Relevant bibliographies by topics / Systemic acquired resistance

Academic literature on the topic 'Systemic acquired resistance'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Systemic acquired resistance"

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Uknes, Scott, Bernard Vernooij, Shericca Williams, Danielle Chandler, Kay Lawton, Terrance Delaney, Leslie Friedrich, et al. "Systemic Acquired Resistance." HortScience 30, no. 5 (August 1995): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.5.962.

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Ryals, John A., Urs H. Neuenschwander, Michael G. Willits, Antonio Molina, Henry-York Steiner, and Michelle D. Hunt. "Systemic Acquired Resistance." Plant Cell 8, no. 10 (October 1996): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870231.

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Conrath, Uwe. "Systemic Acquired Resistance." Plant Signaling & Behavior 1, no. 4 (July 2006): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.1.4.3221.

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Ryals, J., S. Uknes, and E. Ward. "Systemic Acquired Resistance." Plant Physiology 104, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 1109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.4.1109.

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Sticher, L., B. Mauch-Mani, and and JP Métraux. "SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE." Annual Review of Phytopathology 35, no. 1 (September 1997): 235–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.35.1.235.

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Durrant, W. E., and X. Dong. "SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE." Annual Review of Phytopathology 42, no. 1 (September 2004): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140421.

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Uknes, S., T. Delaney, B. Vernooij, L. Friedrich, S. Williams, D. Chandler, K. Weymann, et al. "1007 SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 573g—574. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.573g.

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Systemic acquired resistance is a broad spectrum inducible defense response that is associated with the expression of a set of genes (SAR genes). Expression of one of these genes (PR-1a from tobacco) in transgenic tobacco confers increased tolerance to two oomycete pathogens. A direct role for salicylic acid (SA) in signaling SAR has been established in tobacco by analysis of transgenic tobacco expressing salicylate hydroxylase (SAH, an enzyme that inactivates SA by conversion to catechol). Tobacco plants that express SAH are blocked in the accumulation of SA and the development of SAR when responding lo TMV. Furthermore, both Arabidopsis and tobacco expressing SAH have altered pathogen induced lesion morphology, exemplified by larger spreading lesions. Putative mutants in SAR gene expression were isolated by screening M2 Arabidopsis plants for altered expression of PR-1 and PR-2 or for sensitivity to pathogen infection following INA treatment. The putative mutants all into two major classes,constitutive (cim, constitutive immunity) and non-inducible (nim, non-inducible immunity). Several cim mutants exhibits a disease lesion phenotype in the absence of pathogen.
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Navarre, D. J., P. Thomas, C. Brown, and P. Kachroo. "SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE IN POTATO." Acta Horticulturae, no. 619 (November 2003): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.619.19.

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Luna, Estrella, Toby J. A. Bruce, Michael R. Roberts, Victor Flors, and Jurriaan Ton. "Next-Generation Systemic Acquired Resistance." Plant Physiology 158, no. 2 (December 5, 2011): 844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.187468.

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Hunt, Michelle D., John A. Ryals, and Dieter Reinhardt. "Systemic acquired resistance signal transduction." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 15, no. 5-6 (January 1996): 583–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689609382371.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Systemic acquired resistance"

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Qin, Xiaohui. "Papaya systemic acquired resistance." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/6872.

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Challenge by a pathogen induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants, a state marked by the elevated expression of pathogenesis related (PR) genes and enhanced resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens. SAR requires the endogenous accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), and can be induced by exogenous application of SA or related molecules such as benzo(1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH). All tested plants have a SAR response, but some important aspects of SAR differ between species. In this work, four (partial) PR-1 cDNAs were cloned from papaya. One of these, PR-1d, was shown to be induced by BTH. This data, together with previous data showing the induction of SAR related enzymes and enhanced tolerance to a pathogen in response to BTH, demonstrates that papaya has a SAR response and it is induced by BTH. With this knowledge, global profiling of papaya genes induced by BTH was carried out by suppression subtractive hybridization. 25 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) induced by BTH were identified, including homologs of numerous genes known to be defense related, and some genes previously unknown to have defense functions. A papaya homolog of NPRl, shown to be required for SAR signal transduction in Arabidopsis, was isolated and found to contain all three structural domains required for activity in Arabidopsis. This data, together with the profile of BTH induced genes, and induction kinetics for some of these genes, shows that papaya SAR is similar in many important aspects to SAR in the model system Arabidopsis. Additionally, tobacco plants over-expressing Arabidopsis NPRI were produced and found to produce elevated (compared to wild-type) levels of PR-la mRNA in response to SA treatment. This demonstrates that even in a heterologous system, over-expression of NPRl may confer an enhanced SAR response.
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Darby, Judith. "Systemic acquired resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potatoes and tomatoes." Thesis, University of Hull, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321051.

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Bokshi, A. I. "POSTHARVEST DISEASE CONTROL OF MELONS USING SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE AND OTHER." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3938.

