Relevant bibliographies by topics / Systems of exposure

Academic literature on the topic 'Systems of exposure'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Systems of exposure"

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Cheng, Yung-Sung, and Owen R. Moss. "Inhalation Exposure Systems." Toxicology Methods 5, no. 3 (January 1995): 161–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376519509049118.

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Turner, Michelle C., Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Kim Anderson, David Balshaw, Yuxia Cui, Genevieve Dunton, Jane A. Hoppin, Petros Koutrakis, and Michael Jerrett. "Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012802.

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The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews (a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, (b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, (c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and (d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.
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Schuderer, J., D. Spat, T. Samaras, W. Oesch, and N. Kuster. "In Vitro Exposure Systems for RF Exposures at 900 MHz." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 52, no. 8 (August 2004): 2067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2004.832010.

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Dlugosz, Tomasz, and Hubert Trzaska. "Exposure systems for bioelectromagnetic experiments." Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 33, no. 4 (October 16, 2013): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2013.834501.

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Vladimirov, L. V., A. A. Kozlov, A. N. Ryzhkov, and M. Ya Mulyarov. "Automatic x-ray exposure systems." Biomedical Engineering 24, no. 3 (May 1990): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00573068.

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Pleil, Joachim D., and Linda S. Sheldon. "Adapting concepts from systems biology to develop systems exposure event networks for exposure science research." Biomarkers 16, no. 2 (December 8, 2010): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1354750x.2010.541565.

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Haas, Doris, Martina Unteregger, Juliana Habib, Herbert Galler, Egon Marth, and Franz F. Reinthaler. "Exposure to Bioaerosol from Sewage Systems." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 207, no. 1-4 (June 18, 2009): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0118-5.

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Zhang, Luoping, Cliona M. McHale, Nathaniel Rothman, Guilan Li, Zhiying Ji, Roel Vermeulen, Alan E. Hubbard, et al. "Systems biology of human benzene exposure." Chemico-Biological Interactions 184, no. 1-2 (March 2010): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.12.011.

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Kotilainen, Helen Rosen, and Nelson M. Gantz. "An Evaluation of Three Biological Indicator Systems in Flash Sterilization." Infection Control 8, no. 8 (August 1987): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170006639x.

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AbstractAn evaluation of two flash-sterilization-specific biological indicators (BI) and a traditional spore strip indicator was performed to assess sensitivity and reliability as reflected in survive/kill ratios. The Bis tested included: 3M's Attest® #1261, Amsco's Proof Flash™, and Castle® Tec Test. Survival after “come-up” time alone, (0 exposure) and one-, two-, and three-minute exposures at 273°F in a gravity displacement sterilizer was measured by media color change or turbidity after incubation at 55°C. Each cycle was replicated three times on two separate days with six of each BI per run. Positive Bis were subcultured as necessary. Proof Flash presented technical difficulties due to incomplete or impossible crushing of media vials, unexpected media color changes, and evaporation of media. Tec Test was not sufficiently resistant as survivors were not detected at any exposure time. The Attest had 100% survival at zero and one-minute exposures and 94% survival after the two-minute exposure. No survivors were detected after the three-minute exposure. Although each institution should evaluate Bis for their own use independently, the data indicate that Attest #1261 monitored the three-minute flash cycles more satisfactorily than the other Bis tested.
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Griffith, R. B., and S. Standafer. "Simultaneous mainstream-sidestream smoke exposure systems II. The rat exposure system." Toxicology 35, no. 1 (April 1985): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(85)90128-3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Systems of exposure"

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Berdiñas, Torres Verónica J. "Exposure systems and dosimetry of large-scale in vivo studies /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17429.

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Wollman, Lila Buls, and Lila Buls Wollman. "Plasticity of Brainstem Motor Systems in Response to Developmental Nicotine Exposure." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626307.

