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Journal articles on the topic 'T helper 2'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Dabbagh, Karim, and David B. Lewis. "Toll-like receptors and T-helper-1/T-helper-2 responses." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 16, no. 3 (June 2003): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200306000-00003.

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2

Schwarz, Markus J., Sonnig Chiang, Norbert Müller, and Manfred Ackenheil. "T-helper-1 and T-helper-2 Responses in Psychiatric Disorders." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 15, no. 4 (December 2001): 340–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brbi.2001.0647.

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3

Azuma, Naoko, Minoru Ando, Ken Tsuchiya, Takashi Akiba, and Hiroshi Nihei. "T helper 1 and T helper 2 balance in chronic hemodialysis patients." Nihon Toseki Igakkai Zasshi 35, no. 13 (2002): 1549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4009/jsdt.35.1549.

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4

Suzuki, Shunji, and Nozomi Ouchi. "T Helper 1/T Helper 2 Cell Immunity in Preeclamptic Twin Pregnancy." Journal of Nippon Medical School 74, no. 6 (2007): 434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1272/jnms.74.434.

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5

Mjösberg, Jenny, Göran Berg, Maria C. Jenmalm, and Jan Ernerudh. "FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells and T Helper 1, T Helper 2, and T Helper 17 Cells in Human Early Pregnancy Decidua1." Biology of Reproduction 82, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.109.081208.

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6

Smart, Joanne M., and Andrew S. Kemp. "Ontogeny of T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 cytokine production in childhood." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 12, no. 4 (August 2001): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.012004181.x.

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7

Iavicoli, Ivo, Luca Fontana, Alessandro Marinaccio, Antonio Bergamaschi, and Edward J. Calabrese. "Iridium alters immune balance between t helper 1 and t helper 2 responses." Human & Experimental Toxicology 29, no. 3 (January 22, 2010): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109360215.

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The recent introduction of iridium (Ir) into the catalytic converter has resulted in an increase of Ir levels into the environment, especially ambient air and soil. These observations suggested the need to evaluate potential toxicity due to Ir exposure. Since Ir compounds have been previously shown to cause immune sensitization in humans, the effects of Ir via drinking water for 90 days was assessed in adult female Wistar rats with respect to selected immune parameters. The Ir exposure induced dose-dependent decrease (p < .01) in T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines and increase (p < .001) in a T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine. The findings show that the Ir exposure affects an immune imbalance with a skewing toward a Th2 bias, a risk factor for asthma.

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8

Osna, N., N. Vilgert, E. Hagina, G. Silonova, V. Kuse, L. Viksna, A. Sochnev, V. Gidraitis, A. Zvirbule, and M. Mauricas. "T helper 1/T helper 2 balance in pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C." Immunology Letters 56 (May 1997): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2478(97)85585-x.

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9

Osna, N. "T helper 1/T helper 2 balance in pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C." Immunology Letters 56, no. 1-3 (May 1997): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2478(97)87423-8.

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10

O’Garra, Anne, and Naoko Arai. "The molecular basis of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cell differentiation." Trends in Cell Biology 10, no. 12 (December 2000): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8924(00)01856-0.

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11

Nuttall, T. J., P. A. Knight, S. M. McAleese, J. R. Lamb, and P. B. Hill. "T-helper 1, T-helper 2 and immunosuppressive cytokines in canine atopic dermatitis." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 87, no. 3-4 (September 2002): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00076-4.

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12

Alayan, J., S. Ivanovski, and C. S. Farah. "Alveolar bone loss in T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokine-deficient mice." Journal of Periodontal Research 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00920.x.

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13

Swain, Susan L. "Helper T cell differentiation." Current Opinion in Immunology 11, no. 2 (April 1999): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(99)80030-2.

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14

Barkhordari, Elham, Nima Rezaei, Mahdi Mahmoudi, Pegah Larki, Hamid Reza Ahmadi-Ashtiani, Bita Ansaripour, Maryam Alighardashi, Mohammad Bashashati, Ali Akbar Amirzargar, and Naser Ebrahimi-Daryani. "T-Helper 1, T-Helper 2, and T-Regulatory Cytokines Gene Polymorphisms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome." Inflammation 33, no. 5 (February 23, 2010): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-010-9183-6.

