and adopting behavior-driven learning approaches to this problem.
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HAAKE, JOERG M., TIM HUSSEIN, BJÖRN JOOP, STEPHAN LUKOSCH, DIRK VEIEL, and JÜRGEN ZIEGLER. "MODELING AND EXPLOITING CONTEXT FOR ADAPTIVE COLLABORATION." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 19, no. 01n02 (March 2010): 71–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843010002115.
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Collaborative work is characterized by frequently changing situations and corresponding demands for tool support and interaction behavior provided by the collaboration environment. Current approaches to address these changing demands include manual tailoring by end-users and automatic adaptation of single user tools or for individual users. Few systems use context as a basis for adapting collaborative work environments, mostly focusing on document recommendation and awareness provision. In this paper, we present, firstly, a generic four layer framework for modeling and exploiting context. Secondly, a generic adaptation process translating user activity into state, deriving context for a given focus, and executing adaptation rules on this context. Thirdly, a collaboration domain model for describing collaboration environments and collaborative situations. Fourthly, examples of exploiting our approach to support context-based adaptation in four typical collaboration situations: co-location, co-access, co-recommendation, and co-dependency.
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Saleh, Rasha Ali, and Bushra Fadel S. Al-Tamimi. "Variables (Bias-cut) of Tailoring and their Effect on the Quality of Fitting the Standard Pattern for Large-Shaped Iraqi Ladies." Journal of the College of Education for Women 31, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36231/coedw.v31i4.1440.
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The present research is descriptive and analytical by nature; it practically presents the method of implementing the standard pattern in an unconventional way using the bias-cut line. The study aims at investigating the variables of bias-cut and their suitability for fitting large-shaped Iraqi ladies. It also aims at exploring the artistic and innovative features of the bias-cut. Therefore, one needs to understand the rules and basics of clothing and the nature of the body to reach the maximum degree of control.Consequently, the study is to answer the following questions: What is the effectiveness of tailoring on the bias-cut in fitting a standard template of a large-shaped Iraqi ladies? Is it possible to obtain from the offered possibilities of bias-cut styles innovative designs that go with fashion lines?The study represents a new addition to the clothing industry through the use of unconventional methods in fitting the standard template. It helps to find innovative solutions and new entrances using design treatments. The sample of the study included (100) women stature chosen on purpose. The study has found that the use of the fitting variables contributed to increasing the fitting and avoiding the minor defects of the standard template. The study recommends focusing on treating some abnormalities in some body patterns, using optical illusions when designing clothes. This is due to the elasticity, softness and luxury of the bias-cut line, which helps hide and avoid the defects of the standard template and adjust them. The study suggested studying the variables of tailoring and their effect on the special-sized clothes group.
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Pauwels, Steven, and Karel Allegaert. "Therapeutic drug monitoring in neonates." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 4 (January 22, 2016): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305309.
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Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aims to integrate drug measurement results into clinical decision making. The basic rules apply when using TDM in neonates (aminoglycosides, vancomycin, phenobarbital, digoxin), but additional factors should also be taken into account. First, due to both pharmacokinetic variability and non-pharmacokinetic factors, the correlation between dosage and concentration is poor in neonates, but can be overcome with the use of more complex, validated dosing regimens. Second, the time to reach steady state is prolonged, especially when no loading dose is used. Consequently, the timing of TDM sampling is important in this population. Third, the target concentration may be uncertain (vancomycin) or depend on specific factors (phenobarbital during whole body cooling). Finally, because of differences in matrix composition (eg, protein, bilirubin), assay-related inaccuracies may be different in neonates. We anticipate that complex validated dosing regimens, with subsequent TDM sampling and Bayesian forecasting, are the next step in tailoring pharmacotherapy to individual neonates.
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Goulding, Evan H., Cynthia A. Dopke, Tania Michaels, Clair R. Martin, Monika A. Khiani, Christopher Garborg, Chris Karr, and Mark Begale. "A Smartphone-Based Self-management Intervention for Individuals With Bipolar Disorder (LiveWell): Protocol Development for an Expert System to Provide Adaptive User Feedback." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 12 (December 24, 2021): e32932. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/32932.
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Background Bipolar disorder is a severe mental illness that results in significant morbidity and mortality. While pharmacotherapy is the primary treatment, adjunctive psychotherapy can improve outcomes. However, access to therapy is limited. Smartphones and other technologies can increase access to therapeutic strategies that enhance self-management while simultaneously augmenting care by providing adaptive delivery of content to users as well as alerts to providers to facilitate clinical care communication. Unfortunately, while adaptive interventions are being developed and tested to improve care, information describing the components of adaptive interventions is often not published in sufficient detail to facilitate replication and improvement of these interventions. Objective To contribute to and support the improvement and dissemination of technology-based mental health interventions, we provide a detailed description of the expert system for adaptively delivering content and facilitating clinical care communication for LiveWell, a smartphone-based self-management intervention for individuals with bipolar disorder. Methods Information from empirically supported psychotherapies for bipolar disorder, health psychology behavior change theories, and chronic disease self-management models was combined with user-centered design data and psychiatrist feedback to guide the development of the expert system. Results Decision points determining the timing of intervention option adaptation were selected to occur daily and weekly based on self-report data for medication adherence, sleep duration, routine, and wellness levels. These data were selected for use as the tailoring variables determining which intervention options to deliver when and to whom. Decision rules linking delivery of options and tailoring variable thresholds were developed based on existing literature regarding bipolar disorder clinical status and psychiatrist feedback. To address the need for treatment adaptation with varying clinical statuses, decision rules for a clinical status state machine were developed using self-reported wellness rating data. Clinical status from this state machine was incorporated into hierarchal decision tables that select content for delivery to users and alerts to providers. The majority of the adaptive content addresses sleep duration, medication adherence, managing signs and symptoms, building and utilizing support, and keeping a regular routine, as well as determinants underlying engagement in these target behaviors as follows: attitudes and perceptions, knowledge, support, evaluation, and planning. However, when problems with early warning signs, symptoms, and transitions to more acute clinical states are detected, the decision rules shift the adaptive content to focus on managing signs and symptoms, and engaging with psychiatric providers. Conclusions Adaptive mental health technologies have the potential to enhance the self-management of mental health disorders. The need for individuals with bipolar disorder to engage in the management of multiple target behaviors and to address changes in clinical status highlights the importance of detailed reporting of adaptive intervention components to allow replication and improvement of adaptive mental health technologies for complex mental health problems.