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The goal of this research was to test commercially viable alternative methods to fungicides for controlling storage diseases of melons that are safe for human health and the environment. Initially, experiments were conducted on melons to develop a protocol for optimum conditions of disease development during storage for different pathogens and for different stages of fruit maturity. For all pathogens tested, the study found that humidity greater than 90% and temperatures above 20° C support infection and rapid growth of disease. Differences in the rate of infection and extent of disease development after the inoculation of different storage pathogens was observed between rockmelon and honeydew melons, indicating differences in host pathogen interactions. Among the tested pathogens, Alternaria spp. was the least aggressive in infection and disease severity, growing considerably slower than Fusarium acuminatum which was moderately aggressive and Rhizopus spp. which was very aggressive, in comparison. Green half-slip melons showed greater resistance to pathogen attack than green full-slip fruit, while yellow full-slip melons were highly susceptible to pathogen attack. Therefore, the laboratory experiments for postharvest treatments of rockmelons were performed using green full-slip fruit challenged with F. acuminatum. Evaluation of physical and safe chemical methods of postharvest treatment to control postharvest diseases of melons showed that none of the treatments alone was as effective as the commercially available fungicide. Hot water solutions of safe compounds considerably increase their efficacy against postharvest rots, however, symptoms of phytotoxicity on the rind after dipping made their use unacceptable. Iodine was the only safe chemical tested which did not cause any phytotoxicity on melons. When combined with hot water, iodine showed the best control of storage rots and was as good as the fungicides carbendazim or guazatine. Hot water iodine dipping of fruit also delayed ripening and fruit were firmer during storage for a longer period of time. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) was evaluated as a method of controlling powdery mildew in glasshouse grown rockmelon seedlings by treating with the activators 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) or benzothiadiazole (BTH) or water. Increased resistance due to application of INA or BTH, was observed by the reduction of powdery mildew on pre-inoculated detached leaves and also on intact leaves from natural infections. Heightened resistance due to spraying with elicitors of SAR, was further evident by the increased activities of the pathogenesis related proteins (PR proteins), peroxidase and accumulation of phenolics or antifungal compounds during and after challenge inoculation. Field grown rockmelons were treated with INA or BTH or BABA (β-aminobutyric acid) or water at various stages of plant growth and evaluated for increased resistance against pre and postharvest diseases. Both powdery mildew and downy mildew were significantly less on the SAR elicitor treated plants. Preharvest treatment with SAR elicitors also reduced storage diseases of the harvested rockmelon fruit. The reduction in postharvest disease was similar whether plants were treated once, three weeks before harvest, or given four sprays during the growing season beginning at anthesis. A further postharvest dip with 500 ppm of guazatine gave substantial reduction of storage rots of melons. Enhanced activities of chitinase and peroxidase, two major PR-proteins, compared to the control, indicated induction of defence had occurred in the foliage and fruit as a result of SAR. Over the course of four field and one glasshouse experiments slight phytotoxicity was observed in plants frequently sprayed with INA or BTH, but no phytotoxicity was seen after a single spray during the late stages of fruit development. The combination of SAR elicitor treatment and use of a safe postharvest dip provided substantial control of storage rots of rockmelons. The best treatment for control of storage rots involved application of BTH (50 ppm) two weeks before harvest, combined with a hot iodine dip (55° C) of fruit, achieving equivalent or better disease control than use of guazatine fungicide dip.
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Bokshi, A. I. "POSTHARVEST DISEASE CONTROL OF MELONS USING SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE AND OTHER." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3938.

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The goal of this research was to test commercially viable alternative methods to fungicides for controlling storage diseases of melons that are safe for human health and the environment. Initially, experiments were conducted on melons to develop a protocol for optimum conditions of disease development during storage for different pathogens and for different stages of fruit maturity. For all pathogens tested, the study found that humidity greater than 90% and temperatures above 20° C support infection and rapid growth of disease. Differences in the rate of infection and extent of disease development after the inoculation of different storage pathogens was observed between rockmelon and honeydew melons, indicating differences in host pathogen interactions. Among the tested pathogens, Alternaria spp. was the least aggressive in infection and disease severity, growing considerably slower than Fusarium acuminatum which was moderately aggressive and Rhizopus spp. which was very aggressive, in comparison. Green half-slip melons showed greater resistance to pathogen attack than green full-slip fruit, while yellow full-slip melons were highly susceptible to pathogen attack. Therefore, the laboratory experiments for postharvest treatments of rockmelons were performed using green full-slip fruit challenged with F. acuminatum. Evaluation of physical and safe chemical methods of postharvest treatment to control postharvest diseases of melons showed that none of the treatments alone was as effective as the commercially available fungicide. Hot water solutions of safe compounds considerably increase their efficacy against postharvest rots, however, symptoms of phytotoxicity on the rind after dipping made their use unacceptable. Iodine was the only safe chemical tested which did not cause any phytotoxicity on melons. When combined with hot water, iodine showed the best control of storage rots and was as good as the fungicides carbendazim or guazatine. Hot water iodine dipping of fruit also delayed ripening and fruit were firmer during storage for a longer period of time. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) was evaluated as a method of controlling powdery mildew in glasshouse grown rockmelon seedlings by treating with the activators 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) or benzothiadiazole (BTH) or water. Increased resistance due to application of INA or BTH, was observed by the reduction of powdery mildew on pre-inoculated detached leaves and also on intact leaves from natural infections. Heightened resistance due to spraying with elicitors of SAR, was further evident by the increased activities of the pathogenesis related proteins (PR proteins), peroxidase and accumulation of phenolics or antifungal compounds during and after challenge inoculation. Field grown rockmelons were treated with INA or BTH or BABA (β-aminobutyric acid) or water at various stages of plant growth and evaluated for increased resistance against pre and postharvest diseases. Both powdery mildew and downy mildew were significantly less on the SAR elicitor treated plants. Preharvest treatment with SAR elicitors also reduced storage diseases of the harvested rockmelon fruit. The reduction in postharvest disease was similar whether plants were treated once, three weeks before harvest, or given four sprays during the growing season beginning at anthesis. A further postharvest dip with 500 ppm of guazatine gave substantial reduction of storage rots of melons. Enhanced activities of chitinase and peroxidase, two major PR-proteins, compared to the control, indicated induction of defence had occurred in the foliage and fruit as a result of SAR. Over the course of four field and one glasshouse experiments slight phytotoxicity was observed in plants frequently sprayed with INA or BTH, but no phytotoxicity was seen after a single spray during the late stages of fruit development. The combination of SAR elicitor treatment and use of a safe postharvest dip provided substantial control of storage rots of rockmelons. The best treatment for control of storage rots involved application of BTH (50 ppm) two weeks before harvest, combined with a hot iodine dip (55° C) of fruit, achieving equivalent or better disease control than use of guazatine fungicide dip.
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5

