Academic literature on the topic 'Tailoring rule'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tailoring rule"
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White, Teal Jordan. "Clean Air Act Mayhem: EPA’s Tailoring Rule Stitches Greenhouse Gas Emissions Into the Wrong Regulatory Fitting." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 18, no. 2 (2011): 407–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v18.i2.11.
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Regardless of whether you believe that human activities cause or contribute to global warming, regulatory action seeking to mitigate the future consequences of climate change will impact the lives of every American. On January 2, 2011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from stationary sources took effect. The EPA rule implementing this regulation is the conclusion, for the time being, of a sequence of recent judicial and administrative activities comparable to a regulatory domino effect. The Supreme Court started the cascade of regulation in Massachusetts v. EPA, in which the Court held that the EPA has the authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act if further evaluation indicated greenhouse gases were endangering public health and mobile sources were contributing to the threat. Under President Obama's guidance, the EPA finalized that Endangerment Finding and concluded human health was threatened by greenhouse gas emissions from mobile sources. Subsequently, the EPA published three codependent directives to regulate greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act: (1) the Tailpipe Rule to regulate emissions from mobile sources; (2) an official interpretation of the Clean Air Act, concluding that when greenhouse gases are "actually regulated" under the Tailpipe Rule, stationary sources are also subject to regulation; and (3) the Tailoring Rule, a revision of statutory thresholds aimed at shielding small sources from rigorous Clean Air Act permitting requirements. In light of the unique challenges presented by global climate change, this Comment analyzes whether the EPA's Tailoring Rule is lawful under existing statutory authority. According to the express language of the Clean Air Act, congressional intent underlying the statute, and legal precedent, the EPA's Tailoring Rule represents an unauthorized expansion of EPA authority and is an arbitrary use of the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gases. Because the Tailoring Rule violates the unambiguous language of the Clean Air Act, subverts the congressional intent underlying the Act, infringes upon the separation of legislative and executive powers, and relies improperly upon the disfavored legal doctrines, the Tailoring Rule should fail judicial review.
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Willis, John, and Don Trueblood. "Implications of the EPA's Endangerment Finding, Reporting Rule, and Tailoring Rule for POTWs." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 4 (2011): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802862662.
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Ma, Xuedan, and Han Htoon. "Tailoring the photophysical properties of carbon nanotubes by photonic nanostructures." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 17 (2015): 1530004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915300045.
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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are nearly ideal one-dimensional systems with potential applications in a wide range of fields. The rich physics of SWCNTs arise from the excitonic nature of their photophysical properties. This review is focused on the results of novel research activities that explore how the photophysical properties of SWCNTs can be altered via their integration with photonic nanostructures including plasmonic structures and photonic microcavities that have resulted in phenomena such as photocurrent enhancement, selection rule breakdown and photoluminescence (PL) modification.
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Stańczyk, Urszula. "Pruning Decision Rules by Reduct-Based Weighting and Ranking of Features." Entropy 24, no. 11 (2022): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24111602.
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Methods and techniques of feature selection support expert domain knowledge in the search for attributes, which are the most important for a task. These approaches can also be used in the process of closer tailoring of the obtained solutions when dimensionality reduction is aimed not only at variables but also at learners. The paper reports on research where attribute rankings were employed to filter induced decision rules. The rankings were constructed through the proposed weighting factor based on the concept of decision reducts—a feature reduction mechanism embedded in the rough set theory. Classical rough sets operate only in discrete input space by indiscernibility relation. Replacing it with dominance enables processing real-valued data. Decision reducts were found for both numeric and discrete attributes, transformed by selected discretisation approaches. The calculated ranking scores were used to control the selection of decision rules. The performance of the resulting rule classifiers was observed for the entire range of rejected variables, for decision rules with conditions on continuous values, discretised conditions, and also inferred from discrete data. The predictive powers were analysed and compared to detect existing trends. The experiments show that for all variants of the rule sets, not only was dimensionality reduction possible, but also predictions were improved, which validated the proposed methodology.
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Spreyer, Florian, Ruizhe Zhao, Lingling Huang, and Thomas Zentgraf. "Second harmonic imaging of plasmonic Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurfaces coupled to monolayers of WS2." Nanophotonics 9, no. 2 (2020): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0378.
