Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tailorable composites

Academic literature on the topic 'Tailorable composites'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Tailorable composites"

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Liu, Yao, Ciqun Xu, Huan Ren, Zaixin Wei, and Zidong Zhang. "Tailorable negative permittivity in Fe/BaTiO3 meta-composites." Functional Materials Letters 13, no. 03 (March 20, 2020): 2050017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604720500174.

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Meta-composites with negative permittivity are promising candidates for future electronics such as microwave absorbers, novel capacitors, etc. In this work, we proposed to develop the Fe/BaTiO3 meta-composites with tuneable negative permittivity. Fe content influenced the conductivity of composites and even led to the change of the conductive mechanism. The tuneable permittivity behavior was achieved by controlling the Fe fraction, and the plasma oscillation theory was employed to explain the negative permittivity behavior. Meanwhile, a frequency-switched negative permittivity was observed in this composite, which could be used to extend applications of meta-composites.
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Finley, James M., Joël Henry, Milo SP Shaffer, and Soraia Pimenta. "The influence of variability and defects on the mechanical performance of tailorable composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 5 (September 23, 2019): 565–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319862855.

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Aligned hybrid-fibre discontinuous composites offer the ability to tailor their mechanical response through careful microstructural design. However, with tailorability comes microstructural complexity, which in turn leads to many sources of variability and defects. A virtual testing framework was further extended to investigate the influence of variability and defects on the mechanical performance of various aligned discontinuous composite material systems. This approach identified the most critical sources of variability as (i) fibre strength, (ii) the distance between fibre ends, or (iii) the level of fibre-type intermingling, depending on the material system. Fibre vacancy defects were shown to have the most significant influence on the strength and ductility of aligned discontinuous composites, although this sensitivity can be reduced through hybridisation of the fibre types.
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Guduric, Vera, Niall Belton, Richard Frank Richter, Anne Bernhardt, Janina Spangenberg, Chengtie Wu, Anja Lode, and Michael Gelinsky. "Tailorable Zinc-Substituted Mesoporous Bioactive Glass/Alginate-Methylcellulose Composite Bioinks." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051225.

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Bioactive glasses have been used for bone regeneration applications thanks to their excellent osteoconductivity, an osteostimulatory effect, and high degradation rate, releasing biologically active ions. Besides these properties, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG) are specific for their highly ordered mesoporous channel structure and high specific surface area, making them suitable for drug and growth factor delivery. In the present study, calcium (Ca) (15 mol%) in MBG was partially and fully substituted with zinc (Zn), known for its osteogenic and antimicrobial properties. Different MBG were synthesized, containing 0, 5, 10, or 15 mol% of Zn. Up to 7 wt.% of Zn-containing MBG could be mixed into an alginate-methylcellulose blend (algMC) while maintaining rheological properties suitable for 3D printing of scaffolds with sufficient shape fidelity. The suitability of these composites for bioprinting applications has been demonstrated with immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells. Uptake of Ca and phosphorus (P) (phosphate) ions by composite scaffolds was observed, while the released concentration of Zn2+ corresponded to the initial amount of this ion in prepared glasses, suggesting that it can be controlled at the MBG synthesis step. The study introduces a tailorable bioprintable material system suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Kashif, Muhammad, Syed TA Hamdani, Muhammad Zubair, and Yasir Nawab. "Effect of interlocking pattern on short beam strength of 3D woven composites." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 20 (April 2, 2019): 2789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319839441.

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Natural fiber-based preforms possess various attractive characteristics in different applications due to their light weight, value for money and compatibility with the environment. The possible tailorable shapes and mechanical properties make these more attractive for composites applications. Earlier, researchers focused on characterizing preforms for composites, but this work emphasis on the outcome of the weave patterns on composites performance. Mechanical performance (especially shear beam strength) of the 3D layer-to-layer and through-the-thickness prefroms with different interlocking patterns was deliberated. Composites were fabricated using 3D woven jute preforms and green epoxy system. The diverse performance of composites was compared. The effect of weave pattern remained prominent in their composites.
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Lyyra, Inari, Katri Leino, Terttu Hukka, Markus Hannula, Minna Kellomäki, and Jonathan Massera. "Impact of Glass Composition on Hydrolytic Degradation of Polylactide/Bioactive Glass Composites." Materials 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030667.

