Relevant bibliographies by topics / Systems disruption

Academic literature on the topic 'Systems disruption'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Systems disruption"

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Riemer, Kai, and Robert B. Johnston. "Disruption as worldview change: A Kuhnian analysis of the digital music revolution." Journal of Information Technology 34, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 350–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268396219835101.

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Why is it that technology-enabled industry disruptions appear entirely inevitable with hindsight, yet practitioners in disrupted businesses typically struggle to detect and respond appropriately to disruption while it is unfolding? We term this surprising contradiction ‘interpretive discontinuity’ and use it to problematize the established understanding of disruption in the literature. We suggest that the contradiction at the heart of interpretive discontinuity holds an important key to what exactly changes during disruption and why. By juxtaposing an empirical case of disruption in the music industry with theoretical resources sensitive to the nature of radical change – Thomas Kuhn’s work in the unrelated field of scientific practice – we demonstrate that it is productive to understand disruption as a Kuhnian paradigm shift. We are then able to trace interpretive discontinuity to the gestalt switch in worldview that accompanies such a paradigm shift. This insight sheds new light on both what is actually ‘disruptive’ about disruption and also on the limitations of prior work theorizing disruption. Our work is important because it adds to the literature on disruptive innovation important yet overlooked conceptual tools in Kuhn’s work – the role of exemplars, the worldview aspect of a paradigm, and paradigm incommensurability.
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Liu, Tianyou, Zhenliang Ma, and Haris N. Koutsopoulos. "Unplanned Disruption Analysis in Urban Railway Systems Using Smart Card Data." Urban Rail Transit 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40864-021-00150-x.

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AbstractMetro system disruptions are a big concern due to their impacts on safety, service quality, and operating efficiency. A better understanding of system performance and passenger behavior under unplanned disruptions is critical for efficient decision making, effective customer communication, and identifying potential improvements. However, few studies explore disruption impacts on individual passenger behavior, and most studies use manually collected survey data. This study examines the potential of using automated collection data to comprehensively analyze unplanned disruption impacts. We propose a systematic approach to evaluate disruption impacts on system performance and individual responses in urban railway systems using automated fare collection (AFC) data. We develop a set of performance metrics to evaluate performance from the perspectives of train operations, information provision (communication), and bridging strategy (shuttle bus services to connect stations impacted by a disruption). We also propose an inference method to quantify the individual response to disruptions (e.g. travel or not, change stations or modes) depending on their trip characteristics with respect to the location and timing of the disruption. The proposed approach is demonstrated using data from a busy metro system. The results highlight the ability of AFC data in providing new insights for the analysis of unplanned disruptions, which are difficult to extract from traditional data collection methods. The case study shows that the disruption impacts are network-wide, and the impacts on passengers continue for a significant amount of time after the incident ended. The behavior highlights the importance of real-time information and the need for timely dissemination.
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Williams, Michael V., Betsy White Williams, and Mark Speicher. "A Systems Approach to Disruptive Behavior in Physicians: A Case Study." Journal of Medical Regulation 90, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-90.4.18.

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ABSTRACT Disruptive behavior in a medical setting has been defined as objectionable or offensive interpersonal behavior that leads to disruptions of professional activities in the workplace. The most frequent approaches to disruptive professionals have largely focused exclusively on the identified physician. This focus has been found to be ineffective for a number of reasons, in particular because of the recurrence of the behavior after a period of time. A new conceptualization of disruptive behavior is offered in this paper. The authors argue such behavior is often instrumental — that is to say the behavior is goal oriented and accomplishes a result sought by the disruptive individual. Starting from this conceptualization, a case is reviewed. The case is analyzed, first to demonstrate the effect of the disruption on team functioning. A significant disruption in team communication is demonstrated through an analysis of the clinical team’s social network. Significant role confusion is found among support professionals in the clinical team. The case is then analyzed to determine the instrumentality (usefulness) of the behavior to the disruptive physician. A system-based intervention is developed and the disruptive behavior is reduced. The authors argue disruptive behavior presents a significant risk to patient safety. They also argue regulatory authorities have a duty to reduce this risk and understanding the impact of this behavior on the team, and the delivery of health care services, will allow authorities to effectively intervene and reduce or eliminate the behavior and its safety risk.
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Best, Robert, and George Khushf. "The Social Conditions for Nanomedicine: Disruption, Systems, and Lock-In." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 4 (2006): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00093.x.

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Many believe that nanotechnology will be disruptive to our society. Presumably, this means that some people and even whole industries will be undermined by technological developments that nanoscience makes possible. This, in turn, implies that we should anticipate potential workforce disruptions, mitigate in advance social problems likely to arise, and work to fairly distribute the future benefits of nanotechnology. This general, somewhat vague sense of disruption, is very difficult to specify – what will it entail? And how can we responsibly anticipate and mitigate any problems? We can't even clearly state what the problems are anticipated to be. In fact, when we move from sweeping policy statements to more concrete accounts, nanotechnology seems to bifurcate into two divergent streams: one is fairly continuous with current developments, extending extant science in a quantitative way; the other is radically new, and includes science fiction-like dreams of molecular manufacturing and assemblers, with their utopian (or dystopian) scenarios of absolute plenty (or runaway self-replication). In these cases, “disruption” takes on the valence of Huxley's brave new world.
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Mottahedi, Adel, Farhang Sereshki, Mohammad Ataei, Ali Nouri Qarahasanlou, and Abbas Barabadi. "The Resilience of Critical Infrastructure Systems: A Systematic Literature Review." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061571.

