Journal articles: 'Systemic dehydration'

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Oleson, Steven, Abigail Cox, Zhongming Liu, M. Preeti Sivasankar, and Kun-Han Lu. "In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rat Vocal Folds After Systemic Dehydration and Rehydration." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00062.

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Objective Consuming less water (systemic dehydration) has long been thought to dehydrate the vocal folds. An in vivo , repeated measures study tested the assumption that systemic dehydration causes vocal fold dehydration. Proton density (PD)–weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rat vocal folds was employed to investigate (a) whether varying magnitudes of systemic dehydration would dehydrate the vocal folds and (b) whether systemic rehydration would rehydrate the vocal folds. Method Male ( n = 25) and female ( n = 14) Sprague Dawley rats were imaged with 7T MRI, and normalized PD-weighted signal intensities were obtained at predehydration, following dehydration, and following rehydration. Animals were dehydrated to 1 of 3 levels by water withholding to induce body weight loss: mild (< 6% body weight loss), moderate (6%–10% body weight loss), and marked (> 10% body weight loss). Results There was a significant decrease in vocal fold signal intensities after moderate and marked dehydration ( p < .0167). Rehydration increased the normalized signal intensity to predehydration levels for only the moderate group ( p < .0167). Normalized signal intensity did not significantly change after mild dehydration or when the mildly dehydrated animals were rehydrated. Additionally, there were no significant differences in PD-weighted MRI normalized signal intensity between male and female rats ( p > .05). Conclusion This study provides evidence supporting clinical voice recommendations for rehydration by increasing water intake after an acute, moderate systemic dehydration event. However, acute systemic dehydration of mild levels did not dehydrate the vocal folds as observed by PD-weighted MRI. Future programmatic research will focus on chronic, recurring systemic dehydration.

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Verdolini, Katherine, Young Min, Ingo R. Titze, Jon Lemke, Kice Brown, Miriam van Mersbergen, Jack Jiang, and Kim Fisher. "Biological Mechanisms Underlying Voice Changes Due to Dehydration." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45, no. 2 (April 2002): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/021).

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Four vocally untrained healthy adults, 2 men and 2 women, completed the study. A double-blind placebo-controlled approach was used to administer three treatments to each participant on separate days. Drugs treatments involved a single 60-mg dose of a diuretic, Lasix (LA), on one day, and a single 50-mg dose of an oral antihistamine, diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DH), on another day. A third day involved the administration of a placebo, sugar pills (SP). Critical posttreatment measures were weight (kg), which estimated systemic dehydration, saliva viscosity (centipoise), which estimated secretion dehydration, and phona-tion threshold pressure (PTP, in cm H 2 O), at high pitches, which indicated pulmonary drive for phonation. The central experimental question was: Does systemic dehydration, or secretory dehydration, or both, mediate increases in PTP that are known to occur following dehydration treatments? The results showed that LA induced systemic dehydration, as shown by a decrease in total body mass of about 1%. Weight losses were seen during a 1- to 4-hour block following drug administration and persisted for at least 8 hours thereafter. PTPs also increased in that condition, about 23% relative to baseline, but only several hours after whole-body dehydration was initially seen (5–12 hours after drug administration). In contrast, no evidence was seen that DH accomplished either secretory dehydration or PTP shifts. The results indicate that systemic dehydration can mediate PTP increases. The influence of secretory dehydration on PTP is unclear.

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Bron, Anthony J., and Catherine Willshire. "Tear Osmolarity in the Diagnosis of Systemic Dehydration and Dry Eye Disease." Diagnostics 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030387.

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Systemic dehydration due to inadequate water intake or excessive water loss, is common in the elderly and results in a high morbidity and significant mortality. Diagnosis is often overlooked and there is a need for a simple, bedside diagnostic test in at-risk populations. Body hydration is highly regulated with plasma osmolality (pOsm) being tightly controlled over a wide range of physiological conditions. By contrast, normal tear osmolarity (tOsm) is more variable since the tear film is exposed to evaporation from the open eye. While plasma hyperosmolality is a diagnostic feature of systemic dehydration, tear hyperosmolality, with other clinical features, is diagnostic of dry eye. Studies in young adults subjected to exercise and water-deprivation, have shown that tOsm may provide an index of pOsm, with the inference that it may provide a simple measure to diagnose systemic dehydration. However, since the prevalence of both dry eye and systemic dehydration increases with age, the finding of a raised tOsm in the elderly could imply the presence of either condition. This diagnostic difficulty can be overcome by measuring tear osmolality after a period of evaporative suppression (e.g., a 45 min period of lid closure) which drives tOsm osmolality down to a basal level, close to that of the pOsm. The arguments supporting the use of this basal tear osmolarity (BTO) in the diagnosis of systemic dehydration are reviewed here. Further studies are needed to confirm that the BTO can act as a surrogate for pOsm in both normally hydrated subjects and in patients with systemic dehydration and to determine the minimum period of lid closure required for a simple, “point-of-care” test.

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Bailey, Taylor W., Naila Cannes do Nascimento, Andrea Pires dos Santos, M. Preeti Sivasankar, and Abigail Cox. "Comparative proteomic changes in rabbit vocal folds undergoing systemic dehydration and systemic rehydration." Journal of Proteomics 270 (January 2023): 104734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104734.

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Gillard, E. R., M. León-Olea, S. Mucio-Ramírez, C. G. Coburn, E. Sánchez-Islas, A. de Leon, H. Mussenden, L. G. Bauce, Q. J. Pittman, and M. C. Currás-Collazo. "A Novel Role for Endogenous Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide in the Magnocellular Neuroendocrine System." Endocrinology 147, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-1103.

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Central release of vasopressin (VP) by the magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) responsible for systemic VP release is believed to be important in modulating the activity of these neurons during dehydration. Central VP release from MNC somata and dendrites is stimulated by both dehydration and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). Although PACAP is expressed in MNCs, its potential role in the magnocellular response to dehydration is unexplored. The current study demonstrates that prolonged dehydration increases immunoreactivity for PACAP-27, PACAP-38, and the type I PACAP receptor in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat. In addition, PACAP stimulates local VP release in the euhydrated rat SON in vitro, and this effect is reduced by the PACAP receptor antagonist PAC6–27 (100 nm), suggesting the participation of PACAP receptors. Concomitant with its effects on local VP release, PACAP also reduces basal glutamate and aspartate release in the euhydrated rat SON. Furthermore, somatodendritic VP release elicited by acute dehydration is blocked by PAC6–27, suggesting that endogenous PACAP participates in this response. Consistent with this, RIA revealed that local PACAP-38 release within the SON is significantly elevated during acute dehydration. These results suggest that prolonged activation of hypothalamic MNCs is accompanied by up-regulation of PACAP and the type I PACAP receptor in these cells and that somatodendritic VP release in response to acute dehydration is mediated by activation of PACAP receptors by endogenous PACAP released within the SON. A potential role for PACAP in promoting efficient, but not exhaustive, systemic release of VP from MNCs during physiological challenge is discussed.

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Hillman, Stanley S. "Cardiac scope in amphibians: transition to terrestrial life." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 2010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-280.

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Systemic oxygen transport essentially limits maximal aerobic capacity in amphibians and consequently may be an important determinant of aerobically supported behaviors. Exercise widens arteriovenous oxygen content difference (5×) and increases heart rate (2×), whereas stroke volume changes very little over resting values. Dehydration is the primary problem facing amphibians in the transition to terrestrial life. Dehydration influences cardiac scope by imposing hyperosmotic, hypovolemic, and hyperviscous stresses on cardiac function. The ability to compensate for hypovolemic stress is the principal adaptation sustaining cardiac scope in more dehydration-tolerant amphibians.

