Academic literature on the topic 'Ta407.2 .r6 1989'

Abstract Six tests were conducted to examine selected insecticides for soybean looper control. In Test I at Natchitoches, La., plots measuring 50 ft × 8 rows (36 inch row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 24 Aug to R6 growth stage Delta Pine 415 soybeans with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 21 psi through 8003 flat fan tips. Insecticides were evaluated by taking 2, 25 sweep samples/plot (15 inch diam sweep net) at 2 and 7 DAT. In Test II, test plots at Locust Ridge, La., measuring 50 ft × 8 rows (40 inch row spacing) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Application equipment and posttreatment sample interval were the same as in Test I. Insecticides were applied on 29 Aug to late R6 growth stage Delta Pine 105 soybeans. In Test III at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., plots measuring 24 × 50 ft (7 inch row spacing) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre through 8001 flat fan tips on 9 Sep to R5 growth stage, drill-planted Davis soybeans. Insecticide evaluation was performed as in Experiment I. In Test IV at Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., plots measured 65 ft × 8 rows (40 inch row spacing). Application equipment, experimental design, replication number, and sample interval were the same as in Test III. Insecticides were applied on 31 Aug to R6 growth stage Asgrow 5980 soybeans. In Test V and VI at Hamburg, La., plots measured 45 ft × 8 rows (30 inch row spacing). Application equipment, experimental design, replication number, and sample interval were the same as in Test I. Insecticides were applied on 7 Sep to R5 growth stage Terra Vig 708 soybeans.

Abstract Insecticides and insecticide mixtures for control of soybean looper were evaluated in Holmes County, MS, in a commercial field of maturity group V soybean planted on 26 May in 40-inch row spacing. The soybean was in the R6 growth stage, with mean height of 38 inches and closed canopy, and had not received prior insecticide applications. Treatments were 4 rows × 50 ft with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied between 5°7 p.m. on 11 Sep using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer and cone spray pattern at 30 psi in a total volume of 10 gallons of water per acre. Temperature at application was 84°F, with overcast skies, and wind speed of 2-3 mph. No rainfall occurred during the observation period. Treatments were evaluated 2 and 5 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval size was recorded as small (1st & 2nd instar), medium (3rd & 4th instar), or large (5th & 6th instar). Data were analyzed using the untreated check to estimate percent control in each replication, with the mean separation procedure performed on data subjected to the arcsine transformation.

Abstract Selected insecticides were tested for control of SGSB in 2 separate experiments. In Test I, plots measuring 45 ft × 8 rows (36 inch spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 1 Sep to R6 beans with a CO2 pressurized backpacker sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 21 psi through 8002 nozzles. Samples were taken 2, 7, and 14 DAT using two 25-sweep samples per plot. In Test II, plot size, experimental design, application equipment, and posttreatment sampling intervals were identical to Test I. Treatments were applied 15 Sep to ‘Centennial’ soybeans in the R5 growth stage.

Abstract Plots measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (40 inch row spacing) at the Macon Ridge Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpacker sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 21 psi through 8002 nozzles. Treatments were applied on 5 Sep to soybeans in the late R6 growth stage. Samples of adults were taken at 2 DAT using 2, 25-sweep samples/plot (15 inch diam sweep net) and 4 and 7 DAT using one 25-sweep sample/plot. Samples for nymphs were conducted 4 DAT by taking 10 beat-net samples/plot.

Abstract Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling soybean loopers in southern Mississippi in Stone County in a commercial field of maturity group VII soybean planted 10 Jul in 34-inch row spacing. At the time of application the soybean was in the R6 growth stage, was 40 inches tall with partially closed canopy, and was 20% defoliated. Methyl parathion at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre had been applied 21 d pretreatment. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 50 ft, established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 1 Oct (1100-1300 h) using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer with cone spray pattern, calibrated to apply 10 gal/acre at 30 psi. Temperature at application was 75-82°F, with partly cloudy skies, and wind speed was 2-3 mph. Larvae were sampled 2 and 5 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval numbers in the check plots were used to estimate percent control, and the data were subjected to arcsin transformation for mean separation.