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Katelouzou, Dionysia, and Konstantinos Sergakis. "When Harmonization is Not Enough: Shareholder Stewardship in the European Union." European Business Organization Law Review 22, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 203–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40804-020-00198-5.
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AbstractOn 10 June 2019 the transposition and implementation deadline for the shareholder engagement rules imposed upon institutional investors and asset managers by the revised Shareholder Rights Directive (SRD II) expired. This article offers an original account of the rationale, the dynamics and the evolution of this EU-driven policy, which aims to promote long-term institutional shareholder engagement within (or in the absence of) nationally embedded frameworks. We place the SRD II shareholder engagement rules within what we see as a multi-layered regulatory landscape consisting in some Member States of soft-law stewardship codes or similar principles and guidelines, and we find—perhaps surprisingly—that the SRD II stewardship-related provisions were transposed in a literal and minimalistic fashion without any customization to divergent national specifications and despite the fact that the SRD II is only a minimum harmonization directive. We search for explanations for this transposition pattern by pointing to three key issues: the policy and institutional misfit between the harmonized rules and national regimes, the lack of a strong market demand for shareholder stewardship, and the more apt soft, flexible and mostly bottom-up norms (contained in codes or similar principles and guidelines)—rather than (semi-)hard top-down rules—in inculcating good shareholder stewardship practices. Against this background of minimalist intervention (both at the EU and national levels), we find that pre-SRD II soft stewardship initiatives have had two key positive effects. First, they increased market actors’ familiarity and preparedness with the SRD II transposed rules, thereby increasing the likelihood of effective compliance with good shareholder stewardship standards whilst maintaining national idiosyncrasies. Second, soft-law stewardship codes or similar principles and guidelines, despite their own weaknesses, are vital mechanisms of innovative norm-generation and can expand or adjust the SRD II stewardship-related rules to provide tailored shareholder stewardship frameworks and serve as a signalling function for key market actors. From this it follows that the uniform, but minimalistic, transposition of the SRD II stewardship-related rules across the EU, although welcome in shaping the minimum standards, needs to be supported by tailored, soft-law stewardship codes or similar principles and guidelines. Such a symbiosis of the harmonized SRD II shareholder engagement rules and supporting soft-law stewardship developments will allow the tailoring of shareholder stewardship norms to local conditions and the provision of guidance and meaning to the SRD II rules, while a minimum harmonization of shareholder stewardship is already secured.
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Adulkasem, Nath, Phichayut Phinyo, Jiraporn Khorana, Dumnoensun Pruksakorn, and Theerachai Apivatthakakul. "Development of Clinical Prediction Rules for One-Year Postoperative Functional Outcome in Patients with Intertrochanteric Fractures: The Intertrochanteric Fracture Ambulatory Prediction (IT-AP) Tool." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010177.
Full textAbstract:
Individualized prediction of postoperative ambulatory status for patients with intertrochanteric fractures is clinically relevant, during both preoperative and intraoperative periods. This study intended to develop clinical prediction rules (CPR) to predict one-year postoperative functional outcomes in patients with intertrochanteric fractures. CPR development was based on a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients with intertrochanteric fractures aged ≥50 years who underwent a surgical fixation. Good ambulatory status was defined as a New Mobility Score ≥ 5. Two CPR for preoperative and intraoperative predictions were derived using clinical profiles and surgical-related parameters using logistic regression with the multivariable fractional polynomial procedure. In this study, 221 patients with intertrochanteric fractures were included. Of these, 160 (72.4%) had good functional status at one year. The preoperative model showed an acceptable AuROC of 0.77 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.85). After surgical-related parameters were incorporated into the preoperative model, the model discriminative ability was significantly improved to an AuROC of 0.83 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.88) (p = 0.021). The newly-derived CPR enable physicians to provide patients with intertrochanteric fractures with their individualized predictions of functional outcome one year after surgery, which could be used for risk communication, surgical optimization and tailoring postoperative care that fits patients’ expectations.
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Smith,, Leroy H. "Axial Compressor Aerodesign Evolution at General Electric." Journal of Turbomachinery 124, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1486219.
Full textAbstract:
This paper traces the origins of the GE Design System and how it has evolved from early methods to underlie and supplement present CFD methods, which are not themselves discussed herein. The two main elements of the detailed aero design process are vector diagram establishment and airfoil design. Their evolution is examined, and examples of how they were used to design some early GE compressors of interest are given. By the late 1950s, some transonic airfoil shapes were being custom tailored using internal blade station data from more complete radial equilibrium solutions. In the 1960s, rules for shaping transonic passages were established, and by the 1970s, custom tailoring was done for subsonic blading as well. The preliminary design layout process for a new compressor is described. It involves selecting an annulus shape and blading overall proportions that will allow a successful detailed design to follow. This requires establishment of stage loading limits that permit stall-free operation, and an efficiency potential prediction method for state-of-the-art blading. As design methods evolved, the newer approaches were calibrated with data-match experience, a process that is expected to always be needed.