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15

Kiyokawa, Yasuko, and Yoshio Yoneyama. "Relationship between adenosine and T-helper 1/T-helper 2 balance in hyperemesis gravidarum." Clinica Chimica Acta 370, no. 1-2 (August 2006): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.001.

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16

Dimitrov, Stoyan, Tanja Lange, Swantje Tieken, Horst L. Fehm, and Jan Born. "Sleep associated regulation of T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokine balance in humans." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 18, no. 4 (July 2004): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2003.08.004.

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17

Sahoo, Anupama, Shradha Wali, and Roza Nurieva. "T helper 2 and T follicular helper cells: Regulation and function of interleukin-4." Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 30 (August 2016): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.011.

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18

Kalinski, Pawel, and Muriel Moser. "Consensual immunity: success-driven development of T-helper-1 and T-helper-2 responses." Nature Reviews Immunology 5, no. 3 (March 2005): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1569.

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19

Siveke, Jens T., and Alf Hamann. "Cutting Edge: T Helper 1 and T Helper 2 Cells Respond Differentially to Chemokines." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.2.550.

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Abstract T effector subsets, such as Th1 or Th2 cells, are key players in inflammatory reactions. It is not known whether chemokines are able to recruit these subsets differentially, as has been shown for memory vs naive T cells. Here we demonstrate that Th1 and Th2 cells differ in their intrinsic migratory properties and their chemotactic responsiveness toward distinct chemokines. While the CC-chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES were efficient chemoattractants for Th1 cells, inducing a dose-dependent transmigration, Th2 cells were not attracted by these chemokines. Another CC-chemokine, JE/monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and a CXC-chemokine, stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, exerted chemotactic effects on both Th1 and Th2 cells, but differences in sensitivity and the percentage of responding cells were recorded between both subsets. These results indicate that chemokines play a distinct role in the regulation of local immune reactions by influencing the local balance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory T cell subsets.

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20

Kay, A. B. "Origin of Type 2 Helper T Cells." New England Journal of Medicine 330, no. 8 (February 24, 1994): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199402243300811.

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21

Sharma, Alpana, Rehan Khan, Suhasini Joshi, Lalit Kumar, and Manoj Sharma. "Dysregulation in T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokine ratios in patients with multiple myeloma." Leukemia & Lymphoma 51, no. 5 (March 31, 2010): 920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10428191003699563.

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22

Hara, Toshiro, Sumimasa Yamashita, Hideo Aiba, Kenji Nihei, Nobuo Koide, Robert A. Good, and Kenzo Takeshita. "Measles virus-specific T helper 1/T helper 2-cytokine production in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis." Journal of Neurovirology 6, no. 2 (January 2000): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13550280009013155.

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23

Sewelam, NadiaI, Hanan Al-Wakeel, Zainab El Saadany, Rania Magdy, and Nevin Fouad. "T helper 1/T helper 2-associated chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in immune thrombocytopenia." Egyptian Journal of Haematology 43, no. 3 (2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejh.ejh_12_18.

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24

Goto, Hirofumi, Hidenori Matsuo, Shunya Nakane, Hajime Izumoto, Takayasu Fukudome, Chiaki Kambara, and Noritoshi Shibuya. "Plasmapheresis Affects T Helper Type-1/T Helper Type-2 Balance of Circulating Peripheral Lymphocytes." Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 5, no. 6 (December 2001): 494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0968.2001.00386.x.

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25

Puyana, Juan Carlos, Joan D. Pellegrini, Asit Kumar De, Karen Kodys, Wayne E. Silva, and Carol L. Miller. "Both T-Helper-1- and T-Helper-2-Type Lymphokines Are Depressed in Posttrauma Anergy." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 44, no. 6 (June 1998): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199806000-00017.

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26

Zheng, Xin Xiao, Xian Chan Li, Masayuki Noguchi, Yongsheng Li, and Terry B. Strom. "T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 paradigm in the acquisition of peripheral graft tolerance." Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 5, no. 1 (March 2000): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00075200-200003000-00008.