Rat 6 fibroblasts that overproduce protein kinase C beta 1 (R6-PKC3 cells) are hypersensitive to complete transformation by the T24 H-ras oncogene; yet T24 H-ras-transformed R6-PKC3 cells are killed when exposed to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (W.-L. W. Hsiao, G. M. Housey, M. D. Johnson, and I. B. Weinstein, Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:2641-2647, 1989). Treatment of an R6-PKC3 subclone that harbors a T24 H-ras gene under the control of an inducible mouse metallothionein I promoter with ZnSO4 and TPA is extremely cytocidal. This procedure was used to isolate rare revertants that are resistant to this toxicity. Two revertant lines, R-1a and ER-1-2, continue to express very high levels of protein kinase C enzyme activity but, unlike the parental cells, do not grow in soft agar. Furthermore, these revertants are resistant to the induction of anchorage-independent growth by the v-src, v-H-ras, v-raf, and, in the case of the R-1a line, v-fos oncogenes. Both revertant lines, however, retain the ability to undergo morphological alterations when either treated with TPA or infected with a v-H-ras virus, thus dissociating anchorage independence from morphological transformation. The revertant phenotype of both R-1a and ER-1-2 cells is dominant over the transformed phenotype in somatic cell hybridizations. Interestingly, the revertant lines no longer induce the metallothionein I-T24 H-ras construct or the endogenous metallothionein I and II genes in response to three distinct agents: ZnSO4, TPA, and dexamethasone. The reduction in activity of metallothionein promoters seen in these revertants may reflect defects in signal transduction pathways that control the expression of genes mediating specific effects of protein kinase C and certain oncogenes in cell transformation.

Rat 6 fibroblasts that overproduce protein kinase C beta 1 (R6-PKC3 cells) are hypersensitive to complete transformation by the T24 H-ras oncogene; yet T24 H-ras-transformed R6-PKC3 cells are killed when exposed to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (W.-L. W. Hsiao, G. M. Housey, M. D. Johnson, and I. B. Weinstein, Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:2641-2647, 1989). Treatment of an R6-PKC3 subclone that harbors a T24 H-ras gene under the control of an inducible mouse metallothionein I promoter with ZnSO4 and TPA is extremely cytocidal. This procedure was used to isolate rare revertants that are resistant to this toxicity. Two revertant lines, R-1a and ER-1-2, continue to express very high levels of protein kinase C enzyme activity but, unlike the parental cells, do not grow in soft agar. Furthermore, these revertants are resistant to the induction of anchorage-independent growth by the v-src, v-H-ras, v-raf, and, in the case of the R-1a line, v-fos oncogenes. Both revertant lines, however, retain the ability to undergo morphological alterations when either treated with TPA or infected with a v-H-ras virus, thus dissociating anchorage independence from morphological transformation. The revertant phenotype of both R-1a and ER-1-2 cells is dominant over the transformed phenotype in somatic cell hybridizations. Interestingly, the revertant lines no longer induce the metallothionein I-T24 H-ras construct or the endogenous metallothionein I and II genes in response to three distinct agents: ZnSO4, TPA, and dexamethasone. The reduction in activity of metallothionein promoters seen in these revertants may reflect defects in signal transduction pathways that control the expression of genes mediating specific effects of protein kinase C and certain oncogenes in cell transformation.