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Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) is known to cause abnormal development of multiple brain regions and results in impaired control of breathing and altered behaviors that rely on proper coordination of the muscles of the tongue. The adverse effects of nicotine are presumably caused by its actions on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which modulate fast-synaptic transmission and play a prominent role during brain development. Previous work has shown that DNE alters nAChR function in multiple brainstem regions (Pilarski et al., 2012, Wollman et al, 2016). Moreover, DNE causes multiple changes to XIIMNs, which innervate the muscles of the tongue (Powell et al., 2016, Powell et al., 2015, Pilarski et al., 2011). These changes likely reflect both altered development as a primary outcome of the chronic presence of nicotine, as well as, homeostatic adjustments made in an attempt to maintain normal motoneuron output. With the experiments described here, we tested the hypothesis that DNE alters the development of fast-synaptic transmission to XIIMNs, which, along with intrinsic properties of these neurons, is a main determinant of motor output to the muscles of the tongue. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that DNE alters the function of nAChRs located on multiple brainstem neurons, including those that modulate fast-synaptic transmission to XIIMNs. For these experiments, we used whole cell patch clamp recordings from XIIMNs in a transverse slice of the medulla, and extracellular recordings from the 4th cervical ventral root in the brainstem spinal cord, split bath preparation. All preparations were obtained from control or DNE neonatal rats in the first week of life. Overall, the results of these experiments show that DNE alters fast-synaptic transmission to XIIMNs, which likely reflects appropriate homeostatic adjustments aimed at maintaining normal motor output at rest. However, these results also show that nAChR function is significantly altered by DNE, indicating fast-synaptic transmission may not be appropriately modulated in response to increased release of acetylcholine (ACh), the endogenous neurotransmitter for nAChRs.
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Weighman, Kristi Kay. "Mapping dynamic exposure: constructing GIS models of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in artificial stream systems." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1555337508685485.

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Neal, Alexandra Elyse. "Changes in Behavior as A Result of Exposure to Naproxen: Mimicking Natural Systems." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1460035559.

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De, Hoogh Cornelis. "Estimating exposure to traffic-related pollution within a GIS environment." Thesis, University of Northampton, 1999. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2816/.

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This thesis applies, evaluates and compares methods for estimating exposure to traffic-related pollution within a GIS environment. The methods were used in two contrasting case studies; Greater London and Sheffield, where they were selected on basis of data availability and resolution. The methods used in this research were CALINE3, DMRB, ADMS-Urban and ISC3 (air pollution dispersion models), kriging and co-kriging (spatial interpolation), SAVIAH (regression method) and traditional exposure indicators. Calculated estimates were validated by comparing them to monitored NO2 data. In the Sheffield case study the best methods were then used to analyse relationships between traffic-related pollution and respiratory health. Evaluation of the performance of the various methods found that none of the methods used in Greater London worked very well, although ISC3 and kriging tended to give more reliable results. In Sheffield DMR.B and SAVIAH gave the best estimates of monitored pollution levels. Traditional exposure indicators were only used in Sheffield of which ‘density of main roads within 150 metres’, ‘traffic flow within 150 metres’ and ‘HGV flow within 150 metres’ provided the most reliable estimates. In general, the quality of all exposure measures was highly dependent on the quality of input data. This is largely due to the fact that most variation of traffic-related pollution occurs close to main roads. In Greater London the quality of data was clearly inadequate. In Sheffield, where data was of a higher quality, results were better. No substantial or significant associations were found between the exposure measures and health outcome in the Sheffield case study. In Sheffield, this research also showed that passive sampling of NO2 provided a reliable measure of relative levels of air pollution across an urban area. It also showed that none of the models were able to detect raised NO2 concentrations due to accumulation of pollution from the city, as a result of wind direction. The results of this research show that, although the methods used here can help in the investigation of relationships between traffic-related pollution and health, there is a major need to improve methods for modelling exposure to air pollution. An important development could be to link different models together within a GIS environment, in order to improve the ability to use available information and exploit the different capabilities of the models. In order to detect the effects of traffic-related pollutants on chronic health, estimates are needed across large populations. Linkage of the methods applied here, would be particularly useful to model spatial and temporal variations in these types of studies
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Gulliver, John. "Space-time modelling of exposure to air pollution using GIS." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2002. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2810/.

