Journal articles: 'Systems of exposure'

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Cheng, Yung-Sung, and Owen R. Moss. "Inhalation Exposure Systems." Toxicology Methods 5, no. 3 (January 1995): 161–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376519509049118.

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Turner, Michelle C., Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Kim Anderson, David Balshaw, Yuxia Cui, Genevieve Dunton, Jane A. Hoppin, Petros Koutrakis, and Michael Jerrett. "Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012802.

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The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews (a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, (b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, (c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and (d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.

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Schuderer, J., D. Spat, T. Samaras, W. Oesch, and N. Kuster. "In Vitro Exposure Systems for RF Exposures at 900 MHz." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 52, no. 8 (August 2004): 2067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2004.832010.

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Dlugosz, Tomasz, and Hubert Trzaska. "Exposure systems for bioelectromagnetic experiments." Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 33, no. 4 (October 16, 2013): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2013.834501.

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Vladimirov, L. V., A. A. Kozlov, A. N. Ryzhkov, and M. Ya Mulyarov. "Automatic x-ray exposure systems." Biomedical Engineering 24, no. 3 (May 1990): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00573068.

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Pleil, Joachim D., and Linda S. Sheldon. "Adapting concepts from systems biology to develop systems exposure event networks for exposure science research." Biomarkers 16, no. 2 (December 8, 2010): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1354750x.2010.541565.

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Haas, Doris, Martina Unteregger, Juliana Habib, Herbert Galler, Egon Marth, and Franz F. Reinthaler. "Exposure to Bioaerosol from Sewage Systems." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 207, no. 1-4 (June 18, 2009): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0118-5.

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Zhang, Luoping, Cliona M. McHale, Nathaniel Rothman, Guilan Li, Zhiying Ji, Roel Vermeulen, Alan E. Hubbard, et al. "Systems biology of human benzene exposure." Chemico-Biological Interactions 184, no. 1-2 (March 2010): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.12.011.

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Kotilainen, Helen Rosen, and Nelson M. Gantz. "An Evaluation of Three Biological Indicator Systems in Flash Sterilization." Infection Control 8, no. 8 (August 1987): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170006639x.

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AbstractAn evaluation of two flash-sterilization-specific biological indicators (BI) and a traditional spore strip indicator was performed to assess sensitivity and reliability as reflected in survive/kill ratios. The Bis tested included: 3M's Attest® #1261, Amsco's Proof Flash™, and Castle® Tec Test. Survival after “come-up” time alone, (0 exposure) and one-, two-, and three-minute exposures at 273°F in a gravity displacement sterilizer was measured by media color change or turbidity after incubation at 55°C. Each cycle was replicated three times on two separate days with six of each BI per run. Positive Bis were subcultured as necessary. Proof Flash presented technical difficulties due to incomplete or impossible crushing of media vials, unexpected media color changes, and evaporation of media. Tec Test was not sufficiently resistant as survivors were not detected at any exposure time. The Attest had 100% survival at zero and one-minute exposures and 94% survival after the two-minute exposure. No survivors were detected after the three-minute exposure. Although each institution should evaluate Bis for their own use independently, the data indicate that Attest #1261 monitored the three-minute flash cycles more satisfactorily than the other Bis tested.

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Griffith, R. B., and S. Standafer. "Simultaneous mainstream-sidestream smoke exposure systems II. The rat exposure system." Toxicology 35, no. 1 (April 1985): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(85)90128-3.

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Dorato, Michael A., and Ronald K. Wolff. "Inhalation Exposure Technology, Dosimetry, and Regulatory Issues." Toxicologic Pathology 19, no. 4_part_1 (November 1991): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623391019004-106.

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Inhalation toxicology technology has provided the scientific community with important advances in studies of inhaled toxicants. These advances include new and more efficient exposure systems (e.g., flow-past nose-only exposure systems), and improved approaches to inhalation chamber environmental control (e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality). Practical problems and approaches to testing and operating inhalation exposure systems and the advantages and disadvantages of the major inhalation exposure types (e.g., whole-body, nose-only) are discussed. Important aspects of study design, such as high level particulate exposures resulting in large lung burdens (e.g., ≥2 mg/g of lung), slowed pulmonary clearance rates, and nonspecific toxicity are considered, along with practical issues of comparative dosimetry. Regulatory guidelines have continued to present challenges in designing and conducting acute, subchronic, and chronic inhalation studies. The important regulatory issue of performing acute inhalation toxicity studies at high aerosol concentrations and “respirable” particle size distribution is discussed.