Nair, Aswin [Verfasser]. "Salicylic Acid (SA)-independent processes in Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) / Aswin Nair." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1230138110/34.

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6

Murray, Shane Louise. "Identification and characterisation of Arabidopsis systemic acquired resistance mutants isolated by luciferase imaging." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11207.

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Plants have evolved a complex series of integrated defence mechanisms against pathogens. Following recognition of a pathogen avirulence (avr) gene product by the corresponding plant resistance (R) gene product, a complex signalling network is initiated. Local inducible defences are activated and a long-distance signal is released, leading to the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to a wide range of pathogens. SAR is marked by the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key signalling molecule in SAR, inducing PR gene expression both locally and systemically. In order to study further the molecular basis of SAR, we have developed a method of identifying novel SAR mutants by luciferase imaging. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a PR1a-luciferase reporter gene were generated and homozygous seed was chemically mutagenised. Mutants with perturbations in PR1 gene expression were identified and could be divided into various classes. A novel mutant expressing PR1 constitutively was selected for further study. cir1 (constitutively induced resistance 1) expressed both SA-dependent and SA-independent defence genes constitutively, accumulated SA to high levels and produced an increased amount of ethylene. In addition, cir1 exhibited resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 and the virulent oomycete pathogen Peronospora parisitica Noco2. Genetic analyses indicated that cir1 is recessive and defines a mutation in a single gene, cir1 mapped to the lower arm of chromosome 4. Double mutants were produced between cirl and SA-, JA- and ethylene-insensitive mutants. Analysis of these plants showed that SA, JA and ethylene were required for constitutive defence gene expression and disease resistance in cir1. Thus, the results obtained indicate that CIR1 acts as a negative regulator in the disease resistance signal transduction network, most likely functioning upstream of the branchpoint between the SA-dependent and SA-independent pathways.
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7

Bokshi, Anowarul Islam. "Postharvest disease control of melons using systemic acquired resistance and other safe methods." Connect to full text, 2008. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/3938.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2008.
Includes graphs and tables. Includes list of publications co-authored with others. Title from title screen (viewed November 28, 2008. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Tripathi, Diwaker. "Role of SABP2 in Systemic Acquired Resistance Induced by Acibenzolar-S-Methyl in Plants." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1720.

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Plants have evolved an efficient mechanism to defend themselves against pathogens. Many biotic and abiotic agents have been shown to induce defense mechanism in plants. Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) is a commercially available chemical inducer of local and systemic resistance (SAR) response in plants. ASM functioning at molecular level is mostly unclear. This research was designed to investigate the mechanism of ASM action in plants. It was hypothesized that SABP2, a plant protein, plays an important role in ASM-mediated defense signaling. Biochemical studies were performed to test the interaction between SABP2 and ASM. Transgenic SABP2-silenced tobacco plants were used to determine the role of SABP2 in SAR induced by ASM. The expression of PR-1 proteins was used as a marker for SAR induction. Results showed that SABP2 converts ASM into acibenzolar that induces the expression of PR-1 proteins and develops the SAR response in ASM-treated plants.
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Krothapalli, Kartikeya. "Association of plastid lipid metabolism with the activation of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1058.

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Gaikwad, Trupti. "Investigating the initial signalling mechanisms underpinning gene-for-gene mediated Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/30057.

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Plants deploy two key active defensive strategies to combat microbial pathogens; (i) Recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by extracellular surface receptors leading to the activation of PAMP-Triggered Immunity (PTI); (ii) Recognition of pathogen effector activity, usually intracellularly, by host Resistance (R) proteins leading to Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI). ETI is characterised by a rapid localised Hypersensitive Response (HR). HR induces Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) through the production of an inducible immune signal(s), leading to broad spectrum systemic resistance. I investigated the earliest events associated with SAR signalling using plant electrophysiology, SAR mutants and a unique promoter-luciferase fusion that captures early systemic transcriptional events associated with ETI. We describe the transcriptional dynamics of A70 (At5g56980), a gene of unknown function (Truman et al. 2007), in local and systemic tissue following challenge with different elicitors and virulent or avirulent pathogen challenges. We provide evidence that A70 responds to a jasmonate (JA) related signal that is rapidly generated following ETI recognition. We further evaluate A70::LUC reporter activity in response to JA stimulus and correlate activity with histological expression of a JA repressor reporter (JAZ10::GUS) and A70::GFP reporter in systemically responding leaves following avirulent pathogen challenges. Finally, we examine changes in electrophysiological signals following ETI in local and systemic leaves. Focussing on events underpinning initiation, propagation and perception of SAR-inducing signals within the first 6-8 h of pathogen challenge we provide new insight into the integrated signalling mechanisms, dynamics and connectivity underpinning systemic immune responses. We conclude that there are multicomponent signals that link ETI induced transcriptional and electrical signals, with a COI1 receptor dependent propagative transcriptional wave the leads to rapid temporal spatial activation of jasmonate responsive genes in systemic responding leaves.
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Books on the topic "Systemic acquired resistance"