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27

Yoneyama, Yoshio, Shunji Suzuki, Rintaro Sawa, Koichi Yoneyama, Gordon G. Power, and Tsutomu Araki. "Relation Between Adenosine and T-helper 1/T-helper 2 Imbalance in Women With Preeclampsia." Obstetrics & Gynecology 99, no. 4 (April 2002): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200204000-00025.

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28

Yoneyama, Y. "Relation between adenosine and T-helper 1/T-helper 2 imbalance in women with preeclampsia." Obstetrics & Gynecology 99, no. 4 (April 2002): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(02)01657-5.

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29

Kawashima, Hisashi, Naoki Kato, Hiroaki Ioi, Shigeo Nishimata, Chiako Watanabe, Yasuyo Kashiwagi, Kouji Takekuma, Akinori Hoshika, Leszek Szenborn, and Kacprzak Bergman. "mRNA expression of T-helper 1, T-helper 2 cytokines in autoimmune hepatitis in childhood." Pediatrics International 50, no. 3 (June 2008): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02584.x.

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30

KERTTULA, . COLLIN, MAKI, and HURME. "Normal T-Helper 1/T-Helper 2 Balance in Peripheral Blood of Coeliac Disease Patients." Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 49, no. 2 (February 1999): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00478.x.

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31

Lederer, J. A., J. S. Liou, S. Kim, N. Rice, and A. H. Lichtman. "Regulation of NF-kappa B activation in T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells." Journal of Immunology 156, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.156.1.56.

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Abstract In most cell types, NF-kappa B is activated by release from a cytoplasmic inhibitor protein, I kappa B, followed by its translocation to the nucleus where it binds to the regulatory regions of many genes, including the IL-2 gene in T lymphocytes. We have previously shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays that nuclear extracts prepared from activated, non-IL-2-producing Th2 cell clones. We show here that Th-1 and Th2 cells have similar levels of cytoplasmic p65(RelA) and p50, but TCR stimulation fails to induce the nuclear translocation of p65(RelA) in Th2 cells. Nuclear translocation of p65(RelA) can be induced by IL-1 stimulation of Th2 cells, indicating that a basic mechanism of NF-Kappa B activation common to many cells is intact in Th2 cells. We demonstrate that IL-1 and TNF induce rapid nuclear translocation of p65(RelA) in T cell clones, whereas TCR-induced NF-Kappa B activation in Th1 cells is delayed and may be longer in duration. This suggests that the TCR pathway of NF-Kappa B activation is different from the cytokine pathway. Furthermore, we show that Th1 and Th2 cells express different levels and/or different forms of I kappa B alpha, and that cytokines, but not TCR stimuli, significantly modulate detectable levels of cytoplasmic I kappa B alpha.

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32

Knight, Stella C., and Steven Patterson. "AIDS–beyond helper T cells." Lancet 348, no. 9028 (September 1996): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)65070-2.

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33

Kannan, Arun, Nisebeta Sahu, and Avery August. "Complex role for IL-2 Inducible T cell kinase (Itk) in T helper 1 and T helper 2 differentiation and function (163.18)." Journal of Immunology 188, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2012): 163.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.163.18.

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Abstract T helper responses are critical for a productive immune response but an inappropriate response results in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. There are still considerable gaps in our knowledge of pathways that regulate differentiation of T helper subsets. IL-2 Inducible T cell kinase (Itk) is primarily expressed in T cells and is critical for their development, activation and function. Here, we show that Itk regulates two distinct signals during T helper differentiation. The first signal represses IFNγ independent of Tbet and maintains naïve T cells in an unbiased state, until it comes in contact with cognate antigen. This signal controls epigenetic processes that maintains the IFNγ locus closed and is critical for induction of Th2 transcriptional program. The second signal occurs following T cell activation, and is critical for secretion of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines. As a result, Itk-/- mice are not only defective in Th2 responses, but are also more susceptible to infection by Th1 inducing intracellular pathogen T. Gondii. More importantly, these signaling pathways are conserved in humans, as loss of Itk in human PBMC derived T cells and Jurkat cells results in a substantial reduction in the secretion of a number of effector cytokines, at least partly due to a failure to activate pERK. This work has implications for understanding T helper differentiation programs, and Itk as a therapeutic target for Th2 mediated inflammatory and Th1/ Th17 mediated autoimmune disorders

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34

Kuwajima, Toyohiko, Shunji Suzuki, Rintaro Sawa, Yoshio Yoneyama, Toshiyuki Takeshita, and Tsutomu Araki. "Changes in Maternal Peripheral T Helper 1-Type and T Helper 2-Type Immunity during Labor." Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 194, no. 2 (2001): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.194.137.