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This thesis develops, tests and applies methods for space-time modelling of exposure to air pollution using GIS. This involves linkage of five main sub-models: a traffic model, a model of urban air pollution - combining local and ‘background’ pollution models - a network analysis tool for modelling exposure during journeys, and a time-activity model. The model can provide exposure estimates for individuals or population groups. The study took place entirely within Northampton, UK. The model used to estimate hourly PM10 concentrations at outdoor locations gave a moderate fit to monitored data. Results were shown to be comparable with the best results from other studies. This research also found a strong, linear relationship between concentrations of PM10 during simultaneous monitoring of walking and in-car concentrations. This relationship was used to calibrate modelled outdoor pollution levels to give in-car concentrations. Modelled journey- time exposures for walking performed equally with predictions made using a fixed- site monitor located close to journey routes. The model did not perform as well as the fixed-site monitor in predicting in-car exposures. The application of the model to a walk-to-school policy, in which modelled local traffic levels were reduced by 20%, demonstrated that the benefits of the reduction were not spread evenly across a sample of schoolchildren, but varied depending on the route used to school and the location of homes and schools. For those switching between car and walk there may be positive or negative effects of the policy in terms of savings in average hourly exposures, depending on their specific journey and time activity patterns. The results from this research showed that, although the model worked reasonably well in estimating exposures, a number of improvements are needed. These include better models of background concentrations, more detailed models of in-car conditions, and extending exposure modelling to include dose-response estimates
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Inderbitzin-Köhler, Silvio. "Effects of prenatal benzodiazepine exposure on opioid systems of the male rat brain /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11070.

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Knaup, Kaprice J. "Evaluation of systems for measuring employee exposure to ultrasonic sound at Company XYZ." Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008knaupk.pdf.

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Elgethun, Kai. "Global positioning system (GPS) tracking to characterize children's exposure to pesticides /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8474.

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Kim, Jeong Ah. "The role of legislation in driving good occupational health and safety management systems: A comparison of prescriptive based legislation." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15966/.

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Countries seek to control exposure to hazardous substances and environments by the enactment of legislation. In the past thirty years, two major different approaches to occupational health and safety legislation have been devleoped by countries around the world. The performance-based legislative approach has been linked with the emergence of occupational health and safety management systems but no research has previously been done to determine whether or not the legislative approach taken by government influences the introduction or form of occupational health and safety management systems used by organisations. Similarly, although the reasons why Australia and other countries have moved to performance-based legislation have been explained in terms of social, political and economic factors that influenced the change, little research has been done on the effectiveness of this approach compared with the prescriptive approach of countries such as Korea. -I- The overall aim of this research is to develop a conprehensive understanding of the management of expusre to heavy metals in selected industries in Korea and Australia. The specific objectives of the study are to determine: The effectiveness of heavy metal exposure management in the fluorescent lamp manufacturing industry in Korea, and an Oral Health Service, and lead-risk workplaces in Queensland, Australia; The management of the legislative arrangements for health surveillance in Korea and Queensland, Australia; The characteristics of the occupational health and safety management systems that are in use in the heavy metal industries in Korea in Australia; and The effectiveness of prescriptive and performance based legislative systems in protecting the health and safety of workers in heavy metal based industries. Secondary analysis of biological monitoring data from 6 fluorescent lamp manufacturing companies (8 workplaces) in Korea was used to examine the extent of mercury exposure and the effectiveness of the health surveillance system in that country. A survey of dental workers in an oral health service in Queensland provided data on the extent of mercury exposure to the workforce and workers' attitudes to the management of occupational risks. The efficiency of the lead health surveillance in Queensland was examined by way of a questionnaire survey of lead designated doctors in the state. A survey of registered lead-risk companies and the oral health servies in Queensland, and 5 of the fluorescent lamp manufacturing companies in Korea provided data on the occupational health and safety management systems in place in these organisations. The health surveillance system for mercury exposed workers in Korea was found to have reduced the incidence of workers with biological levels of mercury above the Baseline Level from 14% in 1994 to 7% in 1999. Bilogical testing of dental workers in Queensland discovered no workers with biological levels of mercury approaching the Baseline Level and air monitoring failed to locate any areas where workers were likely to be exposed to levels approaching the Workplace Exposure Standard. The staff of the Oral Health Service were generally aware of the occupational health and safety management systems in place but only 43% felt that mercury management in the workplace effectively prevented exposure. The lead surveillance system in Queensland was found to be inadequately managed with approximately 37% of registered doctors no longer practicing in the field and their being no way for the government to collect reliable data on the extent of lead exposure in workplaces. The occupational health and safety management systems in the companies surveyed in Queensland and Korea were found to be influenced by the legislative arrangements in place in each of the locations. The Korean systems were more geared to meeting the regulatory requirements whereas the Queensland systems were geared more towards a risk management approach. However substantial differences were also noted depending on the size of the organisation in each case. Legislative arrangements in Korea and Queensland were found to provide reasonable protection from heavy metal exposure to workers however improvements in both systems are needed. The legislation was also found to influence the occupational health and safety management systems in place with performance-based legislation producing systems having a wide risk management focus while a narrower regulatory based focus was noted in Korea where more prescriptive legislation is in force. A confounding factor in the nature of the occupational health and safety management system in place is the size of the organisation and particular attention needs to be paid to this when legislative approaches are considered.
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Books on the topic "Systems of exposure"