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Hội thảo kích thích tính kháng bệnh lưu dã̂n trên lúa (2004 Can Tho University). Hội thảo kích thích tính kháng bệnh lưu dã̂n trên lúa: [bài] = The Workshop of DANIDA-ENRECA Project on Systemic Acquired Resistance, an Eco-friendly Strategy for Managing Disease in Rice : [papers], Can Tho University, 30-06-2004. TP. [i.e. Thành Phó̂] Hò̂ Chí Minh: Nhà xuá̂t bản Nông nghiệp, 2004.

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Haag, Jeff. Achieving Systemic Acquired Resistance in Sports Turf. Independently Published, 2017.

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Hutcheon, Carolyn Jamie. Active Oxygen species accumulation in the immunization and manifestation stages of systemic acquired resistance during and Arabidopsis Thaliana-Pseudomonas Syringae pv tomato interaction. 1998.

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Oostdijk, Evelien, and Marc Bonten. Oral, nasopharyngeal, and gut decontamination in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0287.

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Many infections are caused by enteric bacilli, presumably from endogenous origin. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) was developed to selectively eliminate the aerobic Gram-negative bacilli from the digestive tract, leaving the anaerobic flora unaffected. As an alternative to SDD, investigators have evaluated the effects of selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOpD) alone. Most detailed data on the effects of SDD and SOpD in ICU-patients come from two studies performed in Dutch ICUs. The Dutch studies provide strong evidence that SDD and SOpD reduce ICUmortality, ICU-acquired bacteraemia with Gram-negative bacteria, and systemic antibiotic use. Although successful application has been reported from several solitary ICUs across Europe, it is currently unknown to what extent these effects can be achieved in settings with different bacterial ecology. More studies are needed on the use of SDD or SOpD as a measure to control outbreaks with multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Carlucci, Annalisa, and Paolo Navalesi. Weaning failure in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0103.

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Weaning failure has been defined as failure to discontinue mechanical ventilation, as assessed by the spontaneous breathing trial, or need for re-intubation after extubation, so-called extubation failure. Both events represent major clinical and economic burdens, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The most important mechanism leading to discontinuation failure is an unfavourable balance between respiratory muscle capacity and the load they must face. Beyond specific diseases leading to loss of muscle force-generating capacity, other factors may impair respiratory muscle function, including prolonged mechanical ventilation, sedation, and ICU-acquired neuromuscular dysfunction, potentially consequent to multiple factors. The load depends on the mechanical properties of the respiratory system. An increased load is consequent to any condition leading to increased resistance, reduced compliance, and/or occurrence of intrinsic positive-end-expiratory pressure. Noteworthy, the load can significantly increase throughout the spontaneous breathing trial. Cardiac, cerebral, and neuropsychiatric disorders are also causes of discontinuation failure. Extubation failure may depend, on the one hand, on a deteriorated force-load balance occurring after removal of the endotracheal tube and, on the other hand, on specific problems. Careful patient evaluation, avoidance and treatment of all the potential determinants of failure are crucial to achieve successful discontinuation and extubation.
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Kenny, Neil, ed. Literature, Learning, and Social Hierarchy in Early Modern Europe. British Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267332.001.0001.

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Before the ascendancy of the language of social class, European societies were conceived as hierarchies of orders, degrees, estates, dignities, and ranks. What was the relationship, from the fifteenth century to the seventeenth, between that social hierarchy and another major facet of early modern life—literature and learning (understood in a broad sense as literate cultural activity and production)? Literature and learning were not just contiguous with social hierarchy, but also overlapped with it. The volume fosters Europe-wide consideration of this relationship, rather than providing a systematic survey organized by territory, genre, discourse, or period. The territories featured are largely Western European—England, France, Germany and the Low Countries, Italy, and Portugal. The genres, discourses, and practices featured include poetry, theatre, masque, architecture, philosophy, law, printing, publishing, translating, and scribe-hiring. First, the volume examines the role of languages—especially elite written ones such as Latin, cosmopolitan vernaculars, or technical vocabulary—in enabling some groups to acquire social literacies and practices. The focus is not just on these processes of acquisition but also on the accompanying exclusions, resistances, doubts, and contradictions. Next, the role of cultural production in generating social status is examined in relation to printers and publishers, theatre actors, and a woman poet from an artisanal milieu. Some chapters then focus more on the literary and other representations themselves, examining how they represent social hierarchy and the place within it of certain groups. The closing chapters emphasize that the relationship of literature and learning to social hierarchy is profoundly two-way.
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Trepulė, Elena, Airina Volungevičienė, Margarita Teresevičienė, Estela Daukšienė, Rasa Greenspon, Giedrė Tamoliūnė, Marius Šadauskas, and Gintarė Vaitonytė. Guidelines for open and online learning assessment and recognition with reference to the National and European qualification framework: micro-credentials as a proposal for tuning and transparency. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/9786094674792.