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Katayama, Yukitoshi, Takehiro Tsukada, Susumu Hyodo, Hirotaka Sakamoto, and Tatsuya Sakamoto. "Behavioural osmoregulation during land invasion in fish: Prandial drinking and wetting of the dry skin." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): e0277968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277968.

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Osmoregulatory behaviours should have evolutionarily modified for terrestrialisation of vertebrates. In mammals, sensations of buccal food and drying have immediate effects on postprandial thirst to prevent future systemic dehydration, and is thereby considered to be ‘anticipatory thirst’. However, it remains unclear whether such an anticipatory response has been acquired in the non-tetrapod lineage. Using the mudskipper goby (Periophthalmus modestus) as a semi-terrestrial ray-finned fish, we herein investigated postprandial drinking and other unique features like full-body ‘rolling’ over on the back although these behaviours had not been considered to have osmoregulatory functions. In our observations on tidal flats, mudskippers migrated into water areas within a minute after terrestrial eating, and exhibited rolling behaviour with accompanying pectoral-fin movements. In aquarium experiments, frequency of migration into a water area for drinking increased within a few minutes after eating onset, without systemic dehydration. During their low humidity exposure, frequency of the rolling behaviour and pectoral-fin movements increased by more than five times to moisten the skin before systemic dehydration. These findings suggest anticipatory responses which arise from oral/gastrointestinal and cutaneous sensation in the goby. These sensation and motivation seem to have evolved in distantly related species in order to solve osmoregulatory challenges during terrestrialisation.

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Brizzee, B. L., L. Harrison-Bernard, H. A. Pretus, G. G. Clifton, and B. R. Walker. "Hemodynamic responses to vasopressinergic antagonism in water-deprived conscious rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 255, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): R46—R51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.1.r46.

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Experiments were performed on conscious, chronically instrumented rats to determine the role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of 48-h water deprivation. Arterial and venous catheters as well as pulsed Doppler flow probes were implanted in rats to measure cardiac output (CO), mesenteric blood flow (MBF), renal blood flow (RBF), or hindquarter blood flow (HQBF). After adequate recovery from surgey, euhydrated animals were administered a specific V1-vasopressinergic antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP, 10 micrograms/kg iv], a combined V1, V2-antagonist [d(CH2)5DTyr(Et)VAVP, 30 micrograms/kg iv], or saline vehicle (100 microliter/100 g). Neither antagonist was associated with any change in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR), systemic or regional flow or vascular resistance. All animals were subsequently water deprived for 48 h, at which time the experiments were repeated. Dehydration was associated with an increase in plasma AVP levels, hematocrit, and MABP but with a decrease in HR. Administration of either the combined V1, V2-antagonist or vehicle had no effect on any systemic or regional hemodynamic variables measured after 48-h dehydration. In contrast, although MABP, CO, MBF, and RBF were unaffected, V1-antagonism resulted in elevated HR, increased HQBF, and decreased hindquarter vascular resistance. In conclusion, AVP does not have a major effect on systemic hemodynamics in the dehydrated rat. However, certain beds may be affected by the relatively moderate levels of plasma AVP elicited during dehydration.

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Lykke, Kasper, Mette Assentoft, Sofie Hørlyck, Hans CC Helms, Anca Stoica, Trine L. Toft-Bertelsen, Katerina Tritsaris, Frederik Vilhardt, Birger Brodin, and Nanna MacAulay. "Evaluating the involvement of cerebral microvascular endothelial Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+-K+-2Cl– co-transporter in electrolyte fluxes in an in vitro blood–brain barrier model of dehydration." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 39, no. 3 (October 10, 2017): 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17736715.

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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is involved in brain water and salt homeostasis. Blood osmolarity increases during dehydration and water is osmotically extracted from the brain. The loss of water is less than expected from pure osmotic forces, due to brain electrolyte accumulation. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms are unresolved, the current model suggests the luminally expressed Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) as a key component, while the role of the Na+/K+-ATPase remains uninvestigated. To test the involvement of these proteins in brain electrolyte flux under mimicked dehydration, we employed a tight in vitro co-culture BBB model with primary cultures of brain endothelial cells and astrocytes. The Na+/K+-ATPase and the NKCC1 were both functionally dominant in the abluminal membrane. Exposure of the in vitro BBB model to conditions mimicking systemic dehydration, i.e. hyperosmotic conditions, vasopressin, or increased [K+]o illustrated that NKCC1 activity was unaffected by exposure to vasopressin and to hyperosmotic conditions. Hyperosmotic conditions and increased K+ concentrations enhanced the Na+/K+-ATPase activity, here determined to consist of the α1 β1 and α1 β3 isozymes. Abluminally expressed endothelial Na+/K+-ATPase, and not NKCC1, may therefore counteract osmotic brain water loss during systemic dehydration by promoting brain Na+ accumulation.

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do Nascimento, Naila Cannes, Andrea Pires dos Santos, Rodrigo Mohallem, Uma K. Aryal, Jun Xie, Abigail Cox, and M. Preeti Sivasankar. "Furosemide-induced systemic dehydration alters the proteome of rabbit vocal folds." Journal of Proteomics 252 (February 2022): 104431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104431.

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Silanikove, N., and A. Tadmor. "Rumen volume, saliva flow rate, and systemic fluid homeostasis in dehydrated cattle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): R809—R815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.4.r809.

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This work was carried out to test the hypothesis that the high level of salivary secretion containing much Na+ and the volume of fluid sequestered in the foregut of ruminants play an important part in water and Na+ homeostasis. Saliva flow and composition and water and Na+ balance in the rumen have been measured in hydrated and dehydrated cows with esophageal fistulas. Reduction of voluntary feed intake in beef cattle during water deprivation was related to the stage of dehydration. Salivary secretion rate was linearly related to voluntary feed intake (r = 0.96) and inversely and linearly related to plasma osmolality (r = 0.88). The reduction in the volume of water stored in the rumen contributed to the major portion (55%) of the total water loss. Utilization of gut water attenuated the rise in blood plasma osmolality, and this may be connected with an animal's ability to continue eating despite dehydration.

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Franca, Maria Claudia, and Kenneth O. Simpson. "Effects of Systemic Hydration on Vocal Acoustics of 18- to 35-Year-Old Females." Communication Disorders Quarterly 34, no. 1 (May 20, 2011): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740111408886.

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The influence of body hydration and vocal acoustics was investigated in this study. Effects of two levels of hydration on objective measures of vocal acoustics were explored. In an attempt to reduce variability in the degree of systemic hydration and to induce a state of systemic dehydration, participants were instructed to refrain from ingestion of food and liquids for 12 h prior to testing. Following the pretest (i.e., dehydration condition), each participant in the experimental group ingested 1 L of water within 20 min (i.e., rehydration condition). Vocal acoustics were collected at pretest and posttest by using vowel samples, which were then analyzed. Results related to the impact of the hydration condition on shimmer vocal acoustics averaging the 5 vowels for each subject in the analysis were found to have statistical significance, leading to the conclusion that the hydration condition had a positive impact on shimmer vocal acoustics.

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DINLER AY, C., and B. ULUTAS. "The effects of water deprivation-induced dehydration on serum acute phase protein concentrations in sheep." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 2515. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25930.