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Understanding the degradation of a composite material is crucial for tailoring its properties based on the foreseen application. In this study, poly-L,DL-lactide 70/30 (PLA70) was compounded with silicate or phosphate bioactive glass (Si-BaG and P-BaG, respectively). The composite processing was carried out without excessive thermal degradation of the polymer and resulted in porous composites with lower mechanical properties than PLA70. The loss in mechanical properties was associated with glass content rather than the glass composition. The degradation of the composites was studied for 40 weeks in Tris buffer solution Adding Si-BaG to PLA70 accelerated the polymer degradation in vitro more than adding P-BaG, despite the higher reactivity of the P-BaG. All the composites exhibited a decrease in mechanical properties and increased hydrophilicity during hydrolysis compared to the PLA70. Both glasses dissolved through the polymer matrix with a linear, predictable release rate of ions. Most of the P-BaG had dissolved before 20 weeks in vitro, while there was still Si-BaG left after 40 weeks. This study introduces new polymer/bioactive glass composites with tailorable mechanical properties and ion release for bone regeneration and fixation applications.
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Zhang, Quan Qing, Tao Zeng, and Su Cheng. "Preparation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced SiC Matrix Composites by PIP Process." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.124.

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The precursor infiltration pyrolysis technology for preparation of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) is both flexible and tailorable to shape and engineering requirements. During sintering process, PCS experienced an organic–inorganic transformation and acted as the bonding material between Carbon fiber. Compare to PCS, the ceramic conversion rate of PCS-DVB increased to 70-75%, the main reaction zone temprerature reduced to 400-800°C, which is in favor of protecting carbon fiber.
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Wang, Jingze, Martinson Addo Nartey, Fabrizio Scarpa, Weicheng Cui, and Hua-Xin Peng. "Design and manufacturing of highly tailorable pre-bent bi-stable composites." Composite Structures 276 (November 2021): 114519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114519.

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WEI, Kai, and YongMao PEI. "Development of designing lightweight composites and structures for tailorable thermal expansion." Chinese Science Bulletin 62, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n972016-00630.

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Rajak, Dipen Kumar, Pratiksha H. Wagh, and Emanoil Linul. "Manufacturing Technologies of Carbon/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites and Their Properties: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 3721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213721.

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Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the study of lightweight composite materials. Due to their tailorable properties and unique characteristics (high strength, flexibility and stiffness), glass (GFs) and carbon (CFs) fibers are widely used in the production of advanced polymer matrix composites. Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites have been developed by different fabrication methods and are extensively used for diverse engineering applications. A considerable amount of research papers have been published on GFRP and CFRP composites, but most of them focused on particular aspects. Therefore, in this review paper, a detailed classification of the existing types of GFs and CFs, highlighting their basic properties, is presented. Further, the oldest to the newest manufacturing techniques of GFRP and CFRP composites have been collected and described in detail. Furthermore, advantages, limitations and future trends of manufacturing methodologies are emphasized. The main properties (mechanical, vibrational, environmental, tribological and thermal) of GFRP and CFRP composites were summarized and documented with results from the literature. Finally, applications and future research directions of FRP composites are addressed. The database presented herein enables a comprehensive understanding of the GFRP and CFRP composites’ behavior and it can serve as a basis for developing models for predicting their behavior.
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Malki, Zakaria, Chouaib Ennawaoui, Abdelowahed Hajjaji, Mohamed El Jouad, El Mehdi Laadissi, El Mehdi Loualid, and Yahia Boughaleb. "Dielectric, piezoelectric and electromechanical optimization properties of polyurethane/lead zirconate titanate composites for mechanical energy harvesting applications." Matériaux & Techniques 110, no. 5 (2022): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2022033.

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Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is the most common piezoelectric ceramic and exhibits excellent electromechanical conversion properties. But in order to make it more adaptable for energy harvesting applications, we resort to ceramic/polymer composites because of their excellent and tailorable properties. The advantages of this type of composite are high coupling factors due to PZT, mechanical flexibility (PU) and wide bandwidth. In this work, we studied the mechanical and electrical characteristics of this composite, as well as their behavior as a function of the percentage of PZT (by volume). Forth more, we followed the impact of this parameter on the collected energies, as well as others like frequency and resistance. The harvested power significantly increases with increasing PZT, achieving a power value up to 13.4 and 420 nW for PU/PZT 60% and PU/PZT 70%, respectively. In conclusion, composite piezoelectric films have great potential from an energy density viewpoint and could represent interesting candidates for energy harvesting applications.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tailorable composites"

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Lipke, David William. "Novel reaction processing techniques for the fabrication of ultra-high temperature metal/ceramic composites with tailorable microstructures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43750.