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These Guidelines are one of the results of the four-year research project “Open Online Learning for Digital and Networked Society” (2017-2021). The project objective was to enable university teachers to design open and online learning through open and online learning curriculum and environment applying learning analytics as a metacognitive tool and creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the needs of digital and networked society. The research of the project resulted in 10 scientific publications and 2 studies prepared by Vytautas Magnus university Institute of Innovative Studies research team in collaboration with their international research partners from Germany, Spain and Portugal. The final stage of the research attempted creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the learner needs in contemporary digital and networked society. The need for open learning recognition has been increasing during the recent decade while the developments of open learning related to the Covid 19 pandemics have dramatically increased the need for systematic and high-quality assessment and recognition of learning acquired online. The given time also relates to the increased need to offer micro-credentials to learners, as well as a rising need for universities to prepare for micro-credentialization and issue new digital credentials to learners who are regular students, as well as adult learners joining for single courses. The increased need of all labour - market participants for frequent and fast renewal of competences requires a well working and easy to use system of open learning assessment and recognition. For learners, it is critical that the micro-credentials are well linked to national and European qualification frameworks, as well as European digital credential infrastructures (e.g., Europass and similar). For employers, it is important to receive requested quality information that is encrypted in the metadata of the credential. While for universities, there is the need to properly prepare institutional digital infrastructure, organizational procedures, descriptions of open learning opportunities and virtual learning environments to share, import and export the meta-data easily and seamlessly through European Digital Hub service infrastructures, as well as ensure that academic and administrative staff has digital competencies to design, issue and recognise open learning through digital and micro-credentials. The first chapter of the Guidelines provides a background view of the European Qualification Framework and National Qualification frameworks for the further system of gaining, stacking and modelling further qualifications through open online learning. The second chapter suggests the review of current European policy papers and consultations on the establishment of micro-credentials in European higher education. The findings of the report of micro-credentials higher education consultation group “European Approach to Micro-credentials” is shortly introduced, as well as important policy discussions taking place. Responding to the Rome Bologna Comunique 2020, where the ministers responsible for higher education agreed to support lifelong learning through issuing micro-credentials, a joint endeavour of DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and DG Research and Innovation resulted in one of the most important political documents highlighting the potential of micro-credentials towards economic, social and education innovations. The consultation group of experts from the Member States defined the approach to micro-credentials to facilitate their validation, recognition and portability, as well as to foster a larger uptake to support individual learning in any subject area and at any stage of life or career. The Consultation Group also suggested further urgent topics to be discussed, including the storage, data exchange, portability, and data standards of micro-credentials and proposed EU Standard of constitutive elements of micro-credentials. The third chapter is devoted to the institutional readiness to issue and to recognize digital and micro-credentials. Universities need strategic decisions and procedures ready to be enacted for assessment of open learning and issuing micro-credentials. The administrative and academic staff needs to be aware and confident to follow these procedures while keeping the quality assurance procedures in place, as well. The process needs to include increasing teacher awareness in the processes of open learning assessment and the role of micro-credentials for the competitiveness of lifelong learners in general. When the strategic documents and procedures to assess open learning are in place and the staff is ready and well aware of the processes, the description of the courses and the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to provide the necessary metadata for the assessment of open learning and issuing of micro-credentials. Different innovation-driven projects offer solutions: OEPass developed a pilot Learning Passport, based on European Diploma Supplement, MicroHE developed a portal Credentify for displaying, verifying and sharing micro-credential data. Credentify platform is using Blockchain technology and is developed to comply with European Qualifications Framework. Institutions, willing to join Credentify platform, should make strategic discussions to apply micro-credential metadata standards. The ECCOE project building on outcomes of OEPass and MicroHE offers an all-encompassing set of quality descriptors for credentials and the descriptions of learning opportunities in higher education. The third chapter also describes the requirements for university structures to interact with the Europass digital credentials infrastructure. In 2020, European Commission launched a new Europass platform with Digital Credential Infrastructure in place. Higher education institutions issuing micro-credentials linked to Europass digital credentials infrastructure may offer added value for the learners and can increase reliability and fraud-resistant information for the employers. However, before using Europass Digital Credentials, universities should fulfil the necessary preconditions that include obtaining a qualified electronic seal, installing additional software and preparing the necessary data templates. Moreover, the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to export learning outcomes to a digital credential, maintaining and securing learner authentication. Open learning opportunity descriptions also need to be adjusted to transfer and match information for the credential meta-data. The Fourth chapter illustrates how digital badges as a type of micro-credentials in open online learning assessment may be used in higher education to create added value for the learners and employers. An adequately provided metadata allows using digital badges as a valuable tool for recognition in all learning settings, including formal, non-formal and informal.
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Book chapters on the topic "Systemic acquired resistance"

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Neuenschwander, Urs, Kay Lawton, and John Ryals. "Systemic Acquired Resistance." In Plant-Microbe Interactions, 81–106. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1213-0_3.

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Dijkstra, Jeanne, and Cees P. de Jager. "Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)." In Practical Plant Virology, 57–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72030-7_7.

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Shah, Jyoti, and Ratnesh Chaturvedi. "Long-Distance Signaling in Systemic Acquired Resistance." In Long-Distance Systemic Signaling and Communication in Plants, 1–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_1.

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Lawton, K., S. Uknes, L. Friedrich, T. Gaffney, D. Alexander, R. Goodman, J. P. Metraux, et al. "The Molecular Biology of Systemic Acquired Resistance." In Developments in Plant Pathology, 422–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1737-1_127.

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Delaney, Terrence P., Leslie Friedrich, Helmut Kessmann, Scott Uknes, Bernard Vernooij, Eric Ward, Kris Weymann, and John Ryals. "The Molecular Biology of Systemic Acquired Resistance." In Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 339–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0177-6_51.