The objectives of the study are: i) to evaluate the climatology of rain in Maceió based on observed data, with emphasis on climatic and environmental aspects and ii) to validate the precipitation product for the municipality. Data from 1979 to 2013 of the precipitation product CHELSA (Climatologies at High Resolution for the Earth's Land Surface Areas) were validated by rainfall data from the National Water Agency (NWA) from 1960 to 2016. Statistical indicators showed a high coefficient of determination and linear correlation between CHELSA and observed data (R2 = 0.80; r = 0.89) and the smallest errors (SEE = 6.58 mm and RMSE = 18.76 mm), therefore the CHELSA product can be applied in the region. The time series presented a period 1 (P1) - (1960 to 1989) with rainfall above the historical average and a period 2 (P2) - (1990 to 2016) with a significant reduction in rainfall. Observed data versus climatological normals showed a significant decrease in normal 1 (1961-1990) in the rainy season, while in relation to normal 2 (1981-2010) there was an increase in the months of February, March and April (between 10 to 20%) and October and December (between 5 to 15%). The spatial distribution of monthly rainfall via the CHELSA product showed the formation of a pluviometric gradient between the coast and the upper part of Maceió. The topography influences the rainfall regime in neighborhoods belonging to the administrative regions (AR) - (R4, R5 and R6) with the highest rainfall records. The ENOS phases are directly responsible for the variability of interannual rain, while the decadal variability corresponded to the PDO phase change and changes in land use and occupation in Maceió.

Frogeye leaf spot of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), caused by Cercospora sojina Hara, was first detected during the 1997-98 growing season at low incidence and severity (<1% of the leaf diseased) levels in the provinces of Tucumán, Salta, Jujuy, Catamarca, and Santiago del Estero in northwestern Argentina. During the 1998-1999 growing season, disease incidence increased and disease severity grew to 10% of the leaf surface diseased on highly susceptible cultivars in a few locations. An outbreak of frogeye leaf spot occurred throughout northwestern Argentina during the 1999-2000 growing season. Frogeye leaf spot was severe on susceptible cultivars in the provinces of Salta, Santiago del Estero and Catamarca with the greatest intensity in the northeastern part of the Province of Tucumán. Symptoms on leaves were circular lesions that ranged in size from 1 to 5 mm, were reddish-brown to gray or tan, and were bordered by a narrow, reddish-brown to purple margin. Conidiophores and conidia of C. sojina developed on the abaxial leaf surface (1,2). Severely diseased leaves were desiccated and dropped during the R6 stage of growth. Lesions also developed on stems, pods, and seeds. Field surveys indicated that this disease reduced the yields of the highly susceptible cultivars Anta 82 RR, Coker 6738, and A 6445 RG by 48, 34, and 25%, respectively. C. sojina was cultured from diseased tissue on PDA acidified with 0.2% lactic acid and maintained on V-8 juice agar amended with streptomycin sulfate (100 mg/l). Conidia were elongated, dark, 38 to 62 × 5 to 9 μm, with 2 to 6 septa, and borne on dark conidiophores with 1 to 4 septa. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on seedlings of the susceptible cultivars A 6445 RG and Coker 6738 and on the resistant cultivars A 8000 RG and Shulka. Seedlings were inoculated at the V3 growth stage by spraying the leaves with a conidial suspension (4 × 104 conidia/ml) using a hand-held atomizer. Control plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. Plants were placed in a moist chamber at 26°C for 2 days and then transferred to a greenhouse bench where they were kept at 25 to 30°C. Symptoms identical to those observed in the field became visible after 7 to 10 days. Ratings were made 14 days after inoculation by estimating the percentage of leaf area affected using a standard area diagram. Lesions covered 60 to 65% of the leaf area of susceptible cultivars, but less than 2% on resistant cultivars. Control plants remained healthy. C. sojina was reisolated from lesions on leaves of susceptible plants. Above-average rainfall and high relative humidity in northwestern Argentina during the first three months of 2000 may have encouraged the severe outbreak of frogeye leaf spot of soybean. The outbreak was aggravated by the widespread use of notillage systems in the region and the large hectarage planted with susceptible cultivars. References: (1) S.G. Lehman J. Agric. Res. 36:811–833, 1928. (2) D. V. Philips and J. T. Yorinori. 1989. Frogeye leaf spot. Pages 19–21 in: Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 3rd ed. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.