Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Systèmes informatiques – Aspect environnemental'
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Bourgeois, Guillaume. "Analyse et modélisation de l’impact environnemental du système d’information." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS023.
Full textDigital technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, but it has a significant environmental impact, particularly in terms of energy consumption, greenhouse gas production, electronic waste, water and air pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. Organizations are becoming aware of their environmental responsibility and are seeking to reduce their carbon footprint related to information systems. To help organizations manage their IS carbon footprint, this thesis proposes a decision support framework based on a detailed modeling of the environmental impact of the information system. This framework identifies the most effective actions to reduce the environmental impact of the IS, taking into account the operational and financial constraints of the organizations. The WeNR tools are presented as concrete applications of this decision support framework, which allow measuring the environmental impact of the IS within organizations and proposing concrete measures to reduce it. Finally, the author presents the prospects of a responsible digital SaaS decision support tool that would automatically collect data on the organization’s digital carbon footprint, analyze it, propose specific actions to reduce it, and provide key environmental performance indicators
Chanet, Jean-Pierre. "Algorithme de routage coopératif à qualité de service pour des réseaux ad hoc agri-environnementaux." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21745.
Full textDiattara, Awa. "Problématique de l'acquisition des connaissances dans des environnements informatiques fortement orientés connaissances : vers un outil auteur pour le projet AMBRE." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM055/document.
Full textThe general issue we addressed in this thesis is the challenge of knowledge elicitation in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). In the context of this work, we are interested in ITS teaching problem solving methods. Teaching methods for solving problems consists in teaching students how to think about the problem before starting its resolution. In a given field, such a method is based on a categorization of problems. Knowing to recognize the class of a problem enables students to choose the resolution technique associated with this class. However, designing such ITS is tedious and costly, and specially require expertise in the application domain and in programming.In order to reduce the design cost of these ITS and to enable an author (for example a teacher) to be able to elicit knowledge needed without programming, we propose an interactive knowledge elicitation process. This process is implemented through the design of an authoring tool: AMBRE-KB. For that, we first propose meta-models for the knowledge to be acquired. This knowledge is not an expert knowledge, but knowledge such as we would want that they work at the end of the learning. Next, we propose a knowledge acquisition process based on these meta-models, which enable the author to be assisted in the elicitation process enabling him/her to build specific knowledge models for a given domain.We conducted two experiments to evaluate the knowledge acquisition process and its implementation in the AMBRE-KB tool. The first relates to completeness. The aim is to verify, for a given domain, whether the knowledge models generated by AMBRE-KB enable the solver to solve problems. The aim of the second experiment is to measure the utility and usability of AMBRE-KB. The results of both experiments are satisfactory
Lankri, Saïd. "Services et navigation pour personnes dépendantes en environnements domotiques." Lorient, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LORIS167.
Full textOur work aims at providing everyday assistance to elderly and disabled people, at their homes or in medical facilities. This assistance takes the form of an assistive technology system called DANAH which delivers to the user the services available in its domotized environnement. From a user's perspective we provide both service activation and navigation. Services may be imple activation such as powering on the television or complex activations stored in macros of services called scenarios. Scenarios are useful when it comes to recording daily repetitive tasks in order to make them lighter to the user. Taling into account service failures, our work also focused on service recovery. This process is called reconfiguration and aims at suggesting alternative services to failed ones. Alternative may be defined off-line using rules or computed on-line using an effect-based mechanism. When the user navigates in its environment, the system may also trigger services on its own, depending on its location and the information stored in the environment topology. From a developer's perspective, we also defined a design flow that speeds up the creation and deployment of new user environments. This flow emphasizes on a graphical paradigm for environment design, component reuse, and automatic data generation using model transformations. Our work resulted in a real scale platform that uses a distributed approach in order to deliver services. Distribution allows the system to be installed both in small houses and large structures
Hossain, Mohaimenul. "Green Metrics to Improve Sustainable Networking." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0201.
Full textAchieving energy efficiency has in recent times become a major concern of networking research due to the ever-escalating power consumption and CO2 emissions produced by large data networks. This problem is becoming more and more challenging because of the drastic traffic increase in the last few years and it is expected to be increased even more in the coming years. Using efficient energy-aware strategies that could overturn this situation by reducing the electricity consumption as well as mitigating the environmental impact of data transmission networks. However, CO2 and energy consumption cannot be considered proportionate if the means of electricity production differs. This research work focuses on reducing the environmental impact of data transmission network by implementing energy aware routing, where unused network devices will be put into sleep/shut down and high capacity links will be adapted according to demand requirement. But, alongside with energy, this work has introduced two different metrics namely carbon emission factor and non-renewable energy usage percentage, which are considered as objective functions for designing green network. Here a centralized approach like using Software-Defined Networking (SDN), is used for designing to solve this problem as they allow flexible programmability suitable for this problem. Our proposal proposes a routing technique using genetic algorithm that minimizes the number of network-elements required and at the same time adapt the bandwidth capacity while satisfying an incoming traffic load. Different from existing related works, we focus on optimizing not only energy consumption but also carbon emission and non-renewable energy consumption in SDN in order to close this important gap in the literature and provide solutions compatible with operational backbone networks. Complementing the general aim of improving the environmental impact of data transmission network, this research is also intended to cover important related features such as realistic large demand size, network performance, and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. At the same time this work focuses on network stability and analyzes the impact of network stability while implementing a green solution. Our work proposes a penalty and filtering mechanism which helps to find an optimal balance between stability and green networking. By using realistic input data, significant values of switched-off links and nodes are reached which demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. The obtained result validated the importance of considering environmental factors rather than considering only energy. Results also show the trade-off between environmental and performance concerns, considering a couple of performance indicators. Moreover, it is shown that the penalty and filtering mechanism is an effective approach to avoid incoherent system and improve the stability of the system. As a whole, this conducted research and contributions reported through this manuscript stand as a valuable solution on the road to sustainable networking
Mahatody, Thomas. "Spécification et conception d’un environnement d’aide à l’inspection des Systèmes Interactifs, basé sur la méthode Cognitive Walkthrough." Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/acd7f7bf-f5fa-46cc-bb9c-2f35bf3f4b41.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the evaluation of interactive systems. It aims to contribute to the extension and equipment of the Cognitive Walkthrough method. This method is the subject of many studies and experiments worldwide. It has also undergone several modifications and extensions. Despite the interest in the method, its use poses many methodological and applicative problems. Firstly, this thesis describes the key elements related to human factors consideration in interactive system design and evaluation. Then, it proposes a state of the art on the evaluation of interactive systems based on the Cognitive Walkthrough method. Then the specification of an environment to support the inspection of interactive systems based on Cognitive Walkthrough is described. A mockup of an environment called CWE ("Cognitive Walkthrough Environment") is proposed; a first evaluation is exposed. A conclusion and perspectives end the thesis
Bohas, Amélie. "Vers une analyse de la relation systèmes d'information, développement durable et responsabilité sociale d'entreprise : l'adoption et l'évaluation du Green IT." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30076/document.