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Risk management is a fundamental approach to improving critical infrastructure systems’ safety against disruptive events. This approach focuses on designing robust critical infrastructure systems (CISs) that could resist disruptive events by minimizing the possible events’ probability and consequences using preventive and protective programs. However, recent disasters like COVID-19 have shown that most CISs cannot stand against all potential disruptions. Recently there is a transition from robust design to resilience design of CISs, increasing the focus on preparedness, response, and recovery. Resilient CISs withstand most of the internal and external shocks, and if they fail, they can bounce back to the operational phase as soon as possible using minimum resources. Moreover, in resilient CISs, early warning enables managers to get timely information about the proximity and development of distributions. An understanding of the concept of resilience, its influential factors, and available evaluation and analyzing tools are required to have effective resilience management. Moreover, it is important to highlight the current gaps. Technological resilience is a new concept associated with some ambiguity around its definition, its terms, and its applications. Hence, using the concept of resilience without understanding these variations may lead to ineffective pre- and post-disruption planning. A well-established systematic literature review can provide a deep understanding regarding the concept of resilience, its limitation, and applications. The aim of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review to study the current research around technological CISs’ resilience. In the review, 192 primary studies published between 2003 and 2020 are reviewed. Based on the results, the concept of resilience has gradually found its place among researchers since 2003, and the number of related studies has grown significantly. It emerges from the review that a CIS can be considered as resilient if it has (i) the ability to imagine what to expect, (ii) the ability to protect and resist a disruption, (iii) the ability to absorb the adverse effects of disruption, (iv) the ability to adapt to new conditions and changes caused by disruption, and (v) the ability to recover the CIS’s normal performance level after a disruption. It was shown that robustness is the most frequent resilience contributing factor among the reviewed primary studies. Resilience analysis approaches can be classified into four main groups: empirical, simulation, index-based, and qualitative approaches. Simulation approaches, as dominant models, mostly study real case studies, while empirical methods, specifically those that are deterministic, are built based on many assumptions that are difficult to justify in many cases.
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Ureda, John, and Steven Yates. "A Systems View of Health Promotion." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 28, no. 1 (March 2005): 5–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390502800106.

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This article presents a systems view of health promotion and education. We offer an overview of systems theory, including the hierarchy of systems, the relationship between a system and its environment, and agent-host interactions. A host is any system that may face disruption from an environmental agent or perturbation from an adjacent system. A system is healthy to the extent it can prevent, parry, or dissipate the effects of disruptions and perturbations. Systems can collaborate and cooperate to enhance their capacity to respond adaptively to potential threats from agents. This offers new insights into the three levels of prevention, and into health promotion practice. Health promotion is any effort to influence host systems in ways that will enhance their capacity to prevent, resist, dissipate or respond adaptively to potential threats from their environment. We also offer an account of the balance between stability (or lack of) in the environment and the importance of flexibility enabling systems to adapt to change. We examine high-level wellness, a function of knowledge, learning, skills and stored-up resources that enhance adaptability, flexibility and timeliness in a system's response to anticipated and unanticipated potentially disruptive environmental agents. Finally we draw implications for health promotion and education practice. The health promoter / educator is a helpful agent seeking to influence systems at various levels in the hierarchy of systems in ways that will enhance their capacity to prevent, resist, dissipate or respond adaptively to potential disruptive agents in their environments.
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Burggraef, Peter, Johannes Wagner, Matthias Dannapfel, and Sebastian Patrick Vierschilling. "Simulating the benefit of disruption prevention in assembly." Journal of Modelling in Management 14, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-02-2018-0016.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the benefit of pre-emptive disruption management measures for assembly systems towards the target dimension adherence to delivery times. Design/methodology/approach The research was conducted by creating simulation models for typical assembly systems and measuring its varying throughput times due to changes in their disruption profiles. Due to the variability of assembly systems, key influence factors were investigated and used as a foundation for the simulation setup. Additionally, a disruption profile for each simulated process was developed, using the established disruption categories material, information and capacity. The categories are described by statistical distributions, defining the interval between the disruptions and the disruption duration. By a statistical experiment plan, the effect of a reduced disruption potential onto the throughput time was investigated. Findings Pre-emptive disruption management is beneficial, but its benefit depends on the operated assembly system and its organisation form, such as line or group assembly. Measures have on average a higher beneficial impact on group assemblies than on line assemblies. Furthermore, it was proven that the benefit, in form of better adherence to delivery times, per reduced disruption potential has a declining character and approximates a distinct maximum. Originality/value Characterising the benefit of pre-emptive disruption management measures enables managers to use this concept in their daily production to minimise overall costs. Despite the hardly predictable influence of pre-emptive disruption measures, these research results can be implemented into a heuristic for efficiently choosing these measures.
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Fang, Chao, Piao Dong, Yi-Ping Fang, and Enrico Zio. "Vulnerability analysis of critical infrastructure under disruptions: An application to China Railway High-speed." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 234, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x19889149.

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Considerable attention has been paid to the vulnerability of critical infrastructures because of the increasing occurrence of disruptive events, such as man-made or natural disasters. Even small disruptions could eventually affect the normal function of infrastructure systems. Enhancing the reliability of these systems and their robustness to disruptions is necessary and urgent. High-speed rail is a critical infrastructure that is subject to various disruptions, including component aging, malicious attacks, natural disasters, and demand surges. In this study, we analyze the topological centrality indicators of China Railway High-speed network using network theory and take real train flow information for assessing the importance of network components in terms of vulnerability to disruption. By Monte Carlo simulation, we analyze the risk of the China Railway High-speed network under random attacks and spatially localized failures. The significance of taking pre-actions for protecting critical infrastructures by mitigating its vulnerability to disruptions is emphasized.
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Bucovetchi, Olga, Alexandru Georgescu, Dorel Badea, and Radu D. Stanciu. "Agent-Based Modeling (ABM): Support for Emphasizing the Air Transport Infrastructure Dependence of Space Systems." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 5331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195331.

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Critical infrastructure is foundational for the prosperity and quality of life in any society. By definition, its destruction or disruption would cause severe damage and possibly loss of life. Within this understanding, space systems are a new category of critical infrastructure, emerging as an enabler of new applications which are critical within the wider system-of-systems. This paper presents the results of a modeling exercise validating the proof of concept regarding the idea of the global, air-transport-critical infrastructure’s dependence on space systems. By using an open-source application, the authors constructed a complex system made up of 18 airports for which six scenarios were modeled that represent either the exposure to specific space phenomena or the effects of a partial or total critical space infrastructure disruption. Despite the limitations and assumptions made in the building of this model, its results suggest that a significant impact would result from disruptive events, with the potential for cascading disruptions within the system, beyond the system under analysis, and into the wider system-of-systems. Tools such as this model are useful to policy- and decision-makers, not only to protect existing, critical infrastructures, but also to adequately source future risks, vulnerabilities, and threats, and design and build new infrastructures.
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Seymour, Matt. "Complexity, Contradiction, and Carnival: Microethnographic Research on Student Disruption in a High School English Language Arts Classroom." Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia 40 (October 12, 2018): 70–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/actpaed.2018.0.11889.