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Ultra-high temperature (i.e., greater than 2500°C) engineering applications present continued materials challenges. Refractory metal/ceramic composites have great potential to satisfy the demands of extreme environments (e.g., the environments found in solid rocket motors upon ignition), though general scalable processing techniques to fabricate complex shaped parts are lacking. The work embodied in this dissertation advances scientific knowledge in the development of processing techniques to form complex, near net-shape, near net-dimension, near fully-dense refractory metal/ceramic composites with controlled phase contents and microstructure. Three research thrusts are detailed in this document. First, the utilization of rapid prototyping techniques, such as computer numerical controlled machining and three dimensional printing, for the fabrication of porous tungsten carbide preforms and their application with the Displacive Compensation of Porosity process is demonstrated. Second, carbon substrates and preforms have been reactively converted to porous tungsten/tungsten carbide replicas via a novel gas-solid displacement reaction. Lastly, non-oxide ceramic solid solutions have been internally reduced to create intragranular metal/ceramic micro/nanocomposites. All three techniques combined have the potential to produce nanostructured refractory metal/ceramic composite materials with tailorable microstructure for ultra-high temperature applications.
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Book chapters on the topic "Tailorable composites"

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Luca Motoc, Dana, Radu Tarulescu, Stelian Tarulescu, and Adrian Soica. "Designing Hybrid BF/FF Epoxy Based Composites with Tailorable Dielectric Properties." In Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering (AMMA 2018), 356–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94409-8_40.

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Taheri, Farid. "Characteristics of a new class of lightweight and tailorable 3D fiber metal laminates." In Advanced Fiber-Reinforced Polymer(FRP) Composites for Structural Applications, 51–91. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820346-0.00011-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tailorable composites"

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NYGREN, GARRETT G., and RYAN L. KARKKAINEN. "Damage Modeling in Ultra Short Fiber Tailorable Feedstock Composite Materials." In American Society for Composites 2017. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc2017/15238.

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NYGREN, GARRETT, and RYAN KARKKAINEN. "Progressive, Large-Scale Damage Modeling in Ultra Short Fiber Tailorable Feedstock Composite Materials." In American Society for Composites 2018. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc33/26050.

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Eitman, D. A., R. W. Kidd, and R. B. Dirling. "Advanced Oxidation Protection System for Carbon-Carbon Composites." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-314.

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Carbon-carbon composites possess a number of desirable attributes including low density, high strength and stiffness at temperatures well beyond the capabilities of refractory alloys, low thermal expansion coefficient, tailorable orthotropic properties, absence of strategic materials, and resistance to thermal shock, fatigue, and brittle failures. However, for many applications of interest (such as aircraft and aerospace vehicle structure and engines) resistance to oxidation in high-temperature air or engine exhaust streams is a requirement which is not satisfied by unprotected carbon-carbon composites. The elements of an advanced oxidation protection system for carbon-carbon composites are described in this paper. The system is comprised of both an oxidation resistant coating intended to provide the primary barrier to oxygen ingress and inhibitors added to the matrix of the carbon-carbon composite to increase its oxidation resistance without significant losses in mechanical properties. The composite inhibition system is designed to be complementary to the coating and to enhance its long-term performance. A description of the principal elements of the system is presented along with recent test data and current research directions.
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HOCH, NATHAN, CHASE MORTENSEN, JUHYEONG LEE, KHARI HARRISON, KALYAN RAJ KOTA, and THOMAS LACY. "HYPER-VELOCITY IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF FOLDCORE SANDWICH COMPOSITES." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36432.

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A foldcore is a novel core made from a flat sheet of any material folded into a desired pattern. A foldcore sandwich composite (FSC) provides highly tailorable structural performance over conventional sandwich composites made with honeycomb or synthetic polymer foam cores. Foldcore design can be optimized to accommodate complex shapes and unit cell geometries suitable for protective shielding structures This work aims to characterize hypervelocity impact (> 2000 m/s, HVI) response and corresponding damage morphologies of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) FSCs. A series of normal (0° impact angle) and oblique (45° impact angle) HVI (~3km/s nominal projectile velocity) impact tests were performed on CFRP FSC targets to understand the effects of projectile impact on redirected debris formation, and variable debris cloud expansion. HVI damage in FSC targets were assessed using visual inspection and high-speed imaging analysis. The results from the present study indicate that debris cloud propagation and expansion are strongly influenced by foldcore impact location/angle and open-channel direction. This work serves as a baseline study to understand HVI response of FSC targets and to identify critical FSC design parameters to optimize HVI mitigation performance.
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DRAKE, DANIEL A., KYONGCHAN SONG, W. ALLEN WATERS, and ANDREW E. LOVEJOY. "ON THE REPRESENTATION OF THROUGH-THE- THICKNESS REINFORCEMENTS IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF STITCHED, BLADE STIFFENED PANELS." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36385.