Full textThe reflection developed in this thesis is jointly inspired by research in strategic management and information systems (IS). It tends to analyze the relationship between the sustainable development (SD), the corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the information systems (IS) in addressing a new object in this field: Green IT. As not much research have yet been dedicated to this subject, it simultaneously aims to describe this emerging phenomenon, to understand the reasons for its adoption and its diffusion within organizations and to design instrumentation. The neo-institutional theory and the socio-rational approach to the diffusion of innovation have been mobilized to develop a framework for analysis of the adoption. A reflection on the value of Green IT was led and associated with a review of governance models to create a measuring instrument of Green IT. At the end of an engineering search, an evaluation tool of the eco-responsible maturity of IS, inspired by Balanced Scorecards, was co-built. It was then tested in two distinct organizational contexts providing a first interpretation of the phenomenon. To complete this vision and examine the factors that may affect the adoption of Green IT, a survey was then realized. The results highlight the importance of institutional pressures, expected benefits, perceived obstacles, environmental attitudes and the CSR policy in the decision to adopt
Serme, Gabriel. "Modularisation de la sécurité informatique dans les systèmes distribués." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0063/document.
Full textAddressing security in the software development lifecycle still is an open issue today, especially in distributed software. Addressing security concerns requires a specific know-how, which means that security experts must collaborate with application programmers to develop secure software. Object-oriented and component-based development is commonly used to support collaborative development and to improve scalability and maintenance in software engineering. Unfortunately, those programming styles do not lend well to support collaborative development activities in this context, as security is a cross-cutting problem that breaks object or component modules. We investigated in this thesis several modularization techniques that address these issues. We first introduce the use of aspect-oriented programming in order to support secure programming in a more automated fashion and to minimize the number of vulnerabilities in applications introduced at the development phase. Our approach especially focuses on the injection of security checks to protect from vulnerabilities like input manipulation. We then discuss how to automate the enforcement of security policies programmatically and modularly. We first focus on access control policies in web services, whose enforcement is achieved through the instrumentation of the orchestration mechanism. We then address the enforcement of privacy protection policies through the expert-assisted weaving of privacy filters into software. We finally propose a new type of aspect-oriented pointcut capturing the information flow in distributed software to unify the implementation of our different security modularization techniques
Sobreira, Péricles de Lima. "T2/ediT2 : un modèle / système flexible et facile à utiliser pour l'édition et mise en oeuvre de scénarios d'apprentissage." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENM081/document.
Full textThe general issue considered in this research is the development of an adaptable and easy-to-use representation of learning scenarios in the form of a table (considered as an artefact of easy manipulation by teachers) associated with a computational model as a tree (as a way to integrate advanced services). In this way, teachers with basic technological skills and without methodological training can edit and operationalize learning scenarios from flexible and friendly graphical interfaces. Although this thesis has its focus on CSCL scripts, the table-tree-based approach (named T2) presents a more general interest. In a first moment, we implemented from this model a learning scenario editor (named ediT2) using notions from CSCL scripts. In a second moment, we considered generalization issues through the extension of the initial implementation, in order to allow teachers to edit their own notions and respective attributes. We investigated from different studies and experiments how teachers used our proposal considering as objectives/evaluation criteria the following features: (1) pedagogical expressiveness (can table-based editors represent a wide range of learning scenarios?); (2) usability (do teachers find the editor easy to use and intuitive?); (3) computational expressiveness (does the approach allow implementation of advanced services?), and; (4) computational flexibility (is the editor easy to adapt to local needs?)
Delsol, Céline. "Perspectives d'emploi en génie civil des cendres volantes de centrales thermiques équipées de systèmes de désulfuration primaire." Toulouse, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAT0024.
Full textBenvegnu, Nicolas. "La politique des netroots : la démocratie à l'épreuve d'outils informatiques de débat public." Paris, ENMP, 2011. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01083940.
Full textSince the 1990s, the widening of Internet access capacities and the development of devices rendering possible the circulation of information and the coordination of user activities have fostered numerous experiments and new practices in a wide range of domains. The Internet is harnessed by individuals or groups mobilizing for the design and experiment of methods and tools. These methods and tools are aimed to politically configure some of these initiatives. The Internet indeed opens arenas in which problems may get public and discussed, and from which propositions for the treatment of these problems may be crafted and debated. Groups able to be vocally involved in these experiments are not necessarily limited to the intermediaries and specialists who are traditionally in charge of the management of public problems. One can identify as netroots the groups that are concerned by a specific stake, and organize themselves through the Network in the same time as they are shaped by its technical modalities. How are these networks composed and how do they organize? What does their politics look like? How does it get settle down? How is it articulated with existing modes of political management? What concepts and categories emerge from it? This work proposes to consider the politics of netroots through such questions. It focuses on the politics of netroots through the angle of the machinery required for its functioning, as well as through the problematization of democracy it enacts
Bouchardy, Jean-Yves. "Méthodologie pour la spatialisation des zones sensibles à la pollution diffuse agricole par le phosphore, à l'aide de la télédétection et des systèmes d'informations géographiques (S. I. G. )." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE19016.
Full textOuaarab, Salaheddine. "Protection du contenu des mémoires externes dans les systèmes embarqués, aspect matériel." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENST0046/document.
Full textDuring the past few years, computer systems (Cloud Computing, embedded systems...) have become ubiquitous. Most of these systems use unreliable or untrusted storage (flash, RAM...)to store code or data. The confidentiality and integrity of these data can be threaten by hardware (spying on the communication bus between the processing component and the storage component) or software attacks. These attacks can disclose sensitive information to the adversary or disturb the behavior of the system. In this thesis, in the context of embedded systems, we focused on the attacks that threaten the confidentiality and integrity of data that are transmittedover the memory bus or that are stored inside the memory. Several primitives used to protect the confidentiality and integrity of data have been proposed in the literature, including Merkle trees, a data structure that can protect the integrity of data including against replay attacks. However, these trees have a large impact on the performances and the memory footprint of the system. In this thesis, we propose a solution based on variants of Merkle trees (hollow trees) and a modified cache management mechanism to greatly reduce the impact of the verification of the integrity. The performances of this solution have been evaluated both theoretically and in practice using simulations. In addition, a proof a security equivalence with regular Merkle treesis given. Finally, this solution has been implemented in the SecBus architecture which aims at protecting the integrity and confidentiality of the content of external memories in an embedded system. A prototype of this architecture has been developed and the results of its evaluation are given
Philipp, Bernd. "L'éco-marketing vertical des constructeurs dans un canal de distribution inversée : les fondements du leardership : le cas des déchets bureautiques-informatiques en Suisse." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX24007.