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[full article in English] When teaching, many educators must respond to unruly and disruptive students. While most scholarship on student disruption focuses on classroom management strategies and tactics, few studies consider the nature of the disruption, its ideological significance and the social consequences that follows. Via ethnographic methods and microethnographic discourse analysis, this paper examines the complexity and contradictions of macro- and microstructures as they manifest during a student’s disruption of a classroom discussion of a novel in an 11th and 12th grade English Language Arts class in the United States. Using Bakhtin’s notion of carnival as a theoretical framework, this paper examines the pattern of disruption in the classroom that evoked multiple and contradictory ideologies and both maintained and subverted power structures in the context. Contrary to the belief that classroom disruptions are always challenges to power, they sometimes reinforced power relations on a broader cultural level. This paper urges that research and scholarship embrace complexity and contradiction as inherent in the interactions of people in schools and seeks to rethink how educators view and respond to classroom disruption. It concludes by advocating that embracing complexity and contradiction will better allow teachers and researchers to think through systems of education as a way to effectively and ethically intervene when these structures prove problematic.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Systems disruption"

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Jun, Hyewon. "Power Management in Disruption Tolerant Networks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19879.

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Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are mobile wireless networks that are designed to work in highly-challenged environments where the density of nodes is insufficient to support direct end-to-end communication. Recent efforts in DTNs have shown that mobility provides a powerful means for delivering messages in such highly-challenging environments. Unfortunately, many mobility scenarios depend on untethered devices with limited energy supplies. Without careful management, depleted energy supplies will degrade network connectivity and counteract the robustness gained by mobility. A primary concern is the energy consumed by wireless communications because the wireless interface is one of the largest energy consumers in mobile devices whether they are actively communicating or just listening. However, mobile devices exhibit a tension between saving energy and providing connectivity through opportunistic encounters. In order to pass messages, the device must discover communication opportunities with other nodes. At the same time, energy can be conserved by ``sleeping,' i.e., turning off or disabling the wireless interfaces. However, if the wireless interface is asleep, the node cannot discover other nodes for communication. Thus, power management in DTNs must balance the discovery of other nodes while aggressively sleeping the radio during the remaining periods. In this thesis, we first develop a power management framework for a single radio architecture that allows a node to save energy while discovering communication opportunities. The framework is tailored to the available knowledge about network connectivity over time. Further, the framework supports explicit trade-offs between energy savings and connectivity, so network operators can choose, for example, to conserve energy at the cost of reduced message delivery performance. We next examine the possibility of using a hierarchical radio architecture in which nodes are equipped with two complementary radios: a long-range, high-power radio and a short-range, low-power radio. In this architecture, energy can be conserved by using the low-power radio to discover communication opportunities with other nodes and waking the high-power radio to undertake the data transmission. However, the short range of the low-power radio may result in missing communication opportunities. Thus, we develop a generalized power management framework in which both radios support the discovery. In addition, we incorporate the knowledge of traffic load and network dynamics and devise approximation algorithms to control the sleep/wake-up cycling of the radios to provide maximum energy conservation while discovering enough communication opportunities to handle the expected traffic load. Finally, we investigate the Message Ferrying (MF) routing paradigm as a means to save energy while trading off data delivery delay. In MF, special nodes called ferries move around the deployment area to deliver messages for nodes. While this routing paradigm has been developed mainly to deliver messages in partitioned networks, here we explore its use in a connected MANET. The reliance on the movement of the ferries to deliver messages increases the delivery delay if a network is not partitioned. However, delegating message delivery to the ferries provides the opportunity for nodes to save energy by aggressively putting their radios to sleep when ferries are far away. To exploit this feature, we present a power management framework, in which nodes switch their power management modes based on the knowledge of ferry location.
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Mistak, Daniel. "Disruption an interrogation of the foundations of ethical systems /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/d_mistak_041910.pdf.

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Pagani, Linda. "Children's coping with marital disruption : a family systems perspective." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41234.

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Adaptive processes were comparatively examined in elementary school children experiencing the postdivorce process and their peers from intact homes using a developmental conceptualization of coping with a family systems perspective. Children's psycho-social coping resources were assessed using the Self Perception Profile for Children, Coping Inventory, Children's Beliefs About Parental Divorce Scale, and Family Environment Scale. Children's global and specific coping efforts were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory, respectively. Parental coping efforts were examined using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Children from disrupted families were found to have diminished psycho-social coping resources (self-efficacy, self-esteem, coping styles, and social support). Between group differences were found in children's global coping efforts with the frequency and effectiveness of specific coping efforts being influenced by the time since marital disruption. Relationships between children's coping resources and efforts were also observed. In disrupted family systems, parental coping efforts characterized by escape-avoidant and social support seeking behaviors were found to be associated with children's global coping efforts.
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Hellström, Carolina. "Disruption i managementkonsultindustrin : Är det nu det händer?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98396.