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Modern aircraft employ laminated composites for their tailorable in-plane properties, high specific strengths, and high specific stiffnesses. However, laminated composites exhibit relatively poor interlaminar properties without through-the-thickness reinforcements. Quantifying the necessary amount of throughthe- thickness reinforcements is necessary to reduce cost and meet damage tolerance certification requirements. In this study, a discrete superposed cohesive element (DSCE) approach is applied to represent the mixed-mode delamination behavior of stitched stiffened panels subjected to seven-point bending. This approach is compared to a one-dimensional embedded spring element (ESE) method. The DSCE approach uses two superposed bilinear traction-separation laws to obtain a representative load-displacement response determined from interlaminar tensile and shear tests. Additionally, several stitch configurations (unstitched, stitched, and overstitched) are evaluated in terms of their load-displacement response and crack-arrestment capability. Results indicate that the DSCE and ESE approaches show good agreement with respect to the predicted load-displacement response, but the ESE method tends to overpredict the crack growth behavior by approximately 13%. Stitches were not observed to fail during skin-stringer separation. Using an overstitched laminate with stitches near the flange edge provides the greatest crack-arrestment capability. Furthermore, the skin retains 92% of its stiffness after skin-stringer separation occurs.
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Minori, A., S. Jadhav, Q. He, S. Cai, and M. T. Tolley. "Reversible Actuation of Origami Inspired Composites Using Liquid Crystal Elastomers." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3986.

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Recent work has used self-folding origami inspired composites to produce complex, scalable, affordable, and lightweight morphing structures [1]. These characteristics are of interest for engineering applications, in fields including aerospace [2] and medical devices [3]. Due to these advantages, research on self-folding smart composites has grown, with a particular focus on the use of laminate manufacturing techniques that stack layers of heterogeneous materials to generate functional composites. Previous work used this approach to manufacture self-folding origami inspired robots [1]. A simple shape memory composite design consists of a smart material (e.g. a one-way shape memory polymer, or SMP) sandwiched between patterned rigid layers. These SMPs change their shape in response to an external stimulus (e.g. temperature). Upon heating above the phase transition temperature of the polymer (Tt), the SMP contracts, causing the laminate to fold. The SMPs used in self-folding laminate composites are unidirectional and thus the laminate is unable to recover its original state without application of external force. In this work, we study the use of thermal responsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) for reversible self-folding and actuation of origami inspired composites using laminate manufacturing. LCEs are smart materials that exhibit reversible deformation, good strain recoverability, and tailorable properties (i.e. phase transition temperature, strain, and orientation of deformation) [4–6]. We explore two composite hinge designs using laminate manufacturing process [1, 7] with a Joule heating layer to enable self-folding: one where the LCE acts as a tensile actuator connected only on the edges of the rigid layer, which we call a tensional hinge, and a second where the LCE is attached along the patterned rigid layer hinge, which we call a flexural hinge. The angular displacements of these two hinge designs are estimated using geometric models that account for the contraction of the LCE upon heating, and compared against experimental measurements. The maximum blocked torque of the composite hinges is also measured experimentally. To demonstrate the use of LCE as an active layer for origami inspired composites, we also present a laminate crawler robot. The crawling locomotion is controlled with an electrical heating layer laminated on the LCE. These results demonstrate the possibility of using LCE to achieve rapid, reversible folding and to generate similar torques, as compared to previous work in origami inspired self-folding composite.
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LIN, WENHUA, and YEQING WANG. "EFFECT OF NEGATIVE POISSON’S RATIO ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF AUXETIC CFRP COMPOSITES." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36413.