Full textChardon, Xavier. "Évaluation environnementale des exploitations laitières par modélisation dynamique de leur fonctionnement et des flux de matière : développement et application du simulateur MELODIE." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004548.
Full textPaegelow, Martin. "Systeme d'information geographique et gestion de l'environnement application a l'etude des sols et de la pollution par les nitrates d'origine agricole en bassin-versant experimental." Toulouse 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU20021.
Full textNitrogen pollution in agriculture is studied in the scope of an hydrological basin (330 ha, gers, france) which is caracterized by an intensive agriculture and very diversified heavy molassic soils. A localized database (physical-geographic and agronomic parameters) and a custom software developped in the scope of geographic information systems handling the database are created. On this bases, a geostatistic method generates representative areas where pedological prospection takes place. Besides the caracterization of the principal soil facets, variography optimizes distances between soil sampling points and pedological observations are extrapolated to the whole basin. The study about nitrogen dynamics is taken up at three scale: at the scale of the entire basin, at the scale of elementary basins (comparative analysis) and finally at the scale of sensitive areas where measurement series by porous ceramic cups confirm the supposition achieved from the comparative analysis of the elementary basins that the level of nitrogen pollution is related to the agronomic or landscape features. High risk areas are identified and a package of simple localized antipollution measures are suggested and in part applied
Deprez, Samuel. "Évaluation des impacts environnementaux du transport routier de marchandises : application aux zones urbano-portuaires." Le Havre, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LEHA0021.
Full textRoad freight has a major role in all cities but it actively contributes to the problems of air pollution and noise disturbances, both causing suffering city dwellers. So this research takes into account the activity and its implications upon the quality of life of the inhabitants of Le Havre and Rouen. The first part will reveal a solid link between the roles played by specific part of these cities and the organization of freight and underline the importance of specialized economic functions. The latter constitutes a necessary introduction to make an environmental impact study of this activity. This second part is dealt with through the constitution of indicators of sustainable development, derived from a combination of information about noise disturbance and air pollution. The use of theses indicators highlights situations in which city dwellers are exposed to harmful effects which degrade their health. The results of this study enable us to branch out towards the idea of sustainable city by examining trade flow in the project of the reinforcement of the multi-purpose city in its social and functional aspects as future organization for urban centers
Barouch, Gilles. "La décision au fil de l'eau : systèmes de pensée et d'action à l'œuvre dans la gestion des milieux naturels en France." Paris 9, 1987. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1987pa090074.
Full textFriederich, Blandine. "Développement de nouveaux systèmes retardateurs de flammes à base de nanocomposites plus respectueux de l'environnement." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ012S/document.
Full textFollowing the restrictions made by the United Nations and the European Community on certain halogenated flame-retardants, the current market demand tends to move towards non-halogenated compounds such as phosphorous flame-retardants. However, it is necessary to use high amounts of material for reaching interesting fire resistance properties, resulting in a drop of mechanical properties. This led us to combine a part of the phosphorous compounds with nanoscale metal oxides, known for their ability to improve the stability of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).We have first studied the effect of nanoparticles (titanium dioxide, alumina and boehmite) on the thermal diffusivity of PMMA, in order to highlight a mode of action of these additives during the thermal degradation of PMMA. A part of these metal oxides have then been substituted by two flame-retardants based on phosphorus and nitrogen: ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP). In the obtained ternary systems (APP/MPP/metal oxide), the properties of fire resistance and thermal stability were studied and also the mechanisms involved in the degradation. Gaseous and condensed phases have been analyzed for this purpose
Edward, Lydie. "Modélisation décisionnelle de personnages virtuels autonomes évoluant dans un environnement virtuel pour la prévention des risques sur les sites SEVESO." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1942.
Full textOur research deals with the design of a training system to support decision-making in the preparation and the management of maintenance interventions in high-risk industries namely SEVESO sites. The proposed system incorporates virtual reality and artificial intelligence to simulate virtual autonomous characters and their cognitive processes in dangerous working situations. It generates behaviour-based errors to support learning and risk prevention. It uses new mechanisms taking into account human factors with respect to cognitive modelling of human behaviour regarding risky situations. In the simulated environment the trainee can visualize the risks incurred during his work with the virtual agents. The emergent risks depend on the cognitive characteristics of the virtual operators and on the expertise of the trainee. We propose a multi-agent system to support the control of virtual operators represented by virtual cognitive agents. The difference with a classic MAS is that our cognitive agents are enriched with a planner for selecting actions according to goals, the environment and to the personal characteristics of the agents (time pressure, caution, tiredness, hunger)
Desmarchelier, Benoît. "La croissance tertiaire face à la problématique environnementale : une approche par les systèmes multi-agents." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL12004/document.
Full textThis thesis starts from a paradoxical observation, that of a temporal correspondence in the birth of three phenomena : problematic and growing pollution levels, tertiarization of economic activities and mass material consumption. This correspondence constitutes a paradox, because it is given that services are rather non-material activities, and also because tertiarized economies have often been described as composed by individuals searching to consume qualitative and tertiary products rather than searching to consume massively material goods. We explain this correspondence by the adaptive behavior of the economic agents.Tertiarization implies that the demand of goods reaches progressively its level of repletion. We explore the hypothesis that industrial firms have responded to this repletion by implementing planned obsolescence strategies. It seems that these strategies are behind the birth of the consumption society. In this context, the consumption society appears as a consequence of the tertiarization process. For all that, growth and the environment are not conflicting objectives for tertiary economies. Indeed, their growth is increasingly based on the accumulation of intangible capitals. This new source of accumulation permits to undertake majortransformations within industrial production processes without challenging the general process of economic growth. Furthermore, an environmental tax policy seems to be able to induce such desirable transformations
Oumnia, Sandrine. "Proposition d'une démarche d'accompagnement à la mise en œuvre de systèmes de management de l'environnement." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL060N.