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The effects of dehydration on serum acute phase proteins (APPs) concentrations are unknown in sheep. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effect of dehydration on the blood concentrations of serum amyloid a (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), ceruloplasmin (Cp) and fibrinogen (Fb) in Kivircik cross-breeds sheep. The animal materials of the study consisted of 20 healthy sheep. They were divided into 4 equal groups: systemic inflammation group (SIG), a single dose of 5 ml Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) was administered intramuscularly, drinking water were provided as ad libitum; dehydration group (DEH), a single dose of 5 ml placebo 0.9% NaCl was administered intramuscularly and water was deprived for consecutive 5 days; systemic inflammation+dehydrationgroup (SIG+DEH), a single dose of 5 ml FCA was administered intramuscularly and water was deprived for consecutive 5 days; and the control group (CON), a single dose of 5 ml placebo 0.9% NaCl was administered intramuscularly and drinking water was provided as ad libitum. Also, feed was offered ad libitum throughout the experimental period in all study groups. Blood samples were collected on days 0 (baseline values), 1, 3, 5, and 7 while clinical examinations were performed daily during the study. Significant increases were found in serum Hp, SAA, Cp and plasma Fb concentrations in SIG and SIG+DEH groups. There was a significant increase only in serum Hp concentration over time in the DEH group. In conclusion, this study exhibited that Hp concentration increased as part of an acute phase reaction in water deprivation-induced dehydration in Kivircik cross-breeds sheep.

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Hanssens, Jean-Marie, Gabrielle Roddy, and Dave Ellenberg. "AB080. Exercise induced changes in intraocular pressure is related to systemic dehydration." Annals of Eye Science 3 (March 2018): AB080. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/aes.2018.ab080.

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Nur, Nasifa, Cameron Lang, Juanita K. Hodax, and Jose Bernardo Quintos. "Systemic Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7939854.

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Systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) type I is a rare genetic disorder resulting from mutations in the subunits of the epithelial sodium channel that manifests as severe salt wasting, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis in infancy. In this article we report a patient with systemic PHA type I presenting with severe dehydration due to salt wasting at 6 days of life. She was found to have a known mutation in the SCNN1A gene and subsequently required treatment with sodium supplementation. We also review the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of systemic PHA type I and summarize data from 27 cases with follow-up data.

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Bichet, Daniel G. "Vasopressin at Central Levels and Consequences of Dehydration." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 68, Suppl. 2 (2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446200.

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Disorders of water balance are a common feature of clinical practice. An understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of central vasopressin release and perception of thirst is the key to diagnosis and management of these disorders. Mammals are osmoregulators; they have evolved mechanisms that maintain extracellular fluid osmolality near a stable value, and, in animal studies, osmoregulatory neurons express a truncated delta-N variant of the transient receptor potential vannilloid (TRPV1) channel involved in hypertonicity and thermal perception while systemic hypotonicity might be perceived by TRPV4 channels. Recent cellular and optogenetic animal experiments demonstrate that, in addition to the multifactorial process of excretion, circumventricular organ sensors reacting to osmotic pressure and angiotensin II, subserve genesis of thirst, volume regulation and behavioral effects of thirst avoidance.

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Johnson, Ralph F., Terry G. Beltz, Robert L. Thunhorst, and Alan Kim Johnson. "Investigations on the physiological controls of water and saline intake in C57BL/6 mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 285, no. 2 (August 2003): R394—R403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00130.2003.

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To examine the behavioral and neural control of body fluid homeostasis, water and saline intake of C57BL/6 mice was monitored under ad libitum conditions, after treatments that induce water or salt intake, and after ablation of the periventricular tissue of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V). Mice have nocturnal drinking that is most prevalent after the offset and before the onset of lights. When given ad libitum choice, C57BL/6 mice show no preference for saline over water at concentrations up to 0.9% NaCl and a progressive aversion to saline above that concentration. Systemic hypertonic saline, isoproterenol, and polyethylene glycol treatments are dipsogenic; however, systemic ANG II is not. Intracerebroventricular injections of both hypertonic saline and ANG II are dipsogenic, and diuretic treatment followed by a short period of sodium deprivation induces salt intake. After ablation of the AV3V, mice can be nursed to recovery from initial adipsia and, similar to rats, show chronic deficits to dipsogenic treatments. Taken together, the data indicate that mechanisms controlling thirst in response to cellular dehydration in C57BL/6 mice are similar to rats, but there are differences in the efficacy of extracellular dehydration-related mechanisms, especially for systemic ANG II, controlling thirst and salt appetite.

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Moore, Jeff, Sarah Northway, Nicole Wells, Emily Woolf, and Michael J. Buono. "Local inhibition of carbonic anhydrase does not decrease sweat rate." Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 30, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0039.

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Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to measure sweat rate during exercise in the heat after directly inhibiting carbonic anhydrase (CA) in eccrine sweat glands via transdermal iontophoresis of acetazolamide. It was hypothesized that if CA was important for sweat production, local administration of acetazolamide, without the confounding systemic effects of dehydration typically associated with past studies, would have a significant effect on sweat rate during exercise. Methods: Ten healthy subjects volunteered to exercise in the heat following acetazolamide or distilled water iontophoresis on the forearm. Results: The distilled water iontophoresis site had a mean sweat rate during exercise in the heat of 0.59±0.31 μL/cm2/min, while the acetazolamide iontophoresis site had a mean sweat rate of 0.63±0.36 μL/cm2/min (p>0.05). Conclusions: The most important finding of the current study was that iontophoresis of acetazolamide did not significantly decrease sweat rate during exercise in the heat. Such results suggest that in past studies it was systemic dehydration, and not CA inhibition at the level of the sweat gland, that caused the reported decreased sweat rate.

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Gonzalez-Alonso, J., R. Mora-Rodriguez, P. R. Below, and E. F. Coyle. "Dehydration reduces cardiac output and increases systemic and cutaneous vascular resistance during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 1487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.5.1487.

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This investigation determined the manner in which the cardiovascular system copes with the dehydration-induced reductions in cardiac output (Q) during prolonged exercise in the heat. On two separate occasions, seven endurance-trained subjects (maximal O2 consumption 4.70 +/- 0.41 l/min) cycled in the heat (35 degrees C) for 2 h, beginning at 62 +/- 2% maximal O2 consumption. During exercise, they randomly received either 0.2 liter of fluid and became dehydrated by 4.9 +/- 0.2% of their body weight [i.e., dehydration trial (DE)] or 3.6 +/- 0.4 liter of fluid and replaced 95% of fluid losses [i.e., euhydration trial (EU)]. During the 10- to 120-min period of EU, Q, mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), cutaneous vascular resistance (CVR), and plasma catecholamines did not change while esophageal temperature stabilized at 38.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. Conversely, after 120 min of DE, Q and MAP were reduced 18 +/- 3 and 5 +/- 2%, respectively, compared with EU (P < 0.05). This was associated with a significantly higher SVR (17 +/- 6%) and plasma norepinephrine concentration (50 +/- 19%, P < 0.05). In addition, CVR was also significantly higher (126 +/- 16 vs. 102 +/- 6% of 20-min value; P < 0.05) during DE despite a 1.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C greater esophageal temperature (P < 0.05). In conclusion, significant reductions in Q are accompanied by significant increases in SVR and plasma norepinephrine and a slight although significant decline in MAP. The cutaneous circulation participates in this systemic vasoconstriction as indicated by increases in CVR despite significant hyperthermia.

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José, González-Alonso,, Ricardo Mora-Rodríguez, Paul R. Below, and Edward F. Coyle. "Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.4.1229.