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The Swedish authority ”Tillväxtverket” concludes in the study ”Företagens villkor och verklighet 2020” that the number one obstacle for growth for the SME segment is the lack of the right workforce and right competencies. At a third place, the lack of time for core business and strategic topics are judged the most severe obstacle for growth. Competency, business development and strategic topics are classical areas for management consulting. The academia has predicted that the industry of management consulting will be disrupted since almost ten years. Disruption of the management consulting industry could make management consultancy available to the SME market and, thus contribute to the growth of SMEs. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify if small operations consider digital management consulting as relevant and, by this, give an answer on whether the time is now for disruption in the management consulting industry by entering this new segment with digitalized services. Methodology: A quantitative approach is used in this study and the empirical basis is a questionnaire. The respondent-group is based on the smaller segment in the IT-industry. Participants in this study are CEOs and COOs in the industry. Conclusion: Existing research point towards a disruption in the management consulting industry. The basis for disruption is fulfilled; an existing new segment exists, services that can be digitalized exist, the digitalization will enable lower prizing and reduced time-leakage will improve profits, there is also a need for the type of services that can be provided. The quantitative study conducted in this paper to support the above points towards that there is already a usage of external and internal resources for business development amongst small firms in the industry of Professional Services. The conducted survey also contains indications of that previous experience from management consulting will make the decision maker more 4(53) inclined to further explore consulting services. There are also results in the group showing that the experienced group is more positive in relation to “Digital Management Consulting”. The results are not significant for the population and no general conclusions could be drawn from the conducted study. It is suggested to conduct a study over a period of time with a joint approach (both clients and suppliers) to further explore the foundation for disruption in the management consulting industry through a digitalization of services for small and medium sized businesses.
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Giles, Hamilton. "Biotransformation potential of phytosterols in biological treatment systems under various redox conditions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48993.

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Phytosterols are naturally occurring compounds which regulate membrane fluidity and serve as hormone precursors in plants. They also have the potential to cause endocrine disturbances in aquatic animals at concentrations as low as 10 µg/L. Wastewaters from several industries which process plant matter can contain phytosterols at concentrations in excess of the above-stated level. Despite their endocrine disruption potential, very little is known about phytosterol physical properties and their biotransformation potential in biological treatment systems. Aerated stabilization basins (ASBs) are common biological treatment systems in North American pulp and paper mills. ASBs are large open lagoons which use tapered surface aeration to remove COD and prevent sulfate reduction in the water column. Phytosterols are released from wood during the pulping process and a small fraction enters the wastewater stream during washing of the pulp. Therefore, phytosterols may be exposed to aerobic or anaerobic environments depending on their solubility and solid-liquid partitioning behavior. The overall objective of this research was to systematically and quantitatively assess the biotransformation potential of phytosterols in biological treatment systems and to examine conditions leading to reduction of these compounds in wastewater effluent streams. The results of this research showed that phytosterols are sparingly soluble with aqueous solubility below 1 µg/L when present as a mixture. Phytosterols have a strong affinity to adsorb to solids and dissolved organic matter. The affinity for aerobic biomass was greater than for wastewater solids. The stigmasterol desorption rate and extent from wastewater solids increased with an increase in pH from 5 or 7 to 9. Phytosterols were biotransformed under aerobic conditions but not under sulfate-reducing or methanogenic conditions by stock cultures developed in this study. Biotransformation under nitrate-reducing conditions could not be confirmed conclusively. The continuous-flow system was successful in removing 72 to 96% of phytosterols. Biotransformation accounted for 23, 14 and 41 % of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol removal, respectively. Phytosterols accumulated in the reactor sediment and accounted for 97 % of the total phytosterols remaining in the system. Phytosterols can be removed from wastewater streams during biological treatment by a combination of biotransformation and solids partitioning and control of system pH, DO and available carbon and energy sources can increase the degree of phytosterols removal. The results of this research can be used to engineer effective biological treatment systems for the removal of phytosterols from pulp mill wastewaters and other phytosterol-bearing wastewater streams.
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Lensing, Reshma P. (Reshma Pradhan) 1972. "Historical events and supply chain disruption : chemical, biological, radiological and cyber events." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28561.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-113).
In the wake of the attacks of September 11, 2001, terrorism emerged as a legitimate threat not just to society, but to corporations as well. This new threat has challenged old business rules and prompted companies to rethink their supply chain operations. However, the events of September 11th were not the first or the only disruptions that the business world had experienced. This thesis reviews past historical events that simulate the effects of a terrorist attack and extracts lessons that can be applied by today's corporations to prepare for future attacks or disruptions. The types of events studied include Biological, Chemical, Radiological and Cyber disruptions. Through the analysis and synthesis of each event's impact, the following generalized recommendations emerged: Prior warnings and events should be acknowledged, studied and utilized. Government intervention may strain operations under disruptive stress. Alternate sourcing should be considered to ease supply issues. Disruptions should be approached in a comprehensive and forthright manner. A security and safety culture should be fostered to prevent disruptions and control their spread. Systems should be prepared to quickly operate in isolation during a disruption. Finally, impact is frequently less severe then initially predicted. Through the events described and these recommendations, this thesis aims to provide lessons for firms to manage their supply chains through future disruptions.
by Reshma P. Lensing.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Shefali, Shweta. "Disruption of the group health insurance in light of the Affordable Care Act - system approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90725.

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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 127) and index.
Our current Healthcare system has multiple problems and it is widely perceived that it is not able to provide quality affordable healthcare to all Americans; millions of Americans are without Health Insurance. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law to achieve goal of 'quality affordable care for all American'. The ACA has focus on Individual Health Insurance and the provision of Health Exchange Marketplaces to find and purchase Health Insurance. Disruptive Innovation is a phenomenon in which a new entrant company disrupts the existing established company. As ACA and Health Exchanges have provided level playing field for all companies - new entrants and established - will this lead to disruption of Healthcare? Disruptive Innovations is analyzed from System Approach point of view. Disruption is not limited to two companies; Disruptor System disrupts the existing system including incumbent company. Disruption will be spearheaded by new entrant Disruptor Company and disruption will take place at system level. The existing Healthcare System and Possible Disruptor Systems are defined and investigated. Relative advantage and disadvantages to these two systems with regard to ACA regulations are analyzed. Elements of the healthcare disruptor system are analyzed and information present in the public domain about Health Exchange enrolment after the end of first enrollment seasons is studied to find out who could be possible disruptor and whether disruptor system formation has started.
by Shweta Shefali.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Fialkoff, Marc Richard. "Assessment of the Jones Act Waiver Process on Freight Transportation Networks Experiencing Disruption." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89069.