Full textBakiri, Mohamed. "Contribution à la conduite et à l'évaluation des systèmes de production intégrant les domaines Qualité, Sécurité et Environnement." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00399405.
Full textVechiu, Ionel. "Modélisation et analyse de l'intégration des énergies renouvelables dans un réseau autonome." Le Havre, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00179164.
Full textIn many of the remote areas, the diesel generator is the main source of power supply. The cost of grid extension is, and will probably continue to be, prohibitive and the fuel cost increases severely with the remoteness of the location. The combination of several energy sources (wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, small hydroelectric power plants etc. ) in a Hybrid Power System (HPS) can be very attractive for most of the remote areas, in terms of cost and availability. However, improvements of the design and operation of the HPS is still needed to allow this technology more competitive in remote areas. In this context, the work presented in this thesis gives a contribution to the behaviour analysis and the performances control of an HPS constituted by two renewable sources, a diesel generator and storage batteries. This kind of system is studied according to three aspects: sizing, maximizing the use of the renewable resource and power quality
Dahmani, Manel. "Analyse 4E (Energétique, Exergétique, Environnementale et Economique) de systèmes de valorisation énergétique de biomasses." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1165/document.
Full textThe fossil fuels depletion and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions encourage the search for new energy sources that are renewable and less polluting. Thanks to its abundance, biomass appears as an interesting sector of replacement of fossil fuels. The objective of this work is to perform a 4E analysis (Energy, Exergy, Environmental and Economic) of an electricity production system via the gasification of palm waste. Palm watse constitutes one of the most abundant vegetable wealth in Tunisia and which today, remain very little exploited. A fixed bed gasifier coupled to an internal combustion engine is considered to produce330 kW of electricity. The Cold Gas Efficiency of the process is 58.58%. The results show that the energy and exergy yields of the system are 22.6% and 19.22%, respectively. The environmental performance of the system is evaluated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The economic evaluation is carried out in order to evaluate the cost of electricity production by the gasification plant. The results give a cost of 3.88 ct€ for 1kWh
Morales, Manuel E. "Industrial symbiosis, a model of strong sustainability : an analysis of two case studies, Tampico and Dunkirk." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD008.
Full textIndustrial symbiosis (IS) is presented as an inter-firm organizational strategy with the aim of social innovation that targets material and energy flow optimization, but also structural sustainability. In this study, we present systems thinking and geographical proximity as the theoretical framework used to analyze industrial symbiosis through a methodology based on System Dynamics and the underpinning use of Causal Loop Diagrams, aiming to identify the main drivers and hindrances that reinforce or balance the industrial symbiosis’s sustainability. The understanding of industrial symbiosis is embedded in a theoretical framework that conceptualizes industry as a complex ecosystem in which qualitative and quantitative approaches can be integrated, if we use a methodology flexible enough to encompass the complexity of the stakeholder’s values and motivations in the same analysis. Furthermore, the methodology performs a comparative strength over descriptive statistical forecasting, because it is able to integrate social causal rationality when estimating attractiveness in a region or individual firm’s potential. The stakeholders’ influence becomes essential to the complex understanding of this institution, because by shaping individual behavior in a social context, industrial symbiosis provides a degree of cooperation in order to overcome social dilemmas for actors like the tension between efficiency/resilience, who cannot be achieved by their own. The proposed narrative encourages us to draw up scenarios, integrating variables from different motivational value in the industrial symbiosis. We use the Altamira and the Dunkirk case studies to explain the role of geographical systems analysis, identifying loops that reinforce or regulate the sustainability of industrial symbiosis, and three drivers: “Efficiency/Resilience dilemma”, “Industrial symbiosis governance”, and “The role of global recycling networks in the by-product valorization”. The social dimension integration in the analysis of a complex system is indeed applied to enhance the understanding of IS dynamics, but a great potential is foreseen for other micro-level social systems like for example urban metabolism dynamics or bio-economy
Gouin-Lapouge, Nathalie. "Mise en place, sur un démonstrateur LMDS, d'applications de télé-enseignement destinées au secteur de l'eau et de l'environnement et étude du retour d'expérience sur une population cible." Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/9f9d3714-7cbe-4694-abf4-927f5efc6aff/blobholder:0/2005LIMO0051.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work was to carry out an experimentation, at university level, of the use of e-learning services dedicated to students in engineering at ENSIL, specialised in Water and Environment. This experimentation was established on a platform LMDS providing the experience feedback of such use on the technical and teaching levels. Given the fact that the large emergence of Information and Communication Technologies, which fields (mainly audio-visual, computing and telecommunications) requires always increasing flows, it was shown, in the first part of this study that LMDS presents some advantages towards the other existing systems of telecommunication. Secondly, objectives and the installation of videoconference services were exposed. An experience feedback on students and teachers was carried out thanks to a method of analysis : the reflexive analysis. Thirdly, a documentation database, was created. A statistical tool allowing to study and analyze the behaviors was chosen for the experience feedback. This tool was seconded by a survey allowing to better determine their knowledge in computing and multimedia and to check their level of equipment
Boucaud, Fabien. "Un agent touchant : modélisation du toucher social dans les interactions humain-agent en environnement immersif." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2666.
Full textDespite the current abilities of our communication technologies, they remain unable to completely counterbalance feelings of isolation and loneliness. Social touch is essential to human well-being and allows us to develop and strenghten our relationships. It is also powerful channel of emotional communication. This thesis work is aimed at endowing artificial agents with social touch abilities. Whether they are robotic or virtual artificial agents represent new kinds of social entities and are already equipped with many interactional modalities (speech, gestures, facial expressions, etc.). Endowing them with touching abilities could further enhance their abilities to communicate emotions and to bond with humans. More specifically, our main research question is to determine when and how to touch a human is meaningful, autonomous and respectful way. To answer this question, we propose a theoretical structure and a functional implementation of a touching agent, able to dynamically interact with a human in real-time in an immersive environment. We describe a perception module to detect the human’s behaviour, a decision model able to take coherence and acceptability of touch into account, and a haptic interface (SOFTLY) that can be used in the immersive setup to generate haptic feedback. Evaluations of this framework are discussed and hightlight that its abilities are promising, althought there are still clear avenues of improvement for the model
Lacoma, Vincent. "Évaluation environnementale des procédés composites pour l'analyse multicritère des systèmes de production : méthodologies, outils et applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0020.