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Kamle, Madhu, Rituraj Borah, Himashree Bora, Amit K. Jaiswal, Ravi Kant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar. "Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR): Role and Mechanism of Action Against Phytopathogens." In Fungal Biology, 457–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_20.

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Raskin, Ilya, Paul Silverman, and Nasser Yalpani. "Hormones in systemic acquired resistance: The role of salicylic acid." In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation, 500–510. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_59.

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Dong, Xinnian, Xin Li, Yuelin Zhang, Weihua Fan, Mark Kinkema, and Joseph Clarke. "Regulation of Systemic Acquired Resistance by NPR1 and its Partners." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 165–75. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470515778.ch12.

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Uknes, Scott, Shericca Morris, Bernard Vernooij, and John Ryals. "The Role of Benzoic Acid Derivatives in Systemic Acquired Resistance." In Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, 253–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1754-6_10.

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Singh, S. K., Rakesh Pathak, and Vipin Choudhary. "Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria-Mediated Acquired Systemic Resistance in Plants Against Pests and Diseases." In Microbial-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants, 125–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0388-2_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Systemic acquired resistance"

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"Systemic Acquired Resistance Induced by Some Biotic Agents against Downy Mildew of Cucumber Disease." In International Conference on Plant, Marine and Environmental Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0115022.

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Tchagang, Alain B., Heather Shearer, Sieu Phan, Hugo Berube, Fazel Famili, Pierre Fobert, and Youlian Pan. "Towards a temporal modeling of the genetic network controlling Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana." In 2010 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cibcb.2010.5510589.

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Bradley, Carl A., Mohamed F. R. Khan, Norman R. Cattanach, and Randy S. Nelson. "Evaluation of Telone IT fumigant and Actigard systemic acquired resistance inducer on sugarbeet in a rhizomania-infested field." In 33rd Biennial Meeting of American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2005.44.

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Nejat, Najmeh Setareh. "Coordinate activity of TOP1 and TOP2 oligopeptidases determine systemic acquired resistance through the regulation of cellular redox state." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1007177.

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Yu, Dongchi, and Ronald W. Yeung. "Hybridization of Theory and Experiment in Optimizing Di-Hull Configuration With Respect to Wave Resistance." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62151.

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A fast method for optimizing the configuration of a di-hull system is to take advantage of the wave-cut signatures of each hull and evaluate the combined resistance of the hull system using analytical expressions that portray the interference effects of the hull-generated waves. This interference formula is available in Yeung et al. [1] and can be used in conjunction with the wave-cut signatures. The Longitudinal Wave-cut Method (LCM) is utilized to acquire the wave-making spectrum for each monohull. Then the di-hull interference wave resistance is deduced by substituting these experimentally-acquired information into analytical expressions for resistance computation. The pre-acquired wave-spectrum information can be stored and used for a combination of any component hulls, identical or not. This hybridization procedure of theory and experiments is tested and evaluated. Its merits and deficiencies are discussed.
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Wang, Yueping, and Ken J. KarisAllen. "Evaluation of the Effect of Paint Degradation on Shipboard Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Performance: A Physical Scale Modeling Approach." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87025.

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Physical scale modeling (PSM) has been used to evaluate and design shipboard impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems in several NATO countries. With the application of numerical modeling techniques for the evaluation of shipboard ICCP performance, efforts to validate numerical modeling results using PSM data have been gaining increasing importance. As part of the efforts, a discrete area current control (DACC) technique was developed in previous studies to simulate the polarization resistance behavior of multiple cathodes including nickel aluminum bronze propellers and paint damage areas under a variety of conditions. The application of the DACC technique facilitated the use of identical polarization resistance data as boundary conditions for both PSM and numerical modeling analyses in the validation studies. In the current work, the DACC technique was extended to simulating polarization resistance behavior of various paint degradation scenarios (with polarization resistances varying from 1×107 Ωcm2 to 2×105 Ωcm2) to study the effect of paint degradation on the performance of a shipboard ICCP system. The results indicated that overall paint degradation does not significantly affect the hull potential profile until the magnitude of the polarization resistance of the paint coating decreases below 1×107 Ωcm2. The PSM profiles were also compared with numerical modeling data acquired using a boundary element code resulting in a good agreement between the two techniques. The discrepancies observed between the PSM and numerical modeling profiles have also been discussed.
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Randall, E. W., A. J. Wilkinson, T. M. Long, and A. Sutherland. "A High Speed Current Pulse Electrical Resistance Tomography System for Dynamic Process Monitoring." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58219.

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This paper describes an instrument for Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) measurements based on a current pulse technique which has been shown by the authors to be a viable and easily implemented alternative to conventional AC excited systems. This system enables data to be acquired and recorded at 1000 frames/second on a single plane 16 electrode system and every 50th frame to be reconstructed and displayed to provide a real time display. The high frame rate enables transient phenomena to be investigated. The design incorporates a multiplexor allowing 8 rings of 16 electrodes to be sampled sequentially and thus provide data sets from all planes at 125 frames/second. This data can be processed to provide 3-D reconstructions and for velocity measurements using cross-correlation techniques. The system is primarily intended for use in minerals processing applications and data is presented from electrode systems used in slurry pipeline monitoring. It is suggested that simplified design and low manufacturing cost of the current pulse ERT systems will open the way for wide scale industrial applications.
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Madokoro, Hiroshi, Koji Okamoto, and Yuki Ishiwatari. "SCDAP Model Improvement With QUENCH-06 Analysis." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30086.