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In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused massive disruption and destruction to the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The intensity of the storm forced the Port of New York and New Jersey to close, forcing cargo diversion to the Port of Norfolk in Virginia. Because of the Jones Act restriction on foreign vessels moving between U.S. ports, the restriction on short sea shipping was viewed as a barrier to recovery. Much of the critical infrastructure resilience and security literature focuses on the "hardening" of physical infrastructure, but not the relationship between law, policy, and critical infrastructure. Traditional views of transportation systems do not adequately address questions of governance and behaviors that contribute to resilience. In contrast, recent development of a System of Systems framework provides a conceptual framework to study the relationship of law and policy systems to the transportation systems they govern. Applying a System of Systems framework, this research analyzed the effect of relaxing the Jones Act on freight transportation networks experiencing a disruptive event. Using WebTRAGIS (Transportation Routing Analysis GIS), the results of the research demonstrate that relaxing the Jones Act had a marginal reduction on highway truck traffic and no change in rail traffic volume in the aftermath of a disruption. The research also analyzed the Jones Act waiver process and the barriers posed by the legal process involved in administration and review for Jones Act waivers. Recommendations on improving the waiver process include greater agency coordination and formal rulemaking to ensure certainty with the waiver process. This research is the first in studying the impact of the Jones Act on a multimodal freight transportation network. Likewise, the use of the System of Systems framework to conceptualize the law and a critical infrastructure system such as transportation provides future opportunities for studying different sets of laws and policies on infrastructure. This research externalizes law and policy systems from the transportation systems they govern. This can provide policymakers and planners with an opportunity to understand the impact of law and policy on the infrastructure systems they govern.
PHD
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Kollmeier, Juna Ariele. "The intergalactic medium absorption, emission, disruption /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1153856075.

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Shen, Su 1973. "Integrated real-time disruption recovery strategies : a model for rail transit systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9127.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-126).
Rail transit systems are subject to frequent disruptions caused by a variety of random disturbances, signal problems and door problems, for example. Such disruptions usually last for 10 to 20 minutes, which degrades the level of service significantly. To improve service reliability, transit agencies employ various real time control strategies, such as holding, expressing and short turning, to deal with these disruptions. The effectiveness of these control strategies relies upon the bird's-eye-view of the whole system. Unfortunately, it is difficult for human dispatchers to assess the situation and make good decisions in real time, even with the aid of advanced information technologies such as automatic vehicle location systems. This thesis focuses upon the development of a real-time disruption control model for rail transit systems during disruptions. A deterministic model to representing the rail transit system is first introduced. In the model, the passenger flow rates and running time between stations are constant but station-specific. Assuming that the disruption duration is known, a formulation is developed that makes use of real time vehicle location information and considers holding, expressing and short turning strategies to reduce the impact of the disruption. The objective is to minimize the sum of total platform waiting time and weighted in-vehicle delay. The original formulation is transformed into a linear mixed integer problem, which can be solved by any linear optimizer. The formulation is applied to a disruption scenario on a simplified system based on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Red Line. The sensitivity of different control strategies to the disruption duration assumption is investigated. The results showed that holding strategies combined with short turning strategies can reduce the weighted waiting time (the sum of platform waiting time and weighted in vehicle delay) by about 10-60%, compared with not applying any control strategies. Expressing only provided modest additional benefits. For the deterministic disruption duration assumption, sensitivity analysis showed that holding and expressing strategies are fairly robust, but the effectiveness of short turning strategies is quite sensitive to the accuracy of the disruption duration estimate. Most problem instances of the formulation can be solved in real-time with the proposed branching sequence used in the branch-and bound algorithm to solve this mixed integer problem.
by Su Shen.
S.M.
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Books on the topic "Systems disruption"

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Shahawy, Mohsen. Prefabricated bridge elements and systems to limit traffic disruption during construction. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2003.

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Funk, Jeffrey L. Mobile disruption: The technologies and applications driving the mobile Internet. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, 2004.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Investigations of endocrine disruption in aquatic systems associated with the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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United States. Congress. House. A bill to minimize the disruption of Government and private sector operations caused by the Year 2000 computer problem. Washington, D.C: United States Government Printing Office, 1999.

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Bourguignon, Jean-Pierre, Bernard Jégou, Bernard Kerdelhué, Jorma Toppari, and Yves Christen, eds. Multi-System Endocrine Disruption. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22775-2.

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Fondation IPSEN pour la recherche thérapeutique, ed. Multi-system endocrine disruption. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Investigations of Endocrine Disruption in Aquatic Systems Associated with the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Fact Sheet FS-081-98, October 1998. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Investigations of Endocrine Disruption in Aquatic Systems Associated with the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Fact Sheet FS-081-98, October 1998. [S.l: s.n., 1999.

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Wang, Dujuan, Yunqiang Yin, and Yaochu Jin. Rescheduling Under Disruptions in Manufacturing Systems. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3528-4.

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Office, General Accounting. Year 2000 computing crisis: Potential for widespread disruption calls for strong leadership and partnerships : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Systems disruption"

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Ahmed, Nafeez Mosaddeq. "Earth System Disruption." In Failing States, Collapsing Systems, 31–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47816-6_5.

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Birn, Joachim, and Michael Hesse. "The current disruption myth." In Magnetospheric Current Systems, 285–94. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm118p0285.

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Hasan, Syed Faraz, Nazmul Siddique, and Shyam Chakraborty. "Disruption in Vehicular Communications." In Intelligent Transportation Systems, 87–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64057-0_5.

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Sommer, Markus, Jonas Höchst, Artur Sterz, Alvar Penning, and Bernd Freisleben. "ProgDTN: Programmable Disruption-Tolerant Networking." In Networked Systems, 184–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17436-0_13.

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Hasan, Syed Faraz, Nazmul Siddique, and Shyam Chakraborty. "Measuring Disruption in R2V Communications." In Intelligent Transport Systems, 75–98. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3272-2_5.

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Das, Utsav, Aman Gupta, Onkar Singh Bagga, and Manoj Sabnis. "Disruption of Object Recognition Systems." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 506–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30465-2_56.