Full textIn the current context of environmental transition, this thesis aims to participate in the reduction of environmental impacts related manufacturing of composite parts, which has been a growing sector for several years. To this purpose,an environmental assessment methodology dedicated to composite manufacturing processes is fundamental to develop and evaluate strategies forreducing environmental impacts. To be applicable in the industry, these strategies must respect the technical and economic imperatives of companies.To carry out environmental assessments, the standardized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method can be used. However, the general nature of this approach leaves latitudes on its application which have not been yet the subject of a scientific consensus in the case of composite manufacturing.Thus, our work proposes details for each step of the LCA method to build a model of the environmental impacts of the manufacturing process which depend on its parameters, such as the forming temperatures and the consolidation efforts. A similar approach is also developed for the evaluation of economic indicators based on the same parameters. Finally, multi-criteria decision-making tools are offered to find solutions to the objective of reducing environmental impacts and manufacturing costs while ensuringc ompliance with the technical specifications of the parts produced. In this thesis, the case of thermostamping of polyphenylene sulfide reinforced with carbon fibres (C/PPS) parts is studied to support the construction and presentation of the proposed methodologies
Saffour, Mouhamad-Hayan. "Présentation de documents d'urbanisme et de simulation paysagère en 3D : application à la région urbaine grenobloise." Paris 12, 2007. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002524970204611&vid=upec.
Full textOur research is integrated in a project document of communication in urban planning. This project aims at the creation of a game of regional development, applied here to the guidance plan of the Grenoble urban region which includes five sectors (agglomeration, Voironnais, Bievre, south and Gresivaudan). Since the end of 80's, this region has known an important mutation (high economical and demographical growth), particularly the Gresivaudan valley which was moulted in "little Silicon Valley". However, the area is highly vulnerable to floods' risks, in particular in the agglomeration and the valley of Gresivaudan, because of their strong urbanization and their geographical situation. We tried to develop a methodology, allowing an interactive 3D simulation. It offers the possibility to simulate the development of the project in its real environment to know its impact on the landscape. The landscape finds a new operational use in regional development, especially in the idea of conservation of the environment, with reference to the concept of sustainable development. The proposed methodology uses the GIS (Geographic Information Systems) combined with CAD systems and RV technology. Indeed, the use of these technologies allows realization of a new way of understanding the geographic information and to meet the needs of its users. The experiment of this instrument is carried out on Crolles city, in the Gresivaudan sector proposing two scenarios (densification and di-densification) which are the main elements of a method of forward-looking landscaped. They are based on the continuation of the tendencies of 1982 to 1999. Crolles is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Gresivaudan valley because of its economic and industrial evolution, particularly in the field of the nanotechnologies
Denier, Simon. "Expression et composition des motifs de conception avec les aspects." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458186.
Full textChouikhi, Houssam. "Optimisation des stratégies de maintenance verte pour les systèmes de production." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0413/document.
Full textIn this thesis, condition-based maintenance strategies are proposed for production systems of goods and services. These strategies are developed while taking into account the environmental degradation caused by the deterioration of the production system. The system is subjected to random deterioration which impacts the environmental quality. The proposed maintenance models aim to assess the system deterioration in such a way to reduce the environmental degradation. To control this deterioration, inspections are performed on specific dates. The objective is to determine optimal inspection dates which optimize a given performance criterion. Two mathematical optimization models are then proposed in this thesis. The first model considers the average total cost per time unit, while the second model considers the stationary availability of the system. The constrained optimization has also been discussed in this work where the objective is to minimize the average total cost per time unit under an availability constraint or to maximize the stationary availability of the system under a budget constraint. On the basis of Nelder-Mead method, inspection dates as optimal solutions are computed for each optimization criterion. Numerical examples are provided to show the applicability of the proposed condition-based maintenance strategies
Chatzimpiros, Petros. "Les empreintes environnementales de l'approvisionnement alimentaire : Paris, ses viandes et lait, XIXe-XXIe siècles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1135/document.
Full textFor the sake of the sustainable development as a measure against global environmental change, urban consumption needs to be studied through the processes that underlie production and assessed in terms of resource use and pollutant emissions into the environment. This PhD thesis devotes to understand the mechanisms in supplying meat and milk to Paris over two hundred years and measure the land requirements, water withdrawals and nitrogen flows between agrosystems and the environment to supply each product in the early 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. We used agricultural and transport statistics from French and international data sources to locate the Paris hinterland at each date, quantify the urban food supply as a proportion of the regional potential food production, precisely model the diets of the livestock according to the animal productivity and the feed availability in the regional and global markets at the dawn of each century, compute the nitrogen, energy and feed conversion efficiencies in the meat and milk production and, finally, assess both the size and the geographic pattern of the Paris acreage (spatial imprint) and of the nitrogen and water flows in support of the production. The water imprint is used to account for the water withdrawals (irrigation and rainwater) in terms of volume and use intensity. The N imprint measures on the one hand the total amount of reactive nitrogen entering the agrosystems and the partitioning of these inputs between the food production and the environmental losses. The latter are referred to as “the depth” of the urban imprint which provides a measurement of the indirect contribution of urban areas to the alteration of the N cycle. When expressed on a “per capita” basis (kg N/cap) the depth of the imprint shows the emissions of reactive nitrogen to supply the diet of one person as opposed to the direct individual N discharge in urban wastewater. When expressed on a “per hectare” basis, it shows the intensity of the upstream urban N emissions and can be used as a tool for assessing urban sustainability beyond the city limits. Since the early 19th century, the land requirements for the “per capita” meat and milk consumption in Paris (equaling about 2 kg N/cap/year in both the early 19th and the early 21st centuries) reduced six-fold – with about 30 % of the reduction relating to the doubling of the nutrient conversion efficiencies in the secondary production – but the water use intensity and the “per hectare” depth of the imprint respectively doubled and quadrupled. We estimate that currently, about 45 % of the N losses - meaning 5.1 kg N/per/year or 60 kg N/ha – stem from abandoned manure. As the beef, pork and fresh milk imports to Paris currently account for about 25 % of the protein intake of a Parisian and given that animal production is a priori more wasteful that primary production, we estimate that the “per capita” emissions of N for providing the whole diet equal over 7 times the urban N discharges, meaning that a city's wastewater treatment plants handle less than 15 % of the total (direct and indirect) food related N emissions of the citizens
Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304/document.
Full textPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
Mourier, Wilfried. "Configurations structurelles et options d’extensions des systèmes de permis d’émissions négociables." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAE002/document.