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Zhang, Junfeng (Jim), and Paul J. Lioy. "Human Exposure Assessment in Air Pollution Systems." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.119.

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The air pollution problem can be depicted as a system consisting of several basic components: source, concentration, exposure, dose, and adverse effects. Exposure, the contact between an agent (e.g., an air pollutant) and a target (e.g., a human respiratory tract), is the key to linking the pollution source and health effects. Human exposure to air pollutants depends on exposure concentration and exposure duration. Exposure concentration is the concentration of a pollutant at a contact boundary, which usually refers to the human breathing zone. However, ambient concentrations of regulated pollutants at monitoring sites have been measured in practice to represent actual exposure. This can be a valid practice if the pollutants are ones that are predominantly generated outdoors and if the monitoring sites are appropriately selected to reflect where people are. Results from many exposure studies indicate that people are very likely to receive the greatest exposure to many toxic air pollutants not outside but inside places such as homes, offices, and automobiles. For many of these pollutants, major sources of exposure can be quite different from major sources of emission. This is because a large emission source can have a very small value of exposure effectiveness, i.e., the fraction of pollutant released from a source that actually reaches the human breathing zone. Exposure data are crucial to risk management decisions for setting priorities, selecting cost-effective approaches to preventing or reducing risks, and evaluating risk mitigation efforts. Measurement or estimate of exposure is essential but often inadequately addressed in environmental epidemiologic studies. Exposure can be quantified using direct or indirect measurement methods, depending upon the purpose of exposure assessment and the availability of relevant data. The rapidly developing battery and electronic technologies as well as advancements in molecular biology are expected to accelerate the improvement of current methods and the development of new methods for future exposure assessment.

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Wong, Brian A. "Inhalation Exposure Systems: Design, Methods and Operation." Toxicologic Pathology 35, no. 1 (January 2007): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230601060017.

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Patterson, R. C., and F. M. Dietrich. "Shielding Effects in Small Animal Exposure Systems." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-7, no. 10 (October 1987): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1987.5526773.

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Merkulov, Sergey, Natalya Polyakova, Vladimir Rimshin, Ekaterina Kuzina, and Alexey Neverov. "Construction building systems protection under emergency exposure." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913502014.

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The structural reliability of the building ensures the building safety as a whole and the safety of the population, therefore the issue of ensuring reliability arises primarily in the design process. Buildings must be protected from destruction during all types of force, as well as in the case of load-bearing structures destruction as a result of emergency. Emergency impact on an object is an unregulated impact that is created as a result of an object getting into a special situation and can lead to its accident. The causes of structures progressive collapse are considered in this article. The main methods and methods of protecting buildings from progressive destruction are given. The calculation analysis of the monolithic reinforced concrete building frame for progressive collapse according to the method of possible damage is performed. There are many calculated and constructive proposals for solving the problems of counteracting the progressive destruction that can be divided into three categories: secondary protection measures, indirect design and direct design. In this article the resulting reinforcement of structural elements is determined taking into account the structural requirements for the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement, the minimum percentage of reinforcement. They are determined in the necessary places of additional reinforcement depending on the accepted permanent (background) reinforcement of the floors.

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Patterson, R. C., and F. M. Dietrich. "Shielding Effects in Small Animal Exposure Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2, no. 4 (1987): 1303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1987.4308257.

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17

Dowling, V. P., and K. G. Martin. "Furnace Exposure of Insulated Sandwich Panel Systems." Journal of Thermal Insulation 9, no. 1 (July 1985): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109719638500900106.

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Croll, Peter R., and Jasmine Croll. "Investigating risk exposure in e-health systems." International Journal of Medical Informatics 76, no. 5-6 (May 2007): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.09.013.