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Nakamura, A. M., and P. Michel. "Asteroids and Their Collisional Disruption." In Small Bodies in Planetary Systems, 1–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76935-4_3.

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Altman, Jon, and Francis Markham. "Disruption as Reprieve?" In Beyond Global Food Supply Chains, 125–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3155-0_10.

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AbstractIt is a truism that the impacts of any crisis always fall unevenly. In this chapter, we focus on the experience of COVID-19 by a particular population group, Indigenous Australians living in extremely remote circumstances. Here key responses to the disruption wrought by the pandemic have paradoxically registered as reprieve. In Australia, remote-living Indigenous peoples live in deep poverty and were anticipated to be highly vulnerable to food insecurity and supply chain disruption. Surprisingly, the pandemic served to disrupt in other ways. The hegemonic characterization of welfare-dependent Indigenous peoples as morally deficient subjects in need of discipline and control could not be sustained as the country “locked down” and over a million others became “welfare dependent” overnight. Unemployment benefits were temporarily doubled, and onerous work-for-the-dole mutual obligations eased. This essay explores potential positive changes to systems of food provisioning caused by government responses to COVID-19. The remote food security “crisis” is shown to be mainly an artefact of government policies designed to punish the poor and push unemployed remote-community residents into jobs. We propose permanent reform to the social security system that will enhance food security and liberate Indigenous peoples to more effectively self-provision and exercise “food sovereignty”.
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Grindstaff, Laura, and Linda F. Bisson. "Disrupting Complacent Systems." In Uprooting Bias in the Academy, 235–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85668-7_14.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we characterize the academy as a “complacent system” resistant but not impervious to change, and we discuss how to overcome that resistance in the pursuit of diversity, equity, and inclusion. We outline best practices for disruption drawing upon what we learned during the implementation of the NSF ADVANCE program on our campus. We then offer some thoughts on the steps ahead, including resources for sustainability.
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Wu, Hongyi, and Zhipeng Yang. "Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Mobile RFID Networks: Challenges and Opportunities." In RFID Systems, 349–62. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470665251.ch13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Systems disruption"

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Wu, Jiaxin, and Pingfeng Wang. "Post-Disruption Performance Recovery to Enhance Resilience of Interconnected Network Systems." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97401.

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Abstract Mitigating the effect of potential disruptive events at the operating phase of an engineered system therefore improving the system’s failure resilience is an importance yet challenging task in system operation. For complex networked system, different stakeholders complicate the analysis process by introducing different characteristics, such as different types of material flow, storage, response time, and flexibility. With different types of systems, the resilience can be improved by enhancing the failure restoration capability of the systems with appropriate performance recovery strategies. These methods include but not limit to, rerouting paths, optimal repair sequence and distributed resource centers. Considering different characteristics of disruptive events, effective recovery strategies for the failure restoration must be selected correspondingly. However, the challenge is to develop a generally applicable framework to optimally coordinate different recovery strategies and thus lead to desirable failure restoration performances. This paper presents a post-disruption recovery decision-making framework for networked systems, to help decision-makers optimize recovery strategies, in which the overall recovery task is formulated as an optimization problem to achieve maximum resilience. A case study of an electricity distribution system is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the developed framework and the comparison of several recovery strategies for disruption management.
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Bergh, Arild. "Distributing the disruption." In 2015 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmcis.2015.7158688.

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Sejdovic, Suad, Yvonne Hegenbarth, Gerald H. Ristow, and Roland Schmidt. "Proactive disruption management system." In DEBS '16: The 10th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-based Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2933267.2933271.

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Choo, Fai Cheong, Padmanabha Venkatagiri Seshadri, and Mun Choon Chan. "Application-Aware Disruption Tolerant Network." In 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mass.2011.11.

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Wahler, Michael, and Manuel Oriol. "Disruption-free software updates in automation systems." In 2014 IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2014.7005075.

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Khalghani, Mohammad Reza, Sarika Khushalani-Solanki, Jignesh Solanki, and Arman Sargolzaei. "Cyber disruption detection in linear power systems." In 2017 North American Power Symposium (NAPS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2017.8107341.

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Gu, Xi, Xiaoning Jin, and Jun Ni. "Resilience Measures of Manufacturing Systems Under Disruptions." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-4047.

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Unexpected disruptive events always interrupt normal production condition and cause production losses in the manufacturing system. A resilient system is capable of settling itself to the steady-state quickly after the disruption, and compensating for the lost production by using a relatively little overtime. In this paper, we define throughput settling time (TST) and overtime to recover (OTTR) as two resilience measures to analyze multi-stage serial-parallel systems with unreliable machines and finite intermediate buffers. We perform an exact analysis for a two-stage system and develop an approximation method for general multi-stage systems. Numerical case studies are conducted to investigate the system resilience under different configurations.
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Stacey, Craig D., Adam Wishart, Chris Stace, Henry White, Caitlin Percy, Keith Rigby, Gregory Vieux, and Dino Jaroszynski. "Filament-mediated disruption of laser propagation." In High Power Lasers: Technology and Systems, Platforms, Effects VI, edited by Harro Ackermann and Willy L. Bohn. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2673960.

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Ting Chen and Guojun Ji. "Study on supply chain disruption risk." In 2009 6th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2009.5174916.

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Li, Shanshan, and Yong He. "Dynamic compensation for Supply Disruption Management." In 2019 IEEE 8th Data Driven Control and Learning Systems Conference (DDCLS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ddcls.2019.8908966.

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Reports on the topic "Systems disruption"

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Hyrink, Tabitha, Violet Barasa, and Syed Abbas. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) and Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health (MNCH) in Bangladesh: Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.028.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated and drawn fresh attention to long-standing systemic weaknesses in health and economic systems. The virus – and the public health response – has wrought significant disruption on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) in Bangladesh. Known negative health outcomes include increased domestic and gender-based violence, child marriage, negative mental health, and adverse child health outcomes. This scoping paper for the Covid-19 Learning, Evidence and Research Programme for Bangladesh (CLEAR) aims to inform future research and policy engagement to support response, recovery, progress, and future health system resilience for SRHR and MNCH in Bangladesh, following the Covid-19 crisis. We present what is known on disruptions and impacts, as well as evidence gaps and priority areas for future research and engagement.
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Gage, William, and Michelle Sengara. From Radical Disruption to Robust Systems: Change Management for The Evolution of Trust in Higher Education. York University, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/36069.