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González-Alonso, José, Ricardo Mora-Rodrı́guez, Paul R. Below, and Edward F. Coyle.Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4): 1229–1236, 1997.—We identified the cardiovascular stress encountered by superimposing dehydration on hyperthermia during exercise in the heat and the mechanisms contributing to the dehydration-mediated stroke volume (SV) reduction. Fifteen endurance-trained cyclists [maximal O2consumption (V˙o2 max) = 4.5 l/min] exercised in the heat for 100–120 min and either became dehydrated by 4% body weight or remained euhydrated by drinking fluids. Measurements were made after they continued exercise at 71%V˙o2 maxfor 30 min while 1) euhydrated with an esophageal temperature (Tes) of 38.1–38.3°C (control); 2) euhydrated and hyperthermic (39.3°C); 3) dehydrated and hyperthermic with skin temperature (Tsk) of 34°C; 4) dehydrated with Tesof 38.1°C and Tskof 21°C; and 5) condition 4 followed by restored blood volume. Compared with control, hyperthermia (1°C Tesincrease) and dehydration (4% body weight loss) each separately lowered SV 7–8% (11 ± 3 ml/beat; P < 0.05) and increased heart rate sufficiently to prevent significant declines in cardiac output. However, when dehydration was superimposed on hyperthermia, the reductions in SV were significantly ( P< 0.05) greater (26 ± 3 ml/beat), and cardiac output declined 13% (2.8 ± 0.3 l/min). Furthermore, mean arterial pressure declined 5 ± 2%, and systemic vascular resistance increased 10 ± 3% (both P < 0.05). When hyperthermia was prevented, all of the decline in SV with dehydration was due to reduced blood volume (∼200 ml). These results demonstrate that the superimposition of dehydration on hyperthermia during exercise in the heat causes an inability to maintain cardiac output and blood pressure that makes the dehydrated athlete less able to cope with hyperthermia.

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Nakagawa, NK, F. Donato, CS Kondo, ET Guimarães, M. King, PHN Saldiva, and G. Lorenzi-Filho. "Effects of acute systemic dehydration promoted by intravenous furosemide on respiratory mucus in dogs." Critical Care 5, Suppl 1 (2001): P264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc1328.

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Hernández, Joaquín, José Luis Benedito, Angel Abuelo, and Cristina Castillo. "Ruminal Acidosis in Feedlot: From Aetiology to Prevention." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/702572.

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Acute ruminal acidosis is a metabolic status defined by decreased blood pH and bicarbonate, caused by overproduction of ruminal D-lactate. It will appear when animals ingest excessive amount of nonstructural carbohydrates with low neutral detergent fiber. Animals will show ruminal hypotony/atony with hydrorumen and a typical parakeratosis-rumenitis liver abscess complex, associated with a plethora of systemic manifestations such as diarrhea and dehydration, liver abscesses, infections of the lung, the heart, and/or the kidney, and laminitis, as well as neurologic symptoms due to both cerebrocortical necrosis and the direct effect of D-lactate on neurons. In feedlots, warning signs include decrease in chewing activity, weight, and dry matter intake and increase in laminitis and diarrhea prevalence. The prognosis is quite variable. Treatment will be based on the control of systemic acidosis and dehydration. Prevention is the most important tool and will require normalization of ruminal pH and microbiota. Appropriate feeding strategies are essential and involve changing the dietary composition to increase neutral detergent fiber content and greater particle size and length. Appropriate grain processing can control the fermentation rate while additives such as prebiotics or probiotics can help to stabilize the ruminal environment. Immunization against producers of D-lactate is being explored.

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Travers, Gavin, José González-Alonso, Nathan Riding, David Nichols, Anthony Shaw, and Julien D. Périard. "Exercise heat acclimation has minimal effects on left ventricular volumes, function and systemic hemodynamics in euhydrated and dehydrated trained humans." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 319, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): H965—H979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00466.2020.

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This study demonstrates that 10 days of exercise heat acclimation has minimal effects on left ventricular volumes, intrinsic cardiac function, and systemic hemodynamics during prolonged, repeated semirecumbent exercise in moderate heat, where heart rate and blood volume are similar to preacclimation levels. However, progressive dehydration is consistently associated with similar degrees of hyperthermia and tachycardia and reductions in blood volume, diastolic filling of the left ventricle, stroke volume, and cardiac output, regardless of acclimation state.

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Sameer, Sharma, and Padhiary Seema Rani. "A systemic review on various pertinences and simulations of rotavirus." International Journal of Clinical Virology 5, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001034.

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Rotavirus induced disease are a main source of dreadful, serious and drying out gastroenteritis in kids (less than five years old). Instead of the worldwide presentation of immunizations for rotavirus longer than 10 years back, rotavirus infections still result in more than 200,000 yearly passings, generally in developing countries. Rotavirus basically infects enterocytes and cause diarrheal through the demolition of absorptive enterocytes. Intestinal secretions are invigorated by rotavirus (non-auxiliary/structural protein) to enactment of the enteric sensory system. Rotavirus diseases can prompt viraemia and antigenaemia (term related with more serious indications of intense gastroenteritis). Rotavirus reinfections are regular throughout the life, even though the sickness seriousness is diminished with rehash contaminations. The resistant relates of assurance against rotavirus reinfection and recuperation from disease is inadequately perceived. This study takes a step forward to the administration of rotavirus disease centers, primarily on control and cure of dehydration, even though the utilization of antiviral and hostile to purgative medications can be demonstrated at some cases.

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Qadri, Firdausi, Tanvir Ahmed, Firoz Ahmed, M. Saruar Bhuiyan, Mohammad Golam Mostofa, Frederick J. Cassels, Anna Helander, and Ann-Mari Svennerholm. "Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses in Patients with Diarrhea Due to CS6-Expressing Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 5 (February 12, 2007): 2269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01856-06.

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ABSTRACTColonization factor CS6 expressed by enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) is a nonfimbrial polymeric protein. A substantial proportion of ETEC strains isolated from patients in endemic settings and in people who travel to regions where ETEC is endemic are ETEC strains expressing CS6, either alone or in combination with fimbrial colonization factor CS5 or CS4. However, relatively little is known about the natural immune responses elicited against CS6 expressed by ETEC strains causing disease. We studied patients who were hospitalized with diarrhea (n= 46) caused by CS6-expressing ETEC (ETEC expressing CS6 or CS5 plus CS6) and had a disease spectrum ranging from severe dehydration (27%) to moderate or mild dehydration (73%). Using recombinant CS6 antigen, we found that more than 90% of the patients had mucosal immune responses to CS6 expressed as immunoglobulin (IgA) antibody-secreting cells (ASC) or antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) and that about 57% responded with CS6-specific IgA antibodies in feces. More than 80% of the patients showed IgA seroconversion to CS6. Significant increases in the levels of anti-CS6 antibodies of the IgG isotype were also observed in assays for ASC (75%), ALS (100%), and serum (70%). These studies demonstrated that patients hospitalized with the noninvasive enteric pathogen CS6-expressing ETEC responded with both mucosal and systemic antibodies against CS6. Studies are needed to determine if the anti-CS6 responses protect against reinfection and if protective levels of CS6 immunity are induced by vaccination.

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Ogawa, Emina, Ryuji Sakakibara, Kei Endo, Fuyuki Tateno, Yasuo Matsuzawa, Nobuo Hosoe, Masahiko Kishi, and Kohji Shirai. "Incidence of dehydration encephalopathy among patients with disturbed consciousness at a hospital emergency unit." Clinics and Practice 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/cp.2011.e9.