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Bonawitz, Steven C. "Management of Exposure of Cardiac Pacemaker Systems." Annals of Plastic Surgery 69, no. 3 (September 2012): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e31822350cc.

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Boston, Kelley M., Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, Misti G. Ellsworth, and Tawanna A. McInnis-Cole. "1623. Implementation of Electronic Readmission Alert for Discharged Patients Reduces Risk of Secondary Measles Exposure Events." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1487.

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Abstract Background Measles is a highly infectious illness that is causing increased numbers of outbreaks in the United States. Patients involved in a healthcare measles exposure and who have been discharged before identification of exposure are at risk of becoming infectious in the community, and may seek healthcare within their infectious window, creating a secondary exposure risk for healthcare systems. A measles exposure in an integrated healthcare system occurred, resulting in patient exposures in multiple locations at three campuses, including two community-based emergency departments and three inpatient units. There were 159 patients who were included in the exposure group; 123 were exposed in an ED, and 36 were exposed in an inpatient setting. Ninety-four percent (149/159) of the patients had been discharged at the time of measles case identification and were in the pre-infectious phase of illness. Of those, 36 percent (54/149) presented back to the healthcare system within the potentially infectious window; these 54 patients had 97 individual healthcare contacts in the potentially infectious period following the exposure event. Sixty-one of the 97 return visits (63%) were within the window in which the exposed patients were potentially infectious. Return locations included the three exposure facilities and inpatient and outpatient locations at 10 other system campuses. Methods An alert system was developed within the electronic medical record that identified patients that were involved in the exposure, and guided clinicians to mask and place in airborne isolation until measles immunity was verified. Results The alert activated 13 days after the exposure was identified, and identified 100% of returns to healthcare at all sites within the system, representing 48% of all potential secondary exposure events (29 /61). No secondary exposures or transmission occurred. Conclusion Measles exposures are an enormous burden on healthcare organizations and public health systems. When exposures occur, healthcare organizations need systems to rapidly identify discharged patients who may return within the potentially infectious window. Rapid development of electronic readmission alerts can help standardize identification and reduce the risk of subsequent exposure. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Hoffer, Michael E., Carey Balaban, Kim Gottshall, Ben J. Balough, Michael R. Maddox, and Joseph R. Penta. "Blast Exposure." Otology & Neurotology 31, no. 2 (February 2010): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e3181c993c3.

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Sauer, John Michael, Thomas Hartung, Marcel Leist, Thomas B. Knudsen, Julia Hoeng, and A. Wallace Hayes. "Systems Toxicology." International Journal of Toxicology 34, no. 4 (March 23, 2015): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581815576551.

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Risk assessment, in the context of public health, is the process of quantifying the probability of a harmful effect to individuals or populations from human activities. With increasing public health concern regarding the potential risks associated with chemical exposure, there is a need for more predictive and accurate approaches to risk assessment. Developing such an approach requires a mechanistic understanding of the process by which xenobiotic substances perturb biological systems and lead to toxicity. Supplementing the shortfalls of traditional risk assessment with mechanistic biological data has been widely discussed but not routinely implemented in the evaluation of chemical exposure. These mechanistic approaches to risk assessment have been generally referred to as systems toxicology. This Symposium Overview article summarizes 4 talks presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology.

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Berger, Thomas, Michael Hajek, Pawel Bilski, and Günther Reitz. "Cosmic radiation exposure of biological test systems during the EXPOSE-R mission." International Journal of Astrobiology 14, no. 1 (October 30, 2014): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550414000548.

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AbstractIn the frame of the EXPOSE-R mission outside the Russian Zvezda Module of the International Space Station (ISS) passive thermoluminescence dosimeters were applied to measure the radiation exposure of biological samples. The detectors were located beneath the sample carriers to determine the dose levels for maximum shielding. The dose measured beneath the sample carriers varied between 317 ± 10 and 230 ± 2 mGy, which amount to an average dose rate of 381 ± 12 and 276 ± 2 μGy d−1. These values are close to those assessed for the interior of the ISS and reflect the high shielding of the biological experiments within the EXPOSE-R facility. As a consequence of the high shielding (several g cm−2), the biological samples were predominantly exposed to galactic cosmic heavy ions and trapped protons in the Earth's radiation belts, whereas the trapped electrons did not reach the samples.