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Dabrowski, Anna, Maya Conway, Yung Nietschke, Amy Berry, and Chaula Pradhika. COVID-19 Education Response Mapping Study: Building resilience in the Philippines: Readiness, response, and recovery. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-704-5.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has caused unprecedented levels of disruption to education systems worldwide. Across the Asia region, it is estimated that around 760 million children were impacted by school closures at the height of the pandemic. Government response strategies have varied across the region, with some countries imposing prolonged school lockdowns while others have had short, repeated closure periods. As countries begin to reopen schools and prepare for subsequent waves of COVID-19 infection, there is a need to develop a higher capability of education systems to safeguard learning and address persistent barriers to learning equality by harnessing the opportunities for systemic change. However, school-based practices and responses that have effectively supported learning continuity during the COVID-19 pandemic have yet to be well examined, particularly in Asia. This report presents the research findings undertaken in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. This report forms part of a broader study that explores the system and school-level practices that have supported learning continuity in Asia during the pandemic. The study will focus on the policymaker practices that supported teaching and learning and consider ways school leaders, teachers, and parents have worked to support children during periods of disruption. Rather than comparing the responses of Asia countries, this study will highlight innovations in the system and school policies and programs in the Philippines and make recommendations based on insights from the Philippines’ education system. The study will focus on the school system and participants that support students in the Philippines but will not include students themselves.
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Hossain, Niamat Ullah Ibne, Raed Jaradat, Seyedmohsen Hosseini, Mohammad Marufuzzaman, and Randy Buchanan. A framework for modeling and assessing system resilience using a Bayesian network : a case study of an interdependent electrical infrastructure systems. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40299.

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This research utilizes Bayesian network to address a range of possible risks to the electrical power system and its interdependent networks (EIN) and offers possible options to mitigate the consequences of a disruption. The interdependent electrical infrastructure system in Washington, D.C. is used as a case study to quantify the resilience using the Bayesian network. Quantification of resilience is further analyzed based on different types of analysis such as forward propagation, backward propagation, sensitivity analysis, and information theory. The general insight drawn from these analyses indicate that reliability, backup power source, and resource restoration are the prime factors contributed towards enhancing the resilience of an interdependent electrical infrastructure system.
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Nietschke, Yung, Anna Dabrowski, Maya Conway, and Chaula Pradhika. COVID-19 Education Response Mapping Study: Building Resilience in the Kyrgyz Republic: Readiness, Response, and Recovery. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-702-1.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has caused unprecedented levels of disruption to education systems worldwide. Across the Asia region, it is estimated that around 760 million children were impacted by school closures at the height of the pandemic. Government response strategies have varied across the region, with some countries imposing prolonged school lockdowns while others have had short, repeated closure periods. As countries begin to reopen schools and continue to prepare for subsequent waves of COVID-19 infection, there is a need to develop the greater capability of education systems to safeguard learning and address persistent barriers to learning equality by harnessing the opportunities for systemic change. However, school-based practices and responses that have been effective in supporting the continuity of learning during the COVID-19 pandemic have yet to be well examined, particularly in Asia. While the system and school structures are a crucial component of educational quality, understanding what happens in a school setting can offer meaningful insights into overcoming barriers to educational quality as education systems recover and rebuild from the pandemic. This report presents the findings of research undertaken in the Kyrgyz Republic, Central Asia. It forms part of a broader study that aims to explore the system and school-level practices that have supported learning continuity in Asia during the pandemic. The study will focus on the practices of policymakers that have supported teaching and learning and consider ways in which school leaders, teachers, and parents have worked to support children during periods of disruption. Rather than comparing the responses of countries in Asia, this study will highlight innovations in the system and school policies and programs in the Kyrgyz Republic and make recommendations based on insights from the Kyrgyz Republic’s education system. The study will focus on the system and school participants that support students in the Kyrgyz Republic but will not include students themselves.
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Aiyar, Yamini, Vincy Davis, Gokulnath Govindan, and Taanya Kapoor. Rewriting the Grammar of the Education System: Delhi’s Education Reform (A Tale of Creative Resistance and Creative Disruption). Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2021/01.

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The study was not designed to undertake an evaluation of the success or failure of reform. Nor was it specifically about the desirability or defects of the policy reform choices. It took these reform choices and the policy context as a given. It is important to note that the Delhi reforms had its share of criticisms (Kumar, 2016; Rampal, 2016). However, our goal was not to comment on whether these were the “right” reforms or have their appropriateness measured in terms of their technical capability. This study sought to understand the pathways through which policy formulations, designed and promoted by committed leaders (the sound and functional head of the flailing state), transmit their ideas and how these are understood, resisted, and adopted on the ground. In essence, this is a study that sought to illuminate the multifaceted challenges of introducing change and transition in low-capacity settings. Its focus was on documenting the process of implementing reforms and the dynamics of resistance, distortion, and acceptance of reform efforts on the ground. The provocative claim that this report makes is that the success and failure, and eventual institutionalisation, of reforms depend fundamentally on how the frontline of the system understands, interprets, and adapts to reform efforts. This, we shall argue, holds the key to upending the status quo of “pilot” burial grounds that characterise many education reform efforts in India. Reforms are never implemented in a vacuum. They inevitably intersect with the belief systems, cultures, values, and norms that shape the education ecosystem. The dynamics of this interaction, the frictions it creates, and reformers’ ability to negotiate these frictions are what ultimately shape outcomes. In the ultimate analysis, we argue that reforming deeply entrenched education systems (and, more broadly, public service delivery systems) is not merely a matter of political will and technical solutions (although both are critical). It is about identifying the points of reform friction in the ecosystem and experimenting with different ways of negotiating these. The narrative presented here does not have any clear answers for what needs to be done right. Instead, it seeks to make visible the intricacies and potential levers of change that tend to be ignored in the rush to “evaluate” reforms and declare success and failure. Moving beyond success to understand the dynamics of change and resistance is the primary contribution of this study.
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Fullan, Michael, and Joanne Quinn. How Do Disruptive Innovators Prepare Today's Students to Be Tomorrow's Workforce?: Deep Learning: Transforming Systems to Prepare Tomorrow’s Citizens. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002959.