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United States. General Accounting Office., ed. Human resources & payroll systems requirements: Exposure draft. Washington, DC (Rm. 3111, 441 G St, NW, Washington 20548-0001: The Program, 1998.

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United States. Joint Financial Management Improvement Program. Human resources & payroll systems requirements: Exposure draft. Washington, DC (Rm. 3111, 441 G St, NW, Washington 20548-0001: The Program, 1998.

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United States. General Accounting Office, ed. Human resources & payroll systems requirements: Exposure draft. Washington, DC (Rm. 3111, 441 G St, NW, Washington 20548-0001: The Program, 1998.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Noise exposure reduction of advanced high-lift systems. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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United States. Joint Financial Management Improvement Program and Chief Financial Officers Council (U.S.), eds. Financial management systems compliance review guide: Exposure draft. Washington, DC: Joint Financial Management Improvement Program, 1999.

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Program, United States Joint Financial Management Improvement. Guaranteed loan system requirements: Exposure draft. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, Joint Financial Management Improvement Program, 1999.

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United States. Joint Financial Management Improvement Program., ed. Grant financial system requirements: Exposure draft. [Washington, DC] (441 G St., NW, Room 3111, Washington 20548): JFMIP, 1999.

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United States. Joint Financial Management Improvement Program, ed. Grant financial system requirements: Exposure draft. [Washington, DC] (441 G St., NW, Room 3111, Washington 20548): JFMIP, 1999.

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United States. Joint Financial Management Improvement Program. Grant financial system requirements: Exposure draft. Washington, DC: The Program, 1999.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Health Research, National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.). Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, and United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Health Studies, eds. Inventory of exposure-related data systems sponsored by federal agencies. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Systems of exposure"

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Lloyd, Catherine M. "Exposure." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 723–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1528.

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Collamati, Francesco, Riccardo Faccini, Carlo Mancini-Terracciano, and Elena Solfaroli Camillocci. "Ionizing Radiation Exposure." In Hexapod External Fixator Systems, 273–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40667-7_14.

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Wedemeyer, Gary A. "Managing Pathogen Exposure." In Physiology of Fish in Intensive Culture Systems, 202–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6011-1_6.

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Izzi, Luisa, Gianluca Oricchio, and Laura Vitale. "Exposure at Default Valuation." In Basel III Credit Rating Systems, 89–101. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230361188_4.

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Xiao, Shu. "Pulse Delivery and Exposure Systems." In Ultrashort Electric Pulse Effects in Biology and Medicine, 373–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5113-5_16.

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Wiart, Joe. "Human RF Exposure and Communication Systems." In Radio-Frequency Human Exposure Assessment, 1–39. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119285137.ch1.

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Šušnjar, M., Z. Pandur, Z. Zečić, H. Kopseak, and M. Bačić. "Skidder Operator Vibration Exposure." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 25–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66937-9_3.

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Victoroff, Michael S., and Terese M. Timm. "An Approach to Physician Computer Exposure." In Healthcare Information Management Systems, 141–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4043-1_15.