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Berger, Thomas, Michael Hajek, Pawel Bilski, Christine Körner, Filip Vanhavere, and Günther Reitz. "Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Biological Test Systems During the EXPOSE-E Mission." Astrobiology 12, no. 5 (May 2012): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2011.0777.

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Kennedy, Robert S., Kay M. Stanney, and William P. Dunlap. "Duration and Exposure to Virtual Environments: Sickness Curves During and Across Sessions." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 9, no. 5 (October 2000): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474600566952.

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Although simulator sickness is known to increase with protracted exposure and to diminish with repeated sessions, limited systematic research has been performed in these areas. This study reviewed the few studies with sufficient information available to determine the effect that exposure duration and repeated exposure have on motion sickness. This evaluation confirmed that longer exposures produce more symptoms and that total sickness subsides over repeated exposures. Additional evaluation was performed to investigate the precise form of this relationship and to determine whether the same form was generalizable across varied simulator environments. The results indicated that exposure duration and repeated exposures are significantly linearly related to sickness outcomes (duration being positively related and repetition negatively related to total sickness). This was true over diverse systems and large subject pools. This result verified the generalizability of the relationships among sickness, exposure duration, and repeated exposures. Additional research is indicated to determine the optimal length of a single exposure and the optimal intersession interval to facilitate adaptation.

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Boxall, Alistair, Anthony Hardy, Sabine Beulke, Tatiana Boucard, Laura Burgin, Peter Falloon, Philip Haygarth, et al. "Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 15, no. 3 (May 2010): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232010000300017.

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Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens/ chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. We assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems in the UK and discuss the effects on health impacts, using expert input and literature on climate change; health effects from exposure to pathogens/chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals/pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems. We established the evidence base for health effects of chemicals/pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical/pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of various contaminants. We merged data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems, and defined recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage adverse increases in risks.

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Khan-Makoid, Sophia, Bruce L. Tjaden, Samuel S. Leake, Ross G. McFall, Charles C. Miller, Harleen K. Sandhu, Karl Schmitt, and Kristofer M. Charlton-Ouw. "Fewer Cardiopulmonary Complications and Shorter Length of Stay in Anterolateral Thoracolumbar Spine Exposures Using a Small-Incision Specialized Retractor System." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (September 27, 2020): 3119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103119.

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Objectives: One of the challenges of spine surgery is the need for adequate exposure of the anterolateral spinal column. Improved retractor systems with integrated lighting minimize the need for large thoracotomy, flank, or abdominal incisions. In 2013, we began using the NuVasive MaXcess® system via a minimal-access lateral incision for thoracic and thoracolumbar spine exposures. These small-access approaches may not offer adequate exposure when bleeding and other complications arise. We sought to determine the feasibility and outcomes of a minimal-access retractor during anterolateral spine exposures. Methods: An institutional-review-board-approved retrospective chart review was performed of all patients who underwent anterolateral thoracic and lumbosacral spine exposure at an academic hospital between December 1999 and April 2017. Cervical and posterior spine exposures were not included. Information regarding patient demographics, comorbid conditions, operative techniques, exposure, estimated blood loss, length of stay, and intraoperative and postoperative complications was collected. Data for standard exposure vs. minimally invasive exposures were compared. Results: Between December 1999 and April 2017, 223 anterolateral spinal exposures were performed at our institution. Of those, 122 (54.7%) patients had true lateral exposures, with 22 (18%) using the minimally invasive retractor. The mean age of our patient population was 57 years (19–89), with 65 (53%) men and a mean body mass index of 29.0 (17.4–58.6). In the standard exposure group, complications occurred in 22 (22%) patients, whereas only two (9%) complications occurred in the minimal-access group. There were no significant differences in overall intraoperative and postoperative complications, except for cardiopulmonary complications, which were reduced in the minimally invasive group (p < 0.019). Patients with minimally invasive exposure had a significantly shorter length of stay than those with standard exposure (7 vs. 13 days, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Minimal-access techniques using advanced retractor systems are both feasible and safe compared to standard techniques allowing for similar lateral spine exposure, but with smaller incisions, fewer cardiopulmonary complications, and shorter lengths of stay.