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AbstractThe nonlinear processes of frequency conversion such as second harmonic generation (SHG) usually obey certain selection rules, resulting from the preservation of different kinds of physical quantities, e.g. the angular momentum. For the SHG created by a monolayer of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) such as WS2, the valley-exciton locked selection rule predicts an SHG signal in the cross-polarization state. By combining plasmonic nanostructures with a monolayer of TMDC, a hybrid metasurface is realized, which affects this nonlinear process because of an additional polarization conversion process. Here, we observe that the plasmonic metasurface modifies the light-matter interaction with the TMDC, resulting in an SHG signal that is co-polarized with respect to the incident field, which is usually forbidden for the monolayers of TMDC. We fabricate such hybrid metasurfaces by placing plasmonic nanorods on top of a monolayer WS2 and study the valley-exciton locked SHG emission from such system for different parameters, such as wavelength and polarization. Furthermore, we show the potential of the hybrid metasurface for tailoring nonlinear processes by adding additional phase information to the SHG signal using the Pancharatnam-Berry phase effect. This allows direct tailoring of the SHG emission to the far-field.
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Bashiri, Ayesheh, Aleksandr Vaskin, Katsuya Tanaka, Thomas Pertsch, and Isabelle Staude. "Tailoring Magnetic Dipole Emission by Broken-Symmetry TiO2 Metasurfaces." EPJ Web of Conferences 266 (2022): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226605002.
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Strong magnetic dipole emission is offered by rare earth ions such as trivalent lanthanides, due to selection rule forbidden electric dipole (ED) transitions. This stimulates the study of optical nanostructures, which efficiently tailor magnetic dipole emission. High refractive index all dielectric nanostructures are promising candidates in this regard due to their strong magnetic response and negligible absorption loss in the visible spectral range. Here, we design and experimentally realize a broken-symmetry titanium dioxide (TiO2) metasurface supporting an out-of-plane magnetic dipole (MD) resonance at 590 nm wavelength, corresponding to the MD transition of trivalent Europium ions (Eu3+). A strong photoluminescence (PL) enhancement of the MD transition up to a factor of 15.5 is observed.
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Kelly, Katherine A., Adaora Ewulu, Veronica K. Emmerich, Courtney E. Heron, and Steven R. Feldman. "Refractory Pediatric Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis: The Importance of Therapeutical Adherence and Biological Management." Biomedicines 9, no. 8 (2021): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080958.
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The rates of refractory pediatric psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) have steadily risen over the last few decades, demanding newer and more effective therapies. This review aims to explore the reasons for resistant disease, as well as its management; this includes the indications for, efficacy of, and safety of current therapies for refractory pediatric dermatologic disease. A PubMed search for key phrases was performed. Poor medication adherence is the most common cause of resistant disease and may be managed with techniques such as simplified treatment regimens, more follow-ups and educational workshops, as well as framing and tailoring. Once problems with adherence are ruled out, escalating treatment to stronger biologic therapy may be indicated. Development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) can cause patients’ disease to be refractory in the presence of potent biologics, which may be addressed with regular medication use or concomitant methotrexate. If patients with AD fail to respond to biologic therapy, a biopsy to rule out mycosis fungoides, or patch testing to rule out allergic contact dermatitis, may be indicated. A limitation of this study is the absence of more techniques for the management of poor medication adherence. Managing medication adherence, escalating treatment when appropriate, and addressing possible anti-drug antibodies will help assure control and relief for patients with resistant disease.
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Ranjbartabar, Hedieh, Deborah Richards, Ayse Aysin Bilgin, Cat Kutay, and Samuel Mascarenhas. "Adapting a Virtual Advisor’s Verbal Conversation Based on Predicted User Preferences: A Study of Neutral, Empathic and Tailored Dialogue." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 3 (2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4030055.
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Virtual agents that improve the lives of humans need to be more than user-aware and adaptive to the user’s current state and behavior. Additionally, they need to apply expertise gained from experience that drives their adaptive behavior based on deep understanding of the user’s features (such as gender, culture, personality, and psychological state). Our work has involved extension of FAtiMA (Fearnot AffecTive Mind Architecture) with the addition of an Adaptive Engine to the FAtiMA cognitive agent architecture. We use machine learning to acquire the agent’s expertise by capturing a collection of user profiles into a user model and development of agent expertise based on the user model. In this paper, we describe a study to evaluate the Adaptive Engine, which compares the benefit (i.e., reduced stress, increased rapport) of tailoring dialogue to the specific user (Adaptive group) with dialogues that are either empathic (Empathic group) or neutral (Neutral group). Results showed a significant reduction in stress in the empathic and neutral groups, but not the adaptive group. Analyses of rule accuracy, participants’ dialogue preferences, and individual differences reveal that the three groups had different needs for empathic dialogue and highlight the importance and challenges of getting the tailoring right.
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Shin, Suho, Hoyong Choi, Yung Yi, and Jungseul Ok. "Power of Bonus in Pricing for Crowdsourcing." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 50, no. 1 (2022): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3547353.3522633.