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Santos, Joana, Carla Ramos, Manuela Vaz-Velho, and Marta Vasconcelos Pinto. "Occupational Exposure to Biological Agents." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 61–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50946-0_9.

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Hansson Mild, Kjell, and Jonna Wilén. "Occupational Exposure in Wireless Communication." In Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems, 199–219. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92736-7_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Systems of exposure"

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Keese, William A. "Exposure Matching Of Polychromatic Exposure Systems." In Microlithography Conference, edited by Harry L. Stover. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.967047.

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Sliney, David H. "Deriving exposure limits." In Laser Safety, Eyesafe Laser Systems, and Laser Eye Protection, edited by Penelope K. Bryan and David H. Sliney. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.17826.

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Mulkens, Jan, Jos de Klerk, Martijn Leenders, Fred de Jong, and Jan W. Cromwijk. "Latest developments on immersion exposure systems." In SPIE Advanced Lithography. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.774958.

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Ebinuma, Ryuichi, Kazunori Iwamoto, Hiroaki Takeishi, Hiroshi Itoh, Mitsuru Inoue, Kazuhiro Takahashi, and Masakatsu Ohta. "Imaging performance of scanning exposure systems." In 23rd Annual International Symposium on Microlithography, edited by Luc Van den Hove. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.310772.

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Yasukawa, Shinsuke, Tomohiro Nasuno, and Kazuo Ishii. "Entropy-Based Exposure Time Setting for an Adaptive Multi-Exposure Image Fusion." In 2019 IEEE 14th Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciis47346.2019.9063302.

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Boffin, Henri M. J., Jakob Vinther, Lars K. Lundin, and Gurvan Bazin. "ESO’s exposure time calculator 2.0." In Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VIII, edited by Chris R. Benn, Robert L. Seaman, and David S. Adler. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2562236.

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Golightly, Michael J., Mark D. Weyland, and Alva C. Hardy. "Radiation Exposure to Astronauts During EVAs." In International Conference on Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/951593.

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Ronen, Shahar, Oriana Riva, Maritza Johnson, and Donald Thompson. "Taking data exposure into account." In CHI '13: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2466469.

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Schuemie, Martijn. "Design of virtual reality exposure therapy systems." In CHI '00 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/633292.633499.

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Vjuginova, Alena A., Yasemin Durukan, and Konstantin E. Abbakumov. "Simulation of Vibration Systems under Temperature Exposure." In 2022 Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ElConRus). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elconrus54750.2022.9755517.

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Reports on the topic "Systems of exposure"

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Caldwell, Kevin K. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Damages Brain Signal Transduction Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398260.

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Caldwell, Kevin K. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Damages Brain Signal Transduction Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412840.

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Caldwell, Kevin K. 99HRT Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Damages Brain Signal Transduction Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423814.

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Kennedy, W. E. Jr, M. A. Parkhurst, R. L. Aaberg, K. C. Rhoads, R. L. Hill, and J. B. Martin. Evaluation of exposure pathways to man from disposal of radioactive materials into sanitary sewer systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10153083.

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Siegel, Dina Mary, David Abrams, John Hill, Steve Jahn, Phil Smith, and Kayla Thomas. A Practical Guide for Use Of Real Time Detection Systems For Worker Protection And Compliance With Occupational Exposure Limit. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1512716.

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Long, Wendy, Zackery McClelland, Dylan Scott, and C. Crane. State-of-practice on the mechanical properties of metals for armor-plating. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46382.

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This report presents a review of quasi-static and dynamic properties of various iron, titanium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminum metals. The physical and mechanical properties of these materials are crucial for developing composite armoring systems vital for protecting critical bridges from terrorist attacks. When the wide range of properties these materials encompass is considered, it is possible to exploit the optimal properties of metal alloys though proper placement within the armoring system, governed by desired protective mechanism and environmental exposure conditions.
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7

Backstrom, Robert, and David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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8

Hemphill, Jeff. Unsettled Issues in Drive-by-Wire and Automated Driving System Availability. SAE International, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022002.