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Kauppinen, T., J. Toikkanen, and E. Pukkala. "From cross-tabulations to multipurpose exposure information systems: A new job-exposure matrix." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 33, no. 4 (April 1998): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199804)33:4<409::aid-ajim12>3.0.co;2-2.

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Han, Xiao, Leye Wang, and Weiguo Fan. "Is Hidden Safe? Location Protection against Machine-Learning Prediction Attacks in Social Networks." MIS Quarterly 45, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 821–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25300/misq/2021/16266.

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User privacy protection is a vital issue of concern for online social networks (OSNs). Even though users often intentionally hide their private information in OSNs, since adversaries may conduct prediction attacks to predict hidden information using advanced machine learning techniques, private information that users intend to hide may still be at risk of being exposed. Taking the current city listed on Facebook profiles as a case, we propose a solution that estimates and manages the exposure risk of users’ hidden information. First, we simulate an aggressive prediction attack using advanced state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms by proposing a new current city prediction framework that integrates location indications based on various types of information exposed by users, including demographic attributes, behaviors, and relationships. Second, we study prediction attack results to model patterns of prediction correctness (as correct predictions lead to information exposures) and construct an exposure risk estimator. The proposed exposure risk estimator has the ability not only to notify users of exposure risks related to their hidden current city but can also help users mitigate exposure risks by overhauling and selecting countermeasures. Moreover, our exposure risk estimator can improve the privacy management of OSNs by facilitating empirical studies on the exposure risks of OSN users as a group. Taking the current city as a case, this work offers insight on how to protect other types of private information against machine-learning prediction attacks and reveals several important implications for both practice management and future research.

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Landström, Ulf, Anders Kjellberg, and Marianne Byström. "Acceptable Levels of Tonal and Broad-Band Repetitive and Continuous Sounds during the Performance of Nonauditory Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3 (December 1995): 803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3.803.

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Three groups of 24 subjects were exposed to a 1000–Hz tone or broad band noise in a sound chamber. During the exposures subjects were engaged in an easy reaction time test or a difficult grammatical reasoning test. For each exposure and work subjects adjusted the noise to a tolerance level defined by its interference with task performance. During the simple reaction-time task significantly higher sound-pressure levels were accepted than during the reasoning test. At the tonal exposure, much lower levels were accepted than during the exposure to broad-band noise. For continuous sound exposures much higher levels were accepted than for noncontinuous exposures. For tonal exposures the difference was approximately 5 dB, for the broad-band exposures approximately 9 dB. In a separate study the effects of the noncontinuity of the noise and pauses were analysed. The raised annoying effect of the noncontinuous noise was not more affected by the noncontinuity of the noise periods than by the noncontinuity of the pauses. The results imply that the annoying reactions to the sound will be increased for repetitive noise and that the reaction is highly influenced by the over-all noncontinuity of the exposure.

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Almeida, Solange Maria de, Ana Emília Figueiredo de Oliveira, Rívea Inês Ferreira, and Frab Norberto Bóscolo. "Image quality in digital radiographic systems." Brazilian Dental Journal 14, no. 2 (2003): 136–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402003000200012.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the image quality of four direct digital radiographic systems. Radiographs were made of the maxillary central incisor and mandibular left molar regions of a dry skull, and an aluminum step-wedge. The X-ray generator operated at 10 mA, 60 and 70 kVp, and images were acquired with 3, 5, 8, 12, 24 and 48 exposure pulses. Six well-trained observers classified the images by means of scores from 1 to 3. Collected data were submitted to nonparametric statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p<0.01) in image quality with the four systems. Based on the results, it was possible to conclude that: 1) all of the digital systems presented good performance in producing acceptable images for diagnosis, if the exposures of the step-wedge and the maxillary central incisor region were made at 5 pulses, as well as at 8 pulses for the mandibular left molar region, selecting 60 or 70kVp; 2) higher percentages of acceptable images were obtained with the administration of lower radiation doses in CCD-sensors (charge-coupled device); 3) the Storage Phosphor systems produced acceptable images at a large range of exposure settings, that included low, intermediate and high radiation doses.