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Systemic dehydration and diffuse central nervous system signs without any other illness is referred to as dehydration encephalopathy (DE). However, the incidence of DE at emergency units remains uncertain. We investigated the incidence of DE among persons with disturbed consciousness who visited the emergency unit. We reviewed the medical case records of the emergency unit at our university hospital during a 6-month period. Among them, 132 patients presented with disturbed consciousness as the sole initial manifestation on arrival. They were 75 men, 47 women; mean age 68 years (16-95 years). After carefully excluding other etiologies, the incidence of DE was 2% among all persons in the emergency unit and 4% among persons older than 68 years.In conclusion, the incidence of DE in our emergency unit was not common. Nevertheless, recognition of DE is extremely important in order to avoid unnecessary medication in elderly subjects.

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Cannes do Nascimento, Naila, Andrea P. dos Santos, M. Preeti Sivasankar, and Abigail Cox. "Unraveling the molecular pathobiology of vocal fold systemic dehydration using an in vivo rabbit model." PLOS ONE 15, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): e0236348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236348.

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Kraly, F. Scott. "Pregastric food-contingent stimulation elicits drinking in the absence of systemic dehydration in the rat." Physiology & Behavior 48, no. 6 (December 1990): 841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(90)90237-x.

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Pearson, James, Kameljit Kalsi, Eric Stöhr, David Low, Horace Barker, Leena Ali, and José González-Alonso. "Dehydration Does Not Compromise Limb Tissue Or Systemic Perfusion At Rest Or During Mild Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000403023.40539.e8.

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Wittström, Elisabeth. "Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in Younger Swedish Adults: Case Reports and Review of the Literature." Open Ophthalmology Journal 11, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101711010089.

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Purpose: To investigate associated systemic diseases, other conditions, visual outcome, ocular complications and treatment in Swedish patients younger than 50 years with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and reviewing the literature. Methods: Twenty-two patients with CRVO, younger than 50 years, were examined with full-field electroretinography (ERG) within 3 months after a thrombotic event, or were periodically examined and were observed for at least 6 months. In 18 of these patients, the initial retinal ischemia was studied using the cone b-wave implicit time in the 30 Hz flicker ERG. Fifteen patients also underwent fluorescein angiography. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in 14 patients. The patients studied were divided into two groups, non-ischemic and ischemic, which were compared. All patients underwent ocular and systemic examination, as well as complete screening for thrombophilic risk factors. Results: Of the 22 patients, 15 had non-ischemic type of CRVO and 7 the ischemic type. Patients with non-ischemic CRVO showed significantly improved visual acuity (VA) at the final examination (p=0.006). Patients with ischemic CRVO showed no significant reduction in VA at the final examination (p=0.225). Systemic hypertension (27% in non-ischemic CRVO and 29% in ischemic CRVO) was the most prevalent systemic risk factor for CRVO. The mean central foveal thickness (CFT) decreased significantly from 402.3±136.2 (µm) at the initial examination to 243.8±48.1 (µm) at the final examination in the non-ischemic group (p=0.005). The mean initial CFT was 444.5±186.1 (µm) in the ischemic CRVO group, which decreased to 211.5±20.2 (µm) at the final visit (p=0.068). Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS)/pigmentary glaucoma (PG), ocular hypertension and dehydration were equally frequent; four patients each (18%) out of 22. The clinical course of 4 younger patients with PDS/PG are described. Conclusion: The patients with non-ischemic CRVO showed significantly improved VA and significantly decreased CFT at the final examination. Systemic hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for CRVO. Younger adults with CRVO also had a high prevalence of PDS/PG, ocular hypertension and dehydration. This study highlights the importance of careful IOP monitoring, and the need to investigate possible PDS/PG and to obtain an accurate history of the patient including alcohol intake and intense exercise.

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Farrell, M. J., T. K. Bowala, M. Gavrilescu, P. A. Phillips, M. J. McKinley, R. M. McAllen, D. A. Denton, and G. F. Egan. "Cortical activation and lamina terminalis functional connectivity during thirst and drinking in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 301, no. 3 (September 2011): R623—R631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00817.2010.

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The pattern of regional brain activation in humans during thirst associated with dehydration, increased blood osmolality, and decreased blood volume is not known. Furthermore, there is little information available about associations between activation in osmoreceptive brain regions such as the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the brain regions implicated in thirst and its satiation in humans. With the objective of investigating the neuroanatomical correlates of dehydration and activation in the ventral lamina terminalis, this study involved exercise-induced sweating in 15 people and measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using a functional magnetic resonance imaging technique called pulsed arterial spin labeling. Regional brain activations during dehydration, thirst, and postdrinking were consistent with the network previously identified during systemic hypertonic infusions, thus providing further evidence that the network is involved in monitoring body fluid and the experience of thirst. rCBF measurements in the ventral lamina terminalis were correlated with whole brain rCBF measures to identify regions that correlated with the osmoreceptive region. Regions implicated in the experience of thirst were identified including cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, striatum, parahippocampus, and cerebellum. Furthermore, the correlation of rCBF between the ventral lamina terminalis and the cingulate cortex and insula was different for the states of thirst and recent drinking, suggesting that functional connectivity of the ventral lamina terminalis is a dynamic process influenced by hydration status and ingestive behavior.

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Niimi, Yoshinari, Seiichiro Murata, Yumi Mitou, and Yusuke Ohno. "Use of a novel drainage flow servo-controlled CPB for mitral valve replacement in a Jehovah’s Witness." Perfusion 33, no. 6 (March 2, 2018): 490–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659118763036.

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We developed a novel open cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) system, a drainage flow servo-controlled CPB system (DS-CPB), in which rotational speed of the main roller pump is servo-controlled to generate the same amount of flow as the systemic venous drainage. It was designed to safely decrease the priming volume while maintaining a constant reservoir level, even during fluctuations of the drainage flow. We report a successful use of a novel DS-CPB system in an elderly Jehovah’s Witness patient with dehydration who underwent mitral valve replacement.

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Drenth, J. P., S. H. Van Uum, M. Van Deuren, G. J. Pesman, J. Van der Ven-Jongekrijg, and J. W. Van der Meer. "Endurance run increases circulating IL-6 and IL-1ra but downregulates ex vivo TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta production." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 1497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.5.1497.

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This investigation determined the manner in which the cardiovascular system copes with the dehydration-induced reductions in cardiac output (Q) during prolonged exercise in the heat. On two separate occasions, seven endurance-trained subjects (maximal O2 consumption 4.70 +/- 0.41 l/min) cycled in the heat (35 degrees C) for 2 h, beginning at 62 +/- 2% maximal O2 consumption. During exercise, they randomly received either 0.2 liter of fluid and became dehydrated by 4.9 +/- 0.2% of their body weight [i.e., dehydration trial (DE)] or 3.6 +/- 0.4 liter of fluid and replaced 95% of fluid losses [i.e., euhydration trial (EU)]. During the 10- to 120-min period of EU, Q, mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), cutaneous vascular resistance (CVR), and plasma catecholamines did not change while esophageal temperature stabilized at 38.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. Conversely, after 120 min of DE, Q and MAP were reduced 18 +/- 3 and 5 +/- 2%, respectively, compared with EU (P < 0.05). This was associated with a significantly higher SVR (17 +/- 6%) and plasma norepinephrine concentration (50 +/- 19%, P < 0.05). In addition, CVR was also significantly higher (126 +/- 16 vs. 102 +/- 6% of 20-min value; P < 0.05) during DE despite a 1.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C greater esophageal temperature (P < 0.05). In conclusion, significant reductions in Q are accompanied by significant increases in SVR and plasma norepinephrine and a slight although significant decline in MAP. The cutaneous circulation participates in this systemic vasoconstriction as indicated by increases in CVR despite significant hyperthermia.