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We consider a simple form of pricing for a crowdsourcing system, where pricing policy is published a priori, and workers then decide their task acceptance. Such a pricing form is widely adopted in practice for its simplicity, e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk, although additional sophistication to pricing rule can enhance budget efficiency. With the goal of designing efficient and simple pricing rules, we study the impact of the following two design features in pricing policies: (i) personalization tailoring policy worker-by-worker and (ii) bonus payment to qualified task completion. In the Bayesian setting, where the only prior distribution of workers' profiles is available, we first study the Price of Agnosticism (PoA) that quantifies the utility gap between personalized and common pricing policies. We show that PoA is bounded within a constant factor under some mild conditions, and the impact of bonus is essential in common pricing. These analytic results imply that complex personalized pricing can be replaced by simple common pricing once it is equipped with a proper bonus payment. To provide insights on efficient common pricing, we then study the efficient mechanisms of bonus payment for several profile distribution regimes which may exist in practice. We provide primitive experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk, which support our analytical findings[5].
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Shin, Suho, Hoyong Choi, Yung Yi, and Jungseul Ok. "Power of Bonus in Pricing for Crowdsourcing." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 5, no. 3 (2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491048.
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We consider a simple form of pricing for a crowdsourcing system, where pricing policy is published a priori, and workers then decide their task acceptance. Such a pricing form is widely adopted in practice for its simplicity, e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk, although additional sophistication to pricing rule can enhance budget efficiency. With the goal of designing efficient and simple pricing rules, we study the impact of the following two design features in pricing policies: (i) personalization tailoring policy worker-by-worker and (ii) bonus payment to qualified task completion. In the Bayesian setting, where the only prior distribution of workers' profiles is available, we first study the Price of Agnosticism (PoA) that quantifies the utility gap between personalized and common pricing policies. We show that PoA is bounded within a constant factor under some mild conditions, and the impact of bonus is essential in common pricing. These analytic results imply that complex personalized pricing can be replaced by simple common pricing once it is equipped with a proper bonus payment. To provide insights on efficient common pricing, we then study the efficient mechanisms of bonus payment for several profile distribution regimes which may exist in practice. We provide primitive experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk, which support our analytical findings.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tailoring rule"
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MARCIA, VALERIA. "Proportionality and Banks: a Comparative Analysis of Tailored Banking Regulation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/306472.
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Il recente aumento della complessità della regolamentazione bancaria è associato a maggiori costi fissi e compliance per le banche. In questo senso, le banche di dimensioni maggiori hanno un vantaggio rispetto alle istituzioni più piccole poiché hanno maggiori probabilità di mitigare tali effetti applicando economie di scala. Una possibile soluzione per semplificare e garantire parità di condizioni per gli istituti bancari è una regolamentazione bancaria proporzionata. Questa tesi studia l'efficacia e i metodi in cui viene applicata la proporzionalità nella regolamentazione bancaria, utilizzando un'analisi comparativa che esamina i sistemi legali degli Stati Uniti, dell'Australia e dell'Unione europea. Il contributo di questa tesi è triplice. Prima di tutto, analizza come viene applicata la proporzionalità nei tre sistemi giuridici. In secondo luogo, fornisce esempi concreti della presenza della proporzionalità nella regolamentazione bancaria. Infine, analizza le regole specifiche associate alla sua implementazione. La tesi indaga anche sulla natura della proporzionalità nei tre sistemi giuridici esaminati, evidenziando le somiglianze e le differenze. I risultati mostrano che la proporzionalità è applicata nel settore bancario nei sistemi giuridici esaminati. Questo risultato comune deriva da una matrice internazionale comune data dagli accordi di Basilea. I risultati indicano anche che solo il sistema statunitense limita l'applicazione di questi standard alle banche di dimensioni maggiori, mentre i sistemi australiano e dell'Unione Europea applicano i requisiti di Basilea a tutti gli istituti bancari. Un altro risultato rilevante indica che i sistemi australiano e dell'Unione europea considerano la proporzionalità un principio. Al contrario, nel sistema giuridico statunitense, la proporzionalità non è considerata un principio. Queste differenze su come viene formulata la regolamentazione sono rilevanti non solo per il settore legale, ma anche per il campo economico.<br>The recent surge of banking regulation complexity is associated with higher fixed costs and compliance risk to banks. In this sense, larger banks have an advantage over smaller institutions as they are more likely to mitigate such effects by applying economies of scale. A possible solution to simplify and ensure a level playing field for banking institutions is proportionate banking regulation. This dissertation studies the effectiveness and methods in which proportionality in banking regulation is applied, using a comparative analysis that examines the US, Australia, and the European Union's legal systems. The contribution of this thesis is threefold. First of all, it analyzes how proportionality is applied in the three jurisdictions. Second, it provides evidence of proportionality. Last, it analyzes the specific rules associated with its implementation. The thesis also investigates the nature of proportionality in the three jurisdictions examined, highlighting the similarities and differences present in the different legal systems. The results illustrate that proportionality is applied in the banking sector in the legal systems examined. This common result derives from a common international matrix given by the Basel accords. The results also indicate that only the US system limits the application of these standards to core banks, while the Australian and European Union systems apply the Basel requirements to all banking institutions. Another relevant result indicates that the Australian and European Union systems consider proportionality as a principle. Conversely, in the US legal system, proportionality is defined as the activity of tailoring rules and is not considered as a principle. These differences in how the regulation is formulated are relevant not only for the legal sector but also for the economic field.