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Malysheva, E. S., A. V. Malyshev, and I. G. Kostin. "Complex Analysis of Data from Agrochemical and Soil-Erosion Monitoring Using Geoinformation Systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 032070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032070.

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Abstract The article describes a comprehensive analysis of agrochemical and soil erosion monitoring data, using the example of the Alekseevsky district of the Belgorod region with the use of a geoinformation system. The GIS automatically generates tables with data grouped by various characteristics: soil type, degree of erosion, slope steepness and exposure. The content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, organic matter, and the level of soil acidity in the context of the district in areas with different exposures, the degree of erosion and the steepness of the slope was analyzed. The most productive soils are located on the plain, followed by the slopes of the northern exposure, neutral, then southern. Erosion processes occur more strongly mainly on the slopes of the southern exposure, and the northern slopes are characterized by humidity. Down the slope, the nutrient content decreases, the level of soil acidity increases.

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Barlet, Grace, Rosemary K. Sokas, and Eileen Betit. "Operating Engineers and the OSHA Silica Standard: A Survey of Union Trainers." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 29, no. 4 (November 14, 2019): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291119889006.

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Enclosed cabs with filtration systems, an engineering control preferred in the hierarchy of controls, may reduce heavy equipment operators’ silica exposure during demolition, grading, and excavation. We surveyed operating engineer trainers about silica training, familiarity with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) silica standard, and cab filtration systems. A voluntary and anonymous online survey was e-mailed to 437 trainers in January 2018. The response rate was 22.9 percent (n = 100). Most trainers (84 percent) covered health risks and silica exposure prevention in their courses. Of these, 59 percent discussed cab filtration as an engineering control. Trainers identified possible barriers to the use of cab filtration systems and a need for education to increase use, and raised concerns about other exposures associated with heavy equipment use. Education about selection, use, and maintenance of cab filtration systems to control silica exposure is needed. Engineering improvements to heavy equipment should address cab filtration, noise, heat, and vibration.

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Alcón Gil, Patricia, César De Santos-Berbel, and Maria Castro. "Driver glare exposure with different vehicle frontlighting systems." Journal of Safety Research 76 (February 2021): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.12.018.

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Shipley, Emma R., Penny Vlahos, Rohana Chandrajith, and Prasanna Wijerathna. "Agrochemical exposure in Sri Lankan inland water systems." Environmental Advances 7 (April 2022): 100150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100150.

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Funama, Yoshinori, Yasuhiro Hiai, Masato Maruyama, Seishi Doudanuki, Katsuyuki Morita, Takao Takada, Takeshi Mori, Kazuhiro Kosaki, and Osamu Mahara. "Mesurment of patient exposure is in DSA systems." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 52, no. 9 (1996): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001354962.

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Kim, Y. S., and Y. S. Cho. "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS." Epidemiology 9, Supplement (July 1998): S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199807001-00424.

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Ramadan, Shadia, Chris Morris, and John Harris. "The effects of organophosphate exposure on serotonergic systems." Toxicology Letters 189 (September 2009): S218—S219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.567.

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Yang, XF, and SG Croll. "Accelerated exposure of pigmented anti-corrosion coating systems." Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions 87, no. 1 (February 2004): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02699558.

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Karabetsos, E., N. Skamnakis, G. Gourzoulidis, P. Sandylos, Chryssa Paraskevopoulou, T. G. Maris, and A. Xristodoulou. "Characterization of occupational EMF exposure to MRI systems." Physica Medica 30 (2014): e79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.07.229.

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Hansen, V. W., A. K. Bitz, and J. R. Streckert. "RF exposure of biological systems in radial waveguides." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 41, no. 4 (1999): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.809852.

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Everett, Cath. "Financial exposure." Infosecurity 5, no. 1 (January 2008): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1754-4548(08)70013-5.

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Mamoon, A., A. A. Abdul-Fattah, and T. M. Qari. "Variation of radon-222 concentration in exposure systems air under different conditions of exposure." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 44, no. 1-2 (July 1994): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(94)90138-4.