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Disruptive innovators take advantage of unique opportunities. Prior to COVID-19 progress in Latin America and the Caribbean for integrating technology, learning, and system change has been exceedingly slow. In this paper we first offer a general framework for transforming education. The framework focuses on the provision of technology, innovative ideas in learning and well-being, and what we call systemness which are favorable change factors at the local, middle/regional, and policy levels. We then take up the matter of system reform in Latin America and the Caribbean noting problems and potential. Then, we turn to a specific model in system change that we have developed called New Pedagogies for Deep Learning, a model developed in partnerships with groups of schools in ten countries since 2014. The model consists of three main components: 6 Global Competences (character, citizenship, collaboration, communication, creativity, and critical thinking), 4 learning elements (pedagogy, learning partnerships, learning environments, leveraging digital), and three system conditions (school culture, district/regional culture, and system policy). We offer a case study of relative success based on Uruguay with whom we have been working since 2014. Finally, we identify steps and recommendations for next steps in Latin America for taking action on system reform in the next perioda time that we consider critical for taking advantage of the current pandemic disruption. The next few years will be crucial for either attaining positive breakthroughs or slipping backwards into a reinforced status quo.
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Rodriguez, Russell J., and Stanley Freeman. Gene Expression Patterns in Plants Colonized with Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Gene Disruption Mutants of Colletotrichum. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592112.bard.

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Fungal plant pathogens are responsible for extensive annual crop and revenue losses throughout the world. To better understand why fungi cause diseases, we performed gene-disruption mutagenesis on several pathogenic Colletotrichum species and demonstrated that pathogenic isolates can be converted to symbionts expressing non-pathogenic lifestyles. One group of nonpathogenic mutants confer disease protection against pathogenic species of Col!etotrichum, Fusarium and Phytophthora; drought tolerance; and growth enhancement to host plants. These mutants have been defined as mutualists and disease resistance correlates to a decrease in the time required for hosts to activate defense systems when exposed to virulent fungi. A second group of non-pathogenic mutants did not confer disease resistance and were classified as commensals. In addition, we have demonstrated that wildtype pathogenic Colletotrichum species can express non-pathogenic lifestyles, including mutualism, on plants they colonize asymptomatically. We have been using wildtype and isogenic gene disruption mutants to characterize gene expression patterns in plants colonized with a pathogen, mutualist or commensal. The US group is contrasting genes expressed during colonization by mutuahstic and commensal mutants of C. magna and a pathogenic wildtype C. coccodes on tomato. The Israeli group is characterizing genes expressed during asymptomatic colonization of tomato by wildtype C. acutatum and a non-pathogenic mutant.To accomplish this we have been utilizing suppressive subtraction hybridization, microarray and sequencing strategies. The expected contribution of this research to agriculture in the US and Israel is: 1) understanding how pathogens colonize certain hosts asymptomatic ally will shed light on the ecology of plant pathogens which has been described as a fundamental deficiency in plant pathology; 2) identifying genes involved in symbiotically conferred disease resistance will help explain why and how pathogens cause disease, and may identify new candidate targets for developing genetically modified disease resistant crop plants.
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Carpio, Carlos, Manuel Garcia, Ana R. Rios, Tullaya Boonsaeng, Juan M. Murguia, and Alcido Wander. Static and Dynamic Economic Resilience Indicators for Agrifood Supply Chains: The COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004976.

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Given its enormous adverse effects on production systems and the economy, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has heightened interest in studying resilience in agrifood systems; however, only a few studies have used formal methods for resilience measurement. This study's overall objective was to identify, develop, and use indicators to measure the resilience of the agrifood supply chain. Specific research objectives were 1) to identify and develop survey-based indicators of the economic resilience of agribusinesses; 2) to use the indicators to measure and analyze the economic resilience of the agrifood supply chain in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) to evaluate differences in the economic resilience of agribusinesses in the different supply chain stages to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data for the study were collected through two online surveys conducted in 2020 and 2022. Two resilience indicators were identified and developed: a static (SRES) and a dynamic (DRES) indicator. SRES measures the ability of businesses to avoid business losses within each study period. DRES measures firms capacity to recover business activity after an initial negative revenue shock. Study results reflect that, on average, the LAC agrifood supply chain firms in the sample were able to adapt and recover from the disruptions of a global health pandemic. The effects of the pandemic were not homogeneous across firms, nor was their adaptive resilience to the disruption.
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Nietschke, Yung, Anna Dabrowski, Maya Conway, and Chaula Pradhika. COVID-19 Education Response Mapping Study: Building Resilience in Lao PDR: Readiness, Response, and Recovery. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-703-8.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has caused unprecedented levels of disruption to education systems worldwide. Across the Asia region, it is estimated that around 760 million children were impacted by school closures at the height of the pandemic. Government response strategies have varied across the region, with some countries imposing prolonged school lockdowns while others have had short, repeated closure periods. As countries begin to reopen schools and continue to prepare for subsequent waves of COVID 19 infection, there is a need to develop the greater capability of education systems to safeguard learning and address persistent barriers to learning equality by harnessing the opportunities for systemic change. However, school-based practices and responses that have been effective in supporting the continuity of learning during the COVID-19 pandemic have yet to be well examined, particularly in Asia. This report presents the findings of a document review focused on the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This report forms part of a broader study that aims to explore the system and school-level practices that have supported learning continuity in Asia during the pandemic. The report will focus on the practices of policymakers that have the potential to support teaching and learning. Rather than comparing the responses of countries in Asia, this study will identify areas of opportunity and innovations in the system and school policies and programs in Lao PDR and make recommendations for those working to support Lao PDR’s education system.
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