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Brown, Timothy J., and Arjun Gupta. "Management of Cancer Therapy–Associated Oral Mucositis." JCO Oncology Practice 16, no. 3 (March 2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.19.00652.

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Mucositis is a common and feared complication of anticancer therapy that can affect up to 90% of certain populations of patients with cancer. Even seemingly uncomplicated mucositis, which is often self-limited, can result in intense patient discomfort and decline in quality of life. Severe mucositis can be complicated by uncontrolled pain, superinfection or systemic infection, bleeding, and dehydration, and severe mucositis can lead to interruptions or de-escalation in anticancer treatment, resulting in worse oncologic outcomes. This article provides an evidence-based summary to guide practicing oncologists in the assessment, prevention, and management of mucositis induced by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy.

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J, Chen. "DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ADDISON’S DISEASE IN A DOG." Agrobiological Records 9 (2022): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2022.017.

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A case of Addison's disease was diagnosed and treated has been described in this paper. In this case, the dog had poor mental state, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Laboratory examination showed that the dog had hyponatremia, hypochloremia and hyperkalemia, and that the serum sodium potassium ratio was as low as 15:1. Combined with the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test, Addison's disease was diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, hepatitis, systemic infection and so on. Through symptomatic and etiological treatment, the dog basically returned to normal, but due to the degradation of primary adrenal functions, the dog needs to take glucocorticoid drugs for a long time.

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Scully, Crispian, and Stephen J. Challacombe. "Pemphigus Vulgaris: Update on Etiopathogenesis, Oral Manifestations, and Management." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 13, no. 5 (September 2002): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300504.

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Pemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening diseases characterized by cutaneous and mucosal blistering. There is a fairly strong genetic background to pemphigus with linkage to HLA class II alleles. Certain ethnic groups, such as Ashkenazi Jews and those of Mediterranean origin, are especially liable to pemphigus. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), the most common and important variant, is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by circulating pathogenic IgG antibodies against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), about half the patients also having Dsg1 autoantibodies. Oral lesions are initially vesiculobullous but readily rupture, new bullae developing as the older ones rupture and ulcerate. Biopsy of perilesional tissue, with histological and immunostaining examinations, is essential to the diagnosis. Serum autoantibodies to either Dsg1 or Dsg3 are best detected by both normal human skin and monkey esophagus or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Before the introduction of corticosteroids, pemphigus vulgaris was typically fatal mainly from dehydration or secondary systemic infections. Current treatment is largely based on systemic immunosuppression using systemic corticosteroids, with azathioprine, dapsone, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and gold as adjuvants or alternatives, but mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous immunoglobulins also appear promising.

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Simon-Oppermann, C., D. A. Gray, and E. Simon. "Independent osmoregulatory control of central and systemic angiotensin II concentrations in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 250, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): R918—R925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.250.5.r918.

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In 14 dogs angiotensin (ANG II)-like immunoreactivity was analyzed in simultaneously collected samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the anterior part of the third cerebral ventricle and of plasma. Plasma and CSF ANG II were not different in euhydrated conscious dogs (29.3 +/- 2.7 and 30.8 +/- 2.8 pg X ml-1, means +/- SE). During anesthesia CSF ANG II was not significantly altered, but plasma ANG II was more than doubled in comparison with conscious animals. In conscious dogs 24 h of dehydration with sodium-rich food significantly increased ANG II concentration in the plasma (to 59.8 +/- 16.5 pg X ml-1) and CSF (to 71.8 +/- 20.1 pg X ml-1). Subsequent rehydration by drinking caused no consistent changes in plasma ANG II within 90 min but reduced CSF ANG II significantly. Salt loading by infusion of 5% saline in seven conscious dogs produced a small but consistent decrease in plasma ANG II by 20%, on average, whereas CSF ANG II rose in five animals. The directions of changes in concentration of central ANG II compared with plasma ANG II suggest that central endogenous ANG II may function as a central osmoregulatory mediator independent from systemic ANG II.

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Sousa, Rejane dos Santos, Francisco Leonardo Costa de Oliveira, Mailson Rennan Borges Dias, Natalia Sato Minami, Leonardo do Amaral, Juliana Aparecida Alves dos Santos, Raimundo Alves Barrêto Júnior, Antonio Humberto Hamad Minervino, and Enrico Lippi Ortolani. "Characterization of Oligofructose-Induced Acute Rumen Lactic Acidosis and the Appearance of Laminitis in Zebu Cattle." Animals 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030429.

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The objective of this study was to characterize oligofructose-induced acute rumen lactic acidosis and its consequences in zebu cattle. We used 29 Nellore heifers which were submitted to experimental induction of laminitis by oligofructose excess. During the induction period, the animals underwent clinical examination, including laminitis diagnosis (hoof pressure testing and locomotion score) and blood and ruminal fluid sampling every six hours (over the initial 24 h) and every 12 h (up to 72 h), after the highest dose. Almost half of the animals (48.1%) required treatment with bicarbonate and saline to correct metabolic acidosis and dehydration. Due to this treatment, the animals were analyzed in treated (n = 13) and non-treated (n = 14) groups. The induction model promoted marked reduction in rumen pH, rumen anaerobiosis, carbon dioxide pressure, and increase in rumen lactate, blood osmolarity, and cortisol concentration. The animals treated had lower values of rumen pH and marked dehydration, evidenced by the increase in globular volume and serum urea. The clinical condition caused by excess oligofructose is severe, with the differential of the appearance of ephemeral fever and respiratory compensation against systemic acidosis, in addition to the frequent appearance of laminitis.

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Assis, Regina Nóbrega, Leonardo Magno de Souza, Gliere Silmara Leite Soares, Jobson Filipe de Paula Cajueiro, Rodolfo José Cavaltanti Souto, José Augusto Bastos Afonso, and Carla Lopes de Mendonça. "Systemic implications of metallic foreign body syndrome in dairy cattle." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (September 7, 2021): e516101119469. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19469.

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This study aimed to evaluate the systemic implications of 37 cattle with traumatic reticulitis, evaluating clinical, laboratory, ultrasonographic and necroscopic changes. A clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic examination was performed, and the animals were distributed in reticuloperitonitis (GI; n=21) and reticulopericarditis (GII; n=16) traumatic, based on necropsy findings. Blood samples were taken for haematological tests, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), creatinine, urea, cortisol, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I), plasma glucose and L-lactate. The abdominocentesis was productive in eight GI (n=8) and seven GII (n=7) animals, allowing the evaluation of physical, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the peritoneal fluid as a total protein, albumin, GLDH, AST, GGT, glucose and L-lactate. Changes in behavior, appetite, dehydration and temperature were observed, most expressive in GII. Hematology showed neutrophilic leukocytosis with regenerative left shift and hyperfibrinogenemia in both groups. Increased globulin, L-lactate concentration and serum GGT, GLDH, CK and CK-MB activity were observed, as well as significant elevation of cTnI (p=0.0190) in GII. In the peritoneal fluid exudate was observed in both groups and a higher concentration of L-lactate in relation to plasma. Ultrasound revealed retocular, cardiac, hepatic and splenic abnormalities. The anatomopathological lesions confirmed the ultrasound findings of both groups. The understanding of the syndrome helps in the diagnosis, as well as the adoption of preventive measures, minimizing the economic impact caused to the dairy cattle breeding.

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Ridwan, Rahmawati, Febriana Catur Iswanti, and Mohamad Sadikin. "THE INCREASED OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN LIVER TISSUE OF RAT INDUCED BY CHRONIC SYSTEMIC HYPOXIA." Acta Biochimica Indonesiana 1, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32889/actabioina.v1i1.1.