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Silvestre, Quiroga Luis Gregorio. "A domain specific language to support the definition of transformation rules for software process tailoring." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151892.
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Doctor en Ciencias, Mención Computación<br>La adaptación de procesos de software es la actividad de adaptar el proceso de software de una organización a las necesidades de proyectos particulares. La ingeniería basada en modelos (MDE) se ha aplicado con este fin, utilizando modelos para formalizar el proceso de software y el contexto del proyecto, y transformaciones del modelo para adaptar estos procesos.
A pesar de que la adaptación basada en MDE ha demostrado ser técnicamente factible, su uso en la práctica requiere conocimiento sobre cómo adaptar procesos y construir modelos y transformaciones.
Existen algunas propuestas para la generación automática de transformaciones como una forma de reducir la complejidad de adaptar los procesos de software. Estas propuestas generalmente generan transformación solo parcialmente, y luego deben completarse manualmente. Estos enfoques no son adecuados para la adaptación de procesos de software porque no superan por completo las dificultades técnicas de adopción.
Para enfrentar estos desafíos esta tesis propone un enfoque automático de generación de transformaciones, que aborda tanto la formalidad requerida por MDE, como la usabilidad que necesitan los ingenieros de proceso a cargo de las adaptaciones. Para ello, especificamos las reglas de adaptación utilizando un lenguaje específico de dominio (DSL). Además, definimos una transformación de orden superior (HOT) que toma las reglas de adaptación especificadas como entrada y genera automáticamente la transformación de adaptación de procesos requerida. Tanto el DSL como el HOT son genéricos y, por lo tanto, pueden reutilizarse en cualquier organización. Con el fin de mejorar la usabilidad, desarrollamos un conjunto de herramientas integradas (ATAGeTT) que incorpora ambas contribuciones.
ATAGETT se aplicó en un estudio de caso exploratorio en dos pequeñas empresas de software, para evaluar su capacidad y corrección de adaptar el proceso de estas compañías. Los resultados obtenidos muestran queusuarios pudieron especificar todas las reglas de adaptación requeridas.
Luego, se llevó cabo un caso de estudio en otra empresa para validar la usabilidad de ATAGeTT y la expresividad del lenguaje de decisión propuesto. Los usuarios pudieron especificar todas las reglas de ajuste de una manera simple, y de ejecutar la adaptación de procesos de manera automática. Los resultados muestran que ATAGeTT es fácil de aprender, usable y útil para sus potenciales usuarios. Aunque los resultados aún no son suficientes, son altamente positivos y consistentes; por lo tanto, esperamos que esta propuesta pueda ayudar a mejorar esta actividad, particularmente en organizaciones pequeñas y medianas, que generalmente están más limitadas para realizar adaptacion de procesos de software.<br>Este trabajo ha sido financiada por la beca CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional para Extranjeros/2013-63130130, y apoyada parcialmente por los proyectos FONDEF D09I-1171 /ADAPTE) y FONDEF IDeA IT13I20010 (GEMS), y el Programa de Becas de NIC Chile
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Nielsen, Mark. "Design of aerospace laminates for multi-axis loading and damage tolerance." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760971.
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Acknowledging the goal of reduced aircraft weight, there is a need to improve on conservative design techniques used in industry. Minimisation of laminate in-plane elastic energy is used as an appropriate in-plane performance marker to assess the weight saving potential of new design techniques. MATLAB optimisations using a genetic algorithm were used to find the optimal laminate variables for minimum in-plane elastic energy and/or damage tolerance for all possible loadings. The use of non-standard angles was able to offer equivalent, if not better in-plane performance than standard angles, and are shown to be useful to improve the ease of manufacture. Any standard angle laminate stiffness was shown to be able to be matched by a range of two non-standard angle ply designs. This non-uniqueness of designs was explored. Balancing of plus and minus plies about the principal loading axes instead of themanufacturing axes was shown to offer considerable potential for weight saving as the stiffness is better aligned to the load. Designing directly for an uncertain design load showed little benefit over the 10% ply percentage rule in maintaining in-plane performance. This showed the current rule may do a sufficient job to allow robustness in laminate performance. This technique is seen useful for non-standard angle design that lacks an equivalent 10% rule. Current use of conservative damage tolerance strain limits for design has revealed the need for more accurate prediction of damage propagation. Damage tolerance modelling was carried out using fracture mechanics for a multi-axial loading considering the full 2D strain energy and improving on current uni-axial models. The non-conservativeness of the model was evidenced to be from assumptions of zero post-buckled stiffness. Preliminary work on conservative multi-axial damage tolerance design, independent of thickness, is yet to be confirmed by experiments.