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While many observers think that autonomy is right around the corner, there many unsettled issues. One such issue is availability, or how the vehicle behaves in the event of a failure of one of its systems such as those with the latest “by-wire” technologies. Handling of failures at a technical actuation level could involve many aspects, including time of operation after first fault, function/performance after first fault, and exposure after first fault. All of these and other issues are affected by software and electronic and mechanical hardware. Drive-by-wire and Automated Driving System Availability discusses the necessary systems approach required to address these issues. Establishing an industry path forward for these topics will simplify system development and provide a framework for consistent regulation and liability, which is an enabler for the launch of autonomous vehicles.
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9

Elias, Emile, Caiti Steele, Kris Havstad, Kerri Steenwerth, Jeanne Chambers, Helena Deswood, Amber Kerr, et al. Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in the Southwest and California. USDA Southwest Climate Hub, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6965582.ch.

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This report describes the potential vulnerability of specialty crops, field crops, forests, and animal agriculture to climate-driven environmental changes. Here, vulnerability is defined as a function of exposure to climate change effects, sensitivity to these effects, and adaptive capacity. The exposure of specific sectors of the agricultural and forestry industries varies across the region because the Southwest is climatically and topographically diverse. There is also variability in the sensitivity of different systems to the effects of climate change. Most significantly, there is potential within agricultural and forestry systems to adjust to climate-related effects either through inherent resilience or through conservative management practices. The purpose of this analysis is to describe regional vulnerabilities to climate change and adaptive actions that can be employed to maintain productivity of working lands in the coming decades.
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10

Weinschenk, Craig, Daniel Madrzykowski, and Paul Courtney. Impact of Flashover Fire Conditions on Exposed Energized Electrical Cords and Cables. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/hdmn5904.

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A set of experiments was conducted to expose different types of energized electrical cords for lamps, office equipment, and appliances to a developing room fire exposure. All of the cords were positioned on the floor and arranged in a manner to receive a similar thermal exposure. Six types of cords commonly used as power supply cords, extension cords, and as part of residential electrical wiring systems were chosen for the experiments. The non-metallic sheathed cables (NMB) typically found in residential electrical branch wiring were included to provide a link to previous research. The basic test design was to expose the six different types of cords, on the floor of a compartment to a growing fire to determine the conditions under which the cord would trip the circuit breaker and/or undergo an arc fault. All of the cords would be energized and installed on a non-combustible surface. Six cord types (18-2 SPT1, 16-3 SJTW, 12-2 NM-B, 12-3 NM-B, 18-3 SVT, 18-2 NISPT-2) and three types of circuit protection (Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB), combination Arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI), Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)) were exposed to six room-scale fires. The circuit protection was remote from the thermal exposure. The six room fires consisted of three replicate fires with two sofas as the main fuel source, two replicate fires with one sofa as the main fuel source and one fire with two sofas and MDF paneling on three walls in the room. Each fuel package was sufficient to support flashover conditions in the room and as a result, the impact on the cords and circuit protection was not significantly different. The average peak heat release rate of the sofa fueled compartment fires with gypsum board ceiling and walls was 6.8 MW. The addition of vinyl covered MDF wall paneling on three of the compartment walls increased the peak heat release rate to 12 MW, although most of the increased energy release occurred outside of the compartment opening. In each experiment during post flashover exposure, the insulation on the cords ignited and burned through, exposing bare conductor. During this period the circuits faulted. The circuit protection devices are not designed to provide thermal protection, and, thus, were installed remote from the fire. The devices operated as designed in all experiments. All of the circuit faults resulted in either a magnetic trip of the conventional circuit breaker or a ground-fault trip in the GFCI or AFCI capable circuit protection devices. Though not required by UL 1699, Standard for Safety for Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters as the solution for detection methodology, the AFCIs used had differential current detection. Examination of signal data showed that the only cord types that tripped with a fault to ground were the insulated conductors in non-metallic sheathed cables (12-2 NM-B and 12-3 NM-B). This was expected due to the bare grounding conductor present. Assessments of both the thermal exposure and physical damage to the cords did not reveal any correlation between the thermal exposure, cord damage, and trip type.
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