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) matrix composites have become increasingly popular across industries such as aerospace and automotive industries due to its outstanding mechanical properties and significant weight saving capability. CFRP composites are also widely known to be highly tailorable. For instance, different laminate-level mechanical properties for CFRP composites can be achieved by varying the individual carbon fiber laminar arrangements, among one of them is the Poisson’s ratio. Conventional materials have a positive Poisson’s ratio (PPR), visualize any conventional materials in a 2D block shape, when stretching that material in longitudinal direction, contraction follows on the transverse direction, whereas for materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR), stretching in the longitudinal direction leads to expansion in the transverse direction. Materials with NPRs have been shown to improve the indentation and impact resistances, when compared to equivalent materials with PPRs. However, producing NPRs could potentially compromise other properties, such as tensile properties, which has not been reported. The current work investigates the effects of NPR on the tensile properties of CFRP composites. Specifically, a laminatelevel NPR of -0.4094 in the in-plane direction is achieved through ply arrangement of CFRP composites using classical lamination theory (CLT). The non-auxetic counterpart CFRP composites are designed to produce an PPR of 0.1598 in the in-plane direction while simultaneously match their elastic moduli in three directions with those of the auxetic composites. Results show that the predicted tensile modulus and in-plane Poisson’s ratio were in excellent agreement with the experiment results. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength and failure strain or ductility of auxetic specimens were on average 40% lower than those of the conventional CFRP composites.
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Kotikalapudi, Sai Tharun, and Raman P. Singh. "Mechanical Strength Degradation of Carbon Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites Exposed to Constant Low-Density Direct Current." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-12259.

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Abstract Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) can experience two dissimilar magnitudes of direct current during a lightning strike on an aircraft, a concentrated catastrophic high current followed by low direct current spread across the surface. Low density direct current can also occur in multifunctional composite structures for resistive heating, energy harvesting and storage. These direct currents lead to material degradation. Since CFRP structures are more susceptible to a lightning strike due to weak electrical and thermal conductivity compared to metallic bodies, considerable amount of research has been done to study the effects of instantaneous high current on mechanical properties. With the ever-growing demand for tailorable multifunctional composites, the effect of low direct current on mechanical properties of CFRP should be investigated. An experiment is designed to study the long-term exposure of low-density electric field effects on CFRP which are often coupled with detrimental thermal effects. In this study, experiments have been performed using an in-house setup to study the electrical effects of low constant direct current (DC) on cross-ply CFRP laminates. A constant current study has been conducted to characterize the voltage across the laminate over a period. The strength of the polymer depends on the integrity and type of bonds, the observed resistance change is a perceptible way of demonstrating the change in mechanical properties. The combined effect of electrical and thermal fields has been studied by mapping the surface temperatures continuously on the entire length of the laminate. Preliminary research showed that the presence of non-conducting epoxy undergoes localized dielectric breakdown near the carbon epoxy interface. In order to quantify the degradation, combined loading compression (CLC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests have been performed for coupon size samples which have been electrically degraded for a definite period. Compression test results are compared with electrical characterization and glass transition temperatures from DMA results.
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Song, Shunjun, and Jack R. Vinson. "Low Temperature Effects on IM7/977-3 Cross-Ply Composite Material Properties at High Strain Rates." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32309.

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Composite materials are used in a wide variety of low temperature applications because of their unique and highly tailorable properties. These low temperature applications of composites include their use in Arctic environments and most of them involve dynamic loads, for example, spacecraft applications where they use cryogenic engines, hypervelocity impact situations at very high altitudes, civil engineering applications in extreme cold regions, and offshore structures in cold regions. The U.S. Navy stated that under certain conditions naval vessels might encounter strain rates up to 1200/sec. Because the dynamic properties of composite materials may vary widely with both strain rates and temperature, it is important to use the dynamic properties at the expected temperatures when the loading conditions involve high strain rates and extreme temperatures. Very few materials have been characterized at high strain rates even at room temperature. Still less effort has been spent in trying to model the high strain rate properties to develop a predictive capability at room temperature. It has been hoped that earlier modeling for metals, such as Johnson and Cook [1], and Zerilli and Armstrong [2] might be used for composite materials. The Johnson-Cook model was modified by Weeks and Sun [3] for composite materials. Other recent modeling research has been performed by Theruppukuzki and Sun [4], Hsiao, Daniel and Cordes [5] and Tsai and Sun [6]. Woldesenbet and Vinson [7] have characterized the high strain rate and fiber orientation effects on one typical graphite/epoxy composite. Most of these characterizations model ultimate strengths only.
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Chemnitz, Mario, Nico Walther, Ramona Scheibinger, Kay Schaarschmidt, and Markus A. Schmidt. "Tailorable Supercontinuumc Generation in Liquid-Composite-Core Fibers." In 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8871887.

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