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Huang, Yung-Fu, and 黃永福. "Construct a Rule-Based Fuzzy Expert System for Tailoring Guideline." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4h8jp6.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>資訊管理研究所<br>96<br>The software project’s processes and the management is not immutable. When faced with internal and external changes in some, such as the development of new products, or different form of project or changes in business strategy, the original standard operating procedures will face corresponding to the change. So many organizations will adjust the tailoring guideline. But in fact develop and apply criteria require some adjustment in the accumulation of experience on.
This study attempts to establish a tailoring framework will be divided into tailoring factors can not be blurred and fuzzy, and the adjustment of output to guide the way into the life cycle tailoring, activity tailoring, activity process tailoring, process output tailoring and role tailoring of five stages, built a system in addition to providing expert advice to the project manager, the software can help organizations in carrying out software project tailoring and the establishment of guidelines for adaptation to provide a framework for thinking and operation of the process and can adjust the system will experience Cumulative.
The use of fuzzy theory and project tailoring experience in the organization , supplemented by statistical point of view, the expert system by the output of the proposed tailoring in the organization of the implementation experience of the past experience to show, can provide a basis for decision making for project manager, and to promote software Engineering group experience to low degree of tailoring recommended for more attention. This study will last through an example of that situation and to implement operating system to verify the feasibility of and restrictions.
Books on the topic "Tailoring rule"
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Real-Time Quality Assessment of the INCOSE Guide for Writing Requirements Rules: A Tailoring Guide. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Tailoring rule"
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Carafa, Luigi. "EU Energy Cooperation in the Neighbourhood: Tailoring the Rules of the Game?" In Global Power Europe - Vol. 2. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32416-1_6.
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Ollino, Alice. "A “Missed” Secondary Rule?" In Secondary Rules of Primary Importance in International Law. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869012.003.0006.
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Abstract This contribution addresses the role of causation in the establishment of wrongfulness. While the International Law Commission (ILC) Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts place causality outside the conditions for an international wrongful act to accrue and treat it as an question pertaining to the interpretation and application of primary rules, this chapter argues that causality is a missed “secondary” element for assessing the breach of certain categories of international obligations. Specifically, causal queries come in to play whenever adjudicators need to evaluate the extent of a state’s responsibility for failing to comply with preventive and other due diligence obligations. Moving from a critical reassessment of the ILC approach to breaches of preventive obligations, this chapter grasps at the normative function performed by causality in tailoring the scope of states’ due diligence obligations and illustrates the hurdles of the causal question in this context.
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Monforte-Royo, Cristina, Josep Porta-Sales, and Albert Balaguer. "Diagnosing Dying and Assessing Death Wishes." In Psycho-Oncology in Palliative and End of Life Care. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197615935.003.0006.
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Abstract Recognizing the signs and symptoms of dying, especially in the days near death (i.e., imminent death), is key to tailoring treatments toward goals of care and avoiding futile interventions. In accompanying the dying, the palliative care team provides symptom management and support to sustain living until death intervenes. This chapter covers prognostic tools evaluating clinical signs such as functional status, anorexia-cachexia, dyspnea, cognitive decline, or delirium. Nevertheless, nothing can replace whether professionals are trained in diagnosis, with skills to control symptoms and effective communication. It is not uncommon for patients with advanced illness to experience a wish to hasten death (WTHD) (~25% in some studies). The WTHD is regarded as a response to suffering of multifactor origin (physical, emotional, spiritual, and social), and hence it may reflect a wish to put an end to this suffering rather than a genuine wish to die. The proactive exploration of a possible WTHD is therefore an opportunity to identify hidden sources of suffering and to address these as best one can. Faced with a patient who expresses a WTHD, health professionals have an ethical duty to listen and to do what they can to relieve the person’s suffering. Before interpreting the WTHD as a deliberate expression of personal autonomy, it is essential to rule out depression, demoralization, and other forms of existential distress, lack of social support, and uncontrolled symptoms, and to explore the roots of a patient’s suffering, both present and foreseen.
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Ben-Shahar, Omri, and Ariel Porat. "The Precision Benefit." In Personalized Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197522813.003.0003.
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This chapter offers the basic justification for personalized law: the precision benefit. Personalized rules could accomplish the underlying goals of any law more effectively. Any goals, of any law. The reason is almost trivial: personalized law accounts for more relevant circumstances and differences in tailoring individual commands. This is the same reason that custom-made shoes fit better than single size, or that medicine based on personalized diagnostics cures better than one-size-fits-all treatments. Uniform rules and commands, even if optimal on average, are a poor fit for people with diverse preferences, characteristics, histories, and means. The chapter begins by demonstrating the value of personalization in other sectors of human activity, like medicine and education, and then uses an example of data protection law to display the benefits of personalized rules. It also discusses the production costs of personalized law, primarily the costs associated with the use of more information in the promulgation of legal commands.