Full textMost countries recognize that a coordinated worldwide action to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has to be implemented. However, the countries inability to coordinate their efforts led to the failure of the top-down climate architecture. Today, the international climate governance adopts a different direction, which based on bottom-up approach. This approach promotes polycentric and multi-level governances, that induce several independent policy-makers in different administrative scales (province, state and region). Therefore, the actual implemented Emission Trading Systems (ETS), as well as the emerging ones, grow in a domestic context. This context, in terms of economic development, political commitment and geographical coverage, determine the ETS design. Then, there is no harmonized design among ETS, no universal diffusion of these mechanisms in the world and a lack of integral inclusion of all sectors in these carbon markets. While researchers and policy-makers discuss the optimal features of such systems, this thesis examines different configuration options and coverage areas for the tradable permit schemes.Using a world energy-economy partial equilibrium simulation model (POLES) and drawing on experiences with real-world ETSs (based on empirical literature), we recommend two types of adjustments: the restrictions on trade permits between sectors, in one hand, and the control of international permit exchange between ETS, in the second hand. Indeed, we demonstrate firstly the necessity to separate ETS by sector and adapt them considering the specificities of each sector. This kind of policy will stimulate innovation in each sector. Also, it will limit the impacts on the international competitiveness and it will lead climate policy to other economic policies. Secondly, we develop a model to describe the effects of exchange permits emissions considering international linking among emissions trading systems. We prove that restriction exchange mechanisms are necessary to insure the redistribution of exchange gain compared to full linking. At the same time, these trade restriction mechanisms minimize the total cost and increase GHG emissions reductions compared to a segmented market.Considering the diversity of national political objectives and the bottom-up context of world climate framework, we concluded that the coexistence of several carbon prices is unavoidable and necessary. Encouraging the development of several carbon prices can promote political acceptability, strengthen environmental efficiency and improve economic efficiency
Buteau, Martin. "Les politiques de formation à l'informatique utilisateur : étude empirique." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20299.
Full textFléty, Yann. "Vers une mise en observation des systèmes énergétiques territoriaux : une approche géographique pour territorialiser l'énergie." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA1001/document.
Full textHaving an effect on a system calls for a thorough knowledge of it. The main goal of this research is toprovide a general framework for the interpretation of geographic information, as well as a methodologicalframework to understand the interrelations between territory and energy in the context of a territorialobservatory. A literature review of energy planning on the one hand and spatial planning on the other revealssimilar developments in the two fields, in particular in terms of decentralisation and environmental concerns.The change of geographical scale chosen for the analysis brings new possibilities for public intervention. Inthis context, therefore, local authorities have a key role to play in implementing energy policy goals in theirplanning practices. They need analysis and prospective studies, as well as basic knowledge to carry outterritorial energy planning. Indeed, the socio-spatial functions (living, travelling, working, etc.) arethemselves at the root of spatial layout, urban forms and settlement structures. Those functions cannot bedisassociated from questions of land use and energy. So, to understand energy which is vital, ubiquitous, andresponsible for the organisation of territory, a systemic approach is proposed: the Territorial Energy System.It illustrates the importance of the interactions between a territory and its energy system, and more precisely,the interdependence between energy processes and territorial ones. We propose a design approach in thecontext of an observatory, and more precisely conceptual models, to analyse the territory-energyinterrelations, especially with a focus on semantic dimensions. This approach combines three elements: ameta-model, a light and pre-consensus domain ontology, and individual conceptual data models for eachindicator. An original indicator is then used for a first ontology population: the territorial energy label.Characterising the interrelations between territory and energy is non-trivial, dealing with the variety ofprocesses, scales or data constraints and the numerous meanings of those two concepts. The maincontributions of this research is firstly to demonstrate the relevance of a territorial perspective on energy, aswell as presenting a geographical design approach to conceptualising the observation of territorial energysystems in a territorial observatory
Le, Touz Nicolas. "Conception et étude d’infrastructures de transports à énergie positive : de la modélisation thermomécanique à l’optimisation de tels systèmes énergétiques." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0038/document.
Full textIn the context of the energy transition, with the use of new energies as a priority, we propose to study the energy performance of solar hybrid roads. An exhaustive study of climatic conditions makes it possible to establish the energy gains and losses of these systems, then a numerical model is developed to couple thermal diffusion, hydraulic convection and radiative transfers by the finite element method with the possibility of state changes. This model is implemented in a Matlab core and applied to annual meteorological data for different cities to establish and map energy potential. An analysis of the results with regard to climate makes it possible to highlight a link between this potential and the notion of a unified degree day, adapted from the building's thermal energy, thus allowing the engineer to quickly estimate the energy potential based on climatic data. During winter operation, the objective is to prevent from black ice occurring on the roads. A temperature control strategy based on the adjoint state method is implemented. A climate analysis is again carried out to take humidity into account to determine heating needs. Other frost protection solutions, based on electric heating, were also modelled and subjected to these control strategies in order to highlight the possibility of significant energy savings. These control laws have beengeneralized to problems of property reconstruction in a background and an application combining this thermal approach with an electromagnetism-based approach is proposed
Tyl, Benjamin. "L’apport de la créativité dans les processus d’éco-innovation : proposition de l’outil EcoASIT pour favoriser l’éco-idéation de systèmes durables." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14432/document.
Full textToday the challenges of sustainable development require new offers and new uses to be developed within the framework of an eco-innovation process, integrating environmental and societal approaches.The aim of this thesis is to study the advantages of using creativity tools to foster new concepts and ideas generation phases in eco-innovation processes.From a state of the art of the concept of eco-innovation and of the eco-innovation tools, we show that although there are many tools, few of them actually focus on the idea generation stage, or ideation, and few make it possible to stimulate all the axes of sustainable development.To fix this, our research relies on an adaptation of the creativity ASIT tool to EcoASIT. This adaptation is defended conceptually by showing the theoretical affiliations between the two methods, and experimentally by presenting the results of our different tests. We prove that the EcoASIT tool has great potential in terms of eco-innovation by efficiently stimulating the ideation stages with regard to all the aspects of sustainable development
Mokh, Samia. "Optimisation de techniques analytiques pour caractériser les antibiotiques dans les systèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14950/document.