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35

LEHMANN, J., and G. ALBER. "Murine leishmaniosis: a paradigm for the importance of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 17, no. 1 (April 1, 1998): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.17.1.1087.

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36

Suzuki, Shunji, Toyohiko Kuwajima, Yoshio Yoneyama, Rintaro Sawa, and Tsutomu Araki. "Maternal Peripheral T-Helper 1-Type and T-Helper 2-Type Immunity in Nonpreeclamptic Twin Pregnancies." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 53, no. 3 (2002): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000058364.

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37

Yoneyama, Yoshio, Shunji Suzuki, Rintaro Sawa, Koichi Yoneyama, Daisuke Doi, Yasuo Otsubo, and Tsutomu Araki. "The T-helper 1/T-helper 2 balance in peripheral blood of women with hyperemesis gravidarum." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 187, no. 6 (December 2002): 1631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.127373.

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38

Darmochwal-Kolarz, Dorota, Bozena Leszczynska-Gorzelak, Jacek Rolinski, and Jan Oleszczuk. "T helper 1- and T helper 2-type cytokine imbalance in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 86, no. 2 (October 1999): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-2115(99)00065-2.

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39

HUANG, TIAO-LAI, and CHIEN-TE LEE. "T-helper 1/T-helper 2 cytokine imbalance and clinical phenotypes of acute-phase major depression." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 61, no. 4 (August 2007): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01686.x.

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40

Suzuki, Shunji, and Tsutomu Araki. "Feto-maternal interface in T helper 1-type and T helper 2-type immunity in labor." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 269, no. 1 (November 1, 2003): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-003-0492-y.

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41

Kim, Bok-Kyu, Jong-Soon Lim, and Ki-Jung Kil. "Effects of Imperatae Rhizoma Extract on T helper 2 cell differentiation." Korea Journal of Herbology 29, no. 6 (November 30, 2014): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.6116/kjh.2014.29.6.27.

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42

Ramer-Quinn, D. S., R. A. Baker, and V. M. Sanders. "Activated T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells differentially express the beta-2-adrenergic receptor: a mechanism for selective modulation of T helper 1 cell cytokine production." Journal of Immunology 159, no. 10 (November 15, 1997): 4857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.10.4857.

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Abstract We recently reported that resting clones of murine Th1 cells, but not resting Th2 cells, expressed a detectable level of the beta-2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR). In the present study, we proposed that the level of beta 2AR expression on anti-CD3 mAb-activated CD4+ effector Th cells may differ from the level on resting cells, and that a change in receptor expression may alter the functional responsiveness of these cells to either the beta 2AR-selective ligand terbutaline or the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Following anti-CD3 activation, the beta 2AR was expressed on Th1 cells, but not Th2 cells. The number of binding sites on Th1 cells was maintained, with no change in affinity, over a 24-h activation period. When Th clones were exposed to terbutaline following anti-CD3 activation, Th1 cell, but not Th2 cell, cytokine production was modulated. IL-2 production by Th1 cells was decreased, while IFN-gamma production was not significantly altered. The decrease in IL-2 production was concentration dependent and was blocked by an antagonist. In comparison with control supernatants, the lower level of IL-2 present in terbutaline-exposed culture supernatants supported the proliferation of an IL-2-dependent Th1 clone to a lesser degree. Additionally, norepinephrine down-modulates IL-2, but not IFN-gamma, production by binding specifically to the beta-adrenergic receptor. Thus, a detectable level of the beta 2AR is expressed on activated Th1 cells, but not activated Th2 cells, thereby providing a mechanism by which IL-2 production is preferentially modulated by an endogenous and therapeutic ligand following Th1 cell activation.

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43

Zheng, Lixin, and Michael Lenardo. "T Helper 2 Cells' Preferred Way to Die." Immunity 25, no. 2 (August 2006): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2006.08.006.