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Hemsing, Natalie, and Lorraine Greaves. "New Challenges: Developing Gendered and Equitable Responses to Involuntary Exposures to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Cannabis Vaping." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102097.

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Recreational cannabis use is in the process of being legalized in Canada, and new products and devices for both nicotine and cannabis vaping are being introduced. Yet, research on the harms of involuntary exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) and cannabis vaping is in its infancy, and there is a lack of investigation on sex-specific health effects and gendered patterns of exposure and use. We argue that responses to ENDS and cannabis vaping exposures should align with policy and progress on restricting exposure to tobacco secondhand smoke (SHS). Furthermore, we argue that sex, gender, and equity considerations should be integrated in both research and policy to benefit all Canadians.

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Kolan, Anish S., and Julianne M. Hall. "Association of Preterm Birth and Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031952.

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Several studies in recent years have shown that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can exert deleterious effects within several systems of the human body, such as the immune, neurological, and reproductive systems, among others. This review aims to summarize the investigations into the effect of EDC exposure on reproductive systems, namely preterm birth (PTB), and the efforts that international organizations have made to curb the harmful results of EDC exposure. To gather information, PubMed was initially searched for relevant articles containing the following terms: endocrine disrupting chemicals; preterm birth. PubMed was subsequently used to identify articles discussing the association between preterm birth and specific EDC exposures (BPA; phthalates; organochlorine pesticides; organophosphate pesticides; lead; PBDE; preterm birth). Both searches, limited to articles published within the past 20 years, identified several publications that have examined the association between various EDCs and PTB. While the findings of the studies differed, collectively they revealed sufficient evidence of a potential association between EDC exposure and risk of PTB. Thus, international organizations such as the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and World Health Organization (WHO) should continue to limit EDC exposure across the globe and monitor levels among individuals of reproductive age.

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Szymko, Yvonne M., Jozef J. Zwislocki, and Linda Hertig. "Enhanced cochlear responses after sound exposure." Hearing Research 110, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(97)00071-3.

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Fucic, Alekandra, Alberto Mantovani, and Gavin W. ten Tusscher. "Immuno-Hormonal, Genetic and Metabolic Profiling of Newborns as a Basis for the Life-Long OneHealth Medical Record: A Scoping Review." Medicina 57, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040382.

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Holistic and life-long medical surveillance is the core of personalised medicine and supports an optimal implementation of both preventive and curative healthcare. Personal medical records are only partially unified by hospital or general practitioner informatics systems, but only for citizens with long-term permanent residence. Otherwise, insight into the medical history of patients greatly depends on their medical archive and memory. Additionally, occupational exposure records are not combined with clinical or general practitioner records. Environmental exposure starts preconceptionally and continues during pregnancy by transplacental exposure. Antenatal exposure is partially dependent on parental lifestyle, residence and occupation. Newborn screening (NBS) is currently being performed in developed countries and includes testing for rare genetic, hormone-related, and metabolic conditions. Transplacental exposure to substances such as endocrine disruptors, air pollutants and drugs may have life-long health consequences. However, despite the recognised impact of transplacental exposure on the increased risk of metabolic syndrome, neurobehavioral disorders as well as immunodisturbances including allergy and infertility, not a single test within NBS is geared toward detecting biomarkers of exposure (xenobiotics or their metabolites, nutrients) or effect such as oestradiol, testosterone and cytokines, known for being associated with various health risks and disturbed by transplacental xenobiotic exposures. The outcomes of ongoing exposome projects might be exploited to this purpose. Developing and using a OneHealth Medical Record (OneHealthMR) may allow the incorporated chip to harvest information from different sources, with high integration added value for health prevention and care: environmental exposures, occupational health records as well as diagnostics of chronic diseases, allergies and medication usages, from birth and throughout life. Such a concept may present legal and ethical issues pertaining to personal data protection, requiring no significant investments and exploits available technologies and algorithms, putting emphasis on the prevention and integration of environmental exposure and health data.