Full textAntibiotics are pollutants present in aquatic ecosystems ultimate receptacles of anthropogenic substances. These compounds are studied as their persistence in the environment or their effects on natural organisms. Numerous efforts have been made worldwide to assess the environmental quality of different water resources for the survival of aquatic species, but also for human consumption and health risk related. Towards goal, the optimization of analytical techniques for these compounds in aquatic systems remains a necessity. Our objective is to develop extraction and detection methods for 12 molecules of aminoglycosides and colistin in sewage treatment plants and hospitals waters. The lack of analytical methods for analysis of these compounds and the deficiency of studies for their detection in water is the reason for their study. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in classic mode (offline) or online followed by Liquid Chromatography analysis coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/ MS) is the most method commonly used for this type of analysis. The parameters are optimized and validated to ensure the best conditions for the environmental analysis. This technique was applied to real samples of wastewater treatment plants in Bordeaux and Lebanon
Poline, Marie. "Contribution aux méthodes de conception et de gestion des systèmes énergétiques multi-sources par optimisation systémique : application aux trains hybrides électrique autonomes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT099/document.
Full textIn France, there are two traction modes for railway: the diesel and electric traction. Each mode has its own issues. For diesel, the increasing control of the greenhouse gas emissions imposes to evolve this type of train to a less polluting solution. For electric traction, the energy consumption creates a voltage drop which can cause a traffic slowdown, which will limit the traffic development. The studied solution by SNCF is the hybridization of the train (adding storage system).Thus, these works have the objective to build a method to do the pre-sizing of storage systems embedded in trains. Moreover, to take into account the mutual influence of the sizing and the energy management, this last one is included in the sizing model. An optimization algorithm solves the global model.The method has been developed for the two traction modes (diesel and electric) and the optimization has been made with SQP algorithm (Sequential Quadratic Programming)
Bernard, Françoise. "Un système d’information collaboratif en appui à la gouvernance des territoires d’action agro-environnementale à enjeu eau-pesticides." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0022.
Full textDiffuse pollution generated by pesticides is a major problem both for aquatic ecosystems and human health. Despite years of efforts by policy-makers to limit their use and impact, the volumes of chemicals used by farmers have remained the same, and even increased in some areas, with no reduction in their presence in water. To address this situation, public policy is aiming to become more effective by using more localised, participative solutions. Local stakeholders in charge of action plans are looking for decision tools to help them assess the potential impact of agro-environmental measures, as well as applying them to the best areas. The aim of this thesis is to develop a tool suitable for this purpose, namely a multi-scale collaborative information system. The first main contribution made by this thesis is the creation of "SIGPA" (Information System for Action Plan Governance), which models assisted governance in pesticide action programs in various contexts. The second contribution is a method for modelling exchanges of information within a network of institutional stakeholders, based on a "Grenelle" action plan in the Charente river basin. The "Stakeholder" model represents exchanges between stakeholders, as well as the production of the information available within their networks. The third contribution is the "Scenario" model, which organises information in order to aid decision making based on possible developments in agriculture in the area studied. The fourth contribution is the design of a method by which to identify agricultural systems and practices and assess future developments in agriculture. The fifth and final contribution of this thesis is the creation of a spatial data warehouse and the use of a number of multidimensional cubes to represent stakeholders’ needs at various scales. The conceptual models presented provide an interactive way to discuss the most effective and least expensive ways of limiting pesticide pollution within the stakeholder network. A prototype of the spatial data warehouse has been implemented using field data collected within the BAC Coulonge action plan and the outputs discussed with stakeholders. By allowing for data and knowledge from stakeholder networks in multiple action plans to be pooled, the SIGPA approach is in keeping with the OSAGE model (Loireau et al, 2017), which provides the making process of an agro-environmental and multifunctional observatory
Duval, Sébastien. "Constructions pour la cryptographie à bas coût." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS078.
Full textThis thesis explores the construction of symmetric cryptography primitives. We reach better constructions than that of the literature, we a focus on the reduction of implementation costs. We study three types of primitives: block ciphers, which are the most commonly used in symmetric cryptography, a stream cipher designed for a specific application and a message authentication algorithm. We reduce the costs of the two main components of block ciphers: S-boxes and diffusion matrices. Feistel and MISTY-like structures appear to be a good choice to design secure S-boxes at a low cost, and lead us to new S-boxes with the best known trade-off between security and implementation cost. We also study the Butterfly structure which yields S-boxes with an excellent security. As for diffusion matrices, we develop an algorithm to look for formal matrices in a polynomial ring, then we instantiate its outputs to obtain matrices which are optimal in terms of diffusion at a lower cost than those of the literature. We also identify a weakness in the stream cipher FLIP, designed to fit some very specific cost constraints. We show that FLIP requires a different analysis than other stream ciphers and deduce from it an attack, which led to an update in FLIP to get a more resilient cipher. Finally, we study MAC algorithms, which are used to authenticate messages. Combining works from the literature, we build a MAC which is less costly than those used in practice with an equivalent security, aiming at an implementation on 32-bit micro-controllers
Bouslikhane, Salim. "Management de la Production et de Maintenance pour une Logistique inverse tenant compte des contraintes écologiques (environnementales)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0332.
Full textFor industrial manufacturing, the integration of ecological and social aspects with economic considerations has more importance in managerial decision making of the enterprise. This importance will be in terms of products and services that the manufacturer offers and in terms of the processes that the manufacturer deploys. Under this reality, an ecological performance has an important role in the efficiency and traditional performance measures of a manufacturing system. Consequently, the manufacturing system will use their operational strategies to solve and find the solutions of production and maintenance problem by adapting to the random conditions and constraints of the market, and by collaborating, even while integrating environmental concerns. Concerning the environmental aspect (industrial discharges, pollutant emissions...) and its influence on the production and maintenance problem in a dynamic stochastic context is ignored in the literature. However, the main problem for manufacturing system is to minimize the production and maintenance costs through the best management but at the same time meets the environmental requirements regulated increasingly by the majority of industrialized countries. In this context, many researches were carried out in industrial field dealing with joint production and maintenance planning optimization as a solution facing to the constraints imposed by the environmental requirements in the manufacturing system management and the ambiguity for consideration of harmful emissions in the industry. Such an optimization may be more efficient when calling the subcontracting in order to minimize the total production, maintenance and harmful emissions cost. The different literature works have showed the different strategies of controlling manufacturing systems but the consideration of the integration of environmental aspects on an optimisation problem of manufacturing system remains an open problem which shows that the combination between the economic efficiency and the ecological aspects has become a necessity. In the light of this reality, the work of this thesis will provide decision makers with manufacturing strategies that integrate both economic and ecological aspect. Thus, a stochastic optimal forecasting production and maintenance control problem of a manufacturing system emitting toxins is considered. The goal is to develop an ecological optimization for production and maintenance strategy in order to determine an economical production planning, an optimal maintenance strategy and emissions penalty, based on subcontractor solution and taking into account that the failure rate of principal machine is correlated with the production
Houdart, Marie. "Organisation spatiale des activités agricoles et pollution des eaux par les pesticides : modélisation appliquée au bassin versant de la Capot, Martinique." Antilles-Guyane, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AGUY0132.