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Background: Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes which catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration reaction of CO2, in order to maintain the cell homeostasis. These enzymes are found in various tissues and involve in a number of different physiological processes, including ion transport, acid-base balance, bone formation, gluconeogenesis and so on.Objective: To examine the specific activity of CA and to observe the liver tissue respond to oxidative stress by measured the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, in rat liver tissue induced by chronic systemic hypoxia for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days of hypoxia.Results: The study showed that the activity of CA which induced by chronic systemic hypoxia significantly increasing at early exposure to the hypoxic condition, at day 1 and days 3 of hypoxia (0.281 and 0.262 nmol/mg protein/minute compared to control 0.155 nmol/mg protein/minute) (p<0.05). No statistically difference at treatments of hypoxia 5, 7 and 14 days. The concentration of MDA also increased significantly in day 3 of liver tissue hypoxia (0.013 nmol/mg compared to control 0.009 nmol/mg liver tissue) (p<0.05), and no statistically differences at day 1, 5, 7, and 14 days of hypoxia.Conclusion : There was damage of membrane cells affected by oxidative stress in liver tissue of rat induced by chronic systemic hypoxia.

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Chen, Chun-Hao, Yen-Pei Lu, An-Ting Lee, Chun-Wu Tung, Yuan-Hsiung Tsai, Hsin-Pei Tsay, Chih-Ting Lin, and Jen-Tsung Yang. "A Portable Biodevice to Monitor Salivary Conductivity for the Rapid Assessment of Fluid Status." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11060577.

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The evaluation of fluid status can save adults from life-threatening conditions, but the current methods are invasive or time-consuming. Therefore, we developed a portable device for measuring salivary conductivity. This prospective observational study enrolled 20 volunteers with no history of systemic diseases. Participants were observed for 13 h, including water restriction for 12 h followed by rehydration with 1000 mL water within 1 h. Serum and urine biomarkers for fluid status, thirst scales, and salivary conductivity were collected during dehydration and rehydration. No significant differences in age, body mass index, glycohemoglobin, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were noted between sexes. Salivary conductivity increased after water restriction and decreased after rehydration. Similarly, urine osmolality, urine specific gravity, thirst intensity scales, and body weight followed the same trend and were statistically significant. The angiotensin-converting enzyme and aldosterone levels showed the same trend, without reaching statistical significance. The red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration also followed the same trend. Analyzing the receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the curve was 0.707 (95% confidence interval 0.542–0.873, p = 0.025). Using the Youden index, the optimal cutoff determined as 2678.09 μs/cm (sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 55%). This biodevice effectively screened dehydration among healthy adults.

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Glaeser, Juliane D., Derek Ju, Wafa Tawackoli, Jae H. Yang, Khosrowdad Salehi, Tina Stefanovic, Linda E. A. Kanim, et al. "Advanced Glycation End Product Inhibitor Pyridoxamine Attenuates IVD Degeneration in Type 2 Diabetic Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249709.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with advanced glycation end product (AGE) enrichment and considered a risk factor for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. We hypothesized that systemic AGE inhibition, achieved using pyridoxamine (PM), attenuates IVD degeneration in T2DM rats. To induce IVD degeneration, lumbar disc injury or sham surgery was performed on Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) or control Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Post-surgery, IVD-injured ZDSD rats received daily PM dissolved in drinking water or water only. The resulting groups were SD uninjured, SD injured, ZDSD uninjured, ZDSD injured, and ZDSD injured + PM. Levels of blood glycation and disc degeneration were investigated. At week 8 post-surgery, glycated serum protein (GSP) levels were increased in ZDSDs compared to SDs. PM treatment attenuated this increase. Micro-MRI analysis demonstrated IVD dehydration in injured versus uninjured SDs and ZDSDs. In the ZDSD injured + PM group, IVD dehydration was diminished compared to ZDSD injured. AGE levels were decreased and aggrecan levels increased in ZDSD injured + PM versus ZDSD injured rats. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses further supported the beneficial effect of PM. In summary, PM attenuated GSP levels and IVD degeneration processes in ZDSD rats, demonstrating its potential to attenuate IVD degeneration in addition to managing glycemia in T2DM.

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Reid, Michael B. "Redox Implications of Extreme Task Performance: The Case in Driver Athletes." Cells 11, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11050899.

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Redox homeostasis and redox-mediated signaling mechanisms are fundamental elements of human biology. Physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) modulate a range of functional processes at the cellular, tissue, and systemic levels in healthy humans. Conversely, excess ROS or RNS activity can disrupt function, impairing the performance of daily activities. This article analyzes the impact of redox mechanisms on extreme task performance. Such activities (a) require complex motor skills, (b) are physically demanding, (c) are performed in an extreme environment, (d) require high-level executive function, and (e) pose an imminent risk of injury or death. The current analysis utilizes race car driving as a representative example. The physiological challenges of this extreme task include physical exertion, g loading, vibration, heat exposure, dehydration, noise, mental demands, and emotional factors. Each of these challenges stimulates ROS signaling, RNS signaling, or both, alters redox homeostasis, and exerts pro-oxidant effects at either the tissue or systemic levels. These redox mechanisms appear to promote physiological stress during race car driving and impair the performance of driver athletes.

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Gray, D. A., and E. Simon. "Dehydration and arginine vasotocin and angiotensin II in CSF and plasma of pekin ducks." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): R285—R291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.2.r285.

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Osmolalities and, by radioimmunoassay, the contents of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and angiotensin II (ANG II) in simultaneously collected cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples were determined in chronically prepared conscious Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) adapted to either freshwater (FW ducks) or salt water (2% saline, SW ducks) for drinking. In FW ducks the AVT in CSF was approximately 10-fold higher than in plasma; ANG II concentration in CSF was about two-thirds of that in plasma. In SW ducks concentrations of AVT were increased approximately threefold and of ANG II fourfold in both CSF and plasma. Dehydration in FW ducks (24-48 h) increased AVT and ANG II in both CSF and plasma, the relative rise being greater in plasma. Within 150 min after rehydration plasma AVT fell at unchanged CSF AVT, whereas CSF ANG II fell at unchanged plasma ANG II. Hydration of SW ducks with freshwater had similar effects. The results indicate separate avenues of release of central and systemic AVT and ANG II and support the idea of an independent control of central ANG II as a mediator in osmoregulation, with CSF AVT reflecting the state of osmoregulatory activity of the hypothalamopituitary vasotocinergic system.

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Kukliński, Jakub, Karol P. Steckiewicz, Sebastian P. Piwowarczyk, Mateusz J. Kreczko, Aleksander Aszkiełowicz, and Radosław Owczuk. "Effect of Carbohydrate-Enriched Drink Compared to Fasting on Hemodynamics in Healthy Volunteers. A Randomized Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030825.

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Fasting prior to surgery can cause dehydration and alter hemodynamics. This study aimed to determine the impact of a carbohydrate-enriched drink (NutriciaTM Pre-op®) on selected hemodynamical parameters, measured in a non-invasive manner. We enrolled 100 healthy volunteers and measured their weight, height, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), thoracic fluid content (TFC), thoracic fluid index (TFCI), stroke volume (SV), stroke volume variation (SVV), stroke index (SI), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), heather index (HI), systolic time ration (STR), systemic time ratio index (STRI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) by a Niccomo™ device, implementing the impedance cardiography (ICG) method. Measurements were performed at the beginning of the study, and after 10 h and 12 h. We randomly allocated participants to the control group and the pre-op group. The pre-op group received 400 mL of Nutricia™ preOp®, as suggested in the ERAS guidelines, within 10 h of the study. Student’s t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare the two groups, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. We did not observe any changes in hemodynamical parameters, blood pressure, and heart rate between the groups. We have proven that carbohydrate-enriched drink administration did not have a significant impact on the hemodynamical parameters of healthy volunteers.