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Aogi, Kenjiro, Kenichi Watanabe, Takanori Watanabe, Akira Matsui, Yasuyuki Sato, Hiroyuki Yasojima, Yoshinori Yamashita, Shinya Ootsuka, Eriko Tokunaga, and Setsuko Anami. "Safe handling system construction for hazardous drugs (HDs) through the HD exposure surveillance by National Hospital Organization Network in Japan." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e14147-e14147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e14147.

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e14147 Background: In Japan, much labor has been devoted to handle occupational exposure to hazardous drugs (HDs) after the publication of a guideline for preventing HD exposure on cancer treatments in 2015. However, the safe HD handling systems have not yet constructed in Japanese hospitals. To find out the current HD exposure and construct the safe HD handling system, a multi-institutional surveillance of HD exposure in the National Hospital Organization (NHO) cancer hospitals was commenced from Feb 2016 to Mar 2018. Methods: Thirty-two NHO institutes joined in this survey. HD surveys were performed 3 times in each institute, evaluating cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil exposures using wipe and sampling sheet methods at 18 places in outpatient chemotherapy and pharmacology units. To share information and discuss about HD exposure handling procedures, the study group meeting was held several times. Furthermore, HD handling system in each hospital was evaluated using handling system scoring established by Yoshida in Osaka Institute of Public Health. As an additional study, factors affecting commitment wills of staffs were also evaluated during the safe HD handling system construction using a multiple regression model. Results: As HD control systems constructed, HD exposure in each hospital was improved gradually with construction of the handling system. Staffs’ commitment to their institutes was shown as the result of safety awareness improvement induced by the HD safe handling system construction (standardization coefficient β: 0.346). Conclusions: HD exposures were improved in NHO cancer hospitals through the HD exposure evaluation with constructions of the safe HD handling system.

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HAMNERIUS, YNGVE. "Exposure systems for studies of the effects of electromagnetic fields on biological systems." Hereditas 98, no. 1 (February 14, 2008): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1983.tb00577.x.

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Stangenberg, Lars, Fahad Shuja, I. Martijn J. van der Bom, Martine H. G. van Alfen, Allen D. Hamdan, Mark C. Wyers, Raul J. Guzman, and Marc L. Schermerhorn. "Modern Fixed Imaging Systems Reduce Radiation Exposure to Patients and Providers." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 52, no. 1 (November 21, 2017): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574417742211.

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High-definition fluoroscopic imaging is required to perform endovascular procedures safely and precisely, especially in complex cases, resulting in longer procedures and increased radiation exposure. This is of importance for training institutions as trainees, even with sound instruction in as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principles, tend to have high radiation exposures. Recently, there was an upgrade in the imaging system allowing for comparison of radiation exposure to patients and providers. We performed an analysis of consecutive endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and superficial femoral artery (SFA) interventions in the years 2013 to 2014. We recorded body mass index (BMI) and fluoroscopy time (FT) and subsequently matched 1:1 based on BMI, FT, or both. We determined radiation dose using air kerma (AK) and also recorded individual surgeons’ badge readings. Allura Xper FD20 was upgraded to AlluraClarity with ClarityIQ. We identified a total of 77 EVARs (52 pre and 25 post) and 134 SFA interventions (99 pre and 35 post). Unmatched results for EVAR were BMI pre 26.2 versus post 25.8 (kg/m2, P = .325), FT 28.1 versus 21.2 (minutes, P = .051), and AK 1178.5 versus 581 (mGy, P < .001), respectively. After matching, there was a 53.2% reduction in AK (846.1 vs 395.9 mGy; P = .004) for EVAR. Unmatched results for SFA interventions were BMI pre 28.1 versus post 26.6 ( P = .327), FT 18.7 versus 16.2 ( P = .282), and AK 285.6 versus 106.0 ( P < .001), respectively. After matching, there was a 57.0% reduction in AK (305.0 vs 131.3, P < .001). The total deep dose equivalent from surgeons’ badge readings decreased from 39.5 to 17 mrem ( P = .029). Aortic and peripheral endovascular interventions can be performed with reduced radiation exposure to patients and providers, employing modern fixed imaging systems with advanced dose reduction technology. This is of particular importance in the light of the increasing volume and complexity of endovascular and hybrid procedures as well as the prospect of decades of radiation exposure during training and practice.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Systems of exposure'

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