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44

Lee, Gap Ryol. "Transcriptional regulation of T helper type 2 differentiation." Immunology 141, no. 4 (March 11, 2014): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.12216.

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45

Furue, Masutaka. "T helper type 2 signatures in atopic dermatitis." Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy 1, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cia2.12023.

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46

Romagnani, Sergio, Gianfranco Del Prete, Enrico Maggi, Marco Chilosi, Federico Caligaris-Cappio, and Giovanni Pizzolo. "CD30 and type 2 T helper (Th2) responses." Journal of Leukocyte Biology 57, no. 5 (May 1995): 726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlb.57.5.726.

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47

Won, Hee Yeon, Hyun Jung Min, Woo Hyung Lee, Sang Geon Kim, and Eun Sook Hwang. "Gα12 is critical for TCR-induced IL-2 production and differentiation of T helper 2 and T helper 17 cells." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 394, no. 3 (April 2010): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.079.

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48

Chakravarti, Sumone, Catherine A. Sabatos, Sheng Xiao, Zsolt Illes, Eugene K. Cha, Raymond A. Sobel, Xin X. Zheng, Terry B. Strom, and Vijay K. Kuchroo. "Tim-2 regulates T helper type 2 responses and autoimmunity." Journal of Experimental Medicine 202, no. 3 (July 25, 2005): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050308.

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Identification of the T cell immunoglobulin mucin-domain containing (Tim) gene family introduced a new family of cell surface molecules that is involved in the regulation of immune responses. We previously demonstrated that Tim-3 is expressed on terminally differentiated T helper (Th)1 cells, and serves to regulate Th1 immune responses. Here, we describe the identification and function of Tim-2, a novel member of the Tim gene family. In contrast with Tim-3, we demonstrate that Tim-2 is expressed preferentially in differentiated Th2 cells. Blockade of the Tim-2/Tim-2 ligand interaction, by administration of soluble Tim-2 fusion protein (Tim-2 immunoglobulin [Ig]), results in T cell hyperproliferation and the production of Th2 cytokines. Administration of Tim-2 Ig during the induction phase reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a Th1-mediated autoimmune disease model of multiple sclerosis. We propose that Tim-2, an orthologue of human Tim-1, is critical for the regulation of Th2 responses during autoimmune inflammation.

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49

Pucheu-Haston, Cherie M., Petra Bizikova, Rosanna Marsella, Domenico Santoro, Tim Nuttall, and Melissa N. C. Eisenschenk. "Review: Lymphocytes, cytokines, chemokines and the T-helper 1-T-helper 2 balance in canine atopic dermatitis." Veterinary Dermatology 26, no. 2 (March 23, 2015): 124—e32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vde.12205.

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50

Iqbal, Nuzhat, James R. Oliver, Frederic H. Wagner, Audrey J. Lazenby, Charles O. Elson, and Casey T. Weaver. "T Helper 1 and T Helper 2 Cells Are Pathogenic in an Antigen-specific Model of Colitis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 195, no. 1 (January 7, 2002): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.2001889.

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Dysregulated T cell responses to enteric bacteria have been implicated as a common mechanism underlying pathogenesis in rodent models of colitis. However, the bacterial species and T cell specificities that induce disease have been poorly defined. We have developed a model system in which target antigen, bacterial host, and corresponding T cell specificity are defined. OVA-specific T cells from DO11.RAG-2−/− TCR transgenic mice were transferred into RAG-2−/− recipients whose intestinal tracts were colonized with OVA-expressing or control Escherichia coli. Transfer of antigen-naive DO11.RAG-2−/− T cells into recipients colonized with OVA-E. coli resulted in enhanced intestinal recruitment and cell cycling of OVA-specific T cells; however, there was no development of disease. In contrast, transfer of polarized T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 populations resulted in severe wasting and colitis in recipients colonized with OVA-expressing but not control E. coli. The histopathologic features of disease induced by Th1 and Th2 transfers were distinct, but disease severity was comparable. Induction of disease by both Th1 and Th2 transfers was dependent on bacterially associated OVA. These results establish that a single bacterially associated antigen can drive the progression of colitis mediated by both Th1 and Th2 cells and provide a new model for understanding the immunoregulatory interactions between T cells responsive to gut floral antigens.

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