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Nakagawa, Takahiko, Richard J. Johnson, Ana Andres-Hernando, Carlos Roncal-Jimenez, Laura G. Sanchez-Lozada, Dean R. Tolan, and Miguel A. Lanaspa. "Fructose Production and Metabolism in the Kidney." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, no. 5 (April 6, 2020): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2019101015.

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Understanding fructose metabolism might provide insights to renal pathophysiology. To support systemic glucose concentration, the proximal tubular cells reabsorb fructose as a substrate for gluconeogenesis. However, in instances when fructose intake is excessive, fructose metabolism is costly, resulting in energy depletion, uric acid generation, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidney. A recent scientific advance is the discovery that fructose can be endogenously produced from glucose under pathologic conditions, not only in kidney diseases, but also in diabetes, in cardiac hypertrophy, and with dehydration. Why humans have such a deleterious mechanism to produce fructose is unknown, but it may relate to an evolutionary benefit in the past. In this article, we aim to illuminate the roles of fructose as it relates to gluconeogenesis and fructoneogenesis in the kidney.

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D’Angelo, Luisa, Domenico Vecchio, Debora Cozza, Immacolata La Tela, Maria Rosaria Carullo, Ilaria Menozzi, Erika Scaltriti, Stefano Pongolini, Giorgio Galiero, and Esterina De Carlo. "Identification of a New Serovar of Salmonella enterica in Mediterranean Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis)." Animals 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020161.

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This case report describes for the first-time cases of severe gastroenteritis in water buffalo calves due to a new serovar of Salmonella enterica. The study was carried out on fecal matrix collected from live water buffalo calves that showed profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration and fever, exhibiting a systemic course. Culture and molecular investigations identified the pathogens isolated from intestinal contents as two Salmonella serovars, Salmonella enterica enterica O:35 and a new serovar of Salmonella enterica. The isolates showed multi-drug resistance. Timely diagnosis associated with a targeted antimicrobial treatment were found to be sufficient for the survival and recovery of the infected animals. Herd vaccines prepared from isolated pathogens were used to prevent further deaths of the calves.

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Rowland, Thomas, David Pober, and Anne Garrison. "Cardiovascular drift in euhydrated prepubertal boys." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 4 (August 2008): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-031.

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“Classic” cardiovascular drift is characterized by findings of decreasing stroke volume and mean arterial pressure, rising heart rate, and stable cardiac output during sustained constant-load exercise. Recent studies in adults indicate that when dehydration is prevented by fluid intake, this pattern is altered, with no change in stroke volume and progressive rise in cardiac output. This study was designed to examine this influence of hydration in prepubertal subjects and assess the relationship between cardiovascular drift and aerobic drift (changes in VO2). Eight boys (Tanner stage 1, mean age 11.7 ± 0.4 y) cycled at an average of 62.9% ± 3.9% VO2 peak to exhaustion (41.38 ± 6.30 min) in a thermoneutral environment. Rectal temperature rose from 37.6 ± 0.1 °C at rest to 38.1 ± 0.2 °C at end exercise. Between 5 min and end exercise, average heart rate rose by 13.2% and cardiac output rose by 14.9%, systemic vascular resistance fell by 10.5%, and stroke volume remained stable. Increases in cardiac output paralleled those of VO2, with no change in arterial venous oxygen difference. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that cardiovascular drift is a reflection of aerobic drift, a relationship obscured by the superimposed physiological effects of dehydration during sustained constant load. This study also suggests that such patterns are no different in prepubertal boys and young adult men.

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Morales-Palomo, Felix, Miguel Ramirez-Jimenez, Juan Ortega, Jesús Pallarés, and Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez. "Acute Hypotension after High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Metabolic Syndrome Patients." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 07 (May 8, 2017): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-101911.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension (PEH) after a bout of cycling exercise using high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in comparison to a bout of traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise (CE). After supine rest 14 obese (31±1 kg·m−2) middle-age (57±2 y) metabolic syndrome patients (50% hypertensive) underwent a bout of HIIT or a bout of CE in a random order and then returned to supine recovery for another 45 min. Exercise trials were isocaloric and compared to a no-exercise trial (CONT) of supine rest for a total of 160 min. Before and after exercise we assessed blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (Q), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), intestinal temperature (TINT), forearm skin blood flow (SKBF) and percent dehydration. HIIT produced a larger post-exercise reduction in systolic blood pressure than CE in the hypertensive group (−20±6 vs. −5±3 mmHg) and in the normotensive group (−8±3 vs. −3±2 mmHg) while HIIT reduced SVR below CE (P<0.05). Percent dehydration was larger after HIIT, and post-exercise TINT and SKBF increased only after HIIT (all P<0.05). Our findings suggest that HIIT is a superior exercise method to CE to acutely reduce blood pressure in MSyn subjects.

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Grivas, Petros, François Laliberté, Yunes Doleh, Cristi O'Connor, Mei Sheng Duh, and Rahul Shenolikar. "Economic burden of select adverse events (AEs) in patients (Pts) with advanced urothelial cancer (aUC) treated with first-line (1L) systemic therapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.7_suppl.363.

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363 Background: Limited information on costs related to incident AEs in pts with aUC in the real-world setting is available. Methods: Pts with aUC treated with 1L systemic therapy (94% chemotherapy, 6% immune checkpoint inhibitor) between 1/2012-9/2017 (first therapy administration defined the index date) were identified using IQVIA Real-World Data Adjudicated Claims – US database. Pts with continuous enrollment for ≥6 months pre- and ≥3 months post-index and ≥1 UC diagnosis code were included. Proportions of pts with febrile neutropenia (FN), dehydration, acute kidney injury (AKI), sepsis, colitis, hepatitis, adrenal insufficiency, and pneumonitis (select AEs), and per-pt-per month (PPPM) healthcare costs were assessed. Incident AEs during 1L therapy were identified using outpatient/inpatient claims and a subgroup of severe AEs (identified using only inpatient claims) was analyzed separately. Incremental costs of AEs were calculated as cost differences (CDs) between pts with and without AEs using multivariate linear regression to adjust for baseline differences. Results: Pts with (n = 666) and without (n = 569) select AEs had similar median age of 62 years; pts with select AE had more women (34.4% vs. 29.0%) and chemotherapy-treated pts than pts without select AEs (96.1% vs. 91.0%) (both p < 0.05). Baseline characteristics were similar in pts with (n = 290) and without (n = 1,290) severe AEs. FN (28.0%; severe 6.3%), dehydration (26.5%; severe 8.3%), AKI (11.3%; severe 8.8%), and sepsis (8.8%; severe 8.0%) occurred most frequently during 1L therapy (median duration: 15 weeks). Adjusted PPPM CDs between pts with and without AEs were $1,716 overall and $6,130 for severe AEs, with the greatest CDs observed for pneumonitis ($14,400; severe $20,242), sepsis ($8,581; severe $9,490) and AKI ($7,977; severe $8,843) (all p < 0.05). Inpatient costs had the largest impact on CDs. Conclusions: Costs of AEs, especially severe, during 1L treatment of aUC can cause substantial burden to healthcare system. Biomarker-based therapy selection, education/awareness early recognition and management of AEs may reduce hospitalizations and healthcare costs, and may impact care quality.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Systemic dehydration'

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