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One of the important severe accident management measures in a Light Water Reactor (LWR) is water injection to the reactor core. Reflooding of the uncovered reactor core is essential to prevent total core degradation. The series of QUENCH tests have been conducted to acquire knowledge of the reflooding. A number of analyses on QUENCH tests have also been done by different computer codes for code validation and improvements. In this study, the modeling of the QUENCH-06 experiment was performed with RELAP/SCDAPSIM computer code. The input deck was modified and the SCDAP model was improved in order to represent the experimental facility more precisely. The uncertainties regarding the electrical resistance distribution in the heater rod system and the thermal properties of the shroud insulator were assessed, respectively. The main purpose of this study is to identify the models to be improved. The rather good agreement between the calculation results and the measurement was acquired than the past studies [1]. In addition, more accurate modeling of the electrical resistance and the thermal properties of shroud insulator was done and their importance was indicated. The temperature profile and oxide thickness still showed similar tendencies with the original case. Further improvements are required mainly in the heat transfer model and the oxidation model in the SCDAP code.
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Choi, Kun-Mo, Robert D. Hurt, Thomas E. Shea, and Richard Nishimura. "User Requirements and Criteria for Proliferation Resistance in INPRO." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49211.

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In designing future nuclear energy systems, it is important to consider the potential that such systems could be misused for the purpose of producing nuclear weapons. INPRO set out to provide guidance on incorporating proliferation resistance into innovative nuclear energy systems (INS). Generally two types of proliferation resistance measures are distinguished: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic features consist of technical design features that reduce the attractiveness of nuclear material for nuclear weapon program, or prevent the diversion of nuclear material or production of undeclared nuclear material for nuclear weapons. Extrinsic measures include commitments, obligations and policies of states such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and IAEA safeguards agreements. INPRO has produced five basic principles and five user requirements for INS. It emphasizes that INS must continue to be an unattractive means to acquire fissile material for a nuclear weapon program. It also addresses as user requirements: 1) a balanced and optimised combination of intrinsic features and extrinsic measures, 2) the development and implementation of intrinsic features, 3) an early consideration of proliferation resistance in the development of INS and 4) the utilization of intrinsic features to increase the efficiency of extrinsic measures. INPRO has also developed criteria, consisting of indicators and acceptance limits, which would be used by a state to assess how an INS satisfies those user requirements. For the first user requirement, the most important but complex one, INPRO provides a 3-layer hierarchy of indicators to assess how unattractive a specific INS would be as part of a nuclear weapon program. Attributes of nuclear material and facilities are used as indicators to assess intrinsic features. Extrinsic measures imposed on the system are also assessed. Indicators to assess defence in depth for proliferation resistance include the number and robustness of barriers, and the redundancy or complementarity of barriers. The cost of incorporating proliferation resistant features is used to assess the cost-effectiveness of any particular INS in providing proliferation resistance. The stages in the development of an INS at which proliferation resistance is considered in the process are assessed. Awareness of extrinsic measures by designers and use of intrinsic features for verification illustrate how intrinsic features facilitate extrinsic measures. An INPRO-consistent methodology to assess the proliferation resistance of an INS is still under development, with feedback expected from the case studies undertaken by Argentina, India, Russia and the Republic of Korea.
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Lindgren, Luke, Rafaela Simoes-torigoe, Karcher Morris, and Frank E. Talke. "Characterization of Electric Fields Generated by Electricidal Coatings for Biofilm-Resistant Catheters." In ASME 2021 30th Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2021-65354.

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Abstract Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are an endemic problem in the American medical system, causing nearly 32% of all hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) [1]. Novel antimicrobial coatings for catheters, consisting of metal powders (Ag/Ag2O) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), have recently been developed to combat this problem [2,3]. The active ingredients in these coatings were modeled using simplified assumptions in both ANSYS Maxwell and Quantum Espresso to determine the electric field strength at various particle radii. SEM/EDX analysis of the Ag/Ag2O coating was also performed to simulate the particles in ANSYS and provide comparison between idealized models and actual particle geometries.
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Reports on the topic "Systemic acquired resistance"

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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568755.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568746.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Grene Alscher, Ruth, Jonathan Gressel, Carole Cramer, Abraham Warshawsky, and Elizabeth Grabau. Mechanisms of Oxidant Resistance in Weed and Crop Species. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613041.bard.

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A large body of evidence has accumulated showing that plant strains that are tolerant to a particular oxidant stress have a modicum of cross-tolerance to other oxidant stresses, whether caused by transient heat, drought, cold or oxidizing air pollutants or herbicides. We have studied a multienzyme scavenging system associated with oxidant tolerance at the metabolic and molecular levels in the model systems of pea and Conyza. Data from our experimental systems suggest that both development and subcellular compartmentalization play important roles in stress tolerance. The behavior of the chloroplast may differ from that of the cytosol. Further study of these controls is needed to acquire the understanding needed to generate oxidant stress tolerant field crops.
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Wideman, Jr., Robert F., Nicholas B. Anthony, Avigdor Cahaner, Alan Shlosberg, Michel Bellaiche, and William B. Roush. Integrated Approach to Evaluating Inherited Predictors of Resistance to Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (Ascites) in Fast Growing Broiler Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575287.bard.