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Khan, B. Zorina. "Selling Ideas." In Inventing Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936075.003.0011.
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An extensive global market in patent rights and patented inventions helped creative men and women to increase their returns from inventive activity. Prominent multinational corporations further depended on portfolios of patents to acquire and maintain their domestic and worldwide competitive advantage. Markets in ideas aided the transfer of technology across the United States, Britain, Germany, Canada, Spain, and Japan. Patterns in the sale of patents and foreign patenting were responsive to national differences in incentives, legal rules, and institutions. The results shed light on central debates in economic development, including the net benefits of tailoring patent institutions to individual circumstances, relative to adherence to harmonized international standards.
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Hennette-Vauchez, Stéphanie, and Elsa Fondimare. "Incompatibility between the ‘French Republican Model’ and Anti-Discrimination Law?" In Anti-Discrimination Law in Civil Law Jurisdictions. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853138.003.0003.
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A form of incompatibility between the ‘Republican’ legal and political tradition and some concepts or modus operandi of anti-discrimination law is a familiar trope of French constitutional and political narratives. This chapter seeks to revisit this common affirmation by making two main claims. It first acknowledges that specific twists and forms of tailoring imposed on anti-discrimination law rules were necessary in order to integrate them into the French legal order. It then mitigates the absoluteness of the ‘Republican’ tradition of universalism by unearthing past and present legal rules that have always allowed the constitutional principle of equality to apply only to some (groups) and/or to allow forms of differentiation. It thus concludes that much of the resistance of French legal actors to the paradigm of anti-discrimination law is political, rather than legal. Routinely alleged legal incompatibilities are largely mythical.
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Ievers-Landis, Carolyn E., and Carol L. Rosen. "The Curious Incident of the Toddler Who Wakes and Flails in Pain in the Night." In Sleep Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190671099.003.0047.
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Difficulty falling asleep and frequent nocturnal awakenings are common sleep problems in young children. These are highly influenced by parent choices about sleep schedules, bedtime routines, and psychosocial factors but are usually very treatable with effective behavioral interventions. Parents may respond with actions that actually end up perpetuating sleep problems based on their beliefs about the nature of the sleep disturbances. Parents may misattribute the sleep disturbance to other medical problems or misinterpret benign sleep disturbances such as confusional arousals. Even if these conditions are ruled out or identified, the learned negative sleep-onset associations can be challenging to alter. Fortunately, children’s sleep habits are amenable to change when caregivers apply empirically supported behavioral sleep medicine strategies. Sleep physicians and psychologists specializing in behavioral sleep medicine can work collaboratively to solve the mystery of complex toddler sleep problems, tailoring parent guidance and behavioral treatments to the individual child and family dynamics.
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Hadad, Graciela Dora Susana, Jorge Horacio Doorn, and Viviana Alejandra Ledesma. "Adapting a Requirements Engineering Process by Key Factors Estimation." In Research Anthology on Agile Software, Software Development, and Testing. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3702-5.ch036.
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Literature mainly focuses the adaptation of any requirements engineering process on the possible variations of elicitation techniques, mainly due to information sources characteristics. However, these particularities, usually called situational factors, are seldom considered in other activities of the requirements process. Most situational factors, when considered in software projects, have a high influence on the requirements process. Therefore, the different situations that may attempt against or may favor a successful requirements process should be identified at the beginning of the project. Additionally, some of such factors may evolve along software development life cycle; this should motivate a reengineering of the requirements process at some strategic milestones. In this chapter, a process for constructing and dynamically adapting a requirements process is proposed, focusing on the evolving factors. The process follows rules based on different combinations of situational factors at specific control points and manages a repository of process blocks to perform the tailoring.
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Hadad, Graciela Dora Susana, Jorge Horacio Doorn, and Viviana Alejandra Ledesma. "Adapting a Requirements Engineering Process by Key Factors Estimation." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3479-3.ch081.
Full textAbstract:
Literature mainly focuses the adaptation of any requirements engineering process on the possible variations of elicitation techniques, mainly due to information sources characteristics. However, these particularities, usually called situational factors, are seldom considered in other activities of the requirements process. Most situational factors, when considered in software projects, have a high influence on the requirements process. Therefore, the different situations that may attempt against or may favor a successful requirements process should be identified at the beginning of the project. Additionally, some of such factors may evolve along software development life cycle; this should motivate a reengineering of the requirements process at some strategic milestones. In this chapter, a process for constructing and dynamically adapting a requirements process is proposed, focusing on the evolving factors. The process follows rules based on different combinations of situational factors at specific control points and manages a repository of process blocks to perform the tailoring.