Full textThis study shows how the spatial organization of agricultural activities is at the origin of polluting loads distribution. In order to understand the complexity of the rural system in which the various activities take place, an approach was necessary which would consider several levels of space organization, according to three points of view on space: As a result, three tools have been used at once : geographic information systems (GIS), graphic modeling (chorèmes) and-multi-agents systems (MAS) used to analyse data resulting from farmer's interviews. These tools are applied to a rural territory of 1200 hectares located on the Pelée mountain, characterized by the exclusiveness of agricultural activities-and the presence of 46 exploitations. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study: historical construction of space at several levels of organization; distribution of logics of space management according to units of constraints; distribution of farming orientations and crop systems depending on distribution of- logics of space management. The environmental consequences have been evaluated by identifying plant health practices, formalized by an indicator of contribution of the plots to the polluting pressure: crops systems and farming orientation appears to be the principal criteria of space differentiation. Multi agents simulations helped to identify the ownership question as being at the basis for setting practices while minimizing spreadings of pesticides. At last, the study shows the need to take into account the various sides of rural development and the new functions of agriculture in order to solve environmental problems
Vieille, Blanchard Elodie. "Les limites à la croissance dans un monde global : modélisations, prospectives, réfutations." Paris, EHESS, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01085023.
Full textThis work is focused on the Club of Rome report of 1972, which stresses the existence of global limits to growth, and in consequence, the necessity of drastic political measures. It asks the question of material, political and cultural conditions which allow the rise of discourses about the nastiness of population and economic growth at a global level, considered in relation with the development of the Third World and the Cold War. It analyses the genesis of the Club of Rome project, in order to clear up the paradox of a call to stabilize the world economy, emanating from an industrial and political elite. In this perspective, it studies the contrasted influences of environmentalist discourses and future studies on the modelling project of the Club. It studies how the choice of System Dynamics implies a particular translation of the Club "Problématique" into a mathematical model, focused on limits to growth. This work tries to understand how the lively debate of the 1970s, pro or anti growth, rapidly leaves place to a consensus about the goodness of growth. The inequalities between North and South, and the best technological and economical means allowing overtake material limits are the main interest of these new studies. New approaches (global modelling and environmental economics), with a new framing of problems, render the project of zero growth unconceivable, and assert the goodness of economic growth for human development and environmental preservation
Duvail, Stéphanie. "Scénarios hydrologiques et modèles de développement en aval d'un grand barrage : Les usages de l'eau et le partage des ressources dans le delta mauritanien du fleuve Sénégal." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR1GEO6.
Full textPark, Jiyeon. "Aménagement du territoire, levier de développement durable : étude comparée des systèmes d'innovation français et sud-coréens dans le processus de métropolisation." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG036.
Full textThe development of a Metropolis is very often associated with the construction of a vast territory, which limits it to the simple search for a pertinent perimeter or level. It implies, however, much more. The French intercommunality, that opens up to various forms of cooperation between different territorial entities, is an interesting approach in this respect. France is, indeed, often presented aborad as an example of cooperation and of decentralization, especially in countries with a strong centralizing tradition, such as South Korea. In this perspective, we will carry out comparative case studies mirroring the process of metropolisation in France and in South Korea. Our study seeks to illustrate how to structure the innovation system (IS) according to the co-construction scheme PAS, making it possible, among otherthings, to co-create an ecosystem of exchange, sharing and arbitration -and thus serving as a driving force and optimizing force in an urban system of specialization. Finally, our study aims at orienting spatial planning towards the integrated approach of sustainable development
Kravtzoff, Ivan. "Optimisation d'un système hybride de génération d'énergie électrique permettant de minimiser la consommation et l'empreinte environnementale." Thesis, CentraleSupélec, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SUPL0015/document.
Full textGrowing environmental issues and concerns have led to efforts to reduce CO2 and greenhouse effect pollutant emissions in the field of electric power generation. This has led Leroy Somer to investigate systems based on hybrid technologies to reduce genset fuel consumption and operating costs. A methodology is developed in this thesis to address issues of sizing hardware resources and their optimal use. The optimum energy management strategy is based on the dynamic programming algorithm of Bellman. It will be associated to a differential evolution optimization algorithm to optimize the design of the hybrid structure. The objective functions are obtained by developing energetic and economic models. Through this method, we show that the benefits of a hybrid generator are strongly related to its use. In cases where the generator is used on profiles with low load factors, the benefits will be significant. It will be very important to have good knowledge of load profiles applications before sizing the whole structure of the hybrid generator. A prototype of this system has been developed and has confirmed simulation results
Jo, Arrah-Marie. "Economics of information security and the market for software vulnerabilities." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IPPAT003.
Full textThis thesis aims at contributing empirically to the research field of information security economics, by referring to traditional tools and knowledge in economics especially in Industrial Organization. It focuses on new and evolving elements in the cybersecurity environment such as the use of free software revenue models in digital markets (Chapter 1), the introduction of crowdsourcing mechanisms to improve software security (Chapter 2), or the increasing involvement of third parties in software security (Chapter 3). I am particularly interested in understanding the incentives of major actors that contribute to software security, such as software vendors, white-hat hackers, security firms, and other third parties. The thesis is organized in three chapters, each addressing a separate research question. In a first chapter, I examine the impact of competition intensity on software vendors' security investment behavior. I study the case of a software at the center of Internet security, namely the web browser, in which the vendors derive their revenue from advertising and compete in quality. I find out that market concentration is not necessarily harmful to security provision: indeed, higher market concentration positively impacts vendors' responsiveness in patching vulnerabilities, although this effect is reduced when a vendor is too dominant. In a second chapter, I focus on the crowdsourcing mechanism of white-hat hackers, which is representative of the market for software vulnerabilities that capitalizes on third parties' contribution. I study how hackers' perception of the uncertainty to be rewarded, determined by the level of information a contest provides about the contractual terms, affects their participation and thus the efficiency of the contest. I show that the self-selection process of participants leads to a trade-off between more numerous, but less performant participants, and higher quality but fewer participants. In a third chapter, I examine how the disclosure of a critical vulnerability affects the contribution of software vendors and third parties in discovering new vulnerabilities. I find that third parties' overall contribution in improving software security is considerable and that their contribution is significantly affected by externalities such as the disclosure of a critical vulnerability