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Background PHS (pulmonary hypertension syndrome, ascites syndrome) is a serious cause of loss in the broiler industry, and is a prime example of an undesirable side effect of successful genetic development that may be deleteriously manifested by factors in the environment of growing broilers. Basically, continuous and pinpointed selection for rapid growth in broilers has led to higher oxygen demand and consequently to more frequent manifestation of an inherent potential cardiopulmonary incapability to sufficiently oxygenate the arterial blood. The multifaceted causes and modifiers of PHS make research into finding solutions to the syndrome a complex and multi threaded challenge. This research used several directions to better understand the development of PHS and to probe possible means of achieving a goal of monitoring and increasing resistance to the syndrome. Research Objectives (1) To evaluate the growth dynamics of individuals within breeding stocks and their correlation with individual susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (2) To compile data on diagnostic indices found in this work to be predictive for PHS, during exposure to experimental protocols known to trigger PHS; (3) To conduct detailed physiological evaluations of cardiopulmonary function in broilers; (4) To compile data on growth dynamics and other diagnostic indices in existing lines selected for susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (5) To integrate growth dynamics and other diagnostic data within appropriate statistical procedures to provide geneticists with predictive indices that characterize resistance or susceptibility to PHS. Revisions In the first year, the US team acquired the costly Peckode weigh platform / individual bird I.D. system that was to provide the continuous (several times each day), automated weighing of birds, for a comprehensive monitoring of growth dynamics. However, data generated were found to be inaccurate and irreproducible, so making its use implausible. Henceforth, weighing was manual, this highly labor intensive work precluding some of the original objectives of using such a strategy of growth dynamics in selection procedures involving thousands of birds. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. Healthy broilers were found to have greater oscillations in growth velocity and acceleration than PHS susceptible birds. This proved the scientific validity of our original hypothesis that such differences occur. 2. Growth rate in the first week is higher in PHS-susceptible than in PHS-resistant chicks. Artificial neural network accurately distinguished differences between the two groups based on growth patterns in this period. 3. In the US, the unilateral pulmonary occlusion technique was used in collaboration with a major broiler breeding company to create a commercial broiler line that is highly resistant to PHS induced by fast growth and low ambient temperatures. 4. In Israel, lines were obtained by genetic selection on PHS mortality after cold exposure in a dam-line population comprising of 85 sire families. The wide range of PHS incidence per family (0-50%), high heritability (about 0.6), and the results in cold challenged progeny, suggested a highly effective and relatively easy means for selection for PHS resistance 5. The best minimally-invasive diagnostic indices for prediction of PHS resistance were found to be oximetry, hematocrit values, heart rate and electrocardiographic (ECG) lead II waves. Some differences in results were found between the US and Israeli teams, probably reflecting genetic differences in the broiler strains used in the two countries. For instance the US team found the S wave amplitude to predict PHS susceptibility well, whereas the Israeli team found the P wave amplitude to be a better valid predictor. 6. Comprehensive physiological studies further increased knowledge on the development of PHS cardiopulmonary characteristics of pre-ascitic birds, pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, hypotension/kidney response, pulmonary hemodynamic responses to vasoactive mediators were all examined in depth. Implications, scientific and agricultural Substantial progress has been made in understanding the genetic and environmental factors involved in PHS, and their interaction. The two teams each successfully developed different selection programs, by surgical means and by divergent selection under cold challenge. Monitoring of the progress and success of the programs was done be using the in-depth estimations that this research engendered on the reliability and value of non-invasive predictive parameters. These findings helped corroborate the validity of practical means to improve PHT resistance by research-based programs of selection.
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Barrera-Osorio, Felipe, Samuel Berlinski, and Matías Busso. Effective Evidence-Informed Policy: A Partnership among Government, Implementers, and Researchers. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2021/035.

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Evidence matters for the effectiveness of public policies,but important informational frictions—that is, resistanceto obtaining or using information on the subject at hand—sometimes prevent it from shaping policy decisions.Hjort et al. (2021) showed that reducing those frictionscan change not only political leaders’ beliefs but alsothe policies they implement. One-way information, fromresearch to policy, may sometimes be insufficient, though.Policymakers may be agnostic about the effectiveness ofan intervention, or they may not know which of its featuresrequire adjustment. A process of policy experimentationmay be needed (Duflo 2017), in which policies arerigorously evaluated at a small scale, the findings of those evaluations inform the policy design, and a new evaluation determines the effectiveness of a fine-tuned version of the intervention, with the assessment continuing until the program is ready to be scaled up. This process requires very close collaboration among government, implementers, and researchers. The means by which evidence is produced is also important. A frequent criticism of researcher-designed interventions is that results may not be relevant. One reason is that pilot programme’s participants or circumstances may be atypical, with the result that the experimental treatment, even if implemented with fidelity, may not achieve similar outcomes in other settings (Al Ubaydli et al. 2017; Vivalt 2017). A second reason is that governments may lack the capability to implement with fidelity interventions tested in randomized control trials. A partnership between policymakers and researchers can help attenuate these concerns. A recent experience in Colombia provides a good example of such a partnership at work. “Let’s All Learn to Read” is an ambitious programme to improve literacy skills among elementary schoolchildren (Grades K–5). Spearheaded by the Luker Foundation, a local nongovernmental organisation, in collaboration with the Secretary of Education of Manizales (Colombia), the programme began with a systematic data collection effort in the municipality’s public primary schools to understand why students were failing to acquire the most basic academic skills. This led to several interventions over many years during which multidisciplinary teams of researchers working in close collaboration with local stakeholders and policymakers designed and evaluated different features of the programme.
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