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Słomska-Bolonek, Joanna, and Łukasz Antosik. "http://www.profil-archeo.pl/swibie2022-2-11/." In Cmentarzysko w wczesnej epoki żelaza w Świbiu na Górnym Śląsku. Tom 2. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/swibie2022.2.12.
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In the course of many seasons of research, as many as 192 fragments of textile products were recovered from 51 graves at the necropolis in Świbie, Gliwice District. Today they form the most numerous and diverse group of prehistoric textile objects from Poland. The assemblage includes not only woven fabrics, but also plaited materials, those made using the sprang technique, and threads. Most of the material survived on bone destructs, wooden elements of biers/coffins, and iron and bronze elements of grave furnishings, typically as fragments a few centimetres in length. This situation often made it impossible to carry out all analyses and measurements. Nevertheless, the results obtained should be considered highly important for the study of prehistoric textiles. Woven fabrics comprise the largest group in the assemblage (see catalogue). All of them were made in plain weave, either from animal or plant material, and they represent products of medium, good, and in a few cases even of very good quality. Some were made of dyed yarn and finished with tassels, and these should be considered the oldest evidence of the use of these techniques in the Vistula and Oder basins. Textiles typical of the Lusatian culture population make up the vast majority of the material. However, the very delicate, densely woven pieces undoubtedly go beyond this framework and are closer to the products known from the circle of the Hallstatt culture. Apart from woven fabrics, the cemetery also produced examples of sprang, which belong to the group of delicate products. Products of this type were recorded in three graves, and they were made from woollen yarn (see catalogue). In addition, 38 plaited fragments were found (see catalogue), preserved next to bronze ornaments, with which they originally formed decorative elements of costume. As they were made using the simplest plaiting technique, it can be assumed that they are examples of local manufacture. Less spectacular, although indicative of the development of tailoring, were the finds of threads. Twenty-one fragments of these were found, which were made from plant material, with doubled yarn (see catalogue). They were mainly used for sewing bronze buttons to headbands, as evidenced by their presence in the eyes of bronze appliqués and in the places where fabrics were joined to leather straps. With regard to the function of the materials in question, they should be considered remains of ceremonial costume associated with funeral ceremony. It included elements of clothing, as well as accessories complementing the whole, such as necklaces, hairnets or headbands (diadems). It can be presumed that the deceased may have been dressed in tunics, coats, trousers, skirts, or dresses. It seems that they had more than one item of clothing. However, the possibility of using shrouds, which we cannot distinguish from pieces of clothing, cannot be ruled out. Although the textile material recovered at Świbie is very rich and varied, it should be remembered that these products were elements of funerary costume. Thus, they are not a fully authoritative source of information about the level of Early Iron Age textile making. It can nevertheless be concluded that there was a clear, albeit slow, increase in the quality of textiles manufactured in the region during the Hallstatt period. While the population of the Lusatian culture still did not weave their cloth in more complex twill weaves, the quality of yarn and linen fabrics was very good. However, the influence and transfer of knowledge from the Alpine zone and southern Europe to southern Poland is evident.
Conference papers on the topic "Tailoring rule"
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Clerigo, Ignacio, Andrea Accomazzo, Peter Collins, et al. "One Standard to Rule Them All: the Tailoring of PUS-C for Future ESA Missions." In 15th International Conference on Space Operations. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-2399.
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Kim, Cheol, and Kun-Hyung Koo. "Development of a PZT Fiber/Piezo-Polymer Composite Actuator With Interdigitated Electrodes." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ad-23749.
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Abstract Piezoelectric Fiber Composites with Interdigitated Electrodes (PFCIDE) were previously introduced as an alternative to monolithic wafers with conventional electrodes for applications of structural actuation. This paper is an investigation into the performance improvement of piezoelectric fiber composite actuators by changing the matrix material. This paper presents a modified micro-electromechanical model and numerical analyses of piezoelectric fiber/piezopolymer matrix composite actuator with interdigitated electrodes (PFPMIDE). Various concepts from different backgrounds including three-dimensional linear elastic and dielectric theories have been incorporated into the present linear piezoelectric model. The rule of mixture and the modified method to calculate effective properties of fiber composites were extended to apply to the PFPMIDE model. The new model was validated comparing with available experimental data and other analytical results. To see the structural responses of a composite plate integrated with the PFPMIDE, three-dimensional finite element formulations were derived. Numerical analyses show that the shape of the graphite/epoxy composite plate with the PFPMIDE may be controlled by judicious choice of voltages, piezoelectric fiber angles, and elastic tailoring of the composite plate.
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Bitonto, Pierpaolo Di, and Teresa Roselli. "Dynamic Tailoring of SCORM Sequencing and Navigation Rules." In 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalt.2008.305.
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Tong, Junfei, Carlos A. Villanueva, Carl Nelson, and Linxia Gu. "Ureterovesical Junction Competence Depends on Ureteral Orifice More Than Intravesical Tunnel Length." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3450.
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Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backward flow of urine from the bladder into the kidneys. There are many reasons for this reflux. In 1959, Paquin recommended a tunnel length 5 times the diameter of the ureter to prevent VUR based on anatomical comparisons of postmortem specimens of patients with and without VUR [1]. This has become the standard for current ureteral reimplantation surgery. In 1969, Lyon proposed that the shape of the ureteral orifice was more important than the intravesical tunnel for ureterovesical junction (UVJ) competence [2]. However, this was only considered as a supplement to Paquin’s theory. Lyon’s theory might come into play when using bulking agents to affect the shape and configuration of the ureteral orifice but is not directly taken into consideration during surgical ureteral reimplants. Since Paquin and Lyon, little research has looked at parameters regulating the prevention of VUR or leaking from Mitrofanoff type conduits. A case-control study of megaureter reimplants with and without ureteral tailoring demonstrated equivalent outcomes [3], raising concerns about the validity of the 5:1 rule. Most recently, Villanueva et al. reported that the tunnel length of ureter, which can be modified depending on different surgery cases, is not strictly required to have a 5:1 ratio of the diameter to the length [4]. Accurate quantification of the parameters that affect the ureter mechanics is helpful to improve surgical technique. The aim of this work was to quantitatively inspect Lyon’s theory, i.e., the relationship of intravesical tunnel length and orifice shape with respect to VUR by measuring the pressure required to collapse the ureter for preventing backflow. An enhanced three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was developed considering the interaction between the ureteral orifice and the bladder wall. Parametric studies were then conducted to determine the sensitivity of UVJ competence to the spatial configuration of the intravesical tunnel as well as the ureteral orifice (UO). Two common ureteral orifice shapes, “golf” and “volcano,” as well as different intravesical ureteral tunnel length/diameter ratios, were examined. The required closure pressure was then compared.
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Sattelmayer, Thomas, Christoph Mayer, and Janine Sangl. "Interaction of Flame Flashback Mechanisms in Premixed Hydrogen-Air Swirl Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25553.
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An experimental study is presented on the interaction of flashback originating from flame propagation in the boundary layer (1), from combustion driven vortex breakdown (2) and from low bulk flow velocity (3). In the investigations, an aerodynamically stabilized swirl burner operated with hydrogen-air mixtures at ambient pressure and with air preheat was employed, which previously had been optimized regarding its aerodynamics and its flashback limit. The focus of the present paper is the detailed characterization of the observed flashback phenomena with simultaneous high speed PIV/Mie imaging, delivering the velocity field and the propagation of the flame front in the mid plane, in combination with line-of-sight integrated OH*-chemiluminescence detection revealing the flame envelope and with ionization probes which provide quantitative information on the flame motion near the mixing tube wall during flashback. The results are used to improve the operational safety of the system beyond the previously reached limits. This is achieved by tailoring the radial velocity and fuel profiles near the burner exit. With these measures the resistance against flashback in the center as well as in the near wall region is becoming high enough to make turbulent flame propagation the prevailing flashback mechanism. Even at stoichiometric and preheated conditions this allows safe operation of the burner down to very low velocities of approx. 1/3 of the typical flow velocities in gas turbine burners. In that range the high turbulent burning velocity of hydrogen approaches the low bulk flow speed and, finally, the flame begins to propagate upstream once turbulent flame propagation becomes faster than the annular core flow. This leads to the conclusions that finally the ultimate limit for the flashback safety was reached with a configuration, which has a swirl number of approx. 0.45 and delivers NOx-emissions near the theoretical limit for infinite mixing quality, and that high fuel reactivity does not necessarily rule out large burners with aerodynamic flame stabilization by swirling flows.
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Schulman, Joel N. "Modeling quantum effects in reduced-dimensionality structures for optoelectronic devices." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.tun3.
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Optoelectronic devices made from ultrathin semiconductor layers make use of novel quantum-mechanical effects that are produced by electron confinement. Understanding these effects and using them for device application requires solving Schrodinger's equation in the simplest approximation compatible with the phenomenon under consideration. I will review models for calculating the optical and electronic properties of various systems, including quantum wells, resonant tunneling structures, quantum wires, and strained heterostructures. Comparison of the models will be made in the context of one-band, two-band, and multiband approximations. Issues such as optical selection rules and oscillator strengths, type I versus type II heterosystems, direct and indirect band gaps, effective mass tailoring, non-parabolicbands, valence-band mixing, as well as issues of practical computer implementations, will be discussed.